RAD112 - Chapter 17

ASIS

For the lateral projection of the large intestine, at what level is the IR centered and the CR enters

hypersthenic

For which body habitus is the stomach almost horizontal?

AP oblique

For which projection of the stomach would a positioning sponge be used?

asthenic

For which type of body habitus is the large intestine bunched together and positioned very low in the abdomen?

asthenic

For which type of body habitus is the stomach nearly vertical?

cardiac notch

Found along the superior aspect of fundus

ascending portion of the duodenum

Fourth portion of the duodenum

storage of food and chemical breakdown of food

Functions of the stomach include: 1) storage of food 2) absorption of food products 3) chemical breakdown of food

18-24 inches

How far above the anus is the enema bag placed during a barium enema?

no more than 4 inches

How far is the enema tip inserted into the rectum for a colon examination?

Aligned with the LUQ, centered 1-2 inches above lower rib margin, LRM is level of L1-L2

How is the IR centered for a recumbent AP or PA projection of the stomach?

24 hrs

How long does it take barium to go through the alimentary canal and reach the rectum?

30 feet

How long is the entire alimentary canal?

40-70 degrees

How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?

3-6 inches

How much lower should the IR be positioned when the upright position is used for projections of the stomach?

calcium

In order to be radiopaque, gallstones must contain

polyp

Inward growth from the lumen of the intestinal wall

single-stage and two-stage procedures

Methods of performing a double-contrast barium enema include: 1) enteroclysis 2) single-stage procedure 3) two-stage procedure

single contrast and double contrast

Methods of radiographically examining the colon include: 1) enteroclysis 2) single contrast 3) double contrast

body

Middle aspect of the stomach

pylorus

Most anterior portion of the stomach

fundus

Most posterior aspect of the stomach

rugae

Mucosal folds in stomach

elimination of movement

One of the most important technical considerations in gastrointestinal radiography is

esophagogastric junction

Opening between esophagus and stomach

pyloric sphincter

Opening leaving the stomach

diverticulum

Outpouching of the mucosal wall

laxatives, dietary restrictions and cleansing enemas

Prep of the intestinal tract for exam of the colon includes: 1) laxatives 2) dietary restrictions 3) cleansing enemas

intussusception

Telescoping of one part of the intestine into another

30-40 cephalad

The CR angulation for the AP axial projection of the large intestine is?

descending colon

The PA oblique projection of the colon done in the LAO position clearly demonstrates the

stomach contour and duodenal bulb

The PA projection of the stomach best demonstrates the:

hepatic flexure

The ___________ is formed by the junction of ascending and transverse colon

pyloric portion

The area identified in the figure below is the

cardiac antrum

The area identified in the figure is the

fundus

The area identified in the figure is the

cecum

The area of the colon identified in the figure is

ascending colon

The area of the colon identified in the figure is the

sigmoid colon

The area of the colon identified in the figure is the

right colic flexure

The ascending portion of the colon joins the transverse colon at the

hepatopancreatic ampulla

The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct usually unite to form the

peristalsis

The contraction waves by which the digestive tube moves its contents towards the rectum are called

35-45 degrees

The degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the large intestine is

30-60 degrees

The degree of body rotation for an AP oblique stomach radiograph ranges from

35-45 degrees

The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the large intestine is

hypersthenic

The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the stomach will depend on the body habitus. The greatest degree of rotation would be used for which body habitus?

duodenojejunal flexure

The duodenum joins the jejunum at a sharp curve called the

PA or AP

The entire colon is best demonstrated in which projection?

cardiac orifice

The esophagus joins the stomach through an opening called the

midsagittal

The esophagus lies in the __________ plane

produce and secrete digestive juices

The exocrine cells of the pancreas function to

cardiac antrum

The expanded portion of the terminal esophagus is called the

15 minutes

The first small intestine radiograph is taken how many minutes after the pt drinks barium?

rugae

The folds of the thick inner lining of the stomach are termed the

store and concentrate bile

The gallbladder functions to

hypersthenic

The gallbladder is generally positioned most superior in pts of what body habitus

enterostomy

The general term used to describe the surgical procedure of forming an artificial opening to the intestine for the passage of fecal material is

pointed toward the umbilicus

The initial insertion of the rectal enema tip should be

mesentery

The jejunum and ileum are attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the

haustra

The large intestine is made up of a series of pouches called the

liver

The largest gland in the body is the

reabsorption of fluids and elimination of waste products

The main functions of the large intestines are: 1) digestion of food 2) reabsorption of fluids 3) elimination of waste products

digestion of food and absorption of food

The main functions of the small bowel are 1) digestion of food 2) absorption of food 3) storage of food

iliac crests

The majority of AP, PA, and oblique radiographs taken during a barium enema are done on 14x17 inch IRs. Where is the IR centered on sthenic pts for the majority of these projections?

