RAD 112 TEST 1

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Flexion

Bending movement of a joint whereby the angle between contiguous bones is diminished

tangential

CR directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface

oblique

CR enters from side angle; entrance and exit surfaces still specified

lateral

CR enters one side of th ebody, passing transversely along the coronal plane

AP

CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior

PA

CR enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior

Upright position

Erect or marked by a vertical position

Seated at end of x-ray table, affected extremity rests on IR placed on tabletop

General patient position for ambulatory patients

Alter positioning to maximize patient comfort

General patient position for nonambulatory patients

9

How many interphalangeal joints are found in one upper extremity?

45 degrees

How much should the wrist be rotated for the PA oblique projection?

.9 mAs and 66 kVp

PA wrist mAs and kVp:

ID Markers

Right or left side markers must be included clear of anatomy of interest

interphalangeal

Which joint is a hinge-type joint?

line

linear elevation; not as prominent as a crest

endosteum

lines marrow cavity

axial

longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more

recumbent

lying down in any position

central

mid area or main part of an organ

abduction/abduct

movement of a part away from the central axis of the body

adduction/adduct

movement of a part toward the central axis of the body

oblique position

named according to the side and body closer to the table or IR (RPO, LPO, RAO)

lateral position

named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the IR

superficial

near the skin or surface

inferior

nearer the feet or situated below

superior

nearer the head or situated above

proximal

nearer to the point of attachment or origin

right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium, right lateral, umbilical, left lateral, right inguinal, hypogastrium, left inguinal

nine regions:

secondary ossification

occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones

decubitus position

recumbent position with HORIZONTAL CR; named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying

sims position

recumbent with patient lying on left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed

method

refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual

yellow marrow

stores fat cells

extension

straightening of a joint

compact

strong, dense outer layer of bone

styloid

strong, pointed process

lithotomy position

supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports; birthing position

asthenic

tall and thin (very skinny)

body habitus

the common variations in the shape of the human body

visceral

the covering of an organ

Osteology

the detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body

distal

the head of the metacarpal is _________

projection

the path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the image receptor

midcoronal plane

the specific plane that passes through midline and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves

arthology

the study of joints, or articulations, between bones

physiology

the study of the function of the body organs

Anatomy

the term applied to the science of the structure of the body

parietal

the wall or lining of a body cavity

tilt

tipping or slanting a body part slightly

Periosteum

tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends

medial

toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of a body part

true

true or false? A horizontal xray beam denotes a decubitus position.

false, the stomach is higher

true or false? In a hypersthenic patient body habitus the stomach is located low and medially.

true

true or false? The cranium is considered a flat bone

meatus

tubelike passageway

deviation

turning away from the regular standard course

rotate/rotation

turning of the body or part around its axis; either medial or lateral

thoracic and abdominal

two great body cavitites

quadrants and regions

two methods abdomen can be divided into:

short, irregular, and lone bones

type of bones that are created by endochondral ossification

compression fracture

type of fracture or break in your vertebrae

lordotic position

upright position in which the patient is leaning backward; not used very often

seated

upright, but sitting on a stool

view

used to describe the body part as seen by the IR

sesamoid bones

very small and oval bones

thumb

what digit do you count first?

perpendicular to second MCP joint

where does the CR go on a Lateral Hand (fan lateral position)?

perpendicular to second MCP joint

where does the CR go on a Lateral Hand(extension position)?

perpendicular to third MCP joint

where does the CR go on a PA Oblique Hand?

perpendicular to third MCP joint

where does the CR go on a PA hand?

perpendicular to midcarpal area, just distal to radius

where does the CR go on a PA oblique wrist?

perpendicular to midcarpal area

where does the CR go on a PA wrist?

perpendicular to wrist joint

where does the CR go on a lateral wrist?

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

carpal bones proximal row lateral to medial:

epiphyses

ends of long bones

upright

erect or vertical

PA, Lateral, PA oblique

essential projections of the hand:

head

expanded end of a long bone

processes or projections

extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone

deep

far from the surface

distal

farthest from the origin of attachment or origin

hyperextension

forced or excessive extension

hyperflexion

forced overflexion

occlusal plane

formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

anterior (ventral)

forward or front part of the body or of a part

long bones

found only in limbs, consist of body and two enlarged articular ends

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

four quadrants:

sthenic, hyposthenic, asthenic, hypersthenic

four types of body habitus:

comminuted fracture

fracture in which the bone breaks into move than two pieces

impacted fracture

fracture in which the broken ends of the bone are jammed together by the force of the injury

closed fracture

fracture that does not break through the skin

spiral/oblique fracture

fracture where the bone is broken due to a rotation or twisting force

transverse fracture

fracture where the bone is broken straight across

sulcus

furrow or trench

groove

hallow linear channel

foramen

hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves

depressions

hollow or depressed areas

hamulus

hook-shaped process

horn

hornlike process

80

how many bones in axial skeleton?

126

how many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

206

how many bones in the body?

8

how many carpals in each hand?

5

how many metacarpals in each hand?

