RAD 119 Test #4 Review

An exposure taken at 100 kVp would have a continuous emission spectrum with a maximum energy of ___ kEv. A. 30 B. 69 C. 100 D. 140

100

At 55 kVp, ___ of the x-rays are bremsstrahlung. A. 15% B. 80% C. 100% D. none

100%

In a tungsten-targeted x-ray tube operated at 90 kVp, the most abundant x-ray would be a : A. 10 keV characteristic x-ray B. 12 keV characteristic x-ray C. 30 keV bremsstrahlung x-ray D. 69 keV bremsstrahlung x-ray E. 90 keV bremsstrahlung x-ray

30 keV bremsstrahlung x-ray

In a tungsten-targeted x-ray tube operated at 90 kVp, the most abundant x-ray would be a: A. 10 keV characteristic x-ray B. 12 keV characteristic x-ray C. 30 keV bremsstrahlung x-ray D. 69 keV bremsstrahlung x-ray E. 90 keV bremsstrahlung x-ray

30 keV bremsstrahlung x-ray

Projectile electrons travel from A. anode to cathode B. cathode to anode C. target to patient D. inner shell to outer shell

cathode to anode

Which of the following factors primarily affects the low-energy side of the x-ray emission spectra? A. exposure time B. filtration C. tube current D. tube voltage E. voltage waveform

filtration

Inherent filtration

filtration that is a result of the composition of the tube and housing (0.5 mm)

Approximately ___ of the kinetic energy of the projectile electrons is converted to x-rays at the target. A. 1% B. 10% C. 50% D. 99%

1%

Gold is sometimes used as the target material in special types of radiation-producing systems. Its electron-binding energies are as follows: K-Shell: 81 keV; L-Shell: 14 keV; M-Shell: 3 keV; N-Shell: 1 keV. Which of the following characteristic x-rays would be produced with operation at 90 kVp? A. 12 keV B. 67 keV C. 87 keV D. 76 kEv E. 90 keV

67 keV

The useful characteristic x-rays from tungsten targets are ___ x-rays. A. K-shell B. L-shell C. M-shell D. N-shell

K-shell

When a bremsstrahlung x-ray produced? A. a projectile electron is absorbed B. a projectile electron loses energy C. a target electron is displaced D. a target electron is excited E. a target electron is ionized

a projectile electron loses energy

Which of the following factors explains the low number of x-rays emitted at low energy? A. added filtration B. the glass envelope of the x-ray tube C. the kVp D. the mAs enclosing the x-ray tube E. the product of tube current and exposure time

added filtration

Which of the following factors principally accounts for the reduced x-ray intensity at low energy? A. added filtration B. beam collimation C. atomic number of the target material D. energy spectrum of the projectile electrons E. voltage waveform

added filtration

Type of material used in filters

aluminum

The shift of the characteristic x-ray spectrum to higher energy occurs because of which of the following? A. a decrease in voltage ripple B. a decrease in kVp C. a higher atomic number filter D. an increase in kVp E. an increase in target atomic number

an increase in target atomic number

Added filtration

any filtration that occurs outside the tube and housing before the image receptor (1.0 mm)

Characteristic x-rays: A. are characteristic of target Z B. are characteristic of the filter material C. are characteristic of the voltage waveform D. have velocity varying from zero to the speed of light E. vary in energy as kVp is varied

are characteristic of target Z

The energy of characteristic x-rays increases with increasing: A. filtration B. atomic mass of target material C. atomic number of target material D. kVp E. voltage waveform

atomic number of target material

The wavelength of an x-ray: A. becomes longer as projectile electron kinetic energy is receded B. becomes longer with increasing projectile electron energy C. is longer than that of ultraviolet light D. is the longest when the projectile electron loses all its kinetic energy E. is proportional to its frequency

becomes longer as projectile electron kinetic energy is receded

An increase in mAs results in an increase in: A. average x-ray energy B. both characteristic and bremsstrahlung x-rays C. minimum wavelength D. only bremsstrahlung x-rays E. only characteristic x-rays

both characteristic and bremsstrahlung x-rays

Normally, the x-ray emission spectrum contains: A. both characteristic and bremsstrahlung x-rays B. both photoelectric and Compton x-rays C. only bremsstrahlung x-rays D. only characteristic x-rays E. only discrete lines

both characteristic and bremsstrahlung x-rays

Most of the x-rays produced at the target are _____. A. bremsstrahlung B. characteristic C. gamma D. beta

