Random questions and answers (online) part 13

Hip Hop music originated in New York the late 1970s in

South Bronx

Ophthalmologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the eye; eye doctor

menagerie

place where animals are kept and trained; collection of wild animals

hygienic

tending to promote or preserve health

interim

(n.) the time between; (adj.) temporary, coming between two points in time

Bodacious

excellent, admirable, or attractive

Saturate

(v.) to soak thoroughly, fill to capacity; to satisfy fully

How many continents are there?

7 Continents: Europe, Africa, South America, North America, Asia, Oceania (Australia and Pacific Islands), and Antarctica.

List of emotions

Anger Happiness Sadness Fear Disgust Surprise Anxiety Satisfaction Embarrassment Love Shame Boredom Annoyance Envy Disappointment Self-confidence Awe Pride Loneliness Frustration Hatred Jealousy Contempt Affection

down-to-earth

practical, sensible with no illusions or pretensions; practical and realistic.

Renovate

to repair, restore to good condition, make new again

pfft

used to represent a brief sound such as that made by the passage of a bullet or that of a small, muffled explosion. "Pfft! Pfft! Pfft! Bullets ricocheted around the room" used to convey the suddenness of a malfunction, disappearance, ending, etc. "then pffft, that was the last we heard of them" used to express a contemptuous or dismissive attitude. "pfft, I don't know what all the fuss is about" Phrases go pfft — fail to work properly or at all. "this is the kind of data load that would make all but the most expensive software go pfft" (Online defs)

NRA

National Rifle Association (Quizlet) National Rifle Association of America United States organization Actions Alternate titles: NRA By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What is the National Rifle Association of America? When and how was the National Rifle Association founded? How many members does the National Rifle Association have? What kind of social impact has the National Rifle Association had? National Rifle Association of America (NRA), leading gun rights organization in the United States. The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) was founded in New York state in 1871 as a governing body for the sport of shooting with rifles and pistols. By the early 21st century it claimed a membership of nearly five million target shooters, hunters, gun collectors, gunsmiths, police, and other gun enthusiasts. National Rifle Association National Rifle Association See all media Date: 1871 - present Headquarters: Fairfax Areas Of Involvement: shooting gun Related People: Charlton Heston Oliver North See all related content → Among the NRA's more important activities beginning in the second half of the 20th century was its highly effective political lobbying and campaigning against virtually any legislative proposal for the control of firearms. It consistently characterized such measures as infringements of the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and a grave threat to individual liberty, maintaining that stance even in the wake of frequent mass shootings throughout the country (e.g., the Newtown shootings of 2012 and the Orlando shooting of 2016). Although the NRA typically declined to issue public statements following mass murders committed with guns, it has asserted that gun-control measures would not have prevented the violence, that mass shootings could have been avoided or mitigated if more bystanders or victims had carried guns with which to intervene or defend themselves, and that such tragedies are simply the price that must be paid for the freedom guaranteed by the Second Amendment. Following the publication in 1993 of a study funded by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showing that gun ownership increased the risk of homicide in the home, the NRA successfully lobbied Congress to reallocate the CDC's budget for research on gun violence and to adopt a law, known as the Dickey amendment, that prohibited the CDC from using research funds to "advocate or promote gun control." The amendment effectively prevented the CDC from funding research on gun violence in subsequent years. In 2018 Oliver North, a former U.S. Marine Corps officer who was a central figure in the Iran-Contra Affair of the 1980s, was named president of the NRA. He soon became involved in a power struggle with NRA chief executive officer Wayne LaPierre as regulators investigated the organization's tax-exempt status amid allegations of financial improprieties. In 2019 North announced that he was resigning as president, noting that the NRA was in the midst of a "clear crisis." In 2020 the New York state attorney general filed a lawsuit seeking to dissolve the NRA on the grounds that LaPierre and other top officials had improperly used NRA assets to enrich themselves and their associates and to fund extravagant personal expenses in violation of state and federal laws governing nonprofit or charitable organizations. In 2021 the NRA declared bankruptcy and announced that it would reincorporate in Texas. However, later that year a federal judge dismissed the filing, stating that "the N.R.A. is using this bankruptcy case to address a regulatory enforcement problem, not a financial one." The decision meant that the New York lawsuit would continue. The American NRA was modeled after the National Rifle Association in Great Britain, which had been formed in 1859. The British NRA has its headquarters near Woking, Surrey, England, and the American NRA is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. Charlton Heston Table of Contents Home Entertainment & Pop Culture Actors Charlton Heston American actor Actions Alternate titles: John Charles Carter By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Charlton Heston, original name John Charles Carter, (born October 4, 1923, Evanston, Illinois, U.S.—died April 5, 2008, Beverly Hills, California), American actor who was known for his chiseled features and compelling speaking voice and for his numerous roles as historical figures and famous literary characters. Charlton Heston Charlton Heston See all media Born: October 4, 1923 Evanston Illinois Died: April 5, 2008 (aged 84) Beverly Hills California Awards And Honors: Presidential Medal of Freedom (2003) Academy Award (1960) Academy Award (1960): Actor in a Leading Role Cecil B. DeMille Award (1967) Golden Globe Award (1962): World Film Favorites Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (1978) Presidential Medal of Freedom (2003) See all related content → Heston decided to become an actor after impulsively auditioning for a high-school play. His stage experience in high school resulted in a scholarship to Northwestern University. In 1946 he moved to New York City, and he made his Broadway debut in Antony and Cleopatra (1947). Soon thereafter he landed roles in live television productions. He first appeared in a Hollywood film in a starring role in William Dieterle's Dark City (1950). Although he was still relatively unknown, his performance impressed director Cecil B. DeMille, who cast him as the circus manager in The Greatest Show on Earth (1952). The film won the Oscar for best picture, and Heston received good notices for his performance. He later starred as U.S. Pres. Andrew Jackson in The President's Lady (1953), the first of many historical roles he would undertake. Britannica Quiz Oscar-Worthy Movie Trivia scene from Touch of Evil scene from Touch of Evil Charlton Heston in Ben-Hur Charlton Heston in Ben-Hur Charlton Heston in Ben-Hur Charlton Heston in Ben-Hur filming of Ben-Hur filming of Ben-Hur Charlton Heston in El Cid Charlton Heston in El Cid Charlton Heston and David Niven in 55 Days at Peking Charlton Heston and David Niven in 55 Days at Peking In 1956 Heston played the role for which he would remain best known, that of Moses in DeMille's The Ten Commandments. Established as a major star, Heston worked for several other noted directors, including Orson Welles in Touch of Evil (1958) and William Wyler in Ben-Hur (1959). Ben-Hur won 11 Academy Awards, including a best actor award for Heston; the film secured his position as the premiere historical character actor in Hollywood. The movies that followed placed him in several larger-than-life roles: the eponymous Spanish warrior in El Cid (1961), Michelangelo in The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965), and John the Baptist in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965). Heston also played a U.S. military officer in 55 Days at Peking (1963), about the Boxer Rebellion. Kim Hunter, Roddy McDowall, and Charlton Heston in Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter, Roddy McDowall, and Charlton Heston in Planet of the Apes scene from Julius Caesar scene from Julius Caesar In 1968 Heston starred in the western Will Penny, a role that he counted among his favourites, and in Planet of the Apes, the first in a short series of science-fiction films for the actor. He had a minor role in the sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970) and later starred in the cult favourites The Omega Man (1971) and Soylent Green (1973). Despite such excursions into eclectic fare, however, Heston continued to be known for his work in period dramas. He twice played Mark Antony, in Julius Caesar (1970) and in Antony and Cleopatra (1973), which he also directed. Charlton Heston in Earthquake Charlton Heston in Earthquake Heston's other memorable roles include Jack London's hero John Thornton in The Call of the Wild (1972) and Cardinal Richelieu in The Three Musketeers (1973) and its sequel The Four Musketeers (1974). He also starred in the disaster movies Skyjacked (1972), Airport 1975 (1974), and Earthquake (1974). In addition, he appeared in a number of television movies, notably portraying Sir Thomas More in A Man for All Seasons (1988), Long John Silver in Treasure Island (1990), Sherlock Holmes in The Crucifer of Blood (1991), and Brigham Young in The Avenging Angel (1995). His last acting role was in the film drama Genghis Kahn: The Story of a Lifetime (2010). Heston was involved in politics, both in and out of Hollywood. From 1966 to 1971 he was president of the Screen Actors Guild, and he later was chairman of the American Film Institute (1973-83). A vocal supporter of gun rights, he served as president of the National Rifle Association (1998-2003). Heston also was the recipient of various honours, including the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (1978) from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (2003). In addition, he was named a Kennedy Center honoree in 1997. His various books include the autobiography In the Arena (1995). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Patricia Bauer. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

buponic plague

Bubonic plague Also called: black death Main Results Description A rare but serious bacterial infection that's transmitted by fleas. The bubonic plague is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis. It can spread through contact with infected fleas. (Online def)

What are the most common English words?

3000 most common words in English With 2,500 to 3,000 words, you can understand 90% of everyday English conversations, English newspaper and magazine articles, and English used in the workplace. The remaining 10% you'll be able to learn from context, or ask questions about. However, it's essential to learn the right English vocabulary words, so you don't waste your time trying to memorize a huge collection with very little benefit. The list below seems long, but when you can use all these words with confidence, your English vocabulary will be fully functional. (Education first)

Does Googling Perpetuate the Dunning-Kruger Effect?

Skip to main content Mobile Navigation Psychology Today US Search Christopher Bergland Christopher Bergland The Athlete's Way Does Googling Perpetuate the Dunning-Kruger Effect? Online search engines can make us think we know more than we actually know. Posted October 28, 2021 Reviewed by Lybi Ma Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail KEY POINTS The Dunning-Kruger Effect is an illusory cognitive bias marked by overestimating one's competence, intelligence, or knowledge base. People who frequently use search engines like Google are prone to mistake the internet's knowledge as their own. Knowing that Googling often leads to overconfidence in one's knowledge may be enough to keep the Dunning-Kruger effect in check. Castleski/Shutterstock Source: Castleski/Shutterstock Is Google causing us to lose sight of where our own knowledge ends, and the internet's knowledge begins? This question is addressed in a new study by Adrian Ward of the University of Texas at Austin's McCombs School of Business. His recent paper, "People Mistake the Internet's Knowledge for Their Own," was published on October 26, 2021, in the peer-reviewed journal PNAS. article continues after advertisement Ward found that Googling can muddy the waters between what people actually know and what they think they know. This three-pronged study found that when people use search engines, they often mistake Google's knowledge for their own and become overconfident about knowing more than they would know without internet access. "When information is at our fingertips, we may mistakenly believe that it originated from inside our heads," he writes. Google May Cause Us to Think We Know More When We Know Less Ward adds, "Using Google to answer general knowledge questions artificially inflates peoples' confidence in their own ability to remember and process information and leads to erroneously optimistic predictions regarding how much they will know without the internet. When thinking with Google, people believe they're smarter and have a better memory than others." Based on his research findings, Ward speculates that it might be wise for educators and policymakers to reconsider what it means to be educated and for schools to put less emphasis on having students memorize facts that can easily be Googled. "Maybe we can use our limited cognitive resources in a more effective and efficient way," he said. Smartphones make it possible for us to hold infinite amounts of knowledge in the palm of our hands. Anecdotally, I agree with Ward's theory that having Google and other search engines at our fingertips could make memorizing knowledge obsolete in the burgeoning digital age. That said, he also warns that "in a world in which searching online is often faster than accessing our memory, we may ironically know less but think we know more." article continues after advertisement Humble Googling Fits My Alma Mater's Motto: "To Know Is Not Enough" Non Satis Scire (to know is not enough) is the motto of my alma mater, Hampshire College, one of the few accredited academic institutions with no tests or grades. Hampshire students design their own curriculum, and the school's pedagogy doesn't promote rote memorization or cramming for exams. I attended college from 1984-1988, long before we had the internet or search engines at our fingertips. But the advent of knowledge-expanding tools like Google fits my educational mindset, which has always been more about nourishing fluid intelligence and connecting the dots between seemingly unrelated ideas than striving for a 4.0 GPA. (See "Flourishing in Life Does Not Require Straight A's.") One of the unforeseen perks of going to a school that puts a premium on lifelong curiosity over memorizing crystallized knowledge is that I'm hardwired to acknowledge my lack of encyclopedic knowledge openly. Some people humblebrag about their wisdom; as a Hampshire College alum, I humble Google and don't pretend to know more than I know. article continues after advertisement In some ways, being taught that memorizing a lot of facts doesn't necessarily make you smart is an antidote for the Dunning-Kruger effect. When there's no shame associated with not knowing something, there isn't any need to over-inflate how much you think you know after looking up answers online. This unassuming worldview is underscored by the fundamental belief that "to know is not enough." What Is the Dunning-Kruger Effect? And How to Curtail It In their 1999 paper, "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments," David Dunning and Justin Kruger first presented what we now refer to as the Dunning-Kruger effect. The gist of this cognitive bias theory is that unknowledgeable people can become overconfident in their cerebral capacity or IQ because they don't know enough to know what they don't know. The double whammy of incompetence combined with thinking you're smarter than you are can lead to poor decision-making and often prevents someone experiencing the Dunning-Kruger effect from realizing their shortcomings. As William Ian Miller explains in Humiliation, "It is one of the essential features of such incompetence that the person so afflicted is incapable of knowing that he is incompetent. To have such knowledge would already be to remedy a good portion of the offense." Simply knowing that Googling can lead to overconfidence in one's own perceived knowledge might offset Google's potential to perpetuate the Dunning-Kruger effect. The realization that people who use search engines are prone to mistake the internet's knowledge for their own is the first step towards being cognizant that each of us probably knows less than we think we know after every Google search. article continues after advertisement Now that you have Ward's latest (2021) evidence-based research in your noggin, instead of being overconfident the next time you're Googling something, it's probably wiser to repeat after every internet search: "I know less than I think I know." And to remind yourself that not knowing is OK because "to know is not enough." References Adrian F. Ward. "People Mistake the Internet's Knowledge for Their Own." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (First published: October 26, 2021) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105061118 Justin Kruger and David Dunning. "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Fist published: December 1999) DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.77.6.1121 references Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail advertisement About the Author Christopher Bergland Christopher Bergland is a retired ultra-endurance athlete turned science writer, public health advocate, and promoter of cerebellum ("little brain") optimization. Online: Facebook, Twitter Read Next Three Conceptual Problems With the Definitions of Racism Bored With Your Workout Regimen? 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Macho

showing aggressive pride in one's masculinity. "the big macho tough guy" (Online def)

Orlando shooting of 2016

Orlando shooting of 2016 United States history Actions Alternate titles: Pulse nightclub shooting By Michael Ray Article History Table of Contents Orlando shooting of 2016, also called Pulse nightclub shooting, mass shooting that took place at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, in the early morning hours of June 12, 2016, and left 49 people dead and more than 50 wounded. It was the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history up to that time. Orlando shooting of 2016 Orlando shooting of 2016 See all media Date: June 12, 2016 Location: Florida Orlando United States See all related content → The shooter The gunman, 29-year-old Omar Mateen, was a U.S. citizen born in Queens, New York, to Afghan parents. In May 2013 the Federal Bureau of Investigation declared Mateen to be "a person of interest" and launched a preliminary investigation of him after he told coworkers at a security firm that he had ties to al-Qaeda and Hezbollah. The 10-month investigation ended with no charges being filed against Mateen, but the FBI questioned him in 2014 after an associate of his became a suicide bomber for the Nusrah Front, a terrorist organization in Syria. Mateen later told a friend that he had been watching jihadist videos recorded by al-Qaeda propagandist Anwar al-Awlaki, and that friend notified the authorities. Like the first investigation, the second yielded no actionable evidence, and it was closed. Mateen had held a Florida firearms license since 2007, when he began working as a security guard. Although his name had appeared in the FBI's Terrorist Screening Database (the so-called "terrorist watch list") while he was the subject of active investigations, it was removed once they were closed. In any event, his presence on that list would not have precluded him from legally purchasing firearms, and on June 4, 2016, Mateen bought a Sig Sauer MCX semiautomatic assault rifle. The following day he purchased a Glock 17 9mm semiautomatic pistol. Both weapons were used in the attack. The shooting Since its opening in 2004, Orlando's Pulse dance club had established itself as one of central Florida's most vibrant centres for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) social life. On the night of the attack, the club was hosting its popular Latin Night, an event that drew from a broad cross section of the community. Just after 2:00 AM on June 12, 2016, more than 300 people were inside the club when Mateen opened fire near the entrance. Almost immediately, Adam Gruler, an off-duty Orlando police officer who had been working as a security guard at Pulse, engaged in a gun battle with Mateen before withdrawing in the face of superior firepower. Gruler requested assistance, and, within minutes, additional police and emergency personnel arrived on the scene and began carrying victims to a hastily erected triage centre across the street. A group of police officers, several of whom had Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) training, entered the club through a broken window and exchanged fire with Mateen. At this point, roughly 10 minutes had passed since the beginning of the shooting rampage, and while many patrons had been able to escape, dozens were either dead, wounded, or trapped inside the club. Over the next 20 minutes, a harrowing portrait of the events inside Pulse was relayed to emergency services operators, police dispatchers, and social media outlets. Callers reported hearing additional gunshots as Mateen moved through the club, and survivors took to Twitter and Facebook to recount their experiences. At 2:35 AM Mateen placed a call to 911, at which point he professed his "allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi of the Islamic State." Police reported that they had hemmed in Mateen in the bathroom area, and the posture of the law-enforcement response shifted from an active shooter engagement to a hostage situation. Over the next hour, Mateen spoke with negotiators three times, staying on the phone for a total of 28 minutes, while many gravely wounded victims remained inaccessible to rescue personnel. During these calls, Mateen claimed that he had placed a bomb in one of the cars parked outside and stated that he was wearing an explosive vest similar to those used by the November 2015 Paris attackers. Mateen also searched the Internet for news coverage of the attack from his phone and exchanged text messages with his wife. At 4:21 AM police officers and trapped patrons succeeded in removing an air-conditioning unit from the exterior wall of one of the club's dressing rooms, enabling a handful of survivors to flee to safety. Those who escaped told police that Mateen was planning to place bomb vests on four hostages within the next 15 minutes, and SWAT and hazardous device teams prepared to breach the wall of the building with explosives. At 5:02 AM the Orlando police triggered the first of several controlled detonations before smashing through the wall of the club with an armoured vehicle. Hostages poured out of the building, and Mateen was killed after engaging almost a dozen police officers in a gun battle. After the standoff had concluded, investigators learned that Mateen's claim about bomb vests was a bluff, as no explosive devices were found inside the club. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The motive and aftermath In the days following the attack, numerous people stated that they had recognized Mateen from various gay dating Web sites and apps, but the FBI was not able to substantiate those claims through forensic examination of his phone, his computer, or online account records. There was no evidence that he had been directed to make the attack by the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also called ISIS), and the declaration of allegiance that he made to ISIL in his 911 phone call was just the latest in a series of contradictory statements along such lines made by Mateen. At various times, he had claimed solidarity with Hezbollah (a Lebanese Shīʿite militia allied with Syrian Pres. Bashar al-Assad), the Nusrah Front (a Syrian al-Qaeda client engaging in open warfare with Assad), and ISIL (which was fighting both of the previous groups). Mateen's seeming inability to distinguish between these competing ideologies made his apparent self-radicalization no less dangerous, and it emphasized the threat posed by so-called "lone wolf" terrorists. Prior to the October 2017 mass shooting on the Las Vegas Strip, the Pulse attack was the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history, a milestone made problematic by the uncertain definition of such an event. Some 120 settlers were killed by a Mormon militia at Mountain Meadows in September 1857, and more than 200 Sioux men, women, and children were massacred by federal troops at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. As these two mass killings were carried out by organized military or paramilitary groups and not individuals, they are typically not included in a survey of mass shootings. Similarly, as many as 300 people may have been killed in the Tulsa race riot of 1921, but this is event could be more accurately characterized as a deadly mob action or even a lynching writ large. Using the most widely accepted criterion—the targeting of people in a public place for reasons unrelated to another crime—the deadliest mass shooting prior to June 12, 2016, had occurred at Virginia Tech, in Blacksburg, Virginia, on April 16, 2007, when a gunman killed 32 people and wounded 17 others. Orlando shooting of 2016 Orlando shooting of 2016 The shootings at Pulse also represented the deadliest single incident targeting the LGBTQ community in U.S. history, eclipsing the June 24, 1973, arson attack on the UpStairs Lounge in New Orleans. That fire claimed the lives of 32 people, among them the congregants of a pro-LGBT Christian church who were meeting at the bar after the conclusion of services. That fire was the deadliest in New Orleans history, but public officials largely ignored the event, with neither the mayor nor Louisiana's governor issuing a statement, and local churches refused to host funerals for the dead. The response to the Pulse attack could not have been more different. Tens of thousands attended public vigils and observances around the world, and landmarks such as One World Trade Center and the Eiffel Tower were illuminated in the rainbow colours of Gay Pride. U.S. Pres. Barack Obama and Vice Pres. Joe Biden met with survivors and the families of victims in Orlando, and Obama renewed his call for a legislative response to gun violence. He described the attack as both an act of terrorism and a hate crime, stressing that "attacks on any American—regardless of race, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation—[are attacks] on all of us and on the fundamental values of equality and dignity that define us as a country." Michael Ray Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Charles Dickens (1812-1870)