barium sulfate

The most common contrast medium used for radiologic examination of the gastrointestinal tract is

ileum

The most distal portion of the small intestine is the

villi

The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of fingerlike projections called

pyloric sphincter

The muscle controlling the opening between the stomach and the duodenum is termed the

cholecystokinin

The muscular contractions of the gallbladder is activated by

ileocecal valve

The opening between the small intestine and the large intestine is called the

pyloric orifice

The opening between the stomach and the small intestine is termed the

greater duodenal papilla

The opening inside the duodenum where pancreatic enzymes and bile enter is called the

pyloric antrum

The part of the stomach identified in the figure is the

cecum

The pouchlike portion of the large intestine that is situated below the junction of the ileum and colon is the:

nothing after midnight

The pt "prep" for a morning stomach exam is

nothing after evening meal, no breakfast

The pt prep for a small intestine exam is

suspended

The respiration phase for all projections of the large intestine is

single contrast and double contrast

The routinely used methods of examining the stomach include: 1) no contrast 2) single contrast 3) double contrast

3

The small intestine is divided into how many distinct portions?

LUQ

The spleen is located in the __________ of the abdomen

4

The stomach wall is composed of how many layers?

portal vein and hepatic artery

The two vessels that supply blood to the liver are the

cecum

The vermiform appendix of the colon is attached to the

4

The wall of the colon is composed of how many layers?

4

The wall of the esophagus is composed of how many layers of tissues?

4

The wall of the small intestine is composed of how many coats?

duodenum

The widest portion of the small bowel is the

horizontal portion of the duodenum

Third portion of the duodenum

upright

To best demonstrate the swallowing function, in which position should the patient be placed to begin the fluoroscopic phase of single-contrast examination of the esophagus?

30-40 degrees caudal

What is the CR angulation for the PA axial projection of the large intestine

45 degrees

What is the average degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?

35-40 degrees

What is the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the esophagus?

22 feet

What is the length of the average adult small intestine?

5 feet

What is the length of the large intestine?

rectum, sigmoid, descending colon, transverse colon and ascending colon

What is the proper sequence for filling the large intestine with barium when performing a BE?

recumbent

What is the recommended general body position for a radiographic series of the esophagus?

PA, RAO

What is the recommended oblique projection and position for the best demonstration of the esophagus?

expiration

What is the respiration phase for all radiographs of the stomach and intestines?

85%

What percentage of the population will have a combination of sthenic and hyposthenic body habitus?

When performed upright the projection is performed as a left lateral and when performed recumbent the projection is performed as a right lateral

When performing lateral projections of the stomach/duodenum which of the following are true?

a parasagittal plane approximately 2 inches lateral to the MSP on the elevated (left) side

When positioning a PA oblique esophagus in the RAO position, the IR is centered left-to-right (and where the CR enters) with

Between the transverse and descending colon

Where in the large intestine is the left colic flexure located?

iliac crests

Where is the IR centered for all decubitus projections of the large intestines

at the level of the iliac crests

Where is the IR centered for delayed radiographs of the small intestine?

2 inches above the iliac crests

Where is the IR centered for radiographs of the small intestine that are taken within 30 minutes of drinking the barium?

RAO and LPO

Which 2 recumbent positions can be used to demonstrate an unobstructed image of a barium filled esophagus between the vertebrae and the heart?

lesser

Which curvature is located on the medial border of the stomach?

a combination single-contrast and double-contrast study of the GI tract

Which description refers to the biphasic GI exam

glucagon

Which drug may be given to the pt before a double contrast exam of the stomach to relax the GI tract?

by mouth, reflex filling and enteroclysis

Which methods are used to administer barium for a radiographic exam of the small intestine? 1) by mouth 2) reflex filling 3) enteroclysis

small lesions are not obscured and the mucosal lining of the stomach can be more clearly visualized

Which of the following are advantages of using the double contrast technique for examination of the stomach? 1) fewer radiographs are required 2) small lesions are not obscured 3) the mucosal lining of the stomach can be more clearly visualized

varices are filled better and more complete contrast filling, especially proximal part