bremsstrahlung

If radiographic technique is 74 kVp/80 mAs: A. bremsstrahlung x-ray energy increases if the voltage is increased to 84 kVp B. bremsstrahlung x-rays are emitted at discreet energies C. bremsstrahlung x-rays have a maximum energy of 80 keV D. characteristic x-ray energy increases if the voltage is increased to 84 kVp E. characteristic x-rays are emitted only at 74 kEv

bremsstrahlung x-ray energy increases if the voltage is increased to 84 kVp

Useful characteristic x-rays are produced in tungsten: A. by excitation of a K-shell electron B. by removal of a K-shell electron C. by ionization of an L-shell electron D. when a valence electron is removed E. when the projectile electron interacts with an outer-shell electron

by removal of a K-shell electron

Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced by: A. conversion of projectile electron kinetic energy to electromagnetic energy B. conversion of target electron kinetic energy to electromagnetic energy C. intrashell electron transitions D. projectile electron-target electron interaction E. target election-nuclear interaction

conversion of projectile electron kinetic energy to electromagnetic energy

Both the shape and the position of the characteristic x-ray emission spectrum: A. are described by the number of projectile electrons B. represent projectile electron energy C. can be described as continuous D. correspond to target electron binding energies E. result from nuclear interaction

correspond to target electron binding energies

Character x-radiation is related to the: A. difference between K- and L-shell binding energy B. energy required to eject K-shell electrons C. energy to eject L-shell electrons D. number of electrons E. number of K-shell electrons

difference between K- and L-shell binding energy

How would the characteristic spectrum change if operation were at 64 kVp/200 mA/20 ms? The characteristic x-ray spectrum would: A. decrease in height B. disappear C. increase in height D. shift slightly to the left E. shift slightly to the right

disappear

Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced only at: A. discreet energies B. energies above characteristic x-rays C. energies below characteristic x-rays D. energies up to projectile electron energy E. projectile electron energy potential

energies up to projectile electron energy

Molybdenum has a lower atomic number than tungsten; therefore, the molybdenum x-ray emission spectrum: A. extends to higher energies B. extends to lower energies C. has higher amplitude D. has higher-energy characteristic x-rays E. has lower amplitude

has lower amplitude

The amplitude of the bremsstrahlung x-ray emission spectrum: A. approaches maximum at an energy equal to the kVp B. approaches maximum at zero energy C. has maximum value at energy approximately one third of the kVp D. has maximum value of energy at equal to the kVp E. is enhanced with filtration

has maximum value at energy approximately one third of the kVp

What is produced with a projectile electron excites an outer-shell electron? A. bremsstrahlung x-ray B. characteristic x-ray C. energy D. heat E. photoelectric x-ray

heat

An increase in kVp would _____ the _____ of the emission spectrum. A. increase, position only B. increase, amplitude only C. increase, amplitude and position D. not affect, amplitude and position

increase, amplitude and position

An increase in mAs would _____ the _____ of the emission spectrum. A. increase, position only B. increase, amplitude only C. increase, amplitude and position D. not affect, amplitude and position

increase, amplitude only

The efficiency of x-ray production is: A. approximately 5% B. greater than that of heat production C. in excess of 5% D. independent of the tube current E. independent of the tube voltage

independent of the tube current

The kinetic energy of the projectile electron in an x-ray tube: A. causes excitation in the vacuum of the x-ray tube B. causes ionization in the vacuum of the x-ray tube C. is about 1% efficient in the production of x-rays D. is converted into mass E. is totally converted into x-ray energy

is about 1% efficient in the production of x-rays

The output intensity of an x-ray tube: A. increases when filtered B. is limited by the K-shell binding energy C. is monoenergetic D. often is measured in curies E. is primarily due to bremsstrahlung x-rays

is primarily due to bremsstrahlung x-rays

When a projectile electron enters a target atom and interacts with the nuclear force field: A. it decreases in velocity B. it increases in velocity C. it ionizes the atom D. it ionizes the nucleus E. it removes an inner-shell electron

it decreases in velocity

How would the bremsstrahlung spectrum change if operation at 80 kVp/200 mA/100 ms were changed to 64 kVp/200 mA/100 ms? A. it would remain the same, but the amplitude would decrease B. it would remain the same, but the amplitude would increase C. it would shift to the left, and the amplitude would be lower D. it would shift to the left, and the amplitude would be higher E. it would shift to the right, and the amplitude would be higher