In his writings, he portrayed the cruelty of industrial life and of a society based on money. He was an early realist writer. 19th century English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent his writings, such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters. Best known for: David Copperfield, A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, Great Expectations. English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870) (Quizlet) Charles Dickens British novelist Actions Alternate titles: Charles John Huffam Dickens By Philip Collins Last Updated: Dec 4, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What did Charles Dickens write? Why is Charles Dickens important? What was Charles Dickens's early life like? Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Charles Dickens, in full Charles John Huffam Dickens, (born February 7, 1812, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England—died June 9, 1870, Gad's Hill, near Chatham, Kent), English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian era. His many volumes include such works as A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Bleak House, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, and Our Mutual Friend. Charles Dickens Charles Dickens See all media Born: February 7, 1812 Portsmouth England Died: June 9, 1870 (aged 58) Chatham England Notable Works: "A Christmas Carol" "A Tale of Two Cities" "All the Year Round" "American Notes" "Barnaby Rudge" "Bleak House" "David Copperfield" "Dombey and Son" "Great Expectations" "Hard Times" "Little Dorrit" "Martin Chuzzlewit" "Nicholas Nickleby" "Oliver Twist" "Our Mutual Friend" "Sketches by 'Boz' " "The Cricket on the Hearth" "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" "The Old Curiosity Shop" "The Pickwick Papers" ... (Show more) Movement / Style: realism See all related content → Explore English novelist Charles Dickens's early Victorian era and literature with Clifton Fadiman Explore English novelist Charles Dickens's early Victorian era and literature with Clifton FadimanSee all videos for this article Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity during his lifetime than had any previous author. Much in his work could appeal to the simple and the sophisticated, to the poor and to the queen, and technological developments as well as the qualities of his work enabled his fame to spread worldwide very quickly. His long career saw fluctuations in the reception and sales of individual novels, but none of them was negligible or uncharacteristic or disregarded, and, though he is now admired for aspects and phases of his work that were given less weight by his contemporaries, his popularity has never ceased. The most abundantly comic of English authors, he was much more than a great entertainer. The range, compassion, and intelligence of his apprehension of his society and its shortcomings enriched his novels and made him both one of the great forces in 19th-century literature and an influential spokesman of the conscience of his age. Early years Dickens left Portsmouth in infancy. His happiest childhood years were spent in Chatham (1817-22), an area to which he often reverted in his fiction. From 1822 he lived in London, until, in 1860, he moved permanently to a country house, Gad's Hill, near Chatham. His origins were middle class, if of a newfound and precarious respectability; one grandfather had been a domestic servant, and the other an embezzler. His father, a clerk in the navy pay office, was well paid, but his extravagance and ineptitude often brought the family to financial embarrassment or disaster. (Some of his failings and his ebullience are dramatized in Mr. Micawber in the partly autobiographical David Copperfield.) In 1824 the family reached bottom. Charles, the eldest son, had been withdrawn from school and was now set to manual work in a factory, and his father went to prison for debt. These shocks deeply affected Charles. Though abhorring this brief descent into the working class, he began to gain that sympathetic knowledge of its life and privations that informed his writings. Also, the images of the prison and of the lost, oppressed, or bewildered child recur in many novels. Much else in his character and art stemmed from this period, including, as the 20th-century novelist Angus Wilson has argued, his later difficulty, as man and author, in understanding women: this may be traced to his bitter resentment against his mother, who had, he felt, failed disastrously at this time to appreciate his sufferings. She had wanted him to stay at work when his father's release from prison and an improvement in the family's fortunes made the boy's return to school possible. Happily, the father's view prevailed. Britannica Quiz Novels and Novelists Quiz His schooling, interrupted and unimpressive, ended at 15. He became a clerk in a solicitor's office, then a shorthand reporter in the lawcourts (thus gaining a knowledge of the legal world often used in the novels), and finally, like other members of his family, a parliamentary and newspaper reporter. These years left him with a lasting affection for journalism and contempt both for the law and for Parliament. His coming to manhood in the reformist 1830s, and particularly his working on the Liberal Benthamite Morning Chronicle (1834-36), greatly affected his political outlook. Another influential event now was his rejection as suitor to Maria Beadnell because his family and prospects were unsatisfactory; his hopes of gaining and chagrin at losing her sharpened his determination to succeed. His feelings about Beadnell then and at her later brief and disillusioning reentry into his life are reflected in David Copperfield's adoration of Dora Spenlow and in the middle-aged Arthur Clennam's discovery (in Little Dorrit) that Flora Finching, who had seemed enchanting years ago, was "diffuse and silly," that Flora, "whom he had left a lily, had become a peony." Beginning of a literary career Dickens, Charles Dickens, Charles Much drawn to the theatre, Dickens nearly became a professional actor in 1832. In 1833 he began contributing stories and descriptive essays to magazines and newspapers; these attracted attention and were reprinted as Sketches by "Boz" (February 1836). The same month, he was invited to provide a comic serial narrative to accompany engravings by a well-known artist; seven weeks later the first installment of The Pickwick Papers appeared. Within a few months Pickwick was the rage and Dickens the most popular author of the day. During 1836 he also wrote two plays and a pamphlet on a topical issue (how the poor should be allowed to enjoy the Sabbath) and, resigning from his newspaper job, undertook to edit a monthly magazine, Bentley's Miscellany, in which he serialized Oliver Twist (1837-39). Thus, he had two serial installments to write every month. Already the first of his nine surviving children had been born; he had married (in April 1836) Catherine, eldest daughter of a respected Scottish journalist and man of letters, George Hogarth. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now For several years his life continued at this intensity. Finding serialization congenial and profitable, he repeated the Pickwick pattern of 20 monthly parts in Nicholas Nickleby (1838-39); then he experimented with shorter weekly installments for The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-41) and Barnaby Rudge (1841). Exhausted at last, he then took a five-month vacation in America, touring strenuously and receiving quasi-royal honours as a literary celebrity but offending national sensibilities by protesting against the absence of copyright protection. A radical critic of British institutions, he had expected more from "the republic of my imagination," but he found more vulgarity and sharp practice to detest than social arrangements to admire. Some of these feelings appear in American Notes (1842) and Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-44). Novels from The Pickwick Papers to Martin Chuzzlewit His writing during these prolific years was remarkably various and, except for his plays, resourceful. Pickwick began as high-spirited farce and contained many conventional comic butts and traditional jokes; like other early works, it was manifestly indebted to the contemporary theatre, the 18th-century English novelists, and a few foreign classics, notably Don Quixote. But, besides giving new life to old stereotypes, Pickwick displayed, if sometimes in embryo, many of the features that were to be blended in varying proportions throughout his fiction: attacks, satirical or denunciatory, on social evils and inadequate institutions; topical references; an encyclopaedic knowledge of London (always his predominant fictional locale); pathos; a vein of the macabre; a delight in the demotic joys of Christmas; a pervasive spirit of benevolence and geniality; inexhaustible powers of character creation; a wonderful ear for characteristic speech, often imaginatively heightened; a strong narrative impulse; and a prose style that, if here overdependent on a few comic mannerisms, was highly individual and inventive. Rapidly improvised and written only weeks or days ahead of its serial publication, Pickwick contains weak and jejune passages and is an unsatisfactory whole—partly because Dickens was rapidly developing his craft as a novelist while writing and publishing it. What is remarkable is that a first novel, written in such circumstances, not only established him overnight and created a new tradition of popular literature but also survived, despite its crudities, as one of the best-known novels in the world. Oliver Twist Oliver Twist His self-assurance and artistic ambitiousness appeared in Oliver Twist, where he rejected the temptation to repeat the successful Pickwick formula. Though containing much comedy still, Oliver Twist is more centrally concerned with social and moral evil (the workhouse and the criminal world); it culminates in Bill Sikes's murdering Nancy and Fagin's last night in the condemned cell at Newgate. The latter episode was memorably depicted in an engraving by George Cruikshank; the imaginative potency of Dickens's characters and settings owes much, indeed, to his original illustrators (Cruikshank for Sketches by "Boz" and Oliver Twist, "Phiz" [Hablot K. Browne] for most of the other novels until the 1860s). The currency of his fiction owed much, too, to its being so easy to adapt into effective stage versions. Sometimes 20 London theatres simultaneously were producing adaptations of his latest story, so even nonreaders became acquainted with simplified versions of his works. The theatre was often a subject of his fiction, too, as in the Crummles troupe in Nicholas Nickleby. This novel reverted to the Pickwick shape and atmosphere, though the indictment of the brutal Yorkshire schools (Dotheboys Hall) continued the important innovation in English fiction seen in Oliver Twist—the spectacle of the lost or oppressed child as an occasion for pathos and social criticism. This was amplified in The Old Curiosity Shop, where the death of Little Nell was found overwhelmingly powerful at the time, though a few decades later it became a byword for what would be referred to, broadly, as "Victorian sentimentality." In Barnaby Rudge he attempted another genre, the historical novel. Like his later attempt in this kind, A Tale of Two Cities, it was set in the late 18th century and presented with great vigour and understanding (and some ambivalence of attitude) the spectacle of large-scale mob violence. To create an artistic unity out of the wide range of moods and materials included in every novel, with often several complicated plots involving scores of characters, was made even more difficult by Dickens's writing and publishing them serially. In Martin Chuzzlewit he tried "to resist the temptation of the current Monthly Number, and to keep a steadier eye upon the general purpose and design" (1844 Preface). Its American episodes had, however, been unpremeditated (he suddenly decided to boost the disappointing sales by some America-baiting and to revenge himself against insults and injuries from the American press). A concentration on "the general purpose and design" was more effective in the next novel, Dombey and Son (1846-48), though the experience of writing the shorter, and unserialized, Christmas books had helped him obtain greater coherence. The invention of the Christmas books of Charles Dickens Dickens, Charles: A Christmas Carol Dickens, Charles: A Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol, suddenly conceived and written in a few weeks in late 1843, was the first of these Christmas books (a new literary genre thus created incidentally). Tossed off while he was amply engaged in writing Chuzzlewit, it was an extraordinary achievement—the one great Christmas myth of modern literature. His view of life was later to be described or dismissed as "Christmas philosophy," and he himself spoke of "Carol philosophy" as the basis of a projected work. His "philosophy," never very elaborated, involved more than wanting the Christmas spirit to prevail throughout the year, but his great attachment to Christmas (in his family life as well as his writings) is indeed significant and has contributed to his popularity. "Dickens dead?" exclaimed a London costermonger's girl in 1870. "Then will Father Christmas die too?"—a tribute both to his association with Christmas and to the mythological status of the man as well as of his work. The Carol immediately entered the general consciousness; William Makepeace Thackeray, in a contemporary review, called it "a national benefit, and to every man and woman who reads it a personal kindness." Further Christmas books, essays, and stories followed annually (except in 1847) through 1867. None equalled the Carol in potency, though some achieved great immediate popularity. Cumulatively they represent a celebration of Christmas attempted by no other great author. The product of his age How he struck his contemporaries in these early years appears in R.H. Horne's New Spirit of the Age (1844). Dickens occupied the first and longest chapter, as manifestly the product of his age...a genuine emanation from its aggregate and entire spirit....He mixes extensively in society, and continually. Few public meetings in a benevolent cause are without him. He speaks effectively....His influence upon his age is extensive—pleasurable, instructive, healthy, reformatory.... Mr. Dickens is, in private, very much what might be expected from his works....His conversation is genial....[He] has singular personal activity, and is fond of games of practical skill. He is also a great walker, and very much given to dancing Sir Roger de Coverley. In private, the general impression of him is that of a first-rate practical intellect, with "no nonsense" about him. He was indeed very much a public figure, actively and centrally involved in his world, and a man of confident presence. He was reckoned the best after-dinner speaker of the age; other superlatives he attracted included his having been the best shorthand reporter on the London press and his being the best amateur actor on the stage. Later he became one of the most successful periodical editors and the finest dramatic recitalist of the day. He was splendidly endowed with many skills. "Even irrespective of his literary genius," wrote an obituarist, "he was an able and strong-minded man, who would have succeeded in almost any profession to which he devoted himself " (Times, June 10, 1870). Few of his extraliterary skills and interests were irrelevant to the range and mode of his fiction. Privately in these early years, he was both domestic and social. He loved home and family life and was a proud and efficient householder; he once contemplated writing a cookbook. To his many children, he was a devoted and delightful father, at least while they were young; relations with them proved less happy during their adolescence. Apart from periods in Italy (1844-45) and Switzerland and France (1846-47), he still lived in London, moving from an apartment in Furnival's Inn to larger houses as his income and family grew. Here he entertained his many friends, most of them popular authors, journalists, actors, or artists, though some came from the law and other professions or from commerce and a few from the aristocracy. Some friendships dating from his youth endured to the end, and, though often exasperated by the financial demands of his parents and other relatives, he was very fond of some of his family and loyal to most of the rest. Some literary squabbles came later, but he was on friendly terms with most of his fellow authors, of the older generation as well as his own. Necessarily solitary while writing and during the long walks (especially through the streets at night) that became essential to his creative processes, he was generally social at other times. He enjoyed society that was unpretentious and conversation that was genial and sensible but not too intellectualized or exclusively literary. High society he generally avoided, after a few early incursions into the great houses; he hated to be lionized or patronized. He had about him "a sort of swell and overflow as of a prodigality of life," an American journalist said. Everyone was struck by the brilliance of his eyes and his smart, even dandyish, appearance ("I have the fondness of a savage for finery," he confessed). John Forster, his intimate friend and future biographer, recalled him at the Pickwick period: The quickness, keenness, and practical power, the eager, restless, energetic outlook on each several feature [of his face] seemed to tell so little of a student or writer of books, and so much of a man of action and business in the world. Light and motion flashed from every part of it. He was proud of his art and devoted to improving it and using it to good ends (his works would show, he wrote, that "Cheap Literature is not behind-hand with the Age, but holds its place, and strives to do its duty"), but his art never engaged all his formidable energies. He had no desire to be narrowly literary. A notable, though unsuccessful, demonstration of this was his being founder-editor in 1846 of the Daily News (soon to become the leading Liberal newspaper). His journalistic origins, his political convictions and readiness to act as a leader of opinion, and his wish to secure a steady income independent of his literary creativity and of any shifts in novel readers' tastes made him attempt or plan several periodical ventures in the 1840s. The return to daily journalism soon proved a mistake—the biggest fiasco in a career that included few such misdirections or failures. A more limited but happier exercise of his practical talents began soon afterward: for more than a decade he directed, energetically and with great insight and compassion, a reformatory home for young female delinquents, financed by his wealthy friend Angela Burdett-Coutts. The benevolent spirit apparent in his writings often found practical expression in his public speeches, fund-raising activities, and private acts of charity. Dombey and Son and David Copperfield David Copperfield David Copperfield Dombey and Son (1846-48) was a crucial novel in his development, a product of more thorough planning and maturer thought and the first in which "a pervasive uneasiness about contemporary society takes the place of an intermittent concern with specific social wrongs," as the scholar Kathleen Tillotson observed. Using railways prominently and effectively, it was very up-to-date, though the questions posed included such perennial moral and religious challenges as are suggested by the child Paul's first words in the story: "Papa, what's money?" Some of the corruptions of money and pride of place and the limitations of "respectable" values are explored, virtue and human decency being discovered most often (as elsewhere in Dickens) among the poor, humble, and simple. In Paul's early death Dickens offered another famous pathetic episode; in Mr. Dombey he made a more ambitious attempt than before at serious and internal characterization. David Copperfield (1849-50) has been described as a "holiday" from these larger social concerns and most notable for its childhood chapters, which the critic Edmund Wilson described as "an enchanting vein which he had never quite found before and which he was never to find again." Largely for this reason and for its autobiographical interest, it has always been among his most popular novels and was Dickens's own "favourite child." It incorporates material from the autobiography he had recently begun but soon abandoned and was written in the first person, a new technique for him. David differs from his creator in many ways, however, though Dickens used many early experiences that had meant much to him—his period of work in the factory while his father was jailed, his schooling and reading, his passion for Maria Beadnell, and (more cursorily) his emergence from parliamentary reporting into successful novel writing. In Micawber the novel presents one of the "Dickens characters" whose imaginative potency extends far beyond the narratives in which they figure; Pickwick and Sam Weller, Mrs. Gamp and Mr. Pecksniff, and Scrooge are some others. Middle years Journalism Watch dramatized scenes of Charles Dickens's Great Expectations with literary commentary by Clifton Fadiman Watch dramatized scenes of Charles Dickens's Great Expectations with literary commentary by Clifton FadimanSee all videos for this article Watch dramatized scenes of Charles Dickens's Great Expectations with literary commentary by Clifton Fadiman Watch dramatized scenes of Charles Dickens's Great Expectations with literary commentary by Clifton FadimanSee all videos for this article Dickens's journalistic ambitions at last found a permanent form in Household Words (1850-59) and its successor, All the Year Round (1859-88). Popular weekly miscellanies of fiction, poetry, and essays on a wide range of topics, these had substantial and increasing circulations, reaching 300,000 for some of the Christmas numbers. Dickens contributed some serials—the lamentable Child's History of England (1851-53), Hard Times (1854), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1860-61)—and essays, some of which were collected in Reprinted Pieces (1858) and The Uncommercial Traveller (1861, later amplified). Particularly in 1850-52 and during the Crimean War, he contributed many items on current political and social affairs; in later years he wrote less—much less on politics—and the magazine was less political, too. Other distinguished novelists contributed serials, including Elizabeth Gaskell, Wilkie Collins, Charles Reade, and Edward George Bulwer-Lytton. The poetry was uniformly feeble; Dickens was imperceptive here. The reportage, often solidly based, was bright (sometimes painfully so) in manner. His conduct of these weeklies showed his many skills as editor and journalist but also some limitations in his tastes and intellectual ambitions. The contents are revealing in relation to his novels: he took responsibility for all the opinions expressed (for articles were anonymous) and selected and amended contributions accordingly; thus, comments on topical events and so on may generally be taken as representing his opinions, whether or not he wrote them. No English author of comparable status has devoted 20 years of his maturity to such unremitting editorial work, and the weeklies' success was due not only to his illustrious name but also to his practical sagacity and sustained industry. Even in his creative work, as his eldest son said, No city clerk was ever more methodical or orderly than he; no humdrum, monotonous, conventional task could ever have been discharged with more punctuality, or with more businesslike regularity. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

WSIK about investments?

Investment Basics Explained With Types to Invest in By ADAM HAYES Updated March 16, 2023 Reviewed by MICHAEL J BOYLE Fact checked by PETE RATHBURN Investment Investopedia / Nez Riaz What Is an Investment? An investment is an asset or item acquired with the goal of generating income or appreciation. Appreciation refers to an increase in the value of an asset over time. When an individual purchases a good as an investment, the intent is not to consume the good but rather to use it in the future to create wealth. An investment always concerns the outlay of some resource today—time, effort, money, or an asset—in hopes of a greater payoff in the future than what was originally put in. For example, an investor may purchase a monetary asset now with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or will later be sold at a higher price for a profit. KEY TAKEAWAYS An investment involves putting capital to use today in order to increase its value over time. An investment requires putting capital to work, in the form of time, money, effort, etc., in hopes of a greater payoff in the future than what was originally put in. An investment can refer to any medium or mechanism used for generating future income, including bonds, stocks, real estate property, or alternative investments. Investments usually do not come with guarantees of appreciation; it is possible to end up with less money than with what you started. Investments can be diversified to reduce risk, though this may reduce the amount of earning potential. What's an Investment? How an Investment Works The act of investing has the goal of generating income and increasing value over time. An investment can refer to any mechanism used for generating future income. This includes the purchase of bonds, stocks, or real estate property, among other examples. Additionally, purchasing a property that can be used to produce goods can be considered an investment. In general, any action that is taken in the hopes of raising future revenue can also be considered an investment. For example, when choosing to pursue additional education, the goal is often to increase knowledge and improve skills. The upfront investment of time attending class and money to pay for tuition will hopefully result in increased earnings over the student's career. Because investing is oriented toward the potential for future growth or income, there is always a certain level of risk associated with an investment. An investment may not generate any income, or may actually lose value over time. For example, a company you invest in may go bankrupt. Alternatively, the degree you investing time and money to obtain may not result in a strong job market in that field. An investment bank provides a variety of services to individuals and businesses, including many services that are designed to assist individuals and businesses in the process of increasing their wealth. Investment banking may also refer to a specific division of banking related to the creation of capital for other companies, governments, and other entities. Investment banks underwrite new debt and equity securities for all types of corporations, aid in the sale of securities, and help to facilitate mergers and acquisitions. Practice trading with virtual money SELECT A STOCK TSLA AAPL NKE AMZN WMT SELECT INVESTMENT AMOUNT $ SELECT A PURCHASE DATE CALCULATE Types of Investments There's arguably endless opportunities to invest; after all, upgrading the tires on your vehicle could be seen as an investment that enhances the usefulness and future value of the asset. Below are common types of investments in which people use to appreciate their capital. Stocks/Equities A share of stock is a piece of ownership of a public or private company. By owning stock, the investor may be entitled to dividend distributions generated from the net profit of the company. As the company becomes more successful and other investors seek to buy that company's stock, it's value can also appreciate and be sold for capital gains. The two primary types of stocks to invest in are common stock and preferred stock. Common stock often includes voting right and participation eligibility in certain matters. Preferred stock often have first claim to dividends and must be paid before common shareholders. In addition, stocks are often classified as being either growth or value investments. Investments in growth stocks is the strategy of investing in a company while it is small and before it achieves market success. Investment in value stocks is the strategy of investing in a more established company whose stock price may not appropriate value the company. Bonds/Fixed-Income Securities A bond is an investment that often demands an upfront investment, then pays a reoccurring amount over the life of the bond. Then, when the bond matures, the investor receives the capital invested into the bond back. Similar to debt, bond investments are a mechanism for certain entities to raise money. Many government entities and companies issue bonds; then, investors can contribute capital to earn a yield. The recurring payment awarded to bondholders is called a coupon payment. Because the coupon payment on a bond investment is usually fixed, the price of a bond will often fluctuate to change the bond's yield. For example, a bond paying 5% will become cheaper to buy if there are market opportunities to earn 6%; by falling in price, the bond will naturally earn a higher yield. Take the Next Step to Invest Advertiser Disclosure Many investments can be leveraged for higher returns (or higher losses) through derivative products. It's often recommended that investors not handle derivatives unless they are aware of the high risk involved. Index Funds and Mutual Funds Instead of selecting each individual company to invest in, index funds, mutual funds, and other types of funds often aggregate specific investments to craft one investment vehicle. For example, an investor can buy shares of a single mutual fund that holds ownership of small cap, emerging market companies instead of having to research and select each company on its own. Mutual funds are actively managed by a firm, while index funds are often passively-managed. This means that the investment professionals overseeing the mutual fund is trying to beat a specific benchmark, while index funds often attempt to simply copy or imitate a benchmark. For this reason, mutual funds may be a more expense fund to invest in compared to more passive-style funds. Real Estate Real estate investments are often broadly defined as investments in physical, tangible spaces that can be utilized. Land can be built on, office buildings can be occupied, warehouses can store inventory, and residential properties can house families. Real estate investments may encompass acquiring sites, developing sites for specific uses, or purchasing ready-to-occupy operating sites. In some contexts, real estate may broadly encompass certain types of investments that may yield commodities. For example, an investor can invest in farmland; in addition to reaping the reward of land value appreciation, the investment earns a return based on the crop yield and operating income. Commodities Commodities are often raw materials such as agriculture, energy, or metals. Investors can choose to invest in actual tangible commodities (i.e. owning a bar of gold) or can choose alternative investment products that represent digital ownership (i.e. a gold ETF). Commodities can be an investment because they are often used as inputs to society. Consider oil, gas, or other forms of energy. During periods of economic growth, companies often have greater energy needs to ship more products or manufacture additional goods. In addition, consumers may have greater demand for energy due to travel. In this example, the price of commodities fluctuates and may yield a profit for an investor. Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency is a blockchain-based currency used to transact or hold digital value. Cryptocurrency companies can issue coins or tokens that may appreciate in value. These tokens can be used to transact with or pay fees to transact using specific networks. In addition to capital appreciation, cryptocurrency can be staked on a blockchain. This means that when investors agree to lock their tokens on a network to help validate transactions, these investors will be rewarded with additional tokens. In addition, cryptocurrency has given rise to decentralized finance, a digital branch of finance that enables users to loan, leverage, or alternatively utilize currency. Collectibles A less traditional form of investing, collecting or purchasing collectibles involves acquiring rare items in anticipation of those items becoming in higher demand. Ranging from sports memorabilia to comic books, these physical items often require substantial physical preservation especially considering that older items usually carry higher value. The concept behind collectibles is no different than other forms of investing such as equities. Both predict that the popularity of something will increase in the future. For example, a current artist may not be popular but changes in global trends, styles, and market interest. However, their art may become more valuable in time should the general population take a stronger interest in their work. An investment (i.e. stocks or bonds) is overseen at a financial institution (i.e. a broker). In addition, there are different vehicles (i.e an IRA) that hold the investments. As you start investing, you'll need to figure out what you want for both. How to Start Investing There are many different avenues one can take when learning how to invest or where to start when putting money aside. Here are some tips for getting started in investing: Do your own research. A common phrase used in the investing industry, it is important for investors to understand the vehicles they are putting their money into. Whether it is a single share of a well-established company or a risky alternative investment endeavor, investors should do their homework in advance as opposed to relying on third-party (and often biased) advice. Establish a personal spending plan. Before investing, individuals should consider their ability to put money away. This includes ensuring they have enough capital to pay monthly expenses and have already built up an emergency fund. As enticing as investing can be, individuals should be mindful to meet their daily life obligations first. Understand liquidity restrictions. Some investors may be less liquid than others, meaning it may be more difficult to sell. In some cases, an investment may be locked for a certain period and cannot be liquidated. Though not necessary fine print, it's important to understand whether certain investments can be bought or sold at any time. Research tax implications. On a similar note, though an investment can be bought or sold at any time, it may be tax-adverse to do so. With unfavorable short-term capital gains tax rates, investors should be mindful of strategies that extend beyond what product they hold but what tax vehicle they put that investment in. Gauge your risk preference. As mentioned earlier, investing incurs risk. This means you may end up with less money than what you started with. Investors uncomfortable with this idea can (1) reduce the amount they invest to only what they are comfortable losing or (2) explore ways to mitigate risk. Consult an adviser. Many financial professionals would be happy to provide their guidance, let you know what they think about markets, and give you access to online platforms where you can invest money. Return on Investment The primary way to gauge the success of an investment is to calculate the return on investment (ROI). ROI is measured as: ROI = (Current Value of Investment - Original Value of Investment) / Original Value of Investment ROI allows different investments across different industries to be appropriately compared. For example, consider two investments: a $1,000 investment in stock that increased to $1,100 over the past year, or a $150,000 investment in real estate that is now worth $160,000. Stock ROI = ($1,100 - $1,000) / $1,000 = $100 / $1,000 = 10% Real Estate ROI = ($160,000 - $150,000) / $150,000 = $10,000 / $150,000 = 6.67% Though the real estate investment has increased in value $10,000, many would claim that the stock investment has outperformed the real estate investment. This is because every dollar invested in the stock gained more money than every dollar invested in real estate. ROI isn't everything; consider an investment that earns a stead 10% ROI each year compared to a second investment that has an equal chance of earning 25% or losing 25%. For some, stable earnings outpace higher earning investment potential. Investments and Risk In its simplest form, investment return and risk should have a positive correlation. If an investment carries high risk, it should be accompanied by higher returns. If an investment is safer, it will often have lower returns. When making investment decisions, investors must gauge their risk appetite. Every investor will be different, as some may be willing to risk the loss of principle in exchange for the chance at greater profits. Alternatively, extremely risk-averse investors seek only the safest vehicles where their investment will only consistently (but slowly) grow. Investments and risk are often strongly related to prevailing conditions in the investor's life. As an investor approaches retirement, they will no longer have stable, ongoing income. For this reason, people usually choose safer investments towards the end of their working career. On the other hand, a young professional can often bear the burden of losing money as they have their entire career to make that capital back. For this reason, younger investors are often more likely to invest in riskier investments. Investments and Diversification One way investors can reduce portfolio risk is to have a broad range of what they are invested in. By holding different products or securities, an investor may not lose as much money as they are not fully exposed in any one way. The concept of diversification was born from modern portfolio theory, the idea that holding both equities and bonds will positively impact the risk-adjusted rate of return in a portfolio. The argument is holding strictly equities may maximize returns but also maximizes volatility. Pairing it with a more stable investment with lower returns will decrease the risk an investor incurs. Investing vs. Speculation Speculation is a distinct activity from investing. Investing involves the purchase of assets with the intent of holding them for the long term, while speculation involves attempting to capitalize on market inefficiencies for short-term profit. Ownership is generally not a goal of speculators, while investors often look to build the number of assets in their portfolios over time. Although speculators are often making informed decisions, speculation cannot usually be categorized as traditional investing. Speculation is generally considered a higher risk activity than traditional investing (although this can vary depending on the type of investment involved). Some experts compare speculation to gambling, but the veracity of this analogy may be a matter of personal opinion. Investing vs. Saving Saving is accumulating money for future use and entails no risk, whereas investment is the act of leveraging money for a potential future gain and it entails some risk. Though both have the intention of having more capital available in the future, each go about growing in a very different way. One aspect this is most transparent is the process of saving for a down payment on a home. Many advisors will suggest parking cash in a safer investment vehicle when saving for an important major purchase. Because investing incurs a higher degree of risk, an individual must compare what implications of loss of principle would be to their future plans. Saving and investing are often intertwined because each may have a stated yield or rate of return. Another primary difference is the federal insurance coverage on certain accounts. The FDIC offers insurance coverage for bank accounts balances up to $250,000; this type of financial guarantee is often not present in investing. How Is an Investment Different From a Bet or Gamble? In an investment, you are providing some individual or entity with funds to be put to work growing a business, starting new projects, or maintaining day-to-day revenue generation. Investments, while they can be risky, have a positive expected return. Gambles, on the other hand, are based on chance and not putting money to work. Gambles are highly risky and also have a negative expected return in most cases (e.g., at a casino). Is Investment the Same As Speculation? Not really. An investment is typically a long-term commitment, where the payoff from putting that money to work can take several years. Investments are typically made only after due diligence and proper analysis have been undertaken to understand the risks and benefits that could unfold. Speculation, on the other hand, is a pure directional bet on the price of something, and often for the short-term. What Are Some Types of Investments I Can Make? Most ordinary individuals can easily make investments in stocks, bonds, and CDs. With stocks, you are investing in the equity of a company, which means you invest in some residual claim to a company's future profit flows and often gain voting rights (based on the number of shares owned) to give your voice to the direction of the company. Bonds and CDs are debt investments, where the borrower puts that money to use in a pursuit that is expected to bring in cash flows greater than the interest owed to the investors. Why Invest When You Can Save Money With Zero Risk? As mentioned, investing is putting money to work in order to grow it. When you invest in stocks or bonds, you are putting that capital to work under the supervision of a firm and its management team. Although there is some risk, that risk is rewarded with a positive expected return in the form of capital gains and/or dividend & interest flows. Cash, on the other hand, will not grow, and may very well lose buying power over time due to inflation. Put simply, without investment, companies would not be able to raise the capital needed to grow the economy. The Bottom Line An investment is a plan to put money to work today in hopes of obtaining a greater amount of money in the future. Though that plan may not always work out and investments can lose money, it is also the primary way people save for major purchases or retirement. Ranging from stocks, bonds, real estate, commodities, and modern alternative investments, the digital age has brought about easy, transparent, and fast methods of investing money. SPONSORED Investors earned a 325% annualized return here It's not bitcoin or meme stocks, it was a sculpture offered by the fractional art investment platform Masterworks. Investors were able to collect a 15.4% net return after just 36 days, a triple-digit return on an annualized basis. And while it's not common for Masterworks to exit so fast, investors have recently secured 14%, 27%, and even 35% annualized returns from other offerings. Get priority access to their new offerings and skip the waitlist now. Take the Next Step to Invest Advertiser Disclosure Related Terms What Are Alternative Investments? Definition and Examples An alternative investment is a financial asset that does not fall into one of the conventional investment categories. more What Does an Investor Do? What Are the Different Types? Any person who commits capital with the expectation of financial returns is an investor. Common investment vehicles include stocks, bonds, commodities, and mutual funds. more Speculative Flow Speculative flow is the movement of hot money into shares of a sector or specific company or an asset class in an attempt to earn short-term gains. more Dividends: Definition in Stocks and How Payments Work A dividend is a distribution of earnings, often quarterly, by a company to its shareholders in the form of cash or stock reinvestment. more Portfolio Management: Definition, Types, and Strategies Portfolio management involves selecting and overseeing a group of investments that meet a client's long-term financial objectives and risk tolerance. more Unit Investment Trust (UIT): Definition and How to Invest Unit investment trusts (UIT) buy a fixed portfolio of securities and allows investors to redeem their "units," similar to a mutual fund. more Related Articles enior couple sitting at the kitchen table looking at digital tablet and recalculating their expenses because of inflation ECONOMY How to Hedge Against Inflation Investing Journey INVESTING Investing: An Introduction A business person tracking the technical movement of a stock chart on a computer screen INVESTING How to Buy Alternative Investments Elegant brownstones and townhouses in the Fort Greene area of Brooklyn for Rent INVESTING Best Ways to Earn Passive Income High School Students Listen to Teacher in Classroom INVESTING BASICS Defining 3 Types of Investments: Ownership, Lending, and Cash Business man trader investor analyst using mobile phone app and laptop INVESTING How to Invest in Commodities Facebook Instagram LinkedIn Newsletter Twitter TRUSTe About Us Terms of Service Dictionary Editorial Policy Advertise News Privacy Policy Contact Us Careers Do Not Sell My Personal Information Investopedia is part of the Dotdash Meredith publishing family. 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Selena Quintanilla