Which of the following are advantages of using the recumbent position for radiographs of the esophagus? 1) varices are filled better 2) easier to swallow barium 3) more complete contrast filling, especially proximal part

mouth and pharynx, stomach and intestine

Which of the following are components of the alimentary canal? 1) mouth and pharynx 2) stomach and intestine 3) liver and pancreas

AP and PA

Which of the following are essential projections for examination of the small intestine? 1) AP 2) PA 3) lateral

anus, colon, esophagus

Which of the following are included as components of the alimentary canal? 1) anus 2) colon 3) esophagus

AP, LPO and PA, RAO

Which of the following are oblique projections of the stomach and duodenum? 1) AP, LPO 2) PA, RAO 3) PA, LAO

AP or PA, lateral and PA oblique

Which of the following are the essential projections for an esophagus series? 1) AP or PA 2) lateral 3) PA oblique

exhale, swallow the barium, hold breath out

Which of the following best describes the administration of barium for an esophagram being performed for esophageal varices

produces lymphocytes and stores and removes dead red blood cells

Which of the following best describes the function of the spleen? 1) produces glucagon 2) produces lymphocytes 3) stores and removes dead red blood cells

TV, cine and video recorders

Which of the following can be used to record the fluoro image? 1) TV 2) cine 3) video recorders

air, barium sulfate and water-soluble iodinated solution

Which of the following contrast media are used for exams of the GI tract? 1) air 2) barium sulfate 3) water-soluble iodinated solution

Chassard-Lapine method

Which of the following demonstrates the rectum and rectosigmoid area in a true axial projection? 1) AP axial 2) left lateral decubitus 3) Chassard-Lapine method

small intestine only

Which of the following examination requires the use of time markers on the radiographs? 1) stomach 2) small intestine 3) large intestine

it should be inflated by the radiologist using fluoro

Which of the following is true regarding inflation of the retention balloon for a barium enema? 1) it should be inflated by the radiographer using fluoro 2) it should be inflated by the radiologist using fluoro 3) it should be inflated by the radiologist without using fluoro

a longitudinal plane midway between the vertebrae and the lateral border of the elevated side

Which of the following planes is centered to the grid for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?

midcoronal plane

Which of the following planes is centered to the grid for the lateral projection of the esophagus?

a plane passing midway between the midcoronal plane and the anterior surface of the abdomen

Which of the following planes is positioned to the center of the grid for the lateral projection of the stomach and duodenum?

AP oblique, LPO

Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the fundus of the stomach?

filled colon radiographs and postevacuation radiographs

Which of the following radiographs are taken during a single-contrast barium enema? 1) spot radiographs 2) filled colon radiographs 3) postevacuation radiographs

PA oblique, RAO

Which of the following will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile?

transverse

Which part of the large intestine is located between the ascending and descending parts of the colon?

midcoronal plane

Which plane is centered to the grid for a lateral projection of the large intestine?

sims

Which position should the pt be placed in to insert the enema tip for a barium enema?

supine and trendelenburg

Which positions will best demonstrate the retrogastric portion of the duodenum and jejunum on an AP projection of the stomach? 1) supine 2) trendelenburg 3) standing

PA oblique, LAO

Which projection best demonstrates the left colic flexure?

lateral

Which projection is used for radiographs made during defecography?

PA oblique, RAO

Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the ascending colon?

AP, left lateral decubitus

Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the lateral aspect of the ascending colon and the medial aspect of the descending colon, when the colon is inflated with air?

lateral, ventral decubitus

Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the posterior portions of the colon?

PA oblique, RAO

Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the right colic flexure?

AP, right lateral decubitus

Which projection of the colon will best demonstrate the medial aspect of the ascending colon and the lateral aspect of the descending colon when the colon is inflated with air?

lateral

Which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces?

AP, trendelenburg

Which projection of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation?

lateral, PA axial, AP axial

Which projections taken during a barium enema will demonstrate the rectosigmoid area? 1) lateral 2) PA axial 3) AP axial

PA oblique,LAO and AP oblilque RPO

Which projections will clearly demonstrate the descending colon? 1) PA oblique, LAO 2) AP oblique, RPO 3) left lateral

AP oblique, LPO and PA oblique, RAO

Which projections will clearly demonstrate the right colic flexure? 1) right lateral 2) AP oblique, LPO 3) PA oblique, RAO

Right hypochondrium and epigastrium

Which two regions of the abdomen are almost entirely occupied by the liver?