it would shift to the left, and the amplitude would be lower

The efficiency of x-ray production increases as _____ increases. A. mA B. kVp C. time D. both a and b

kVp

During an exposure, most of the _____ energy of the projectile electrons is converted to _____. A. kinetic, x-rays B. x-ray, kinetic C. kinetic, heat D. heat, kinetic

kinetic, heat

The amplitude of the emission spectrum with a _____ generator is _____ it is with a three-phase generator. A. lower, single-phase B. lower, high frequency C. higher, single-phase D. the same, single phase

lower, single-phase

The quantity of bremsstrahlung radiation increases proportionately with increased _____. A. kVp B. mAs C. filtration D. rotor speed

mAs

When projectile electron energy is increased: A. characteristic x-ray energy decreases B. characteristic x-ray energy increases C. more bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced D. more bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced, but only at high energies E. more bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced, but only at low energies

more bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced

If an average radiographic technique is used: A. excitation of the target is approximately 50% B. ionization of the target is almost complete C. maximum-energy x-ray is the electron binding energy D. most x-rays are bremsstrahlung E. most x-rays are characteristic

most x-rays are bremsstrahlung

A diagnostic x-ray beam contains: A. bremsstrahlung only B. mostly bremsstrahlung x-rays, with some characteristic x-rays C. mostly Compton x-rays, few bremsstrahlung x-rays, and some pair production x-rays D. some Compton x-rays, some bremsstrahlung x-rays, and some pair production x-rays E. some photoelectric x-rays

mostly bremsstrahlung x-rays, with some characteristic x-rays

Which of the following electron transitions results in the most useful bremsstrahlung x-ray? A. L to K B. M to K C. M to L D. O to K E. none of the above

none of the above

To construct an x-ray emission spectrum, one must know the: A. kVp and mAs B. mAs and x-ray frequency C. number of x-rays and each energy interval D. projectile electron number and energy interval E. target element and filtration

number of x-rays and each energy interval

Most of the heat generated at the target is due to A. inner-shell ionization B. outer-shell excitation C. nucleus bombardment D. k x-rays

outer-shell excitation

Bremsstrahlung x-rays produced in a tungsten-targeted x-ray tube: A. are all diagnostically useful B. are generally less useful than characteristic x-rays C. are less intense than characteristic x-rays D. are less intense than if produced in molybdenum E. outnumber characteristic x-rays

outnumber characteristic x-rays

The continuous x-ray emission spectrum principally depends on which of the following: A. exposure time B. filtration C. mAs D. projectile electron energy E. target material

projectile electron energy

X-rays are produced when: A. electric current flows through the x-ray tube filament B. projectile electrons bounce off the cathode C. projectile electrons interact with target atoms D. the target angle is sufficiently large E. the x-ray tube filament is heated to thermionic emission

projectile electrons interact with target atoms

The ___ of the x-ray beam is higher when the peak of the emission spectrum is further to the ___. A. quality, right B. quantity, right C. quality, left D. quantity, left

quality, right

An increase in kVp results in an increase in: A. Characteristic x-ray energy B. only the bremsstrahlung x-ray emission spectrum C. only the characteristic x-ray emission spectrum D. radiation quality E. minimum wavelength

radiation quality

How does added filtration affect the emission spectrum? A. increased amplitude and a shift to the right B. reduced amplitude and a shift to the left C. reduced amplitude and a shift to the right

reduced amplitude and a shift to the right

Characteristic x-rays are produced by A. braking electrons B. excitation of outer shell electrons C. nuclear fragmentation D. released binding energy

released binding energy

Which of the following projectile electron-target interactions results in x-ray emission? A. excitation of inner-shell electron B. excitation of outer-shell electron C. removal of inner-shell electron D. removal of nucleus E. removal of outer-shell electron

removal of inner-shell electron

Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced by ___ at the target. A. outer shell excitation B. slowing electrons C. K-shell interactions D. L-shell interactions

slowing electrons

When a tungsten-targeted x-ray tube is operated at 68 kVp: A. K-shell characteristic x-rays can be produced B. L-shell x-rays cannot be produced C. one possible K-shell characteristic x-ray will have 12 keV of energy D. some projectile electrons may have 68 keV of energy E. some projectile electrons may have 75 keV of energy

some projectile electrons may have 68 keV of energy

Conditions necessary for x-ray production

source of electrons, target (anode), high potential difference, sudden deceleration of projectile electrons