Mexican-American singer, songwriter and fashion designer; Queen of Tejano Music, killed at the age of 23. (Quizlet) Selena Quintanilla (1971-1995) UPDATED: OCT 8, 2021 | ORIGINAL: NOV 8, 2017 Known as the 'Queen of Tejano Music,' Selena Quintanilla was a beloved Latin recording artist who was killed by the president of her fan club at the age of 23. Who Was Selena Quintanilla? Selena Quintanilla made her recording debut in the '80s, going on to become an award-winning recording artist in the Latin music scene with albums like Amor Prohibido and Selena Live. In 1995, she was murdered by the founder of her fan club. Her last album, Dreaming of You, was released posthumously in 1995. Early Life and Family Selena was born on April 16, 1971, in Lake Jackson, Texas. Selena's father, Abraham Quintanilla, was a former musician. He managed and produced his family's group, Selena Y Los Dinos. Selena grew up speaking English, but her father taught her to sing in Spanish so she could resonate with the Latino community. She learned the lyrics phonetically at first, and eventually learned to speak Spanish fluently. She began performing as a child. Around the age of 10, Selena became the lead singer in her family's band. The musical group started out playing weddings and clubs in their native Texas. The band featured her brother Abraham on bass guitar and her sister Suzette on the drums. Selena was considered the "Queen of Tejano," a type of Mexican music that incorporated other styles, such as country and western. She was also sometimes referred to as the "Mexican Madonna" for her sexy outfits and dance moves. Selena wearing one her most iconic outfits while performing in concert in February 1995 Photo: Arlene Richie/Media Sources/Media Sources/The LIFE Images Collection via Getty Images/Getty Images Selena rocking a casual look with a tied white-collared shirt and jeans Photo: Barbara Laing/The LIFE Images Collection via Getty Images/Getty Images Albums Ven Conmigo (1990) Selena's 1990 album was the first Tejano record to achieve gold record status, meaning it sold more than 500,000 copies. Live! (1993) Selena became the first female Tejano artist to take home a Grammy for Best Mexican-American Album. Her album Live! hit No. 2 on the Billboard's Top Latin Albums chart. Amor Prohibido (1994) Selena and the band played numerous tour dates in New York, California, Puerto Rico and Argentina in 1994. Amor Prohibido was released that same year and went gold. Dreaming of You (1995) Soon after the release of Live!, Selena went to work on her first English-language album that she hoped would put her on the top of the U.S. pop music charts. Unfortunately, she did not live to see its success. Dreaming of You was released after Selena's death and became a huge hit. The album hit number one on the Billboard Top 200 the week of August 5, 1995. That made it the first predominantly Spanish-language album to top the chart. Popular compilation albums of Selena's music include 12 Super Exitos (1994) and All My Hits Todos Mis Exitos (1999). DOWNLOAD BIOGRAPHY'S SELENA FACT CARD Songs Selena saw seven songs hit No. 1 and 14 more songs hit the top 10 on the Hot Latin Songs Chart. "Dreaming of You" peaked at number 22 on the Hot 100 charts. Other popular songs by Selena include: "No Me Queda Mas" "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" "Amor Prohibido" "Tu Solo Tu" "I Could Fall in Love" "El Chico del Apartamento 512" "Que Creias" "Baila Esta Cumbia" "I'm Getting Used to You" "La Carcacha" "Fotos Y Recuerdos (Back On The Chain Gang)" "Buenos Amigos" "Dondequiera Que Estes" "Missing My Baby" "Siempre Hace Frio" "No Debes Jugar" "Techno Cumbia" "La Llamada" "Como La Flor" "No Quiero Saber" Grammy and Other Awards In 1993, Selena won a Grammy for Best Mexican-American Album for her album Live! at the 36th Grammy Awards. Selena was very popular with Tejano music fans. At the 1987 Tejano Music Awards, she won both "Best Female Vocalist of the Year" and "Performer of the Year." Husband Selena married Chris Pérez on April 2, 1992. The couple met and began secretly dating in 1990 when Pérez joined Selena's band, Los Dinos, as the lead guitarist. They were married for nearly three years before Selena was killed in 1995. READ NEXT Joy Harjo 1951- Gil Birmingham 1953- Rishi Sunak 1980- READ MORE: Selena Quintanilla's Whirlwind Love Story With Husband Chris Pérez Death Selena was shot and killed in Corpus Christi, Texas, on March 31, 1995. She was just 23 years old. Selena's murder sent shockwaves through the Latino community, and her fans around the world mourned the singer's passing. READ MORE: Inside Selena's Final Days Killer Yolanda Saldivar, the founder of the Selena fan club, killed Selena. Saldivar had been managing Selena's boutique in San Antonio. The two were meeting in a hotel room to discuss Selena's concerns that Saldivar was embezzling money, according to court records, when Saldivar shot Selena. Saldivar claimed the shot was accidental. She was sentenced to life in prison in October 1995. Saldivar is up for parole in 2025, as she will have served at least 30 years of her sentence at that time. READ MORE: How Yolanda Saldívar's Obsession With Selena Turned Deadly Movie Selena's life story became the subject of a 1997 film, Selena, which stars Jennifer Lopez as the Tejano superstar and Edward James Olmos as her father. Lopez became the first Latina actress to take home $1 million for a movie role, and she was nominated for a Golden Globe for her performance. READ MORE: The Impact Playing Selena Had on the Jennifer Lopez's Life Book, Lawsuit and Series Pérez wrote a book about his time with Selena, To Selena, With Love, published in 2012. He planned to make the book into a TV series. In 2016, Abraham brought a lawsuit against Pérez for violating an estate agreement that Pérez signed shortly after the singer's death that gave her father the exclusive rights to Selena's name, voice, photographs and story in perpetuity. Pérez lost his appeal in late 2018, and both sides agreed to dismiss the lawsuit the following May. Meanwhile, Netflix announced it was developing a scripted series about the singer's life, with the Quintanilla family serving as executive producers. Selena: The Series, starring The Walking Dead's Christian Serratos, debuted in December 2020. Legacy The popularity of Selena's music and persona has endured through the years. Selena was posthumously honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 3, 2017, proclaimed "Selena Day" in Los Angeles by Mayor Eric Garcetti. That year, reality star Kim Kardashian West also dressed up as the Tejano singer as part of her homage to music legends for Halloween. In February 2019, Texas State Representative Ana-Maria Ramos introduced a bill that would designate April 16, Selena's birthday, as a holiday. That year, San Diego State University also announced plans to offer a new course, "Selena and Latinx Media Representation," to begin in 2020. In March 2020, Selena became the first Latina artist and the ninth person overall to be inducted into the Star Trail of Fame outside the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Citation Information Article Title Selena Quintanilla Author Biography.com Editors Website Name The Biography.com website URL https://www.biography.com/musician/selena Access Date December 31, 2022 Publisher A&E Television Networks Last Updated October 8, 2021 Original Published Date April 2, 2014 MORE STORIES FROM BIOGRAPHY MUSICIANS Selena Gomez 1992- CELEBRITY How Yolanda Saldívar's Obsession With Selena Turned Deadly BY ALE RUSSIAN DEC 4, 2020 MUSICIANS Tito Puente 1923-2000 CELEBRITY Jennifer Lopez: The Impact Playing Selena Had on the... BY RACHEL CHANG DEC 2, 2020 CELEBRITY Selena Quintanilla's Whirlwind Love Story With Husband Chris... BY ALE RUSSIAN DEC 3, 2020 MUSICIANS Jennifer Lopez 1969- CELEBRITY Inside Selena's Final Days and Murder BY SARA KETTLER DEC 3, 2020 MUSICIANS Tupac Shakur 1971-1996 MUSICIANS Dean Martin 1917-1995 ABOUT CONTACT US ADVERTISE PRIVACY NOTICE TERMS OF USE COPYRIGHT POLICY AD CHOICES ACCESSIBILITY SUPPORT © 2022 BIOGRAPHY AND THE BIOGRAPHY LOGO ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF A&E TELEVISION NETWORKS, LLC.

Seppuku

Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor. (Quizlet) seppuku suicide Actions Alternate titles: hara-kiri, harakiri By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What is seppuku? Who committed seppuku? When was seppuku practiced, and does it still exist? What happens during a seppuku ritual? Did women commit seppuku? Summary Read a brief summary of this topic seppuku, (Japanese: "self-disembowelment") also called hara-kiri, also spelled harakiri, the honourable method of taking one's own life practiced by men of the samurai (military) class in feudal Japan. The word hara-kiri (literally, "belly-cutting"), though widely known to foreigners, is rarely used by Japanese, who prefer the term seppuku (written in Japanese with the same two Chinese characters but in reverse order). seppuku seppuku See all media Related Topics: suicide samurai See all related content → The proper method for committing the act—developed over several centuries—was to plunge a short sword into the left side of the abdomen, draw the blade laterally across to the right, and then turn it upward. It was considered exemplary form to stab again below the sternum and press downward across the first cut and then to pierce one's throat. Being an extremely painful and slow means of suicide, it was favoured under Bushidō (warrior code) as an effective way to demonstrate the courage, self-control, and strong resolve of the samurai and to prove sincerity of purpose. Women of the samurai class also committed ritual suicide, called jigai, but, instead of slicing the abdomen, they slashed their throats with a short sword or dagger. There were two forms of seppuku: voluntary and obligatory. Voluntary seppuku evolved during the wars of the 12th century as a method of suicide used frequently by warriors who, defeated in battle, chose to avoid the dishonour of falling into the hands of the enemy. Occasionally, a samurai performed seppuku to demonstrate loyalty to his lord by following him in death, to protest against some policy of a superior or of the government, or to atone for failure in his duties. Mishima Yukio Mishima Yukio There have been numerous instances of voluntary seppuku in modern Japan. One of the most widely known involved a number of military officers and civilians who committed the act in 1945 as Japan faced defeat at the end of World War II. Another well-known occurrence was in 1970, when the novelist Mishima Yukio disemboweled himself as a means of protest against what he believed was the loss of traditional values in the country. Obligatory seppuku refers to the method of capital punishment for samurai to spare them the disgrace of being beheaded by a common executioner. That practice was prevalent from the 15th century until 1873, when it was abolished. Great emphasis was placed on proper performance of the ceremony. The ritual was usually carried out in the presence of a witness (kenshi) sent by the authority issuing the death sentence. The prisoner was usually seated on two tatami mats, and behind him stood a second (kaishakunin), usually a relative or friend, with sword drawn. A small table bearing a short sword was placed in front of the prisoner. A moment after he stabbed himself, the second struck off his head. It was also common practice for the second to decapitate him at the moment that he reached out to grasp the short sword, his gesture symbolizing that the death was by seppuku. ronin ronin Perhaps the best-known instance of obligatory seppuku is tied to the story of the 47 rōnin, which dates to the early 18th century. The incident, famous in Japanese history, relates how the samurai, made masterless (rōnin) by the treacherous murder of their lord (daimyo), Asano Naganori, avenged his death by assassinating the daimyo Kira Yoshinaka (a retainer of the shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi), whom they held responsible for Asano's murder. Afterward the shogun ordered all the participating samurai to commit seppuku. The story soon became the basis of the popular and enduring Kabuki drama Chūshingura, and it later was depicted in numerous other plays, motion pictures, and novels. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Ray. samurai Table of Contents Home Politics, Law & Government Military samurai Japanese warrior Actions Alternate titles: buke, bushi By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Dec 5, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What does samurai mean? When did samurai exist? Why did samurai commit seppuku? samurai, member of the Japanese warrior caste. The term samurai was originally used to denote the aristocratic warriors (bushi), but it came to apply to all the members of the warrior class that rose to power in the 12th century and dominated the Japanese government until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Samurai with sword, c. 1860. samurai See all media Key People: Saigō Takamori Ōkubo Toshimichi Maebara Issei Related Topics: Japan seppuku shogunate Bushidō rōnin See all related content → Kusakabe Kimbei: Samurai in Armour Kusakabe Kimbei: Samurai in Armour Emerging from provincial warrior bands, the samurai of the Kamakura period (1192-1333), with their military skills and deep pride in their stoicism, developed a disciplined culture distinct from the earlier, quiet refinement of the imperial court. During the Muromachi period (1338-1573) under the growing influence of Zen Buddhism, the samurai culture produced many such uniquely Japanese arts as the tea ceremony and flower arranging that continue today. The ideal samurai was supposed to be a stoic warrior who followed an unwritten code of conduct, later formalized as Bushidō, which held bravery, honour, and personal loyalty above life itself; ritual suicide by disembowelment (seppuku) was institutionalized as a respected alternative to dishonour or defeat. Britannica Quiz Quick Quiz: Martial Arts A samurai in full armour depicted on a Japanese plate, 1850-75; in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. In the early part of the Tokugawa period (1603-1867), the samurai, who accounted for less than 10 percent of the population, were made a closed caste as part of a larger effort to freeze the social order and stabilize society. Although still allowed to wear the two swords emblematic of their social position, most samurai were forced to become civil bureaucrats or take up some trade during the 250 years of peace that prevailed under the Tokugawa shogunate (military dictatorship). Moreover, the rise of the cities and the expansion of a merchant economy during early 18th-century Japan led to the flowering of a vibrant urban culture, which eventually superseded the austere life-style of the samurai. At the same time, the economic position of the samurai, who lived primarily on fixed stipends, was being eroded. In spite of their high social rank, a growing number of samurai families suffered impoverishment by the end of the Tokugawa period. samurai samurai Lower-ranking samurai, eager for advancement and realizing a new sense of national purpose in the face of encroachment by the Western powers during the mid-19th century, took part in the movement against the Tokugawa regime that resulted in the Meiji Restoration of 1868. The samurai class lost its privileged position when feudalism was officially abolished in 1871. Discontented former samurai rose in rebellion several times during the 1870s, but these revolts were quickly suppressed by the newly established national army. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Ray. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Daniel Day-Lewis and Leonardo DiCaprio

Daniel Day-Lewis British actor Actions Alternate titles: Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Daniel Day-Lewis, in full Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis, (born April 29, 1957, London, England), British actor known for his on-screen intensity and for his exhaustive preparation for roles. Daniel Day-Lewis Daniel Day-Lewis See all media Born: April 29, 1957 (age 65) London England Awards And Honors: Academy Award (2013) Academy Award (2008) Academy Award (1990) Academy Award (2013): Actor in a Leading Role Academy Award (2008): Actor in a Leading Role Academy Award (1990): Actor in a Leading Role Golden Globe Award (2013): Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama Golden Globe Award (2008): Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama ... (Show more) Notable Family Members: father C. Day-Lewis See all related content → Daniel Day-Lewis and Ruth McCabe in My Left Foot Daniel Day-Lewis and Ruth McCabe in My Left Foot Day-Lewis was the second child of Cecil Day-Lewis, one of the leading British poets of the 1930s, and actress Jill Balcon and was the grandson of motion-picture producer Sir Michael Balcon. He began acting at Bedales, a liberal school in Petersfield, England, and at age 13 he landed a small role in the film Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971). He then went on to perform with the Bristol Old Vic and Royal Shakespeare theatrical companies before appearing in his first adult roles in the films Gandhi (1982) and The Bounty (1984). In 1985 Day-Lewis displayed his versatility by playing a gay hooligan in My Beautiful Laundrette and a staid Edwardian-era Englishman in an adaptation of E.M. Forster's A Room with a View; the films brought him international acclaim, as did his performance as an adulterous surgeon in The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1988). His portrayal of Christy Brown, an artist almost completely disabled by cerebral palsy, in the film My Left Foot (1989) won him numerous awards, including an Academy Award for best actor. In the course of making the film, Day-Lewis spent the entire time in a wheelchair and learned to paint with his left foot. Britannica Quiz Oscar-Worthy Movie Trivia scene from The Last of the Mohicans scene from The Last of the Mohicans scene from Nine scene from Nine Day-Lewis subsequently starred in a number of successful films, including The Last of the Mohicans (1992), as the frontiersman Natty Bumppo; The Age of Innocence (1993), Martin Scorsese's film adaptation of Edith Wharton's novel; In the Name of the Father (1993), which earned him an Academy Award nomination; and The Crucible (1996), based on Arthur Miller's play. After appearing in The Boxer (1997), Day-Lewis took a break from acting and worked for a time as a cobbler's apprentice in Italy. scene from Lincoln scene from Lincoln In 2002 he returned to the screen as a murderous anti-immigrant gang leader in Scorsese's Gangs of New York, a drama set in the mid-19th century. He subsequently starred in the intimate The Ballad of Jack and Rose (2005), which was written and directed by Miller's daughter Rebecca, whom he had married in 1996. In 2008 Day-Lewis won a second Academy Award, for his transformative performance as self-made oil tycoon Daniel Plainview in There Will Be Blood (2007). His later film roles included an Italian film director in the star-studded musical Nine (2009) and U.S. Pres. Abraham Lincoln in Steven Spielberg's biographical Lincoln (2012). For his nuanced performance in the latter film, he won an unprecedented third best-actor Oscar. Day-Lewis next starred as a fashion designer whose pursuit of perfection begets tension in his romantic relationships in Paul Thomas Anderson's Phantom Thread (2017). For this role, which he had previously announced would be his last, Day-Lewis earned his sixth Oscar nomination. Day-Lewis was named a knight bachelor in 2014. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Patricia Bauer. Leonardo DiCaprio Table of Contents Home Entertainment & Pop Culture Actors Leonardo DiCaprio American actor and producer Actions Alternate titles: Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Nov 7, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Leonardo DiCaprio, in full Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio, (born November 11, 1974, Los Angeles, California, U.S.), American actor and producer who emerged in the 1990s as one of Hollywood's leading performers, noted for his portrayals of unconventional and complex characters. Leonardo DiCaprio Leonardo DiCaprio See all media Born: November 11, 1974 (age 48) Los Angeles California Awards And Honors: Academy Award (2016) Academy Award (2016): Actor in a Leading Role Golden Globe Award (2016): Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama Golden Globe Award (2014): Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Golden Globe Award (2005): Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama See all related content → DiCaprio first acted at age five, performing on the children's television show Romper Room, and, as a teenager, he made numerous commercials and educational films. In 1990 he began appearing on a series of television shows, including The New Lassie and Roseanne, and in 1991 he was cast in a recurring role on Growing Pains. That year DiCaprio also made his big-screen debut in Critters 3, a low-budget horror film. Britannica Quiz Oscar-Worthy Movie Trivia DiCaprio's breakthrough came in 1992 when he beat out 400 other hopefuls to act opposite Robert De Niro in This Boy's Life (1993). DiCaprio earned rave reviews, and for his next film, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), he received an Academy Award nomination for best supporting actor for his realistic portrayal of a teenager with an intellectual disability. Several independent movies followed, including The Basketball Diaries (1995) and Total Eclipse (1995), which focused on poet Arthur Rimbaud's homosexual relationship with Paul Verlaine. Claire Danes and Leonardo DiCaprio in Romeo and Juliet Claire Danes and Leonardo DiCaprio in Romeo and Juliet Leonardo DiCaprio Leonardo DiCaprio Titanic Titanic the filming of Titanic the filming of Titanic In the mid-1990s DiCaprio began to attract a wider audience with more-mainstream films. He became a teen heartthrob after starring in Baz Luhrmann's William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet (1996), a modern retelling of the classic love story. In 1997 DiCaprio was launched into international stardom with the release of James Cameron's epic Titanic. His good looks and poignant portrayal of Jack Dawson, a penniless artist who falls in love with an upper-class passenger (played by Kate Winslet), helped make Titanic one of the highest-grossing films ever. Though flooded with offers to appear in blockbusters and other mainstream fare, DiCaprio instead embraced roles that featured the complex characters that had come to define his career. In 2000 he starred in The Beach, a dark film about a young backpacker's search for paradise. Two years later he appeared in Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York, a period piece about gangsters in New York City in the mid-1800s. That year he also starred opposite Tom Hanks as the real-life con artist Frank Abagnale, Jr., in Steven Spielberg's Catch Me If You Can. Reteaming with Scorsese, DiCaprio portrayed a young Howard Hughes in The Aviator (2004), for which he received a best actor Academy Award nomination. The Departed The Departed Leonardo DiCaprio in Revolutionary Road Leonardo DiCaprio in Revolutionary Road Leonardo DiCaprio and Joseph Gordon-Levitt in Inception Leonardo DiCaprio and Joseph Gordon-Levitt in Inception DiCaprio's later works included a third collaboration with Scorsese, The Departed (2006), and Blood Diamond (2006). Both films garnered DiCaprio some of the best reviews of his career, and he earned an Oscar nomination for his portrayal of a diamond smuggler in the latter film. In 2008 he starred as a CIA agent hunting down a terrorist on the run in Ridley Scott's Body of Lies. DiCaprio again paired with Winslet in Revolutionary Road (2008), an adaptation of the novel by Richard Yates that depicts a young couple struggling to reconcile their unconventional aspirations with a stifling existence in 1950s suburbia. For his next film, Scorsese's Shutter Island (2010), DiCaprio portrayed a tormented U.S. marshal sent to a hospital for the criminally insane to investigate the disappearance of an inmate. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Leonardo DiCaprio in The Revenant Leonardo DiCaprio in The Revenant DiCaprio subsequently starred as a corporate spy able to infiltrate people's dreams in the science fiction thriller Inception (2010) and as longtime FBI director J. Edgar Hoover in the biopic J. Edgar (2011). In Quentin Tarantino's Django Unchained (2012), DiCaprio chewed the scenery as a slave-driving plantation owner in antebellum Mississippi. He then appeared in another grandiose role—the title character in Luhrmann's glitzy 2013 adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. That role was echoed in his bombastic turn as Jordan Belfort, a stockbroker who swindled millions from his clients, in Scorsese's The Wolf of Wall Street (2013); the film was based on Belfort's 2007 memoir of the same name. For his performance, DiCaprio received his fourth Oscar nomination. He finally won an Academy Award for his work in Alejandro González Iñárritu's The Revenant (2015), in which he evinced an aggrieved fur trapper on a quest for revenge after his companions kill his son and leave him for dead following an attack by a bear. Four years later DiCaprio returned to the screen, starring in Tarantino's Once Upon a Time...in Hollywood. The movie—which centres on a washed-up actor (DiCaprio) and his stunt double (Brad Pitt) in 1969 Los Angeles—received a standing ovation when it premiered at the Cannes film festival in 2019, and, for his performance, DiCaprio later earned his sixth Oscar nomination for acting. He next starred in Don't Look Up (2021), a dramedy in which DiCaprio and Jennifer Lawrence portrayed astronomers who try to warn humankind about an impending comet strike that will destroy Earth. DiCaprio became active in a number of causes, most notably those involving environmental issues. In 2000 he hosted Earth Day festivities and interviewed U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton for a television special on global warming. In 2004 DiCaprio joined the boards of the Natural Resources Defense Council and Global Green USA. The 11th Hour, an environmental documentary that he wrote and narrated, premiered at the Cannes film festival in 2007. He later produced and narrated Ice on Fire (2019), a documentary that considers the possibility of reversing climate change. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Why does salt increase the boiling point of water?

