Radiation Protection Chapter 1 WorkBook
A disease process that does not have a fixed threshold
Radiation-induced cancer
Year in which x-ray was discovered
1895
BERT is a: A.Method of comparison B. Method of optimizing radiation protection C. Radiation quantity D. Radiation unit
A
Type of approach in patient care that has gained an increasing awareness in recent years
Team approach
The upper boundary doses of ionizing radiation for which there is a negligible risk of bodily injury or genetic defect
maximum allowable levels of radiation exposure
A threshold exists for radiation induced malignant disease t/f
F
BERT is based on an annual US population exposure of approximately 1 MSV per year t/f
F
Bert implies risk from radiation exposure t/f
F
Diagnostic efficacy is not an important part of radiation protection in the healing arts t/f
F
Humans are not continuously exposed to sources of ionizing radiation t/f
F
SI unit of measure for the radiation quantity, "equivalent dose"
Milligray mGY
A subunit of the sievert equal to 1/1000 of a sievert
Millisievert (mSv)
Individual in a hospital setting expressly charged by the administration to be directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program.
Radiation safety officer
For the welfare of patients and the workers, facilities providing imaging services must have: A. An effective radiation safety program B. An inspection of the imaging department every day by nationally recognized authorities C. An inspection of the imaging department every day by state recognized authorities D. A strong legal team to suppress potential lawsuits that result from poor radiologic practice
A
How can humans safely control the use of radiant energy? 1. By using knowledge of radiation-induced hazards that have been gained over many years 2. By employing effective methods to limit or eliminate radiation-induced hazards 3. By completely eliminating the use of radiation in the healing arts A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
A
Occupational and nonoccupational doses will remain well below maximum allowable levels when: A. Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable B. referring physicians stop ordering imaging procedures C. orders for imaging procedures are determined only by medical insurance companies D. patients assume sole responsibility for ordering their imaging procedures
A
Radiation has been present on earth since: A. It's beginning B. The fourteenth century C. The eighteenth century D. The Twentieth century
A
Acronym for as low as reasonably achievable
ALARA
Makes patients feel that they are active participants in their own health care
Appropriate and effective communication
During a routine radiologic examination, when radiographers use their intelligence and knowledge to answer patient questions about the risk of radiation exposure honestly, they can do much to alleviate any patient: 1. Apprehension 2. Confidence 3. Fears A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
B
The end of result of the TRACE program is: A. an increase in biologic effects B. a reduction in patient dose C. a decrease in diagnostic efficacy D. A reason to eliminate the basic principles of time, distance, and shielding
B
The millisievert (mSv), a subunit of the sievert (Sv), is equal to: A. 1/10,000 of an Sv B. 1/1000 of an Sv C. 1/100 of an Sv D. 1/10 of an Sv
B
To implement an effective radiation safety program in a facility that provides imaging services, the employer must provide all of the following execpt: A. An appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program and the necessary resources to support the program B. X-ray equipment that can produce only very low kilovoltage and very high milliamperage C. A written policy that describes the ALARA program and identifies management's commitment to keeping all radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable D. Periodic exposure audits to determine ways to lower radiation exposure in the workplace
B
When an imaging procedure is justified in terms of medical necessity, diagnostic efficacy is achieved when optimal-quality images, revealing the presence or absence of disease, are obtained with: A. maximal radiation exposure B. Minimal radiation exposure C. Scattered radiation exposure D. Secondary radiation exposure
B
When radiation is safely and purdently used in the imaging of patients, the benefit of the exposure can be ____ while the potential risk of biologic damage is _____ A. minimized, maximized B. maximized, minimized C. minimized, minimized D. maximized, maximized
B
Method of comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with a natural background radiation received over a specified period of time such as days, weeks, months, or year
BERT
Damage to living tissue of animals and humans exposed to radiation
Biologic effects
Repetition of a radiographic exposure because of poor patient positioning results in: A. No significant change in total radiation exposure to the patient or the radiographer B. A slight decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer C. An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer D. A significant decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
C
Typically, people are more likely to accept a risk if they perceive that: A They have no other option B. They have positive assurance that they will have a good outcome in terms of prognosis C. The potential benefit to be obtained is greater than the risk involved D. The radiologic procedure will absolutely not cause any pain or discomfort
C
Which of the following increases radiation exposure for both the patient and the radiographer? A. Production of optimal quality images with the first exposure B. Use of appropriate radiation protection procedures C. Repeated radiographic exposures as a result of technical error or carelessness D. Limited radiographic examinations, as ordered by the radiologist
C
Which of the following recommend the use of background Equivalent Radiation Time for improving patient understanding and reducing fear and anxiety associated with having an x-ray procedure? A. Environmental Protection Agency B. Occupational Safety and Health Administration C. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements D. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
C
Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management for medical needs or that does not enhance the quality of a radiologic examination is called: A. artificial radiation B. enhanced natural background radiation C. human-made radiation D. unnecessary radiation
D
Certain individual radiologic procedures need to have patient dose dictated into every radiologic report. These procedures include: 1. Computed tomography 2. General fluoroscopy 3. Interventional procedures A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3
D
During phase one of the TRACE program, after new and more definitive radiation safety policies and procedures have been written, some ways of providing patients and community education are through the use of: 1. Informational posters placed strategically throughout the health care facility 2. Brochures that describe imaging procedures in simple terms 3. Basic information on a specific website designed for patient education A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