14

how many phalanges in each hand?

notch

indentation in the border of a bone

spongy bone

inner, less dense layer of bone

internal

inside the body or part

dorsum

interior, or top of the foot or the back of the hand

Interiliac plane

intersects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests

invert/inversion

inward turning of the foot at the ankle

midsagittal plane

is a specific sagittal plane that passes through the midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves

tuberosity

large, rounded, and elevated process

scaphoid

largest carpal bone in the proximal(bottom) row:

capitate

largest carpal bone:

.71 mAs and 66 kVp

PA hand mAs and kVp:

sthenic

"average" human weight

Deviation

A turning away from the regular standard or course

Radiocarpal joint

Articulation between the carpals and the distal radius

Interphalangeal (IP) joints

Articulations between phalanges

Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints

Articulations between the bases of the metacarpals and the carpal bones

Intercarpal joints

Articulations between the carpal bones

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints

Articulations between the heads of the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges

Circumduction

Circular Movement of a Limb

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Distal row, lateral to medial:

Dorsiflexion

Flexion of the foot toward the leg

Flexed 90 degrees

For the lateral projection of the wrist, how should the elbow be positioned?

Hyperflexion

Forced or excessive flexion of a joint

Hyperextension

Forced or excessive straightening of a joint

1.25 mAs and 70 kVp

Lateral hand mAs and kVp:

1.1 mAs and 70 kVp

Lateral wrist mAs and kVp:

Recumbent position

Lying down in any position

Prone(Ventral recumbent)position

Lying face down

Supine (dorsal recumbent) position

Lying on the back

Fowler position

Lying supine with the head higher than the feet

Trendelenburg position

Lying supine with the head lower than the feet

Abduction

Movement of a part away from the central axis of a body or body part

Tilt

Movement of a part so that the sagittal(longitudinal)plane is angled so that it is not parallel with the long axis of the body

Adduction

Movement of a part toward the central axis of a body or body part

Inversion

Movement of the foot when it is turned inward at the ankle joint

Eversion

Movement of the foot when it is turned outward at the ankle joint

.8 mAs and 66 kVp

Oblique hand mAs and kVp:

.9 mAs and 66 kVp

Oblique wrist mAs and kVp:

Medial (ulnar)

On which hand surface should the hand be rested when performing the lateral projection image of the fourth or fifth digit?

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Steve Left The Party To Take Carol Home:

Extension

Straightening of a joint

Rotate

To turn an axis

Pronate

To turn the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces backward

Supinate

To turn the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces forward

true

True or false? A cephalad angle means that the xray tube is angled toward the head

Lateral side of the proximal row

Where in the wrist is the scaphoid located? Remember anatomic position

carpals

Which bones are classified as short bones? Phalanges Vertebrae Carpals Metacarapals

Hamate. Capitate, trapezium, and trapezoid

Which bones are located in the distal row of the wrist?

metacarpals

Which bones comprise the palm of the hand?

capitate

Which carpal bone does not articulate with the radius?

simple fracture

a fracture of the body only, without damage to surrounding tissue or breaking of the skin

greenstick fracture

a partial fracture where the bone is not broken all the way through; common in children

hypersthenic

above "average" human weight (larger)

explain, demonstrate positions

after shielding, _______ and _________ _________

peripheral

at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

lateral

away from the median plane or away from the middle of a part

posterior (dorsal)

back part of body or part

proximal

bases of the metacarpal are ________

coronoid

beaklike process

primary ossification

begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones

hypostenic

below "average" human weight (skinny)

flexion

bending of a joint

oblique position

body is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the table or IR

nondisplaced fracture

bone fragments remain in normal alignment

displaced fracture

bones are not in anatomic alignment

flat bones

bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification

fractures

break in bone

medullary cavity

central cavity of lone bones

circumduction

circular movement of a limb

fissure

cleft or deep groove

malleous

club-shaped process

1 inch on all sides on hand including 1 inch of wrist

collimation field for projection of hand:

IMPORTANT

collimation is: a. important b. not important

2.5 inches proximal and distal to the wrist joint and 1 inch on sides

collimation of wrist:

metacarpals

compose the palm of the hand

short bones

consist mainly of cancellous (spongy) bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone

flat bones

consist of two plates of compact bones

standing straight up with palms facing forwards

describe anatomical position:

ossification

development and formation of bones

sagittal plane

divide the body into right and left segments

trochanter

either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur

external

outside the body or part

evert/eversion

outward turning of the foot at the ankle

position

overall posture of the patient or general body position

palmar

palm of the hand

caudad

parts away from the head of the body

contralateral

parts on the opposite side of the body

ipsilateral

parts on the same side of the body

cephalad

parts toward the head

horizontal planes

passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis

oblique planes

passes through a body part at any angle between the previous three planes

coronal planes

passes through the body vertically from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts

Remove artifacts from anatomy of interest

patient preparation

irregular bones

peculiarly shaped bones

fossa

pit, fovea, or hollow space

endochondral ossification

process of bones growing throughout childhood

intramembranous ossification

process of bones ossifying before birth

red marrow

produces red and white blood cells

protuberance

projecting prominence

epicondyle

projection above a condyle

PA, Lateral, PA oblique

projections of the wrist:

sinus

recess, groove, cavity or hollow space

crest

ridgelike process

pronate/pronation

rotation of forearm so that the palm is down

supinate/supination

rotation of forearm so that the palm is up

condyle

rounded process at an articular end

open fracture

serious fracture in which bone projects through skin

open/compound fracture

serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin

spine

shape process

tubercle

small, rounded, and elevated process

facet

small, smooth-surfaced articular process

plantar

sole of the foot

trabeculae

spiculated network in spongy bone that is filled with red and yellow marrow


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