When salt is added, it makes it harder for the water molecules to escape from the pot and enter the gas phase, which happens when water boils, Giddings said. This gives salt water a higher boiling point, she said.Jan 19, 2022 (Live Science)

Late adulthood stuff to know

"Something to Live for": Experiences, Resources, and Personal Strengths in Late Adulthood Pninit Russo-Netzer and Hadassah Littman-Ovadia Additional article information Associated Data Data Availability Statement Abstract Due to increased life expectancy, the population segment of older adults has grown the fastest. The global phenomenon of population aging raises important questions regarding successful, positive, active, and meaningful aging. Given that aging is often characterized by declines in physical and mental health and increased risk for social isolation and depression, and given that the concept of well-being in old age is both elusive and complex, the present study explored how aging is experienced through a "bottom-up," open-ended approach. Thirty-one in-depth semi-structured personal interviews were conducted with adults aged 60 and above in order to explore the question: what concerns older adults in their day-to-day living, and what are their perceived resources? The findings illuminated three prominent themes: (1) central concerns described by the participants as characterizing their experience at this life stage; (2) strategies employed by the participants to cope with concerns and to live a meaningful life in old age; and (3) resources and character strengths that facilitate coping strategies and enable thriving. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. Keywords: aging, adulthood, well-being, character strengths, existential concerns, qualitative methodology Introduction Advances in medicine and medical technology have led to a continuous rise in life expectancy. Due to the expansion of the lifespan, the population segment of older adults grows fastest. Worldwide, the proportion of people age 60 and above is growing faster than any other age group. In 2025, there will be a total of 1.2 billion, and by 2050, there will be about 2 billion people over the age of 60 [WHO (World Health Organization), 2002]. This global phenomenon of population aging raises important questions regarding aging well. In the last decades, aging well was conceptualized by different theoretical frameworks as active aging [WHO (World Health Organization), 2011], as well as healthy, positive, optimal successful, and meaningful aging. These different indicators of positive aging highlight different indicators of positive psychological functioning such as quality of life, social engagement, meaning in life, positive emotions, and life satisfaction. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore older adults' own experiences of their actual aging, their perceived resources that enable them to cope with their concerns and challenges in their day-to-day living. Challenges and Well-Being in Old Age The aging process comprises a key transitional phase in one's life, at which age-related challenges and the relative proximity of death (Erikson, 1968) involves recurrent experiences of loss and decline in central aspects of life, such as family, friends, life transitions, capacities, and physical condition (e.g., Greenglass et al., 2006; Sundström et al., 2018). These experiences press existential issues, such as fear of death, existential vacuum, and social isolation (e.g., Turner and Lloyd, 1999; Cicirelli, 2006), and contribute to an overall sense of loneliness (Graneheim and Lundman, 2010). Alongside the recognition of aging as a trajectory of decline, other approaches within the social sciences, such as humanism (Maslow, 1954), logotherapy (Frankl, 1959), and positive psychology (e.g., Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), paved the way toward a scientific interest in the study of optimal and even positive development in aging. These approaches have shown that despite age-related increase in losses and physical and mental challenges, negative effect does not increase with age, but rather remains stable (e.g., Diener and Suh, 1998; Mroczek and Kolarz, 1998) or even decreases (e.g., Charles et al., 2001; Hudson et al., 2016), and older individuals seem to be able to produce more positive life stories and reviews, when engaging with their past (Lieblich, 2014). In her model, Ryff (1995) suggested six pillars of psychological well-being in adult life, including self-acceptance, purpose in life, environmental mastery, positive relationships, autonomy, and personal growth. In congruent with this well-researched model, aging well has been conceptualized using various theoretical frameworks, such as healthy aging, positive aging, active aging, and successful aging (e.g., Poon and Cohen-Mansfield, 2011; Foster and Walker, 2014; Martin et al., 2015). However, these conceptualizations, terms, and measures are inconsistent, so much so that the meaning of aging-well is often more implied than delineated, present limitations to research on aging-well. Rowe and Kahn (1997) were among the first to characterize the prosperous lifestyle and worthy living in old age, highlighting three main elements of successful aging: health, high cognitive and physical functioning, and a fruitful and positive social circle. However, Rowe's and Kahn's paradigm neglected the consideration of what aging means to older adults, a limitation that can be addressed through qualitative discovery and self-report studies. Indeed, when older adults were asked to describe their own experiences, a discrepancy appeared between the objective criteria (disability and disease) and older individuals' subjective experiences and definitions (of unsuccessful aging or successful aging) (Montross et al., 2006). Similar findings emerged in other qualitative studies on successful aging (Knight and Ricciardelli, 2003; Reichstadt et al., 2007; Lieblich, 2014). Accordingly, the WHO (World Health Organization) (2002), in their policy framework, defined active aging as "the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age" (p. 12). The abovementioned theoretical frameworks yielded studies, which identified concerns faced by older people, showing how specific challenges relate to aging well. However, a round and holistic examination of concerns and challenges experienced in old age is missing, including the ways and personal resources with which these challenges are addressed. Resources in Old Age The integration of positive psychology and the development in the study of positive aging, alongside more traditional research in the field, is becoming more probable with the advancement of medical care and generally higher quality of life (Lieblich, 2014). The focus on improving current functioning and increasing well-being affords renewed in-depth impetus to research on potential resources in aging. For example, the importance of meaning in life to successful aging has been established through ample evidence, including the domains of physical health and longevity (e.g., Boyle et al., 2009; Ryff et al., 2016), as well as in improved mental health outcomes (Musich et al., 2018). Given that life meaning has significance in how aging people make sense of their lives, particularly as a factor in successful aging, more knowledge can be derived from older adults' own accounts of their experiences, an approach employed in previous studies (e.g. Lieblich, 2014), providing vivid insight into the construction of meaning in the participants' experiences. Studies exploring positive affect in aging, however, show inconsistent findings, with some indicating increase in positive emotions with age (Gross et al., 1997; Mroczek and Kolarz, 1998), while others stability (Gross et al., 1997; Kunzmann et al., 2013) or their decline with age (Diener and Suh, 1998; Hudson et al., 2016). Another growing area of research in positive psychology relevant to aging is strengths, and specifically character strengths. Defined as durable individual traits, manifested in thought, feeling, and behavior in various degrees in different people (Peterson and Seligman, 2004), character strengths can be used (and understood) as personal resources in dealing with concerns in old age. Various studies demonstrate the importance of strengths endorsement and deployment to a host of positive psychological outcomes, such as life satisfaction and positive affect (Littman-Ovadia and Lavy, 2012), self-acceptance, a sense of purpose in life, environmental mastery, physical and mental health (Leontopoulou and Triliva, 2012), coping with daily stress (Brooks, Unpublished), and resilience to stress and trauma (e.g., Park and Peterson, 2009). In one of the first studies to examine strengths and their contribution to well-being in different age groups, hope, citizenship, and loving relationships were found as predictors of life satisfaction in older adults, aged 60 and above (Isaacowitz et al., 2003). Encouraging results regarding the potential to acquire and cultivate strengths at old age were reported in Owens et al. (2018) study which examined strength development from a lifespan perspective, and found that although people's most dominant strengths are stable throughout life, strengths can fluctuate throughout the lifespan. However, most studies conducted within the field of positive psychology have not paid sufficient direct attention to aging population (Araújo et al., 2017; Greenawalt et al., 2019), while most of them were limited to "top-down" quantitative designs. Along these lines, Battersby and Phillips (2016), advocated the importance of qualitative methods to explore "what is meaningful for older adults," as this construct "is not well understood" (p. 199). In sum, aging has been viewed as multidimensional, involving various aspects, such as chronological, biological, social, cultural, spiritual, and psychological (e.g., Moyle et al., 2014). Given that aging is a varied and multifaceted experience that depends on a multitude of factors, recent calls emphasize that the definition of successful aging must also take into account what the individuals themselves value, rather than rely on objective measures of physical health, to enable a more holistic bio-psycho-social view (e.g., Martin et al., 2015). Furthermore, given that culture plays an important role in individuals' values, assumptions, and needs (Markus and Kitayama, 1991), the phenomenon of aging and the experience of its varied potential challenges and resources may have different meanings, manifestations and levels of salience across diverse range of cultures and societies. Older Adults in Israel The Israeli society, where the present study was conducted, introduces a few unique cultural characteristics which include, for example, the prominence of existential threats, a sense of collective vulnerability, uncertainty, and insecurity, all coupled with dialectic worldviews as part of a multicultural immigrant society (e.g., Ezrachi, 2004). In 2016, Israel's population of adults aged 60 and older reached 15.6%, and is expected to keep rising in the coming years (CBS, 2018). The majority of the aging population is composed of immigrants, who had to flee the Holocaust in Europe, persecution in North Africa and the Middle East, or emigrated from the former Soviet Union after its dissolution. In addition, many older Israeli adults experience a blend of traumatic events, such as exposure to warfare (e.g., Solomon and Ginzburg, 1998; Palgi et al., 2015). Findings from SHARE-Israel (Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe) suggest that more than 75% of Israelis aged 50 or older reported to have experienced at least one traumatic event (Shmotkin and Litwin, 2009), and that Israeli adults are more depressed than European counterparts (Litwin, 2009). Against this background, the current study sought to complement previous knowledge in the field through a "bottom-up," open-ended exploration of Israeli older adults' own perspectives regarding the experience and potential resources at this life stage. Materials and Methods This study adopted a qualitative-phenomenological prism, due to its focus on exploring the meaning of phenomena in human experience (Giorgi, 1997) from the perspectives of the individuals themselves (Maykut and Morehouse, 1994). Phenomenology is essentially a qualitative inquiry into humans' "lived experience" (van Manen, 1990) through the exploration of people's actions, relations, and situations. Phenomenology thus attempts to identify the internal meaning structures or essences of lived experience through a study of its particulars (van Manen, 1990). Participants Participants were recruited using a variety of methods to obtain as broad and diverse a perspective of the phenomenon as possible, such as online advertisements and direct recruitment by research assistants, who solicited participants at established community venues for the elderly, such as day centers and community centers. In addition, participants were recruited via the snowball technique (i.e., in which one participant recommends other potential interviewees; Babbie, 1995). The open and broad invitation read, "For a study that focuses on the experience of life in late adulthood, we are seeking participants interested in sharing their experiences in an interview of 1.5-2 h." Those responding to this invitation were contacted by phone, provided with an explanation of the study, and assured of confidentiality and anonymity. The sample size in the present study was determined by the saturation principle, as is customary in qualitative studies: Data were collected and analyzed until no new themes emerged (Padgett, 1998). The sample comprised the first 31 people who responded to this invitation and met the criterion of being at least 60 years of age. The participants were all Israeli Jews, 17 males and 14 females. Ages ranged between 60 and 83 years (Mage = 70.87, SDage = 6.24). Participants' level of education ranged from high school (35.4%) to higher education (64.4%). Most participants (77.4%) were married, 9.6% divorced, and 12.9% were widows or widowers. Procedure The study received ethical approval by the IRB in the first author's university. In-depth, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were employed, each lasting between 1.5 and 2 h. The interviews were audiotaped and later transcribed verbatim. Prior to each interview, the participants signed an informed consent form, which specified the purpose of the research, its procedures, and the voluntary nature of participation, as well as the right to stop participating in the research at any time and issues of confidentiality. The interviews were conducted by a team of three research assistants. Prior to the interviews, the interviewers were trained in the preparation and conduct of the semi-structured interviews to be used (Spradley, 1979), receiving feedback from the authors regarding pilot interviews they conducted. The interview protocol was designed to allow focus without imposing a specific sequence of questions, and included several main content categories: the participants' aging experience, their perceived challenges and resources in their day-to-day living. All the interviews began with background information questions, followed by a general, open-ended question inviting the participants to speak about how they experience their lives today at this life stage, allowing them to share spontaneously and describe their personal and subjective experience as freely as possible in their own words. For example, interviewees were asked "How do you experience this stage of your life?" and "How would you describe it?". The participants were asked additional open-ended probing questions to encourage them, when necessary, to elaborate, clarify meanings, reveal unexplored issues, or provide further details and examples to attain an in-depth understanding of their subjective experiences (van Manen, 1990). For example, the participants were asked to further describe specific experiences or situations they mentioned by posing follow-up questions, like, "You spoke about 'such and such'; can you tell me more about that?" (Giorgi and Giorgi, 2003); or "What was it like?"; "can you give me an example?", and "What helps you cope with what you just mentioned?"; "Can you describe that particular experience/incident in more detail?" (van Manen, 1990). The interview ended with an open concluding question: "Is there anything else you feel is important that we did not cover and you would like to tell me about?" In some cases, this question facilitated more examples and clarifications of material previously recounted. All interviews were conducted in the participants' homes at a time convenient for them so that they would be in a familiar environment (Creswell, 2007), providing the conditions to freely and spontaneously develop their story in their own way, pace, and language. As compensation for their participation, each interviewee was awarded two coupons for coffee and pastry in a coffee shop of their choice. Data Analysis The interview transcripts were analyzed by using a phenomenological approach in order to obtain a more profound understanding of the experience of meaningful aging from the participants' perspectives. First, all interviews were read independently several times by four research assistants (who did not conduct the interviews), as well as by both authors, to obtain an overall impression of the participants' experiences, until reaching a sense of immersion. Next, the research assistants and the first author independently identified "meaning units" (Malterud, 2001) as expressed by the participants, using an "open coding" process (Strauss and Corbin, 1990). Such line-by-line coding (Charmaz, 2006) enabled identifying the manner in which each participant experiences the phenomenon under study by systematic queries, such as "Which processes and meanings are expressed in each line, sentence, and paragraph?" and "How, when, and why are they expressed?" These meaning units were then used to create descriptive categories of basic themes, thus constructing an initial framework for further analysis. The various categories and basic themes were then reexamined and compared for possible connections across individual meaning expressions as well as between participants. The final step, comprising a holistic examination of themes and their interrelations, was conducted to achieve a broad understanding of the participants' experiences. Although the data analysis is portrayed here as a linear procedure, the actual process was more cyclical, with each stage building upon its predecessor; each case was assessed discretely, as well as across all participants. As such, it involved a dynamic and repeated, back and forth, between the parts (i.e., texts and quotations) and the whole (i.e., the entire transcript), as well as between units of meaning and general themes (e.g., van Manen, 1990). This procedure enabled a close reading of the phenomenology of the participants' experience, thus certifying confirmability. Furthermore, a fundamental methodological principle within the phenomenological framework concerns "bracketing" (Beech, 1999) in which the researchers set aside their experiences and attitudes, as far as possible, to adopt a fresh perspective on the phenomenon being explored (Moustakas, 1994). To address this, reflections and insights were summarized and then documented (van Manen, 1990). Furthermore, a triangulation of the interpretations was facilitated by an ongoing process of critical discussion of the data between the authors, as well as by an additional independent reader not involved in the previous stages. Finally, all interpretations were grounded in direct and rich excerpts from the interviews (Stiles, 1993). Findings Three prominent themes emerged from the data analysis: (1) central challenges and concerns described by the participants as characterizing their experience at this life stage; (2) strategies employed by the participants to cope with concerns and to live a meaningful life in old age; and (3) resources and strengths that facilitate coping strategies and enable thriving for the participants. These themes will be presented along with illustrations derived from the participants' interviews. All quotations provided by participants are vital and important for conveying the study's findings and conclusions. Written informed consent to present this information was granted, and in order to protect their identities, participants' names and gender are omitted and ages appear in ranges. Central Challenges and Concerns When asked about their experience of current life stage, an essential existential concern of death and increased recognition of limited time, in various forms, was evident across all interviews. This was often articulated as a sense of life being too short and that there is a time pressure to achieve one's personal hopes and desires, as can be seen in the following example: I really fear death. I find myself thinking a lot about it. An average person dies at the age of 70-74, and you don't really have a chance to do anything... people around me tell me not to think about it, but I can't help it. I want to achieve more things in life, to do more things, to see my granddaughter growing up. She is three years old; in nine more years she will have a bat-mitzvah. Will I live to see it? [older adult, male, age 60-64]. The fear of death was portrayed directly as well as interwoven among other concerns raised by the participants, as reflected in the following two subthemes. Fear of Losing Control The acute acknowledgment of limited time ahead was experienced by the participants, not only as limiting the fulfillment of future possibilities, but also implying a loss of control. Loss of control was voiced as related to relinquishing responsibilities that had been central to their sense of personal identity, such as family roles. For example, a common concern related to the future of loved ones and ways to ensure they will continue to be taken care of and continue their lives without them. For example: The family becomes a central concern at this age. I mean, you have a limited time here, who knows when it [death] will occur, and you kind of fear, kind of worry... It's like, I am married to my wife for the last 47 years, but I am also married to a constant anxiety that intensifies the older I get, regarding the welfare of my grandchildren, children... to make sure that everything will be alright [older adult, male, age 70-74]. Loss of control was also voiced as reflecting decreasing personal independence—especially with regard to the participants' physical condition—in terms of fear of deterioration and of physical pain and suffering, which is experienced as limiting the participants' capacity to make use of the short time horizon ahead. For many participants having full, meaningful, and active life means to be independent, to choose freely how to live their remaining time. For example, in the following excerpt, this older adult recounted that lacking control of her physical condition goes hand in hand with the extent of her ability to fill her remaining time with valuable activities: Ever since I fell, I'm not free, I don't go out, I don't function. I used to cook and bake and do many things. Today, I can't; my daughter does things instead... It's like I sit and wait for my death, because when your physical condition deteriorates, it affects how independent you are and what you do with your time. You are not in control [older adult, female, age 70-74]. Losing control over one's activity and time was noted repeatedly, not only with regard to physical limitation, but also a mental one, as can be seen in the following example: I think that dealing with old age is also seeing its beautiful sides, living the time you have left... For me, I'm more bothered by the prospect of a deteriorating mental state, becoming someone who does not understand what goes on around her or disconnected to reality. This is much more troubling for me than a physical limitation, like being in a wheelchair or in need for special care at home.... As long as I'm in control of my life and as long as I feel that I am aware of what is going on, it's enough for me to deal with whatever challenges this age brings with it, knowing that I may not have much time. [older adult, female, age 70-74]. The participants described their attempts to maintain control over their lives as much as possible, such as eating well and stay physically and mentally active. Some even asserted that retaining control over one's life means being in control over one's death as well: In my fantasy, if the situation gets really bad, I hope I'll have enough cognitive and physical capacity to do something... Very few people go to Switzerland or somewhere [else] to end their lives, to take their lives in their own hands... For me, there is no question about it. I don't want to die, but if I'll get to a point of suffering terribly and have the ability to stop it, I will... It goes hand in hand with the fear of losing control. I want to control my life. It makes me happy to know that I can choose and do it. If I won't be able to choose anymore, I don't want to continue. If I look forward to the future, I think that it's my way of dealing with my own death. Maybe someday there will be an option for elderly people to choose their death day. It might seem today as not Jewish and unrealistic, but I don't understand why an old dog can and an old person cannot... I mean, an old dog that suffers, can just get an injection, so why can't we have that option too? [older adult, female, age 70-74]. Fear of Squandering Spare Time and Missing Out Another manifestation of existential death anxiety evident in the interviews was a "fear of missing out" (FOMO). Some participants talked about their need to do as much as possible, to learn as much as they can, to experience as much as possible, and to "devour the world," as one participant noted, before their time runs out. For example: I don't have enough hours in a day... seriously, I don't have enough time... I don't want to miss out on everything that is out there. I can't manage to do everything I want to with all of my activities. I'm short of time... I don't have any spare time, and it's good. I don't want to be bored; there is so much to do [older adult, male, age 75-79]. Concerns of missing out and squandering the limited resource of time voiced by the participants highlighted the high value placed on keeping busy and active, and avoiding the vacuum of "dead hours" that may trigger existential reflections about life and remaining time. According to the participants' accounts, remaining active and busy, confer a sense of being in control, staying relevant, significant, and useful. The following participant, for example, shared her experience that keeping every moment full, keeping busy all the time, and filling her days with activities keeps her from getting bored and having empty spare time: I look for things to keep me busy, whether it's reading books, watching movies, attending classes on many topics, some sports... I feel that I need to; I don't want to be drawn into doing nothing, going through my days with no purpose... [older adult, female, age 65-69]. Some participants even articulated a complementary sense of social expectation to remain active rising with retirement, encouraged by organizations to volunteer, to attend lectures and group activities: When I retired, I felt like I'm going to "grab" the world, to finally do all of the things you couldn't do before, due to life's commitments to family and work. And society encourages that, with a wide range of volunteering options and activities offered to retired people... the atmosphere was like, 'so what are you doing on your pension? How do you spend your time? What are you studying?' Like you owe something to the world, like it was expected from you... So, I started doing it, going to lectures and activities and dancing and singing, filling my days with activities [older adult, female, age 75-79]. Making every moment count gives the participants a sense of precious time used, as this excerpt suggests: It's getting up in the morning with a plan, knowing that there is something for you to do, that you have a plan. It is very, very important to me that my day is completely full. It is important for me to be active, to meet friends, to go to lectures... I hate wasting time; I don't like to feel that time is fading away. I am frightened of getting bored, because you see, the kids are grown up, the grandkids are grown up, and they don't need me to babysit every day, so to fill life with meaningful content... you need planning and doing. I'm afraid to reach the point when it will end. But of course, it will have to end at some point... [older adult, female, age 75-79]. Such a realization ignited a sense of urgency in some participants, reflected in crystallizing the things that are essential and significant to achieve in a limited time, which is also free from external obligations; as the following excerpt highlights: We always postpone things because we feel that we don't have enough time to get to them... We think that we will reach a certain point in life when we will start doing the things we always wanted to do, but when you finally 'have time,' and I say that in quotation marks, you realize that it's still not enough; you don't have the time to do everything you thought of doing, and that's frustrating. You keep promising yourself that 'now I can really start living because I finally don't have all of these obligations to get up in the morning and run to work and send off the kids'... and then you realize how much you've postponed. Apparently, life is too short, and we don't really know how much time we have left [older adult, female, age 70-74]. The participants also acknowledged the dual consideration of not wasting time by filling it with meaningful daily activities and a life imbued with a sense of purpose, for example: I see that there are times when I'm not focused on a specific target, and then I waste my time not doing things that are meaningful for me. And there are things that are important to me, things that I really want to do, but due to a lack of thinking ahead or planning, I postpone them or don't do them properly... It is important for me not to waste time, not only because I think that there is a limited time to each person, but because everyone has missions to fulfill in life, and it's a pity to postpone them. It's not just that we are born and then die [older adult, male, age 60-64]. Other challenges involved with old age articulated by the participants included experiencing loneliness and concern that where essential family and work roles have been downgraded, they will be left "outside of the game," as expressed by one participant. In other words, they fear becoming useless and unable to contribute to society, as this excerpt illustrates: When a person retires, he or she may feel that they are meaningless to the world. The most important thing for a person is to feel meaningful, that their existence is not meaningless. For many people retiring in old age, their main problem, I think, is that they feel insignificant, they feel useless and unneeded... when you have meaning, when life has content, then there is something to live for [older adult, male, age 65-69]. Some participants referred to this "void" directly as potential danger characterizing old age; for example: Many people in their older years are not in the mood to do anything. I'm not in the mood sometimes, too... because we are tired, tired of life; and people say that we have done enough in life, and this is the time to rest. But what does it mean "to rest?" Do nothing? Does it mean that "our time" is over, and now we should live an empty life? Unfortunately, this may cause depression, and many people my age are depressed [older adult, female, age 70-74]. Other participants referred to loneliness as a given as part of their old age: The most difficult thing to endure at my age is, for example, loneliness... I feel the loneliness in the afternoons and in the evenings, because in the mornings, I am very active... But I find some comfort in knowing that there are other people who share these feelings [older adult, female, age 75-79]. This is one of the problems of people my age; they don't leave their homes, and they are lonely and miserable. When someone is lonely, he is miserable. For religious people, it may be less of a problem because they meet regularly at their house of worship, whether it be a synagogue or a church... an observant Jew goes to the synagogue... A place where people come together. There is togetherness, and when there is togetherness, life is better [older adult, male, age 80-84]. Strategies for Coping With Challenges in Old Age Although the interviewees were not asked directly about coping strategies, they described various strategies they employ in order to deal with the concerns raised and to live a more meaningful life at this life stage. These include two overarching recurrent categories: (1) establishing active routine; and (2) contribution to others and the world. Active Routine Many participants discussed the importance of establishing an active schedule or routine, particularly given the blocks of discretionary time available after retirement and no longer having child rearing in their purview. According to their accounts, an organized schedule of activities provides a sense of order and purpose—having something to wake up for in the morning: You need a daily routine with at least one activity a day. Every day, I have something else to do; I try to divide my days so that every day, I'll have something different to do, that there won't be a situation where I have nothing to do [older adult, female, age 75-79]. Acknowledging that maintaining an active lifestyle encourages development and growth, even in the face of life's challenges and adversities, is also evident in this excerpt: Even though my son passed away, I kept my cheerful