D
Effective radiation protection measures take into consideration: 1. Both human and environmental physical determinants 2. Technical elements 3. Procedural Factors A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2, and 3
D
In medicine, when radiation safety principles are correctly applied during imaging procedures, the energy deposited in living tissue by the radiation can be limited. This results in: A. Completely eliminating the possibility for reducing the potential for adverse effects B. No change in the possibility for reducing the potential for adverse effects C. Increasing the potential for adverse effects D. Reducing the potential for adverse effects
D
The ALARA philosophy should: A. Be a main part of every health care facility's personnel radiation control program B. Be established and maintained because there are no established dose limits for the amount of radiation that patients may receive for individual imaging procedures C. Show that radiographers and radiologists in a facility have considered reasonable actions that will reduce patient and personnel dose below required limits D. all of the above
D
The most effective tool(s) for diagnosing breast cancer continue(s) to be: A. PA and lateral chest x-ray examinations B. Clinical breast self-examination C. Clinical breast examination by a physician D. Mammography
D
To reduce radiation exposure to the patient: 1. Reduce the amount of the x-ray "beam on" time 2. Utilize as much distance as warranted between the x-ray tube and the patient for the examination 3. Shield the patient with appropriate gonadal and/or specific area shielding devices A. 1and2 only B. 1and3 only C. 2and3 only D. 1,2 and3
D
When illness or injury occurs or when a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent, a patient may: A. Be forced by the referring physician to assume a large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain unnecessary diagnostic medical information B. Be forced by the referring physician to assume the relatively large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information C. Elect to assume the relatively large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information D. Elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information
D
Which of the following basic principles of radiation protection can be applied to both the patient and the radiographer? 1.Time 2.Distance 3.Shielding A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3 only
D
The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in a patient
Diagnostic Efficacy
If a radiographer makes an error in selecting technical radiographic exposure factors for a specific projection of an anatomic body part, the projection can be repeated without an increase in radiation dose for the patient and a potential dose increase for the radiographer t/f
F
It is the responsibility of the referring physician to provide the necessary resources and appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program in a health care facility t/f
F
Man made radiation his more dangerous than an equal amount of natural radiation t/f
F
Most patients are unaware that most of their background radiation comes form artificial radioiactivit of they own body t/f
F
Production of high energy x-ray photons is a consequence of ionization in human cells t/f
F
The ability of x-rays to cause injury in normal biological tissue just became apparent recently t/f
F
X-rays are a form of nonionizing radiation
F
Requires monitoring of patient dose in CT and in IR
Image wisely campaign/ joint commission
Based on evidence that living tissue of animals and humans can be damaged by exposure to ionizing radiation
Justification for reduction of unnecessary radiation exposure
Radiation exposure received by persons no employed in the medical imaging profession
No occupational doses
Term that is synonymous with the acronym ALARA
Optimization for radiation protection
Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation
Radiation Protection
In the medical industry with reference to the radiation sciences, the possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after irradiation
Risk
A health care facility must have a written policy statement describing the radiation safety program. The statement must also identify the commitment of management to keep all radiation exposure alara and must be available to all employees in the workplace t/f
T
After ordering an x-ray examination or procedure, the referring physician must accept basic responsibility for protecting the patient from non useful radiation exposure t/f
T
Bert is a method of explains radiation to the public t/f
T
Diagnostic efficacy provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified t/f
T
In general terms, risk can be defined as the probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting form an activity t/f
T
Radiation produced form an X-ray tube is an example of controllable radiation energy t/f
T
Radiologic technologist and radiologist are educated in the safe operation of radiation producing imaging eqipment t/f
T
Radiology departments, or individual radiologic technologist, can pledge to image gently t/f
T
The basic principles of time, distance, and shielding can be applied for the safety of both the patient and the radiographer t/f
T
The joint commission specifies that all imaging eqipment that uses ionizing radiation be regularly tested by qualified personnel and properly maintained t/f
T
The millisievert MSV is the SI subunit of EFD t/f
T
Various methods of radiation protection may be applied to ensure safety for persons employed in radiation industries, including medicine, and for the population at large t/f
T
X-ray stands for nation wide evaluation of x-ray trends t/f
T
Conducted to provide data on systems as they exist in the United States on the date of the latest survey
The NEXT program
A partnership of medical societies whose overall common purpose is to reduce the radiation dose for pediatric patients
The alliance for radiation safety in pediatric imaging
three cardinal principles of radiation protection
Time, distance, shielding
Responsibility of facilities that provide imaging services
ensuring the highest quality of service
Produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter
ionizing radiation
A consequence of ionization in human cells -biologic effects -radiation-induced cancer -production of free radicals -ESE
production of free radicals
Fear of being exposed to radiation
radiation phobia
Have the responsibility to select technical exposure factors that significantly reduce radiation exposure to patients and themselves
radiologic technologist
The benefit to the referring physician in having direct access to a patient's radiation dose history being the option of knowing whether or not the ordering of an additional radiologic procedure is advisable
standardized dose reporting