In general, when changes are made that affect the x-ray emission spectrum and the: A. amplitude increases, the radiation quantity decreases B. line spectrum moves, voltage waveform has changed C. spectrum shifts to the left, a higher-quality beam is emitted D. spectrum shifts to the left, more filtration was used E. spectrum shifts to the right, a more penetrating beam is emitted

spectrum shifts to the right, a more penetrating beam is emitted

The efficiency of bremsstrahlung x-ray production increases with increasing: A. collimation B. filtration C. mA D. SID E. target atomic number

target atomic number

The characteristic x-ray emission spectrum principally depends on which of the following? A. filtration B. kVp C. mAs D. projectile electron energy E. target material

target material

The discrete portion of the x-ray emission spectrum would change position with a change in _____. A. kVp B. target material C. voltage ripple D. both a and b

target material

When a bremsstrahlung x-ray is emitted: A. a projectile electron is absorbed B. an inner-shell electron is removed from the target atom C. an outer-shell electron is removed from the target atom D. this results from the conversion of kinetic energy E. the target atom is ionized

this results from the conversion of kinetic energy

If an x-ray emission spectrum represented operation at 85 kVp with a tungsten target: A. at 85 kEv, the number of projectile electrons would be maximum B. bremsstrahlung x-rays would be most intense at 85 keV C. the K-characteristic x-ray emission would occur at 69 keV D. x-rays representing maximum frequency would occur at 69 keV E. x-rays representing minimum wavelength would occur at 0 keV

the K-characteristic x-ray emission would occur at 69 keV

The intensity of x-ray exposure is best represented by: A. the amplitude of the bremsstrahlung x-ray emission spectrum B. the amplitude of the characteristic x-ray emission spectrum C. the amplitude of the highest emission spectrum D. the area under the emission spectrum E. the energy range of the emission spectrum

the area under the emission spectrum

When characteristic x-rays are produced, the energy of the x-rays is characteristic of: A. the atomic number of the filter B. the atomic number of the target C. the outer-shell electron binding energy D. the mass of filtration E. the orientation of the target

the atomic number of the target

If an x-ray emission spectrum represente operation at 26 kVp with a molybdenum target: A. K-characteristic x-rays would not be produced B. more characteristic bremsstrahlung x-rays would be emitted C. the characteristic radiation would have an energy of approximately 19 keV D. maximum frequency x-rays would have an energy of 17 keV E. minimum wavelength x-rays would have an energy of keV

the characteristic radiation would have an energy of approximately 19 keV

If radiographic technique in a tungsten target at 60 kVp/80 mAs is changed to 80 kVp/80 mAs: A. additional filtration is required B. bremsstrahlung x-ray intensity remains unchanged C. characteristic x-ray intensity remains unchanged D. the number of projectile electrons increases E. the number of x-rays produced increases

the number of x-rays produced increases

The x-ray emission spectrum is a plot of: A. mAs versus kVp B. the number of electrons versus energy C. the number of x-rays versus energy D. x-rays and electrons emitted from cathode atoms D. x-rays and electrons emitted from target atoms

the number of x-rays versus energy

In bremsstrahlung x-ray production: A. the projectile electron is bound to tungsten B. the projectile electron is from the cathode C. the target electron exits as a free electron D. the target electron is from the cathode E. the target electron is ionized

the projectile electron is from the cathode

Total filtration

the sum of inherent and added filtration and mirror (1.0 mm) (2.5 mm total)

Which of the following statements applies to the x-ray emission spectrum? A. adding filtration affects characteristic x-ray energy B. adding filtration affects the minimum wavelength C. adding filtration increases entrance skin exposure D. the target material affects the amplitude of bremsstrahlung x-rays E. the target material affects the minimum wavelength

the target material affects the amplitude of bremsstrahlung x-rays

The area under the curve of the x-ray emission spectrum represents: A. the average energy of the x-rays B. the average number of x-rays per unit of energy C. the total energy of the x-rays D. the total number of x-rays E. total exposure

the total number of x-rays

The x-ray emission spectrum represents: A. projectile electron energy B. atomic mass and number of the target atom C. electron binding energy of target material D. total x-ray beam filtration E. x-rays emitted from the x-ray tube

x-rays emitted from the x-ray tube