mood. I don't ask what life brings to me. I try to keep going, to keep doing things. And that is also true for dealing with the challenges that age brings with it. If you continue to learn, improve, grow, you are motivated to live. If I'd reach a point where I won't have an interest in life, that will be the day I'll die. Then I will have no point in living, nothing to aspire to [older adult, male, age 60-64]. The participants asserted that an active lifestyle is a buffer, not only for boredom and existential reflections on limited time horizon, but also as an antidote for withdrawal from life, and even for depression, for example: When I retired, I knew that if I'd sit at home, I'd decline quickly. I would lose interest. So, I started drawing; I have loved drawing all my life, but I stopped for a long time because there was always something to get done. Now, I returned to it. I said to myself, "this is my time." I also volunteer with elderly people and with young single parents... I got on with my life, and I didn't fall into depression like I feared I would. I had reasons not to. [older adult, female, age 75-79]. Contribution to Others Another common strategy expressed by the participants was pursuing activities in which they can help, care, and contribute to others, whether in close relationships and\or through volunteering in various venues. Participants spoke about their desire and commitment to help others, as can be seen in the following example: At my age, I realize that my time here is limited, so I try to do good. The most meaningful thing is volunteering... It makes you feel that you can contribute. You give to someone and you immediately receive something in return... This is how it is with an elderly woman in my neighborhood, for example. I go there to keep her company so she won't be alone and bored, and she thanks me so much, I tell her that I enjoy coming to her, that she doesn't need to thank me so much... At times when I can't visit, I feel really bad, and when I do [visit], it is fulfilling for me... [older adult, female, age 75-79]. The following participant, too, referred to helping others through volunteering as a strategy she employs which enables her both to cope with and to find meaning in face of challenges at this life stage: I volunteer a lot; I volunteer in hospitals, I am an ambulance driver... My days are more satisfying and fuller today than when I was working... It gives a lot, helps you deal with life's complexities. And it starts with being human, being kind to others. As simple as that. It's like plants that you give them water. What did you do? You just give them water, it's not a big effort. But what it does to the plant... wow, it makes it bloom, it makes it happy. I do good for other people, and it makes me feel good, too; it's very satisfying for me. When you approach a sick person on the ward—and I volunteer in the oncological ward—it's very difficult; he [the patient] has no one, and you bring him a glass of water, and he thanks you so much as if you did something huge, and it's gratifying that you succeeded in causing him to smile... this person who was in very serious condition. At this age, you realize it's not just about you, personally. I don't think only about myself. It makes your life meaningful; this is a reason to get up in the morning, isn't it? [older adult, female, age 60-64]. Resources and Personal Strengths as Facilitators for Coping and Meaningful Aging Several resources and personal strengths emerged from the interviews, as supporting the strategies the participants used to cope with the challenges and concerns they voiced and to living more fully. These included three central categories: (1) connection and belonging; (2) openness and savoring experiences; and (3) positive attitude and moderation. Connection and Belonging The participants articulated the important resource of being a part of something bigger than themselves. This manifests itself through maintaining close relationships with family and friends, attending study groups, congregation, and community involvement, to a larger scale of belonging to a nation or humanity. For example: Meetings in the company of friends, being a part of a big group of like-minded people, all of that makes me feel meaningful and relevant; they notice if I'm absent. We are a group of friends from work, friends for the past 50 years... I think that these meetings contribute to my mental health, they help me open up and share my experiences and challenges, even concerns. I feel I'm not withdrawing or secluded, I belong [older adult, male, age 75-79]. Being part of a community appears to provide participants with a sense of having a secure anchor in the midst of the unique challenges they face at this life stage: Community is a real anchor for me... I find myself making considerable efforts to maintain it. As people pass away, the community becomes smaller, and I hope it won't dissolve... because it's a real anchor for me, something I can rely on...We meet, and people ask me how I am and take an interest in me. I can feel that they care. You know, there's a saying: "It is better to have a close neighbor than a distant brother"... Community is that someone who can support me daily... [older adult, female, age 70-74]. The participants referred to being a part of religious community as factor which enables to negate age-related concerns, for example: We are part of a community, the synagogue, the friends around, it's very important. It is very important for our daily lives, especially now, at this age. I'm a big believer in community life; this is why I devote time to attending the synagogue, to meeting friends, engaging in activities for the benefit of my neighborhood and community. It takes up time, but it fills you with meaning; it's important for me... I'm filling my time in a meaningful way... It's knowing that I'm making meaningful use of my time and that I continue to contribute to society. I mean, I'm a part of something, it gives you a sense of being whole. I'm part of a family, part of society... I think this is the secret of well-being in old age; it can help you cope with all of the storms and turbulence of old age. I see people in different places, people that have nothing, attached to nothing... What kind of life is that? You wake up in the morning, read some newspaper, watch some television, eat, and go to sleep. What kind of meaning does such a life have? [older adult, male, age 70-74]. Some participants even referred to a broader community, such as a nation: To be part of a bigger group enables you to deal better with things. This is what gives meaning to our lives... We are not loners that live merely to survive; we live because we are part of society. This is what holds us, this is what I think gives life purpose and meaning... In the broadest sense, the State of Israel and the Jewish people, it's a community, a family. Otherwise, what are we doing here? I could live a great life in the USA... But we are here because there is a meaning to the fact that we live here in this society, in Israel... [older adult, male, age 75-79]. Other than belonging to a community, close relationships and making new connections were also discussed as important resources for coping with existential concerns, such as loneliness. For example: I like connecting with people... when I sit on the bus, I try to sit in the back and seek out someone to talk to... Being in touch with friends, with people, makes you feel less alone, I call them and ask how they are doing... It is important for me to keep in touch with people I know. It's gratifying for me, fills my days with content [older adult, male, age 80-84]. Whether secular or religious, having a sense of connection and belonging also involved a broader spiritual experience of being a part of something bigger than themselves, that they have a role in the great scheme of things, and that their lives have purpose. For example: Knowing that you are part of something greater than yourself, that you have an affinity with God's creation and eternality, is very comforting. You are not just an ant in infinity, dust in the wind... there is some sort of big plan that we all take part in, you have a significant part of it. That's very comforting [older adult, male, age 65-69]. Openness and Savoring Experiences and Encounters The participants also described the importance of being open to the world to experience and to learn new things as a source from which they can derive strength, expand their horizons, and develop further: I continue learning and developing. It keeps me fresh and young... this is the thing that keeps me going... There is the Sisyphean work at home, which is cleaning and cooking... this seem totally Sisyphean to me. So, my priority is learning; this is something that makes living worthwhile, especially at my age [older adult, female, age 70-74]. The personal strengths of love of learning and curiosity described by the participants as a resource enabling them to cope and experience life more fully was also prominent in their desire to know as much as possible about a topic that they are interested in, to visit new places, to experience more, for example: Curiosity gives me patience... there are things that I don't understand yet and I'm open to learn more about. It's a quality which is also important to life in general, I think, looking at problems from different angles instead of thinking you already know the solution and denouncing the new perspective [older adult, male, age 60-64]. Being open to the world as a resource also involved the importance of savoring life's gifts such as nature: When you experience your surroundings, you gain peace of mind... I have a neighbor whose husband passed away a month ago, and I told her to "take your life into your own hands," don't let yourself sink... Sinking is easy... go out to the garden and watch the plants, feel them, water them; it gives you a lot to go out to the garden... plants are grateful, they know how to thank you, they flourish and bear fruit... plants are healing, the green, the colors, the bloom. You see it flourish. If you don't water it, it looks impoverished and shriveled, and just a little water and a day later, it suddenly blooms. It's a wonderful thing, there is so much to learn from plants... [older adult, female, age 75-79]. Such appreciating for beauty, noticing beautiful things that others may overlook, was experienced as an attitude, allowing the participants to frame routine errands not as a waste of time, but as an opportunity to enjoy the beauty the world has to offer, as "the fuel for the rest of the time" (older adult, age 70-74). For example: When I used to wait for a bus, my children used to tell me sometimes to take the car, but I insisted [on taking the bus]. I would answer 'wait a minute, see all the beauty you can see when you have time to look out the window, the many beautiful flowers I see when I walk, so many things one can enjoy. Don't see it only as the difficulty of boarding the bus, there are so many beautiful things out there, too [older adult, female, age 70-74]. Optimistic Attitude and Moderation Another common resource highlighted by the interviewees was a positive and moderated perspective on life. This involved taking responsibility over one's attitude and perspective toward life and actively deciding how to deal with various life situations and endure unavoidable suffering, an intrinsic part of life, particularly in old age. For example, This participant pointed out the importance of one's responsibility to appreciate life rather than complaining: I'm giving this advice to anyone who is aging: 'take your life in your own hands and enjoy it. Don't complain.' We may have challenges, but when we complain, we only see the problems; focusing on what makes life wonderful makes you more resilient... As long as I'm alive and wake up in the morning, it's a lot [older adult, female, age 60-64]. The participants described positive perspective as enabling coping with life's adversities and the challenges that age brings with it: We've had a great deal of tragedy in our family... I don't cry about my misfortune, and many times. I say that I cannot change it, so I try to make good use of what I have... It's a philosophy of life. I still love life. I am happy with life, and I try to see the good in it. What will I get from seeing what is bad? I think that this is a healthy way to live, not to let life be wasted [older adult, female, age 70-74]. Participants articulated a more pragmatic, balanced, and moderated view of life that has become stronger with age. In the face of concerns and challenges, they have learned to accept things, to be satisfied with what they have, and to focus on what matters and is meaningful. As this excerpt exemplifies: Our whole life is like a movie. At this age, we start remembering things we didn't have time to think about, to reflect... There are things we've done that make us happy, others that make us angry at ourselves, satisfied or disappointed, you analyze your life from different angles looking back. However, one of the gifts of old age is the serenity that comes with it. This is why they say elderly people have life wisdom... life has taught them [older adult, female, age 70-74]. Participants attested to the fact that their views and attitudes have softened in order to deal with the limited time ahead and with other concerns they face. They feel less strongly about things that triggered emotional responses in the past; now they are more willing to move forward and leave the struggles behind: I don't hold grudges anymore. When I was young, if you have a very good friend, and she suddenly disappointed you because she did this or that, you really feel like being angry with her... but the more I age, I realize that life is beyond all of these minor issues... You need to be wise, and I feel that I'm wiser, I don't hold grudges anymore, it's a waste of time. I feel like a winner, that I can move on and not get stuck on things that don't really matter... [older adult, female, age 65-69]. I used to fight for justice. Today, much less. It's important for me to be with my family, to celebrate the good things in life, not fight over who's right... I try not to take [things] to heart... I try to change whatever I can, and the things I can't, I choose not to take to heart like I used to... [older adult, female, age 60-64]. Many of the participants have come to accept situations that they cannot change, such as medical conditions, limitations that come with age, and losses they have experienced. They choose to concentrate on what seems to be most important for them: There is an Indian saying I like that says that whatever you can change -change, and what you cannot, live with it. Don't be stubborn and hit your head against the wall. I'm not stubborn. I know my limitations, both physically and financially, and also, of course, age limitations, and today I don't really want to change things as I used to when I was young. I want to be a part of reality and life as much as possible and to flow as much as possible. It is what it is [older adult, male, age 65-69]. Maybe it's universal, that people moderate with age. I feel that I have experienced general moderation in all of my view of things, of life. It's more like wisdom, cautious decision making, less impulsivity. I don't feel an obligation to accomplish things, to 'show off.' It's more about living peacefully [older adult, male, age 60-64]. These also highlight the capability to pause to be grateful for the good things in life, rather than taking them for granted. For example: We live from day to day. We don't know what tomorrow will bring. It helps to be grateful, to see what we have and thank God... What we have is sufficient... There are so many good things in our lives, but we need to stop and recognize them [older adult, male, age 80-84]. Wisdom and moderation were supported by having a way of looking at the world that makes sense, feeling that their life experience has made them wiser. They have accumulated more points of view and are better able to look at the bigger picture. For example: Sometimes, I see from the side people who are dealing with nonsense, arguing and fighting over nothing... "Look around you, see the world. You are fighting over nothing. No one promised us a rose garden." There are things in life which are not so pleasant, but you learn to see it in perspective and not blow up the world over it [older adult, female, age 70-74]. In sum, the findings suggested three overarching themes, which frame the essence of the participants' lived experience in a holistic way. The first theme offers an insider's perspective of the major concerns and challenges that aging raises, according to the interviewees' own experience. The second theme offers practical strategies employed by the participants to cope with such concerns, and the third theme illuminates potential resources which facilitate coping strategies with the above concerns. Discussion The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore older adults' own perspectives of their aging experience, their perceived challenges and resources that enable them to cope with such challenges in their day-to-day living. Interest in aging well has increased in recent years, as conceptualized through various theoretical frameworks, such as healthy aging, positive aging, active aging, and successful aging (e.g., Poon and Cohen-Mansfield, 2011; Foster and Walker, 2014; Martin et al., 2015). However, despite mounting knowledge about the factors contributing to wellness in old adulthood (e.g., Vaillant, 2002; Ryff et al., 2016), evidence for a greater presence of meaning among older adults (Steger et al., 2009), which may serve as a protective factor (e.g., Reker, 1997) in later life, only few studies have focused on these issues from older adults' own perspective. This lacuna was corroborated in a recent review of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in old age through the lens of positive psychology (Araújo et al., 2017), revealing that while 29 quantitative studies have been conducted on this topic in the last decade, only four of them were of a qualitative nature. The authors called for a greater use of qualitative studies with older adult samples, as interviews and open questions regarding well-being may lead to more productive data collection (Araújo et al., 2017). Thus, an open-ended approach to exploring older individuals' experiences may lead to a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the theoretical and practical implications for this age group, as it takes into account the challenges and concerns they are faced with, as well as the resources and coping strategies that they develop. The present study illuminates several integrative contributions, expanding existing knowledge. The findings suggest that the essence of the experience of Israeli older adults reflect an amalgam of both existential concerns and personal resources, particularly character strengths, which facilitate coping with challenges and concerns as well as contribute to living more fully at this life stage. The participants in the present study articulated a major concern of death, both directly and indirectly by the concern of limited time, fear of losing control and the concern of squandering time and missing out. This major concern corresponds to Yalom's (1980) consideration of death as the most prominent of the four existential concerns. Among older adults in particular, the awareness of personal death may trigger psychological pain and distress. According to terror management theory (TMT), developed by Ernest Becker (1973), the motivation to deny death is viewed as a unifying concept for human behavior. Being human involves the unique paradox of the self-preservation instinct concurrent with self-consciousness: humans are aware of their own vulnerability and mortality, and at the same time, are motivated to avoid the terror of death. This can be accomplished through granting the world meaning and value that go beyond death and vulnerability by investing in a cultural worldview and securing self-esteem (see Martens et al., 2004). The concern of death was accompanied by the participants' experience of being left "outside the game" and feeling useless, where previously critical roles in the family and work domains have been considerably modified. This notion is in line with the importance of remaining useful, as described in narratives in other studies (e.g. Lieblich, 2014). This echoes Freud's famous response to the question regarding the core components of psychological health and meaningful life: "Love and work are the cornerstones of our humanness" (see Elms, 2001). These two dimensions are particularly evident in old age, with theories in social gerontology showing the centrality and linkage between these two dimensions (Zaidi and Howse, 2017). Disengagement theory, one of the first theories of aging, postulates a view of old age as a time of life when people step back from various commitments and social roles. In response to disengagement theory and in line with the frameworks developed to incorporate other more positive experiences of life in older age, such as successful aging, positive aging, and productive aging, in line with previous research (Lieblich, 2014), the findings of the present study highlight the desire of older adults to remain active participants in society through creating opportunities for social connectedness, contribution, and belongingness. This is in line with the strength and vulnerability integration theory (e.g., Charles, 2010), suggesting that a limited time horizon alongside accumulated life experience may enable older adults to develop strategies to adjust their emotions and organize their surroundings to avoid or minimize negative experiences. One of the contributions of the present findings is the importance of active lifestyle, as a facilitator of a sense of coherence, order and consistency, in the experience of older adults. The participants' volitional attempts to structure their environment by establishing an active routine, despite of the loss of previous roles, appear to provide them with a sense of control and meaning. In this sense, "bottom-up" real-life findings support previous empirical laboratory studies, suggesting that engaging in routinized behaviors may enable a connection to a larger context and cultivates a sense of meaning (e.g., Heintzelman and King, 2019). Routines allow for structure (Heintzelman et al., 2013) as well as coherence and comprehensibility—the extent to which life makes sense and characterized by consistent connections (e.g., Baumeister, 1991; Baumeister and Vohs, 2002). Routines have also been mentioned as contributors to positive aging (Lieblich, 2014). Another important contribution integrates classic theoretical models of meaning in life with the actual experience of older adults. The strategies and resources voiced by the participants correspond with Frankl's (1959) pathways to discovering meaning in life: the creative, experiential, and attitudinal. The creative pathway emphasizes what one gives to the world, in terms of creation (e.g., volunteering, deeds, dedication to personal goals). This pathway incorporates using individual assets to contribute to the society more broadly. The experiential pathway emphasizes what one takes from the world, in terms of experiences and encounters (e.g., nature, art, humor, roles, love, relationships). The attitudinal pathway emphasizes the stand or attitude one takes regarding situations that cannot be changed or unavoidable suffering. Through the implementation of a positive attitude in the face of aversive or traumatic events, Frankl believed that the individual can find increased meaning (Frankl, 1959; Batthyany and Russo-Netzer, 2014). Closely related is the socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen et al., 1999), which suggests that, as our perspective of time changes with age, our motivations shift accordingly. Indeed, the participants in the present study voiced an acknowledgement of concerns and challenges that characterize this life stage but at the same time to leverage their concerns to take responsibility over their lives and create new structures to contribute to society through volunteering, dedication to a community, and close relationships. These findings are consistent with previous research indicating that successful aging requires a balance between self-acceptance/self-contentment and engagement with life and self-growth, within it representing themes of realistic self-appraisal, a review of one's life, focusing on the present, engaging in novel pursuits, giving to others, engaging in social interactions, maintaining routine, engaging in exercise, and having a positive attitude (Reichstadt et al., 2010; Lieblich, 2014). This essence is also central to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, where the task of the adulthood stage is the resolution of the generativity versus stagnation crisis, reflecting a "need to be needed" (Erikson, 1968, p. 138), contributing to future generations by productive and creative endeavors. Overall, Frankl's (1959) three pathways reflect self-transcendence: toward others, through volunteering or relationships; toward the world, through experience or creation; and beyond given conditions and circumstances. In a similar vein, the participants in the present study articulated their capability to transcend beyond individual self and daily hassles, to the great scheme of things that "truly matter," balancing accepting the past, living more fully in the present, and striving to make a contribution and leave a legacy for the future, through their attitudes and actions. Utilizing a "bottom-up" perspective, we also found that the participants articulated personal strengths as resources and channels to both cope and move toward a more full and meaningful life, in their experience. Interestingly, most (but not all) of the strengths that emerge from the interviews correspond to several character strengths identified by the VIA classification (Peterson and Seligman, 2004). More specifically, the participants' active strategies of building daily routines and contributing to others, demonstrated through experiencing and creating, can be seen as facilitated by character strengths which belong to the humanity cluster (i.e., kindness and love) and to the wisdom and knowledge cluster (i.e., curiosity, love of learning, appreciation of beauty). The attitudinal strategies of positive and moderated attitude can be seen as facilitated mostly by strengths comprising the transcendence cluster of character strengths (i.e., hope, gratitude, spirituality). Positive spirituality in aging was defined by Crowther et al. (2002) as an internalized relationship with the sacred and transcendent that is not bound by race, ethnicity, or class, and as an important contributor to the wellness of the self and others. Indeed, studies have shown that spirituality tends to increase in later adulthood (e.g., Moberg, 2005; Koenig, 2006), and it has been considered recently as an important ingredient of well-being in positive psychological studies of old age (e.g., Sadler and Biggs, 2006; Cowlishaw et al., 2013). The participants also voiced an attitudinal approach to a life of moderation and balance that emerged as standing on its own, rather than as reflective of specific character strengths that appear in the VIA cluster of temperance (prudence, forgiveness, humility, and self-regulation). Such general moderation was voiced as an experience of maturation and life wisdom, which enabled them to look at the bigger picture through a more pragmatic and balanced view of life. Facing concerns and challenges, they learned to accept things, to be satisfied with what they have, and to focus on what matters and is meaningful. The acceptance aspect of wisdom is in line with previous findings (Reichstadt et al., 2010). Lieblich (2014) discusses moderation and wisdom as a balance between silence and preaching, distance and closeness and control and withdrawal. This is also in line with developmental theories, such as those of Jung (1959) and Erikson (1968), which emphasize maturation, increased introspection, and resolution. Future studies may consider moderation as a character strength that may reflect a distinguishing developmental characteristic of old age and stand on its own. Overall, the present study extends previous findings by offering a potential 'bridge' between existential concerns and positive psychological resources and character strengths, through the perspective and voices of elderly individuals. Our findings also suggest practical implications for policymakers and caregivers to consider interventions with the elderly that facilitate the balance between the acknowledgment and acceptance of existential concerns, while creating a safe space for self-transcendence, through creative, experiential, and attitudinal pathways of active and relational engagement by using their personal character strengths. This is also in line with calls to integrate spiritual issues into the psychological care of older adults (e.g., Ortiz and Langer, 2002). The findings and gained insights from the present study reflect the importance of qualitative research methods in capturing the richness and complexity of a phenomena, in-line with previous suggestions regarding this approach's focus on understanding how individuals interpret or ascribe meaning to a given experience (e.g. Hodge, 2001). Listening rather than measuring has the potential of revealing "fresh categories of meaning that quantitative studies may not have discovered" (Blieszner and Ramsey, 2002, p. 36). In the context of older age, quantitative assessments follow stringent inclusion criteria leading to omission of participants and data, and largely risking neglecting the subjective component of successful aging (Von Faber et al., 2001). Research Limitations and Directions for Future Research Given that the present study was conducted within the specific sociocultural context, an exploration of other cultures would constitute an important direction for future research. Such exploration may suggest cross-cultural as well as individual differences in the manner in which people experience, articulate, and discern their existential concerns, coping strategies, and experiences of aging. Furthermore, all participants were from a Western, moderately individualized culture. More specifically, the Israeli context where the study took place may have additional unique characteristics that underscore the potential salience, significance, and importance of searching for meaning in life. An exploration of the issues explored in the present study among different populations may illuminate different concerns that are common to the aging population, such as existential freedom, whereas other concerns may not be as prevalent, such as the concern of death or existential vacuum. Moreover, the recruitment strategies employed in the current study were designed to recruit active older adults, in order to explore their own perspectives regarding the day-to-day living experience and perceived resources at this life stage. Thus, despite their contribution, the current findings should be interpreted with caution and cannot be generalized to other contexts or populations. An important challenge for future research might be to examine how the themes identified in the present study might apply in other older adult subgroups that are less active. Also, this study adopted the WHO (World Health Organization) (2002) and the United Nations standard of age 60 to describe "older" people. However, there may be individual differences within this group (e.g.,60-year-olds and 80-year-olds), as there are many countries where 60-year-old adults are still active and continue to work in the formal labor market and contribute through informal work and voluntary activities. Hence, an important direction to future studies may be exploring individual differences in the experiences between younger older adults and older adults, which may also help to shed further light on this phenomenon. Regarding the VIA model of character strengths, this study raises questions that should be explored in future quantitative and qualitative studies, such as the role of character strengths in coping with existential concerns and enhancing meaning along the lifespan, and the place of moderation as a potential new character strength relevant for meaningful and authentic aging. Qualitative research methods in general and phenomenological research in particular do not strive for representation, generalization, or the extraction of an objective truth from the findings (Patton, 2002). Instead, they strive to gain an understanding of the processes by which human beings construct meaning from their experience (van Manen, 1990; McPhail, 1995) and allow for the prospect of extrapolating the findings to other settings or contexts by providing rich data suggesting ideas that merit further exploration (Elo et al., 2014). Thus, altogether, the qualitative-phenomenological nature of the present study has facilitated an exploration of the participants' experience "bottom-up" in more depth and illuminated phenomena that correspond to previous theory and studies, and also suggest directions for future quantitative studies. Data Availability Statement The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. Ethics Statement The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Author Contributions PR-N and HL-O have made substantial contributions to the conception of the study, the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the research data, and in preparing the manuscript for publication. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer JD declared a shared affiliation, with no collaboration, with one of the authors, PR-N, to the handling editor at time of review. Footnotes Funding. This work was funded by Ariel University Research Authority RA1700000379 Aging Research.