double-contrast intestine exams

"High-density" barium sulfate is used primarily for: 1) enteroclysis intestine exams 2) single-contrast intestine exams 3) double-contrast intestine exams

a sagittal plane passing halfway between the midline and the lateral border of the abdomen

A PA projection of the stomach and duodenum can be performed using a 10x12 inch IR. Which of the following describes the plane that is centered to the grid for this projection?

midsagittal plane

A PA projection of the stomach and duodenum is often performed using a 14x17 inch IR. Which of the following describes the plane that is centered to the grid for this projection?

cholangiography

A specific radiographic exam of the biliary duct is termed

volvulus

A twisting of a portion of the intestine on its own mesentery

Coffee bean sign

A volvulus is identified on barium studies when a _________________ is seen.

Crohn's Disease

An inflammatory bowel disease that affects the ilieum and the cecum is termed

Crohn's disease

An inflammatory disease of the distal ileum

Ulcerative colitis

An inflammatory disease of the large intestine

distance

As a tech assisting during fluoro, which of the cardinal principles of radiation protection is the most effective in reducing your occupational dose

ASIS

At what level is the center of the IR positioned for a lateral projection of the rectosigmoid area?

L1/L2

At which level is the IR centered for a PA projection of the stomach and duodenum?

L1/L2

At which level is the IR centered for an AP or PA oblique stomach and duodenum?

a longitudinal plane 1-2 inches lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side

At which plane is the CR positioned for the PA oblique projections of the large intestine?

anteriorly and superiorly

BC of the anatomy of the rectum, an enema tip should be inserted ________ to prevent injury

ampulla of vater

Common bile and pancreatic duct meets to form the

statement 1 is FALSE and statement 2 is TRUE

Consider the following statements about the biliary system: 1) The gallbladder serves as the major production site of bile 2) The function of bile is to emulsify fat for easier digestion

BOTH statement 1 and 2 are TRUE

Consider the following statements: 1) For BE, the temp of the suspension should be lower than the pt's body temp 2) During BE, the colon is slowly filled w contrast to keep cramping to a minimum

Statement 1 is TRUE and statement 2 is FALSE

Consider these statements about percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. 1) PTC is performed on pts with jaundice when the ductal system has been demonstrated as dilated by CT or sonography 2) PTC is performed with the PT in the prone position

cystic duct

Duct that leaves the gallbladder carrying bile

hepatic duct

Duct that leaves the liver carrying bile

1-swallowing of barium, 2-imaging/spot films, 3-swallowing of sodium bicarbonate, 4-imaging/spot films, 5-imaging/overhead films

During a biphasic UGI procedure, what is the correct sequence of events?

pancreatic duct and common bile duct

During an ERCP, an endoscope is passed into the duodenum under fluoro control. "Spot" radiographs are usually taken of the: 1) pancreatic duct 2) hepatic duct 3) common bile duct

AP and AP oblique, RPO

During an operative cholangiogram, the surgeon injects the contrast medium directly into the billary system. Which of the following projections are typically done during this procedure in surgery? 1) AP 2) AP oblique, RPO 3) AP oblique, LPO

BOTH statement 1 and 2 are FALSE

Evaluate the following statements 1) if a PT is cooperative with breathing instructions, motion on GI tract studies is not an issue BC peristalsis is completely suspended when respiration is suspended 2) When positioning pts for identical projections, the CR is centered higher if the PT is in an upright position

statement 1 is FALSE and statement 2 is TRUE

Evaluate the following statements about contrast media used in the UGI tract: 1) Barium suspensions are preferred over iodinated solutions if bowel perforation is suspected 2) Barium suspensions are less likely to produce anaphylactic reactions than iodinated solutions

BOTH statement 1 and 2 are FALSE

Evaluate the following statements about contrast media used in the UGI tract: 1) Barium suspensions move thru the GI tract quicker than iodinated solutions 2) Barium suspensions do not adhere as well to the mucosa of the esophagus and stomach as iodinated solutions

8 hrs

Food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours before a stomach examination?

the level of the mouth

For all projections of the esophagus, the top of the IR is positioned at

To demonstrate a possible hiatal hernia

For the PA projection as part of the UGI examination, why should the lower lung fields be included on a 14x17 IR?

PA oblique projection, RAO position

For the UGI exam with the pt recumbent, which projection best stimulates gastric peristalsis to better demonstrate the pyloric canal and duodenal bulb?

PA oblique projection, RAO position

For the double-contrast UGI exam with the pt recumbent, which projection produces the best image of a gas-filled fundus?