What makes something racist?

Accessibility links Skip to main content Keyboard shortcuts for audio player OPEN PLAY LIVE RADIO Open Navigation Menu NPR logo DONATE Code Switch SUBSCRIBE TO CODE SWITCH FROM OUR LISTENERS We Asked, You Answered: When Should We Call Something 'Racist'? January 26, 20186:00 AM ET Leah LEAH DONNELLA Twitter LISTEN· 24:33 24-Minute Listen Toggle more options People protest against President Trump in San Francisco. Anadolu Agency/Getty Images "Racist." Some people hear that word and picture a hood-wearing, cross-burning bigot. Others think more abstractly — they hear racist and think of policies, institutions, laws and language. As journalists, we're constantly trying to balance the different uses of the term in a way that will make sense to all of our listeners and readers. But in the era of proposed border walls and Muslim bans and "shithole countries" and "hell in the inner cities," it's getting harder and harder, as one of our listeners put it, not to "call a racist spade a racist spade." On this week's Code Switch podcast episode, we spoke with NPR's standards and practices editor Mark Memmott about when it's appropriate to call something racist. We also interviewed Phillip Atiba Goff, who helps police departments across the country confront racism. You can listen to their takes here. And then we started to get your takes. In less than 24 hours, we got dozens of emails. Here are excerpts from some of the ones that got us thinking: Kelli Stowe, in Winston-Salem, N.C., says she was "dumbfounded" by the idea that many journalists are hesitant to use the word racist: "In today's society, we always hear about how people (liberals, to be more specific) are too sensitive. We hear about how people can't say anything without someone taking offense to it, and how this world is now too 'PC'. ... I say all of that to say how ironic it is that calling someone (or their words/actions) racist is somehow unacceptable. As a black woman, I am often faced with words and coded language that is stereotypical, racist and just plain insensitive." Isaiah Johnson in Cambridge, Mass., says he uses the word racism to refer to the "history and social structures surrounding race," not to defame someone's character. But many of his peers don't agree: "Even with an explanatory comma, I almost always get responses like, 'Well I just don't define racism that way.' Even when I push for why that's a more useful definition, I'm still met with, 'But I don't feel that that's how it's generally defined.' How do I get around that?" Sandy Nichols Thiam, who lives in Barcelona, Spain, said that, instead of scrambling to call individuals racist, journalists need to go further to put news and information into context: "A huge part of [President Trump's] power is his ability to make us all jump. He uses outrageous inflammatory words and we all spend two weeks repeating them, only slightly secretly delighted to be swearing in public. What else is going on? Why does Haiti face the challenges that it does? Gosh ... does U.S. policy have anything to do with that?" Some listeners were worried about overusing the word. Pete Connolly of Washington, D.C., says he supports calling things racist, but wonders where to draw the line: "It strikes me that most of our world, and certainly the United States, is racist in one way or another. Should we go through the days just proclaiming 'that's racist' to everything? I'd probably be okay with that, but I think there is a lot of power in that word, and that power has value. Using it too much may make some people feel too comfortable in their racism." Others leaned more toward the importance of normalizing the term. Amy Wagoner, in Philadelphia, shared her strategy: "We know that racism is all around us and we are all swimming in it. I am a teacher and in my school when we are trying to approach these tough conversations, we sometimes say things like 'your racism is showing' which is just a friendlier way of acknowledging that we all have it, because our culture has it so deeply embedded. None of us is free of the task of examining our assumptions, many of which turn out to have racist roots." Dan Miller in Catonsville, Md., says we need to be clear about saying what we mean: "I am annoyed when I hear the term 'racially charged.' It's putting an unnecessary burden on listeners to make us substitute the word 'racist' into the place of 'racially charged,' because what else could that phrase mean? Obviously it just means racist. So just say that." Nehemiah Legiste in Brooklyn says we also need to be clear about who journalists are serving when they avoid the word: "We are terrified to use the word racist because we think we'll lose white people in that conversation. That in and of itself should let us know how we cower to white supremacy. I am a 28 year old black man, and the only people I know who shudder at the word racist are white folks. It's important to say that as we move forward because if we don't, we play this 'both sideism' in that it portrays reluctance to use the word 'racist' as something across all spectrums when, it's really to genuflect to white people." Got more thoughts about when to call something racist? We want to hear your thoughts. Email [email protected] with the subject line "The R-Word." General questions about race, identity and culture? Fill out this form. racist u.s. 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By Michelle I. Gao, Crimson Opinion Writer Michelle I. Gao '21, a Crimson Editorial editor, lives in Adams House. Her column appears on alternate Thursdays. August 10, 2018 991 It bemuses me that some absolve non-white people of racism. They declare point-blank, "It's literally impossible to be racist to a white person." "Racism against white people doesn't exist." I suppose that as an Asian American, I would qualify as a recipient of this exemption. While that could be convenient, I don't think I — or any other person of color — should deserve such an exemption. I'm sure, for example, that I can be racist (I imagine some might call me that from reading this column), and I'd like to be engaged in conversation if I mess up, perhaps by making a distasteful remark. The debate about whether all people can be racist stems from different definitions of "racism." One camp subscribes to the standard dictionary definition: racism is "prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior." There are no restrictions on which races can be the instigators and what magnitude of disdain counts as "superiority." Another camp thinks primarily of institutional racism and factors in a person's power to use their racist beliefs against others. As one African-American lead character from the 2014 movie "Dear White People" argues, "Black people can't be racist. Prejudiced, yes, but not racist. Racism describes a system of disadvantage based on race. Black people can't be racists since we don't stand to benefit from such a system." What a convoluted way to absolve oneself of possible racist fault. Under this definition, yes, black individuals can't be racist. The system is rigged in favor of white people, who have traditionally been in power. But the strange implication of this statement is that being called "prejudiced" isn't as bad as being called a "racist" — although racism can manifest itself as prejudice, and though prejudice surely is not desired either. So Sam's argument achieves the linguistic triumph of avoiding the label "racist," but that's about it. This argument's main point — that minorities can't be racist because they have no power to act on such antagonism — is also reductive. We shouldn't have to take stock of each other's race and relative power in society before making a judgment on an act itself. We shouldn't have to condone prejudice or discrimination against anyone, for any reason. Racism is individual, not just institutional. As individuals, we all have the power to hurt one another. However, though power dynamics of race in our society shouldn't absolve some races from the ability to be racist, they should affect how we determine degrees of racism. I'd argue that, on average, a racist comment would cause a white person less harm or fear than it would cause a black person. I'm not sure how exactly one could measure that, but white people have it easier in America, and that shouldn't be a controversial statement. Consider the recent controversy involving Sarah Jeong, a writer of Asian descent, whose colorful tweets against white people were dug up after the New York Times' editorial board hired her. Such tweets included: "oh man it's kind of sick how much joy I get out of being cruel to old white men"; "**** white women lol"; "******* ****ing white people marking up the internet with their opinions like dogs pissing on fire hydrants." While not condoning her tweets, The Times stood by Jeong, who also issued her own statement. This seemed like the best resolution. I thought it was important, as the Times did, to deny the right-wing trolls who are orchestrating smear campaigns to get journalists fired and to reserve judgment of their employees for what they actually do at their jobs. But the tweets were pretty racist. I didn't see the point of those insisting that Jeong's tweets weren't racist at all and that she had nothing to apologize for, because "there was no sense of threat associated" with her jokes. After winning this round, since Jeong wasn't fired, refusing to budge an inch and admit some wrongdoing is not a good look for the left. Because there's no scenario in which racism is not a bad thing. If some extremists won't engage in good faith, we can't force them. But at least among the rest of us, we can do better. We shouldn't need to compare how a possible act of racism would differ if perpetrated against blacks, whites, or Asians just to understand if it's wrong. We shouldn't allow some people to indulge in their racism just because they may not have any power to systematically discriminate against other groups. Let's acknowledge the existence of so-called "reverse racism" and the existence of degrees of racism. Otherwise, discourse around race will become a race to the bottom. Michelle I. Gao '21, a Crimson Editorial editor, lives in Adams House. Her column appears on alternate Thursdays. (Harvard Crimson

What should I know about Apollo 11?

Apollo 11 United States spaceflight Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Top Questions When was Apollo 11 launched? What was the Apollo 11 rocket called? Who were the crew members of Apollo 11? When did Apollo 11 land on the Moon? How long was Apollo 11 on the Moon? Witness the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing with U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins Witness the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing with U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, Jr., and Michael CollinsSee all videos for this article Apollo 11 crew Apollo 11 crew Apollo 11, U.S. spaceflight during which commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Edwin ("Buzz") Aldrin, Jr., on July 20, 1969, became the first people to land on the Moon and walk the lunar surface. Apollo 11 was the culmination of the Apollo program and a massive national commitment by the United States to beat the Soviet Union in putting people on the Moon. Buzz Aldrin on the Moon Buzz Aldrin on the Moon See all media Date: July 16, 1969 - July 24, 1969 Context: Apollo space exploration Key People: Buzz Aldrin Neil Armstrong Michael Collins Katherine Johnson See all related content → Apollo 11 Apollo 11 From the time of its launch on July 16, 1969, until the return splashdown on July 24, almost every major aspect of the flight of Apollo 11 was witnessed via television by hundreds of millions of people in nearly every part of the globe. The pulse of humanity rose with the giant, 111-metre- (363-foot-) high, 3,038,500-kg (6,698,700-pound) Saturn V launch vehicle as it made its flawless flight from Pad 39A at Cape Kennedy (now Cape Canaveral), Florida, before hundreds of thousands of spectators. So accurate was the translunar insertion that three of the en route trajectory corrections planned were not necessary. Aboard Apollo 11 were Armstrong, Aldrin, and command module pilot Michael Collins. Their enthusiasm was evident from the beginning, as Armstrong exclaimed, "This Saturn gave us a magnificent ride....It was beautiful!" Britannica Quiz Space: Fact or Fiction? The third stage of the Saturn then fired to start the crew on their 376,400-km (234,000-mile) journey to the Moon. The three astronauts conducted their transposition and docking maneuvers, first turning the command module, Columbia, and its attached service module around and then extracting the lunar module from its resting place above the Saturn's third stage. On their arrival the astronauts slowed the spacecraft so that it would go into lunar orbit. Apollo 11 entered first an elliptical orbit 114 by 313 km (71 by 194 miles) and then a nearly circular orbit between 100 and 122 km (62 and 76 miles) above the surface of the Moon. Apollo 11 lunar module, Eagle Apollo 11 lunar module, Eagle On the morning of July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin crawled from the command module through an interconnecting tunnel into the lunar module, Eagle. Toward the end of the 12th lunar orbit, the Apollo 11 spacecraft became two separate spacecraft: Columbia, piloted by Collins, and Eagle, occupied by Armstrong and Aldrin. By firing Eagle's propulsion system, the two astronauts changed from their nearly circular orbit to an elliptical course whose closest approach to the Moon was only 15,000 metres (50,000 feet). At this low point they again fired their engine, this time to undergo the powered descent initiation maneuver. Five times during the descent, the guidance computer triggered an alarm (called "1202" or "1201") that its memory was full, but NASA simulations before the mission showed that a landing could still happen despite the alarm, and thus Mission Control told the astronauts to continue the descent. At about 150 metres (500 feet) above the surface, Armstrong began maneuvering the craft manually (although the main engine continued under automatic control) to avoid landing in a rock-strewn crater. For about a minute and a half, Armstrong hovered Eagle, moving it laterally with the reaction control system until he found a clear area on which to descend. Then the contact light went on inside the cockpit, as the 172-cm (68-inch) probes dangling below Eagle's footpads signaled contact with the ground. One second later the descent rocket engine was cut off, as the astronauts gazed down onto a sheet of lunar soil blown radially in all directions. Armstrong then radioed at 4:17 PM U.S. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." Eagle had touched down in the Sea of Tranquility, an area selected for its level and smooth terrain. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Witness Neil Armstrong take humankind's first steps on the lunar surface during NASA's Apollo 11 mission Witness Neil Armstrong take humankind's first steps on the lunar surface during NASA's Apollo 11 missionSee all videos for this article footprint on the Moon footprint on the Moon At 10:56 PM EDT on July 20, Armstrong stepped out onto the lunar soil with the words, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." (In the excitement of the moment, Armstrong skipped the "a" in the statement that he had prepared.) He immediately described the surface as "fine and powdery" and said that there was no difficulty moving about. Aldrin joined his companion about 20 minutes later. Buzz Aldrin on the Moon Buzz Aldrin on the Moon During their moon walk of more than two hours, Armstrong and Aldrin set up a device to measure the composition of the solar wind reaching the Moon, a device to receive laser beams from astronomical observatories on Earth to determine the exact distance of the two bodies from one another, and a passive seismometer to measure moonquakes and meteor impacts long after the astronauts had returned home. They also took about 23 kg (50 pounds) of rock and soil samples, took many photographs, and maintained constant communication with mission control in Houston, Texas. After 21 hours 38 minutes on the Moon's surface, the astronauts used Eagle's ascent stage to launch it back into lunar orbit. After various maneuvers, Eagle once again docked with Collins in Columbia, and the trip back to Earth began soon afterward. Moon: seen from Apollo 11 Moon: seen from Apollo 11 Splashdown of Apollo 11 occurred in the Pacific Ocean about 1,400 km (900 miles) west of Hawaii on July 24. The astronauts were immediately placed in quarantine in a van on the recovery ship. From there they were flown to the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, where they were transferred into the large, 58-room Lunar Receiving Laboratory. The quarantine lasted 21 days from the time Eagle took off from the Moon; during that period the astronauts were checked for any diseases they might have picked up on the Moon, and the lunar samples were subjected to preliminary analysis. Columbia is part of the collections of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. spacecraft Table of Contents Home Science Astronomy spacecraft Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Dec 14, 2022 Article History Table of Contents spacecraft, vehicle designed to operate, with or without a crew, in a controlled flight pattern above Earth's lower atmosphere. Pottery Barn Teen Curtain Call Give your windows the wow factor with the right treatment. SPONSORED BY POTTERY BARN TEEN LEARN MORE Sputnik 3 Sputnik 3 See all media Key People: Theodore von Kármán Sergei Korolev Konstantin Feoktistov Related Topics: rocket unidentified flying object Earth satellite crewed spacecraft space probe See all related content → Telstar 1 Telstar 1 Although early conceptions of spaceflight usually depicted streamlined spacecraft, streamlining has no particular advantage in the vacuum of space. Actual vehicles are designed with a variety of shapes depending on the mission. The first spacecraft, the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, was launched on October 4, 1957; it weighed 83.6 kg (184 pounds). It was soon followed by other unmanned Soviet and U.S. spacecraft and, within four years (April 12, 1961), by the first manned spacecraft, Vostok 1, which carried the Soviet cosmonaut Yury Gagarin. Since then, numerous other manned and unmanned craft have been launched to increase scientific knowledge, augment national security, or provide important services in areas such as telecommunications and weather forecasting. Britannica Quiz Science: Fact or Fiction? Apollo 11 lunar module Eagle, 1969 Apollo 11 lunar module Eagle, 1969 Apollo 15 Command and Service modules, 1971 Apollo 15 Command and Service modules, 1971 Discovery liftoff, 1985 Discovery liftoff, 1985 Most spacecraft are not self-propelled; they depend on the initial velocity provided by a launch vehicle, which separates from the spacecraft when its task is done. The spacecraft typically either is placed into an orbit around Earth or, if given sufficient velocity to escape Earth's gravity, continues toward another destination in space. The spacecraft itself often carries small rocket engines for maneuvering and orienting in space. The Lunar Module, the manned Moon-landing vehicle used in the Apollo program, had rocket engines that allowed it to soft-land on the Moon and then return its crew to the lunar-orbiting Command Module. The latter craft, in turn, carried sufficient rocket power in its attached Service Module to leave lunar orbit for the return journey to Earth. The U.S. space shuttle orbiter uses three onboard liquid-fuel engines supplied by a disposable external tank and a pair of solid-fuel boosters to reach space. NASA's Parker Solar Probe spacecraft NASA's Parker Solar Probe spacecraftSee all videos for this article Galileo spacecraft Galileo spacecraft Spacecraft require an onboard source of electrical power to operate the equipment that they carry. Those designed to remain in Earth orbit for extended periods generally use panels of solar cells, often in conjunction with storage batteries. The shuttle orbiter, designed for stays in space of one to two weeks, uses hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. Deep-space probes, such as the Galileo spacecraft that went into orbit around Jupiter in 1995 and the Cassini spacecraft launched to Saturn in 1997, are usually powered by small, long-lived radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which convert heat emitted by a radioactive element such as plutonium directly into electricity. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Barbara A. Schreiber. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Eiffel Tower

Eiffel Tower tower, Paris, France Actions Alternate titles: Tour Eiffel By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What was the Eiffel Tower built for? What does the Eiffel Tower represent? What is the Eiffel Tower made of? Where is the Eiffel Tower located in Paris? When does the Eiffel Tower sparkle? Take in a top to bottom look at Paris's Eiffel Tower commissioned for International Exposition of 1889 Take in a top to bottom look at Paris's Eiffel Tower commissioned for International Exposition of 1889See all videos for this article Eiffel Tower Eiffel Tower Eiffel Tower, French Tour Eiffel, Parisian landmark that is also a technological masterpiece in building-construction history. When the French government was organizing the International Exposition of 1889 to celebrate the centenary of the French Revolution, a competition was held for designs for a suitable monument. More than 100 plans were submitted, and the Centennial Committee accepted that of the noted bridge engineer Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel's concept of a 300-metre (984-foot) tower built almost entirely of open-lattice wrought iron aroused amazement, skepticism, and no little opposition on aesthetic grounds. When completed, the tower served as the entrance gateway to the exposition. Nothing remotely like the Eiffel Tower had ever been built; it was twice as high as the dome of St. Peter's in Rome or the Great Pyramid of Giza. In contrast to such older monuments, the tower was erected in only about two years (1887-89), with a small labour force, at slight cost. Making use of his advanced knowledge of the behaviour of metal arch and metal truss forms under loading, Eiffel designed a light, airy, but strong structure that presaged a revolution in civil engineering and architectural design. And, after it opened to the public on May 15, 1889, it ultimately vindicated itself aesthetically. More From Britannica Paris: Around the Eiffel Tower Eiffel Tower, Paris. The Eiffel Tower stands on four lattice-girder piers that taper inward and join to form a single large vertical tower. As they curve inward, the piers are connected to each other by networks of girders at two levels that afford viewing platforms for tourists. By contrast, the four semicircular arches at the tower's base are purely aesthetic elements that serve no structural function. Because of their unique shape, which was dictated partly by engineering considerations but also partly by Eiffel's artistic sense, the piers required elevators to ascend on a curve; the glass-cage machines designed by the Otis Elevator Company of the United States became one of the principal features of the building, helping establish it as one of the world's premier tourist attractions. The tower itself is 300 metres (984 feet) high. It rests on a base that is 5 metres (17 feet) high, and a television antenna atop the tower gives it a total elevation of 324 metres (1,063 feet). The Eiffel Tower was the tallest structure in the world until the topping off of the Chrysler Building in New York City in 1929. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. Gustave Eiffel Table of Contents Home Technology Engineering Civil Engineering Gustave Eiffel French engineer Actions Alternate titles: Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Dec 24, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Eiffel Tower, Paris Eiffel Tower, Paris Gustave Eiffel, in full Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, (born Dec. 15, 1832, Dijon, France—died Dec. 28, 1923, Paris), French civil engineer renowned for the tower in Paris that bears his name. Gustave Eiffel Gustave Eiffel See all media Born: December 15, 1832 Dijon France Died: December 28, 1923 (aged 91) Paris France See all related content → Eiffel, Gustave Eiffel, Gustave After graduation from the College of Art and Manufacturing in 1855, Eiffel began to specialize in metal construction, especially bridges. He directed the erection of an iron bridge at Bordeaux in 1858, followed by several others, and designed the lofty, arched Gallery of Machines for the Paris Exhibition of 1867. In 1877 he bridged the Douro River at Oporto, Port., with a 525-foot (160-metre) steel arch, which he followed with an even greater arch of the same type, the 540-foot (162-metre) span Garabit viaduct over the Truyère River in southern France, for many years the highest bridge in the world, 400 feet (120 m) over the stream. He was one of the first engineers to employ compressed-air caissons in bridge building. He designed the movable dome of the observatory at Nice and the framework of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. Eiffel startled the world with the construction of the Eiffel Tower (1887-89), which brought him the nickname "magician of iron." It also directed his interest to problems of aerodynamics, and he used the tower for a number of experiments. At Auteuil, outside Paris, he built the first aerodynamic laboratory, where he continued to work throughout World War I; in 1921 he gave the laboratory to the state. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Hillsborough Disaster

Incident that occurred on 15 April 1989 at the Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, England, during the FA Cup semi-final match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest football clubs. The crush resulted in the deaths of 96 people and injuries to 766 others. The incident has since been blamed primarily on the police, and remains the worst stadium-related disaster in British history, and one of the world's worst football disasters.[1] (Quizlet) Hillsborough disaster human crush, Sheffield, England, United Kingdom [1989] Actions By Amy Tikkanen Article History Table of Contents Hillsborough disaster, incident in which a crush of football (soccer) fans ultimately resulted in 97 deaths and hundreds of injuries. The crushing occurred during a match at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, England, on April 15, 1989. The tragedy was largely attributed to mistakes made by the police. Hillsborough disaster Hillsborough disaster See all media Date: April 15, 1989 Location: Sheffield United Kingdom England See all related content → An FA Cup semifinal match was scheduled between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest on April 15, 1989, at Hillsborough, a neutral venue. The sold-out game was expected to draw more than 53,000 fans. To prevent hooliganism, fans for the two teams were directed to enter from different sides of the stadium. Liverpool supporters with tickets for the standing terraces were to enter along Leppings Lane. There they were to pass though one of seven turnstiles, after which there were two tunnels that opened into "pens," areas enclosed by high fences with a narrow gate. Central pens 3 and 4 were accessed from the main tunnel, while the side pens were entered through the less prominent corridor. Due to the limited number of turnstiles, a bottleneck formed as approximately 10,100 fans attempted to enter the stadium on the Leppings Lane side. By about 2:30 PM, some 30 minutes before kickoff, more than half of those fans were still outside. Hoping to ease congestion, Yorkshire Police Chief Superintendent David Duckenfield, who had little experience policing soccer matches at Hillsborough, approved the opening of exit gate C at approximately 2:52 PM. Some 2,000 fans entered through that gate, and, although the side pens were relatively empty, the majority headed to the main tunnel and the already crowded pens 3 and 4. As fans rushed into those pens, a deadly crush resulted, with people frantically trying to escape. A number of law officials initially believed the problem to be unruly fans, and it was not until five minutes after kickoff that the match was halted. However, police never "fully activated the major incident procedure." Poor communications and coordination further complicated rescue efforts, and in numerous cases fans provided assistance and medical attention. In total 97 people were killed; one of the victims died in 1993 when he was taken off life support, and another with brain damage passed away in 2021. In addition, more than 760 were injured. Immediately after the disaster, police blamed the incident on Liverpool fans, whom they alleged were drunk and disorderly. In addition, Duckenfield claimed that fans had forced open gate C. A 1989 interim report, however, faulted law officials, notably citing their failure to close the main tunnel after pens 3 and 4 reached capacity. The following year an inquest held that there was insufficient evidence to bring criminal charges. The coroner's report was released in 1991, and it stated that all those who died were beyond saving by 3:15 PM—when the first ambulance arrived—thus blocking an investigation into the rescue efforts. In addition, the deaths were ruled accidental. Calls continued for further investigations, and in 2009 an independent panel was formed to review the tragedy. Three years later it announced that the police had engaged in a far-reaching cover-up, faulting fans and falsifying reports in an effort to hide their own mistakes. The panel found no evidence that alcohol—or unruly behaviour—had played a role in the disaster, and it believed that as many as 41 deaths could have been averted by better rescue efforts. In December 2012 the coroner's finding that the deaths were accidental was overturned. Another inquest began in 2014, and the following year Duckenfield testified that he had lied about fans opening gate C, an allegation that been discredited years earlier but continued to be advanced. In addition, he admitted that his failure to close the main tunnel leading to the central pens directly caused the deaths. In 2016 the jury found that the 96 victims had been "unlawfully killed." The following year criminal charges were filed against six individuals connected to the disaster. Notably, Duckenfield faced 95 charges of manslaughter; because of legal issues, he could not be prosecuted for the victim who died in 1993. Duckenfield went on trial in 2019, but the jury was unable to reach a verdict. A second trial was held later that year, and this time he was found not guilty. During this time other individuals were acquitted or had their charges dropped. The only person convicted was Graham Mackrell, the stadium safety officer. In 2019 he was found guilty and fined for failing to provide an adequate number of turnstiles. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Amy Tikkanen Sheffield 1980s overview Table of Contents Home Geography & Travel Cities & Towns Cities & Towns P-S Sheffield 1980s overview Actions By Peter Silverton Article History Table of Contents Home to the National Centre for Popular Music, Sheffield, England, is the heartland of Britain's rust belt. Built on coal and steel industries, it was devastated by the tsunami of world economic change in the 1980s. The contemporaneous wave of innovative music produced in the city owed far less to local traditional music—e.g., brass bands—than it did to the musical possibilities offered by the very electronic technology that contributed to the closing of the city's factories, mills, and mines. Because of its size (Sheffield is Britain's fifth largest city) and regional significance, this hilly Yorkshire city has long had a substantial local music scene—including the rock blues of Joe Cocker and the archetypal steel-city heavy metal of Def Leppard. But what united the Sheffield music of the early 1980s was that it was all, in various ways, a response to the anarchic call of punk. Although they never sold many records, Cabaret Voltaire welded punk's fury to electronic rhythms, creating experimental dance music whose influence was still being felt at the end of the century. ABC, led by Martin Fry, united punk sloganeering with lushly romantic lyrics and strings. The most successful locals, however, were the Human League, who started as an avant-garde electronic group in 1977 before splitting in two in 1980. Martyn Ware and Ian Craig Marsh (who achieved their greatest success as producers, notably by resuscitating the career of Tina Turner in 1983) went on to jointly form the British Electric Foundation and Heaven 17. Meanwhile, the rump of the Human League defined technopop (electronic pop) through the early 1980s; both "Don't You Want Me" (1982) and "Human" (1986) were major hits in the United States. Formed in 1978, Pulp, with its eccentric front man, Jarvis Cocker, waited 15 years to achieve national recognition in Britain with "Common People" (1995), though its success was not mirrored in the United States. Peter Silverton Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Johnny Appleseed

John Chapman, a folk hero who established apple tree orchards in several states during the early 19th century United States pioneer who planted apple trees as he traveled (1774-1845) An American folk hero who traveled throughout the mid-west encouraging people to plant orchards. (Quizlet) Johnny Appleseed American nurseryman Actions Alternate titles: Johnny Appleseed By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Johnny Appleseed, byname of John Chapman, (born September 26, 1774, Leominster, Massachusetts—died March 18?, 1845, near Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S.), American missionary nurseryman of the North American frontier who helped prepare the way for 19th-century pioneers by supplying apple-tree nursery stock throughout the Midwest. Johnny Appleseed Johnny Appleseed See all media Born: September 26, 1774 Leominster Massachusetts Died: March 18, 1845? near Fort Wayne Indiana See all related content → Although the legendary character of "Johnny Appleseed" is known chiefly through fiction, John Chapman was a genuine and dedicated professional nurseryman who expected to make a profit from the sale of his seedlings. Around 1800 he started collecting apple seeds from cider presses in western Pennsylvania and soon began his long trek westward, planting a series of apple nurseries from the Alleghenies to central Ohio and beyond. He sold or gave away thousands of seedlings to pioneers, whose acres of productive apple orchards became a living memorial to Chapman's missionary zeal. Britannica Quiz Famous American Faces: Fact or Fiction? A variety of distinctive characteristics combined to create the "Johnny Appleseed" myth of the primitive natural man: his cheerful generous nature, his affinity for the wilderness, his gentleness with animals, his devotion to the Bible, his knowledge of medicinal herbs, his harmony with the Native Americans, and above all his eccentric appearance—flowing hair under an inverted mush pan, bare feet, ragged trousers, and an old coffee sack over his shoulders with holes cut out for arms. John Chapman, owner of 1,200 acres of planted land, died from exposure in 1845, but the legend of "Johnny Appleseed" lives on in numerous literary works. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Fort Wayne Table of Contents Home Geography & Travel Cities & Towns Cities & Towns C-G Fort Wayne Indiana, United States Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Fort Wayne, Indiana: Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory Fort Wayne, Indiana: Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory Fort Wayne, city, seat (1824) of Allen county, northeastern Indiana, U.S., at the confluence of the St. Marys and St. Joseph rivers where they form the Maumee River, 121 miles (195 km) northeast of Indianapolis. The waters, spanned by 21 bridges, divide the city into three parts. The place was prominent in frontier history. In the late 17th century the French built a trading post (later fort) at this natural stronghold on the site of Kekionga (or Kiskakon), once the chief town of the Miami Indians. It was attacked and taken by the English (1760) and then by Miami and Ottawas under Pontiac (1763). A log stockade constructed in 1794 by General Anthony Wayne after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, near what is now Toledo, Ohio (reconstructed 1975), gave the town its name. Fort Wayne's industrial growth began with the building of the Wabash and Erie Canal in the 1830s and was stimulated in the 1850s when the railway came. The city's easy access to raw materials and markets has encouraged the manufacture of a wide range of vehicles; metal, plastic, and rubber products; machinery, including automotive and electrical equipment and parts; and tools and dies. Fort Wayne is noted as a centre of higher learning; its institutions include Concordia Theological Seminary (1846), Indiana Institute of Technology (1930), Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (1917), and the University of St. Francis (1890). The Lincoln Library and Museum houses a large collection of Abraham Lincoln memorabilia. The Embassy Theatre (1928), a vaudeville and movie palace of mixed Spanish and Italianate design, hosts the city's philharmonic orchestra, touring acts, and a film revival series; the theatre (including a rare Page theatre organ) and part of the adjacent Indiana Hotel (1928) were restored during the 1980s and '90s. The Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory (1983) houses seasonal displays as well as desert and tropical plant collections in a passive-solar greenhouse. Britannica Quiz Where on Earth is That? John Chapman (Johnny Appleseed), the pioneer orchard planter, is buried near the War Memorial Coliseum. Notable Fort Wayne natives include newspaper publisher William Rockhill Nelson, pathologist George Frederick Dick, editor and drama critic George Jean Nathan, actress Carole Lombard, and clothing designer Bill Blass. Inc. town, 1829; city, 1840. Pop. (2010) 253,691; Fort Wayne Metro Area, 416,257; (2020) 263,886; Fort Wayne Metro Area, 419,601. This article was most recently revised and updated by World Data Editors. Load Next Page

What should I know about sodium fluoride mouthwash?

Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects Tabriz University of Medical Sciences The Effect of 0.2% Sodium Fluoride Mouthwash in Prevention of Dental Caries According to the DMFT Index Nasser Asl Aminabadi, Esrafil Balaei, and Firoz Pouralibaba Additional article information Abstract Background and aims Dental caries still remains a major problem in the field of oral and dental health and its prevention is more important than its treatment. Fluoride plays a significant role in prevention of caries, and improving oral and dental health. One of the common ways of fluoride use is the use of a fluoride-containing mouthwash, the most important of which in use is 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash. School-based fluoride mouthwash programs have been used for delivering oral and dental health to children in recent years. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficiency of 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash in prevention of dental caries according to DMFT index. Materials and methods The study included a case and a control group. For each group, 100 students were selected randomly from elementary schools of Tabriz, Iran. Case group had been participating in school-based fluoride mouthwash program for three years, while control group did not benefit from the program. The two groups were assessed by means of intra-oral examination. Data was recorded using DMFT index. Results Following the use of 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash, mean DMFT index in case group decreased as much as 51.5% compared to that of control group. The mean values of decrease for the decayed, missing and filled indices were 45%, 44% and 59%, respectively. The decrease in DMFT value of the case group compared to that of control group was statistically significant (p<0.001). A statistically significant decrease was seen in the decayed and filled indices of case group (p=0.042 and p=0.016, respectively), however the missing index did not show any statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.361). Conclusion According to this study results, the weekly use of 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash program has been successful in elementary schools of Tabriz. Such program can play an important role in the improvement of oral and dental health among children of school age. Keywords: Dental caries, DMFT index, fluoride mouthwash Introduction Fluoride has played a significant role in improvement of oral and dental health during the past 50 years. Our knowledge of dental caries and its mechanism, and the role of fluoride in this process have evolved during recent years. Early studies revealed that fluoridation of drinking water to a level of 1 ppm results in maximum decrease in the incidence of dental caries. Since then, adding fluoride to drinking water was brought in for discussion in scientific assemblies of dentists and a number of measures were taken in this field. Currently, it is recommended that each individual should receive 0.05 mg/kg/day fluoride (0.03 to 0.07 mentioned in different studies) to obtain the maximum reduction in dental caries while minimizing the risk of severe fluorosis, which can cause changes in the color of enamel and/or enamel pitting. Fluoride intake occurs through consumption of drinking water, fluoridated salt, fluoridated products including various drinks, foods, supplements, and powdered milk and the use of fluoridated toothpastes, mouthwashes, and topical fluoride. Foods or drinks prepared using fluoridated drinking water will also contain some fluoride. Since fluorosis can only occur in children under 6 years of age, the use of fluoride should be limited in this group of children. In fact, the use of fluoride mouthwash is not recommended in children younger than 6 years old with the exception of cases where child is at a high risk for caries.,2 According to previous reports, the use of fluoride mouthwash seems to be effective in both large group and individual studies. 0.05% and 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwashes are currently available. 0.05% sodium fluoride mouthwash is a weak solution which should be used daily, whereas 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash is stronger and should be used once a week. Twenty to forty percent reduction in caries is expected with this therapeutic method. In a study in Sweden, researchers observed that fluoridated brush is more effective on maxillary teeth. In addition, other studies have reported that the effect of fluoride mouthwash is more pronounced on proximal surfaces. The use of fluoride mouthwash is recommended for children receiving orthodontics or radiotherapy.1 - 4 Another study in Sweden reported that the use of fluoride mouthwash as well as regular use of fluoridated toothpaste and brush has a significant effect in decreasing dental caries.5 In one study in South Africa, the use of 0.2% sodium fluoride for a period of 6 years resulted in reduction of dental caries incidence according to DMFT index.1 In a study involving 750 children in the USA, the weekly use of 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash resulted in 52.2% decrease of in the mean DMFT score.6 Previous studies have demonstrated that socio-economic status of families influence the amount of caries reduction following the use of fluoride: The amount of reduction in DMFT scores is generally higher in groups with low socio-economic status.7 - 9 Although the usefulness of sodium fluoride mouthwash seems to be established, we decided to evaluate the success rate of Iranian Health Ministry's policy concerning free distribution of 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash among public schools considering the sociocultural aspects of the selected population in northwestern Iran. Materials and Methods In this case-control study, forth grade students of elementary schools in North-Western city of Tabriz, Iran, were taken into consideration. Four schools were selected randomly. Sodium fluoride mouthwash program had been in progress for at least three years in two of the four schools (case group). The other two schools had not participated in the program (control group). Both groups consisted of a girls' and a boys' school. Fifty students were selected randomly from each school. The total number of samples was 200 which included 100 students in the case group and 100 students in the control group. Data Collecting Methods A questionnaire was given to the students. The students' age, gender and frequency of fluoride mouthwash use were recorded. The status of students' oral health was evaluated by means of recording the frequency of brushing and using dental floss. The answers were recorded as follows: No teeth brushing or flossing, occasionally (once in a while), once daily, and more than once daily. Determining the economic status of a family is a controversial subject, as its assessment requires evaluating various data. Since all possible data cannot usually be evaluated appropriately, the economic status of family was assessed by recording the monthly income, frequency of trips in a year, and frequency of occasions on which family members eat out in a month. Monthly income was recorded based on these six groups: lower than 1 million Rials, 1-1.99 million Rials, 20-2.99 million Rials, 3-3.99 million Rials, 4-4.99 million Rials and 5 million Rials or more. Frequency of trips in a year and frequency of occasions on which family members eat out in a month were recorded as follows: never, rarely, occasionally, and often. Questionnaire was completed by the student and his/her parents' assistance. Upon the completion of the questionnaire, oral and dental examination was carried out by a dentist using a dental mirror, an explorer, and a tongue depressor. The examinations were performed on a chair in natural daylight setting. DMFT Data was recorded separately for decayed, missing and filled indices. To eliminate the confounding effect of some variables on proper assessment of data, the effect of these variables were evaluated and the samples were normalized before performing the main analysis of data, if necessary. These variables included age, gender, economic status of the family, and oral and dental health status (the use of brush and dental floss). Statistical Methods Data was analyzed using SPSS 14.0 computer software. With regard to the variable under assessment, chi-square, independent samples t-test and ANOVA tests were used. Ethical Regards Subjects and their parents had the authority to complete the questionnaire. There was no information on the questionnaire that would lead to the identification of individuals. The completed questionnaires were not given to school personnel and in case of their request, only the results of the study were submitted to them. There was no interference in the study and no charge was imposed to the student or his/her family. Results Oral and dental health condition was defined as the frequency of brushing and using dental floss. The mean frequency of brushing in the case group was once daily (0.5% never, 16.5% once in a while, 59% once daily and 24% more than once daily); the condition of using dental floss in case group was as follows: 41% never, 35.5% once in a while, 14% once daily and 9.5% more than once daily. Most of the students did not use dental floss. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to brushing and using dental floss (p=0.319 and p=0.143, respectively). None of three variables related to the socio-economic status showed a significant difference between case and control groups (for monthly income, frequency of trips in a year, and frequency of occasions on which family members eat out in a month, p=0.101, p=0.153, p=0.271, respectively). Therefore, these confounding variables could not have a pronounced effect on the results. The mean DMFT value for the control group was 1.32±0.11. The mean values for decayed, missing and filled indices in the control group were 0.60±0.08, 0.09±0.02 and 0.63±0.09, respectively. The mean DMFT index for the case group was 0.64±0.1. The mean values for decayed, missing and filled indices of case group were 0.33±0.06, 0.05±0.02 and 0.26±0.08, respectively. The comparison of case and control groups based on DMFT is shown in figure 1. Figure 1 Figure 1 The difference of DMFT index between case and control groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). Significant statistical difference was observed between control and case groups based on decayed and filled indices (p=0.042 and p=0.016, respectively), but there was not any significant difference with regard to missing index between control and case groups (p=0.361). The mean DMFT value of the case group decreased 0.68 scores (51.5%) compared to the control group. The decrease in the values of decayed, missing and filled indices were 0.27 (45%), 0.04 (44%), and 0.37 (59%), respectively. The decrease in DMFT value in the case group was statistically significant after introducing oral and dental health program (p<0.001). There was also a significant decrease in decayed and filled indices (p=0.042 and p=0.016, respectively), but the decrease in missing index of case group was not statistically significant (p=0.361). The number of 10 year-old elementary school children that were caries free increased from 53% in the control group to 75% in the case group. In addition, the number of children that did not need dental restorations increased from 67% in control group to 82% in case group. Discussion According to the results, the use of 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash program in elementary schools has significantly decreased dental caries after three years. These results are in accordance with previous studies in other parts of the world.9 - 26 There are, however, other studies that do not indicate a significant reduction in dental caries following administration of 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash program in schools. The studies of Poulsen27, Disney28, and Chikte29 are among them. In the present study, the decrease of DMFT index in the case group in comparison to the control group was 51.5%. A review article by Twetman reported nearly 30% reduction in caries.25 A decrease as much as 54.1% at Ripa study following a 6-year program11, 76.1% at Yoshihara study16, 14.2% at Lovwa study following three-year program of using sodium fluoride mouthwash20, 86% at Kobayashi study following a long-term program21, and 15% at Chikte study following a three-year program of using sodium fluoride mouthwash29 have been reported. In this study the number of caries-free children increased to 22% after a three-year program of using fluoride mouthwash in 10-year-old children. The increase in caries-free children in other reports varies from 23% following a six-year program of using fluoride mouthwash in 12-year-old children11 to 60% following a long-term program of using fluoride mouthwash.21 It should be noted that the present study was carried out mostly on 10-year-old elementary school children in whom the incisors and the first molars were generally the only erupted permanent teeth. Many previous studies have been carried out among 12-year-old children with a complete permanent dentition.11 , 25 , 27 Although fewer number of permanent teeth leads to a lower DMFT value, the obtained results are still valuable since the mean age of case and control subjects in the present study was the same. However, the difference between studied age groups should be considered when comparing the results of this study with that of the previous studies. In addition, there are other differences between previous studies and the present study which include differences in the level of fluoride in drinking water, socio-economic status of subjects, the condition of individuals' dental caries prior to initiation of the fluoride program and the condition of the control group. The level of fluoride in drinking water in Tabriz is 0.3 ppm which is regarded a low level. In many of the previous studies the level of fluoride in drinking water was low as well.11 , 13 Studies indicated that inhabitants of regions with low level of fluoride in drinking water take the most advantage from such programs.25 This must be taken into consideration in evaluating the effect of the fluoride mouthwash program. Additional methods of fluoride intake are also considered to be a contributing factor. The caries status of individuals before introducing the fluoride program is also important, because people with a high level of caries take the most advantage and exhibit maximum reduction in caries.28 In some of the previous studies cleaning of the teeth with distilled water was performed weekly in control group so that the reduction of caries following the use of fluoride mouthwash could be more connected to the effect of fluoride ion instead of merely washing effect of the mouthwash.10 , 27 Like most of the previous studies,9 , 11 , 14 , 18 , 30 however, we did not use distilled water as a mouthwash in the control group. Conclusion According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the weekly use of 0.2% sodium fluoride mouthwash in elementary schools of Tabriz has been successful. The reduction in the level of caries due to the fluoride mouthwash program was significant and in accordance with the results of other studies in low hygiene regions. This program can play an important role in the improvement of oral and dental health of elementary school students. Article information J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2007 Summer; 1(2): 71-76. Published online 2007 Sep 10. doi: 10.5681/joddd.2007.012 PMCID: PMC3525928 PMID: 23277837 Nasser Asl Aminabadi, 1 ,* Esrafil Balaei, 2 and Firoz Pouralibaba 3 1Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2Dentist, Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran 3Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran *Corresponding Author: moc.oohay @idabanima_n Received 2007 Aug 23; Accepted 2007 Sep 1. Copyright notice Articles from Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects are provided here courtesy of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences References 1. 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What's to know about ginseng?

Journal of Ginseng Research Elsevier Ginseng in Traditional Herbal Prescriptions Ho Jae Park, Dong Hyun Kim, [...], and Jong Hoon Ryu Additional article information Abstract Panax ginseng Meyer has been widely used as a tonic in traditional Korean, Chinese, and Japanese herbal medicines and in Western herbal preparations for thousands of years. In the past, ginseng was very rare and was considered to have mysterious powers. Today, the efficacy of drugs must be tested through well-designed clinical trials or meta-analyses, and ginseng is no exception. In the present review, we discuss the functions of ginseng described in historical documents and describe how these functions are taken into account in herbal prescriptions. We also discuss the findings of experimental pharmacological research on the functions of ginseng in ginseng-containing prescriptions and how these prescriptions have been applied in modern therapeutic interventions. The present review on the functions of ginseng in traditional prescriptions helps to demystify ginseng and, as a result, may contribute to expanding the use of ginseng or ginseng-containing prescriptions. Keywords: Panax ginseng, Herbal prescription, Historical documents, Modern pharmacological experiments, Translational approaches INTRODUCTION In ancient times, medical practitioners treated patients through shamanism or used materials that were available in their area, such as plants, animals or alcohol. However, these practitioners may not have utilized therapeutic knowledge, and patients may have not received satisfactory medical care. Over time, by trial and error, therapeutic strategies using readily available materials were established, as demonstrated by evidence unearthed from ancient tombs (e.g., the Mawangdui tomb), including the Wushier Bing Fang (五十二病方). Over time, medical information accumulated, and medical practitioners used many suitable medicinal plants or animals for the treatment of diseases, including ginseng. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that has been used in medical practices for more than 2,000 years [1]. The Shennong Bencao Jing (Shennong's Herbal Classic, 神農本草經), one of the first books specializing in herbal medicine, was edited in the 1st century AD. In this text, ginseng was first recognized as a medicinal herb by medical practitioners (Fig. 1). In addition, in the Shang-Han Lun (translated as the treatise on diseases caused by cold factors, 傷寒論), Zhong Jing Zhang (張仲景) described the use of ginseng in herbal prescriptions. However, because ginseng has been cultivated since the 15th century, the type of ginseng that appeared in the Shennong Bencao Jing may have been different from that which is currently in use. In previous centuries, wild ginseng would have been collected from mountainous areas; thus, this plant is commonly referred to as mountain ginseng. Several excellent accounts of mountain ginseng have been presented in the literature. For instance, mountain ginseng has been used to save lives in Korea [1]. Fig. 1. Fig. 1. The description of ginseng in the Shennong Bencao Jing (神農本草經), which explains the function of ginseng. The pharmacological functions of ginseng, which was regarded as a high-grade herb, were first described in ... Since standardized ginseng extract G115 was first prepared by Pharmaton Ltd., Lugano-Bioggio, Switzerland, ginseng has been widely used as an active ingredient in modern medicine. For example, the German Commission E approved ginseng as a tonic for invigoration and fortification to treat fatigue, debility or declining sexual capacity. Moreover, ginseng has been approved to enhance concentration and for use during convalescence [2]. These uses were reaffirmed by the World Health Organization in 1999. Ginseng has several beneficial properties, including providing the nourishing effects, anti-fatigue, or immune-enhancing effects, as mentioned in the traditional descriptions of the Shennong Bencao Jing. Therefore, the characteristics of ginseng described in historical documents, such as the Shennong Bencao Jing, the Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目, which was written by Shizhen Li [李時珍] during the Ming Dynasty), and the Hyangyak-jibseongbang (鄕藥集成方) or the Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑, which was published during the Chosun Dynasty), should be examined. The role of ginseng in traditional prescriptions should also be analyzed to expand the use of ginseng in modern medicine. In addition, investigations on the experimental evidence in pharmacological studies of ginseng-based traditional prescriptions would yield information on how traditional knowledge or historical accounts described in the aforementioned documents can be interpreted in contemporary medical terms. Panax ginseng is a traditional medicinal plant that has been used therapeutically for millennia in East Asia. In Korea, China, and Japan, ginseng is the most valuable of all medicinal herbs. The name Panax means "all healing," which describes the traditional belief that ginseng can heal all aspects of the body. The most common ginsengs are ginseng (P. ginseng Meyer), Chinese ginseng (P. notoginseng [Burk.] FH Chen), and American ginseng (P. quinquefolium L.). Among the ginseng varieties, P. ginseng has been extensively researched and has received the most attention. P. ginseng is sensitive to the temperature and soil of the cultivated area. Therefore, P. ginseng is cultivated in limited areas, including Korea, the Manchuria region of China (the region of Dongbei), and the maritime province of Siberia in Russia. Although it is not known whether historical documents described cultivated or wild ginseng, in the present review, we discuss historical accounts concerning P. ginseng, the role of P. ginseng in traditional prescriptions, and experimental evidence from pharmacological and clinical studies of traditional prescriptions containing P. ginseng (Table 1). Table 1. Table 1. Summary of the pharmacological activities of ginseng-containing prescriptions described in the Shang-Han Lun in either animal or human studies A RETROSPECTIVE ON GINSENG IN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS The pharmacological functions of ginseng, which was considered a high-grade herb, were first described in the Shennong Bencao Jing. Ginseng can nourish or tonify 5 vital organs of the body (the spleen, lung, heart, kidney, and liver), has sedative properties, is used for palpitations to restore a normal pulse, dispels pathogenic factors, improves visual acuity and mental activity, and enhances longevity with long-term intake (Fig. 1). The Shennong Bencao Jing was written in the 1st century by an unknown author, and the Mingyi Bielu (名醫別錄), which described 365 different types of herbs, was written by Hongjing Tao (陶弘景, AD 456-536). Hongjing Tao also published a book titled the Bencaojing Jizhu (本草經集注), in which 730 kinds of herbs were discussed. In the Mingyi Bielu, additional properties of ginseng were described, including curing internal coldness, pain in the chest or abdomen, sensations of fullness in the chest, vomiting, and diarrhea. Ginseng can also be used to relieve thirst and feelings of solidness, to enhance cognitive function, and to improve blood circulation (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Fig. 2. The description of ginseng in the Mingyi Bielu (名醫別錄), which explains the function of ginseng. The Mingyi Bielu was written by Hongjing Tao. These pharmacological properties of ginseng were also described in the Bencao Gangmu, which is the most complete and comprehensive pre-modern herbal textbook. In addition, Shizhen Li (李時珍, 1518-1593) discussed several symptoms treatable with ginseng, including general weakness, spontaneous sweating and fever, vertigo and headache, regurgitation and vomiting, alternating fever and chills, chronic diarrhea, increased urination or stranguria, fatigue, externally contracted wind or hot attack, cramps, vomiting blood (hematemesis), bleeding from the rectum, bloody urinary leakage, abnormal uterine bleeding, and discomfort before or after parturition (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Fig. 3. The description of ginseng in the Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目), which explains the function of ginseng. The Bencao Gangmu is the most complete and comprehensive pre-modern herbal text. Several published documents have also referred to the descriptions in the Shennong Bencao Jing, Mingyi Bielu, and Bencao Gangmu. The Hyangyak-jibseongbang was published during the Chosun Dynasty and referred to the pharmacological activities of ginseng described in the Mingyi Bielu. The Donguibogam, which was added to the World Heritage List in 2009 by UNESCO, also described the activities of ginseng, including those described in the Shennong Bencao Jing (i.e., the use of ginseng to cure general weakness, acute vomiting with diarrhea [cholera], hiccups and vomiting, atrophic lung disease and phlegm) (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Fig. 4. The description of ginseng in the Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑), which explains the function of ginseng. The Donguibogam also describes additional activities of ginseng as well as the functions listed in the Bencao Gangmu. In addition to the aforementioned texts, many published works have described similar activities. Therefore, P. ginseng was likely considered a medicinal herbal for the treatment of general weakness, acute vomiting with diarrhea, anxiety or mental health. It is unclear whether ancient medical practitioners such as Shizhen Li (李時珍), Zhong Jing Zhang (張仲景), or Jun Heo (許浚) knew the functions of ginseng. However, the pharmacological activities listed in historical documents are also supported by recent experimental and clinical studies (vide infra). Although the pharmacological activities of ginseng were described in the Shennong Bencao Jing, illustrations of the variety of ginseng used at that time were not provided. The Bencao Gangmu described ginseng used in the Baekje Dynasty, and, in this case, an illustration was provided (Fig. 5). The Baekje Dynasty (百濟, 18 BC-AD 660) governed the western part of the Korean Peninsula and actively traded with China, suggesting that the Korean Peninsula might have been suitable for the cultivation of ginseng and that Korean ginseng may have been used in herbal prescriptions prior to the Ming Dynasty. However, the illustration of ginseng in the Bencao Gangmu differs slightly from that of the Bencao Baiyao (本草備要), which was written by Wang Ang (汪昻) in 1694 during the Qing Dynasty. The illustration in the Bencao Baiyao is very similar to P. ginseng (Fig. 6). Fig. 5. Fig. 5. The description of ginseng in the Bencao Gangmu, which explains the origin of ginseng. Baekje (百濟) represents the Baekje Dynasty, which governed the western part of the Korean Peninsula from 18 BC to AD 666. Fig. 6. Fig. 6. Illustrations of ginseng from historical documents. (A) Illustrations of ginseng from the Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目) and (B) the Bencao Baiyao (本草備要) are presented. Wang Ang edited the Bencao Baiyao and included herbs from the Shennong Bencao Jing and the Bencao Gangmu. In the Bencao Gangmu, the shape of the ginseng root was described as resembling the human body or the extremities of the human body. Therefore, although the depiction of ginseng differs slightly among historical documents, the description provided in the Bencao Gangmu may have referred to P. ginseng. THE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PANAX GINSENG IN TRADITIONAL PRESCRIPTIONS Among the 113 prescriptions (18.6%) described in the Shang-Han Lun, which was written by Zhong Jing Zhang (150-219 AD), 21 prescriptions contained ginseng, including Banhasasim-tang (半夏瀉心湯, Ban-Xia Xie-Xin Tang in Chinese or Hangeshashin-to in Japanese) and Sosiho-tang (小柴胡湯, Xiao-Chai-hu Tang in Chinese or Sho-saiko-to in Japanese). The Shang- Han Lun covers specific symptoms of disorders and their corresponding treatments and is designated as one of the four fundamental texts of traditional Chinese medicine [132]. In addition, among the 3,944 prescriptions (16.6%) in the Donguibogam, which was written by Jun Heo, 653 prescriptions containing ginseng as an ingredient. Several traditional prescriptions were prepared from ginseng, which was used for its restorative, tonic, nootropic, and anti-aging properties, or for dispelling pathogenic factors, as described in the Shennong Bencao Jing. Among ginseng-containing prescriptions, the classic and basic prescription is Sagunja-tang (四君子湯, Sijunzi Tang in Chinese or Shikunshi-to in Japanese). Sagunjatang was prescribed for conditions such as hypodynamia, lassitude and anorexia. As a main ingredient in Sagunjatang, ginseng exerts various pharmacological activities, such as organ tonification and restorative activities, as described in the Shennong Bencao Jing and Bencao Gangmu. These pharmacological activities were also accomplished by Sipjeondaebo-tang (十全大補湯, Shiquan-da-bu-tang in Chinese or Juzen-taiho-to in Japanese), which was composed of 10 types of herbs, including four herbs (Ginseng Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Poria Sclerotium, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) from Sagunja-tang, four herbs (Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata) from Samul-tang (四物湯, Si-Wu-Tang in Chinese, and Shimotsu-to in Japanese) and additional herbal materials, such as Astragali Radix (Astragalus membranaceus) and Cinnamomi Cortex (Cinnamomum cassia). Sipjeondaebo-tang was prescribed to patients who suffered from weakness or spontaneous sweating, which were described as being treatable with ginseng in the Bencao Gangmu. In addition, Doksam-tang (獨蔘湯, Dushen Tang in Chinese or Dokujin-to in Japanese), which was only composed of ginseng, was used for seriously ill patients [133], as depicted in the Shi Yao Shen Shu (十藥神書), which was written by Ke-Jiu Ge (葛 可久) in 1348 during the Yuan Dynasty. In the Shennong Bencao Jing, ginseng was said to dispel pathogenic factors. In the Donguibogam, Talmyung-san (identical to Doksam-tang) was also used for the elimination of pathogenic factors. Recently, An et al. [134] reported the effects of ginseng formulae on stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which represents a pattern of Qi deficiency involving either the lung or the spleen. For seriously ill patients, ginseng can also be used with Aconiti root, which is found in Sambu-tang (蔘附湯, Shen Fu Tang in Chinese), as described in the Fu Ren DA Quan Liang Fang (婦人大全良方), which was written by Zi- Ming Chen (陳自明) during the Song Dynasty. In the aforementioned formulae, ginseng is the main active ingredient and exerts restorative, tonic or nourishing effects on hypodynamia and ameliorates the effects of serious illness, as described in the Shennong Bencao Jing and the Bencao Gangmu. Although Jeongji-whan prescription (定志丸, Dingzhi Wan in Chinese) is listed in the Yixue Xinwu (醫學心悟), which was written by Goupeng Cheng (程國彭) in 1732, this prescription has not been certified as a herbal prescription in Japan. However, in the mid-1990s, the Nishiyama group in Japan reported the effects of DX-9386, which possesses ingredients that are identical to those of Jeongji-whan, on brain function [135]. The Jeongjiwhan prescription was described as being active against anxiety, palpitation, and amnesia, and ginseng was used as the main ingredient. Kami-guibi-tang (加味歸脾湯, Jia Wei Gu Pi Tang in Chinese or Kami-kihi-to in Japanese), or Guibi-tang (歸脾湯, Gu Pi Tang in Chinese or Kihi-to in Japanese), was described in classical literature as being effective for the treatment of insomnia, anemia, amnesia, depression, and neurosis [35]. Tohda et al. [35] suggested that Guibi-tang is an attractive candidate as an anti-dementia drug. Thus, although the improvement in brain function was not solely dependent on ginseng, these prescriptions made use of the effects of ginseng on anxiety, amnesia, and palpitation, which were described in the Shennong Bencao Jing. In particular, the Mingyi Bielu stated that ginseng relieves thirst (Sogal in Korean, Xiao Ke in Chinese or Shoukatsu in Japanese, 消渴), and the Bencao Gangmu referred to the description of ginseng in the Mingyi Bielu. As described in historical documents, the symptoms of thirst are similar to those of diabetes. Baekho-ga-Insamtang (白虎加人蔘湯, Byakko-ka-ninjin-to in Japanese or Bai Hu Jia Ren Shen Tang in Chinese), which was a Shang-Han Lun formula, relieves thirst caused by internal fever [126]. In addition to the aforementioned pharmacological properties, ginseng can also be used to alleviate diarrhea and vomiting. Insam-tang (人蔘湯, Ninjin-to in Japanese or Ren Shen Tang in Chinese), which is composed of Ginseng Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Atractyloides Rhizome, and Zingiberis Rhizome, has been used for the treatment of diarrhea or anorexia and tonifies the Qi of the spleen. In Banhasasim-tang, ginseng is used as a coingredient [6]. Even when included as co-ingredient in Banhasasim-tang, ginseng enhances Qi and contributes to the alleviation of diarrhea or intestinal catarrh. Recently, Taiwanese doctors investigated the most common prescriptions from the Shang-Han Lun. Banhasasimtang and Sosiho-tang (Sho-saiko-to in Japanese and Xiao Chai Hu Tang in Chinese) were prescribed at 10.24% and 9.11% in the Shan-Han Lun formulae, respectively. Additionally, in the Shennong Bencao Jing, ginseng is listed as an anti-aging factor. Kyungok-Ko, a sticky extract composed of Ginseng Radix, Rehmnania juice, Hoelen (Poria Sclerotium), and honey, was described as having anti-aging activities when administered for an extended period of time [136]. Thus, various pharmacological activities of ginseng were described along with those of other active ingredients. In Doksam-tang, the ginseng content is equal to 37.5 g, and ginseng is the active ingredient in this prescription [137]. According to the German Commission E, crude preparations of 1 to 2 g of dried root powder of ginseng can be taken every day for up to three months. A decoction can be prepared by simmering 3 to 9 g of dried ginseng root in 720 to 960 mL of water [138]. In decoction, ginseng is included at a dosage of 3 to 9 g as the main ingredient in most prescriptions, except for Doksamtang. In some formulations, such as Kami-guibi-tang or Guibi-tang, ginseng is included at a dosage of 15 g [137]. Thus, ginseng has been used at dosages ranging from 3 to 37.5 g. In chemical drugs, the amount of intake rarely exceeds 5 to 10 times the usual dose. Adverse effects or toxicity caused by ginseng overdose should be avoided. However, P. ginseng is well tolerated, and its adverse effects are mild and reversible [139]. THE USE OF GINSENG-CONTAINING PRESCRIPTIONS IN MODERN PHARMACOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS Over the last several decades, traditional Chinese medicine has become a significant form of complementary and alternative medicine used by patients in Europe and North America [140]. In addition to traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Japanese medicine (Kampo) and traditional Korean medicine (Hanbang), which are referred to as traditional herbal medicine in this review, have been accepted as a form of complementary and alternative medicine by patients [141,142]. In Western medicine, randomized clinical trials are generally accepted as the most reliable approach to testing the efficacy of medicines and treatments; however, in traditional herbal medicine, clinical evidence was observed and recorded descriptively in the literature [143]. Although the theoretical frameworks of Western medicine and traditional herbal medicine are different, scientific studies on the efficacy of traditional herbal medicine using randomized clinical trial techniques are becoming more popular [143]. Such evidence-based medicine integrates the best evidence from research with clinical expertise and patient values [142]. Using clinical trials or basic scientific research, the efficacy of traditional prescriptions for specific diseases can be determined, which has the potential to expand the use of traditional formulae. Western research models are used in Japan to study traditional medicine, and the approach is based on conventional Western disease nosology and conventional immunology [142]. To date, most traditional herbal medicine experiments have been performed in vivo on animals or humans by Japanese scientists, and the results have been published in peer-reviewed international journals. Sipjeondaebo-tang is the most commonly investigated herbal medicine by scientists and clinicians. Traditionally, Sipjeondaebo-tang, a decoction with 10 medicinal herbs, has been used to treat patients with anemia, anorexia, or fatigue. The pharmacological activities of Sipjeondaebotang affect the systemic immune functions of T and B cells, macrophages and NK cells and cells of the hematopoietic and intestinal immune system. Nakamoto et al. evaluated the effects of Sipjeondaebo-tang in patients receiving hemodialysis with erythropoietin-resistant anemia [41]. Their results showed that Sipjeondaebotang improved erythropoietin-resistant anemia in endstage renal disease patients, and similar findings were observed in the perioperative period [144]. In addition, Sipjeondaebo-tang exerted a protective influence against intractable and recurrent infections in immature immune systems [43]. Thus, the effects of Sipjeondaebo-tang on the immune system have been confirmed by clinical trials and animal experiments, providing experimental evidence in support of the traditional use of Sipjeondaebo-tang. Bojungikki-tang (補中益氣湯, Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang in Chinese or Hochu-ekki-to in Japanese) has been widely used in China, Japan, and Korea for chronic fatigue syndrome and is composed of 10 species of medicinal herbs. In particular, in Bojungikki-tang, Ginseng Radix and Astragali Radix are used in higher proportions. Several clinical trials were conducted to examine whether this formulation alleviates cancer-related fatigue and improves immunological capacity in elderly patients. The results of these trials suggested that Bojungikki-tang could help to improve age- or disease-related impairment in immune function [55,62]. Animal studies also showed that Bojungikki-tang exhibits immunopharmacological activity against microbial infections, and positive results were obtained in a murine model of chronic fatigue syndrome [57,82,145]. Although the main active ingredient in Bojungikki-tang has not been elucidated, Ginseng Radix and Astragali Radix could contribute to the effects of Bojungikki-tang [62]. Insamyangyoung-tang (人蔘養營湯, Ren-shen-yang-rong-tang in Chinese or Ninjin-youeito in Japanese) is another prescription for the modulation of physiological immunity [85]. Several ginseng-containing prescriptions, including Daegeonjung-tang (大建中湯, Da Jian Zhong Tang in Chinese or Dai-kenchu-to in Japanese), Insam-tang (人蔘湯, Ninjin-to in Japanese or Ren Shen Tang in Chinese), and Banhasasim-tang, have been used to treat gastrointestinal problems, such as gastric atony, vomiting and anorexia. Substantial effort has been made to elucidate the pharmacological activities of these formulations. In a human study, Daegeonjung-tang increased gastrointestinal motility and improved ileal function by increasing motilin and vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in the plasma [146,147]. Postoperative ileus is an adverse consequence of abdominal surgery and leads to prolonged periods of hospitalization and increased healthcare costs [148]. Itoh et al. [148] reported the effectiveness of Daegeonjungtang on postoperative ileus, and this prescription has attracted attention for the treatment of postoperative ileus in Japan [149,150]. Insam-tang, which has been used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, gastric atony, gastrectasis, vomiting, and anorexia, is also useful for the treatment of postoperative ileus [151]. Because ginseng is not the main ingredient of either of these prescriptions, the active compound of Insam-tang may be 6-gingerol or 6-shogaol from Zingiberis Rhizome [104,151]. However, ginseng cannot be excluded as a contributor to gastrointestinal motility. Recently, Banhasasim-tang was reported to be effective against irinotecan-induced diarrhea [5]. Kase et al. [6] suggested that Ginseng Radix and Zingiberis Rhizome in Banhasasim-tang accelerate gastrointestinal motility. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of degenerative dementia. Cholinergic hypofunction and inflammatory responses induced by amyloid-β protein are the main causes of this disease. Consequently, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are clinically used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and anti-oxidative or anti-inflammatory agents may also be applicable because a redox imbalance is observed in the brains of Alzheimer's disease sufferers [152]. In addition, degenerative changes in the forebrain cholinergic system are reportedly linked to oxidative stress [153]. Ginseng is a well-known, anti-aging herb, and cognitive functions decrease gradually with age. Several traditional herbal prescriptions containing ginseng have been demonstrated to enhance cognitive activities. Saengmaek-san (生脈散, Shengmaisan in Chinese), which is composed of 3 different kinds of herbs (Ginseng Radix, Ophiopogon Rhizome, and Schisandrae Fructus), has been used to treat symptoms related to cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure and stroke. This formulation has protective qualities against oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo [154,155]. Recently, Saengmaek-san, which possesses anti-oxidative properties, was reported to ameliorate scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunctions via acetylcholinesterase inhibition [106]. In addition, DX-9386, which consists of Ginseng Radix, Polygalae Radix, Acorus Radix and Hoelen and is identical to Jeongji-whan, has anti-aging and memory-ameliorating effects [156,157]. Egashira et al. [84] reported that Insamyangyoung-tang may ameliorate memory dysfunction by enhancing the cholinergic system. Guibi-tang was described in historical documents as an effective prescription for psychotic problems such as insomnia, amnesia, depression, and neurosis. Recently, the administration of Guibi-tang for 3 consecutive days was shown to ameliorate spatial and object-recognition memories in amyloid β protein-injected mice [35], suggesting that this formulation is an attractive candidate for anti-dementia drugs. Similar activities were also observed in Kyungok-Ko [158]. In these formulae, ginseng likely exerts its pharmacological effects on the central nervous system. Diabetes is another serious disease, and its symptoms include severe polydipsia and polyuria. Baekho-ga- Insam-tang is a herbal medicine used for the relief of diuresis, thirst and dermal pruritus, which are associated with diabetes [124]. This result has been confirmed by experiments performed on, KKAy mice, which are genetic animal models of diabetes mellitus [159]. The administration of Baekho-ga-Insam-tang relieves diuresis, thirst, and dermal pruritus by increasing kidney aquaporin 2 and skin aquaporin expression. In addition, Baekhoga- Insam-tang enhances salivary secretion by increasing aquaporin 5 in a rat thirst model [126], suggesting that this formulation could be useful for xerostomia. Thus, the functions and efficacies of the aforementioned ginseng-containing prescriptions have been confirmed by modern experimental pharmacology. We summarized the results of in vivo animal or human studies on ginseng-containing prescriptions in Table 1, which includes the prescriptions mentioned in the present review. THE VARIETY OF SPECIES IN THE PLANT GENUS PANAX There are 13 species of ginseng in the Araliaceae Family, including [1] 1) P. ginseng Meyer, 2) P. quinquefolius L., 3) P. japonicus L., 4) P. notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen, 5) P. pseudoginseng Wallich, 6) P. vietnamensis Ha et Grushv, 7) P. omeiensis J. Wen, 8) P. trifolius L., 9) P. sinensis J. Wen, 10) P. stipuleanatus HT Tsai & KM Feng, 11) P. wangianus Sun, 12) P. zingiberensis CY Wu & KM Feng, and 13) P. major Ting. The most commonly used Panax species include plants 1) to 6) in the list above [160]. P. vietnamensis was found in the mountainous regions of central Vietnam in the 1970s, and P. pseudoginseng has been used as a folk medicine in the Himalayas [161]. Since the pioneering work of Dr. Israel I. Brekhman, a Russian scientist, P. ginseng has been extensively studied [162,163]. For example, in 1964, Wood et al. [164] reported the vasodilatory effect of P. ginseng obtained from Keumsan, Korea, and in 1971, Lee and Huemer [165] reported the antitumor activity of ginseng obtained from Kangwhado, Korea. The Shibata group in Japan has studied the chemistry of the saponins and sapogenins of the white ginseng, P. ginseng, which is cultivated in Japan [161]. Hsu [166] reported the pharmacological activities of P. shinseng Nies, var. notoginseng Burkill and published a picture of P. shinseng var. notoginseng, which has a different morphology than P. ginseng. According to Hsu's studies, P. shinseng var. notoginseng was first employed as a medicine not much earlier than the time of Shizhen Li's first report in the Bencao Gangmu. Therefore, this species of ginseng was not mentioned in texts on Chinese medicine produced before this period [166]. Thus, although other species of ginseng are also active, P. ginseng is the most popular and active species. The therapeutic potency of ginseng is dependent on its geographical locality, dosage, and processing. Red ginseng and sun ginseng refer to processed ginseng [167,168]. Several studies have been conducted to compare the effects of different species of ginseng. For wound healing and hypoglycemic effects, P. ginseng is superior to P. quinquefolius, whereas P. quinquefolius displays better anticancer effects [169]. Similarly, P. ginseng (ginseng in Korea) has the highest therapeutic potency for the treatment of diabetes. P. quinquefolius (American ginseng) is a medium-potency-grade ginseng, and P. japonicus (Japanese ginseng) is considered a lowpotency- grade ginseng [170]. PERSPECTIVES In the future, a comprehensive and objective evaluation of ginseng should be conducted using evidence-based medicine to further elucidate the intriguing properties of ginseng in terms of treatment of various diseases shown in recent review articles [171,172]. CONCLUSION In the present review, ethnopharmacological accounts of P. ginseng were discussed. Since the description of ginseng from the Korean Peninsula was first published in the Bencao Gangmu, P. ginseng has become the most commonly used therapeutic ginseng. Modern chemical and biological drugs are suitable for the treatment of diseases with specific causes and pathologies but are not suitable for diseases with multiple factors, such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and chronic fatigue. Based on historical accounts and recent experimental or clinical studies, ginseng and ginseng-containing herbal prescriptions are useful for the treatment of chronic diseases. Article information J Ginseng Res. 2012 Jul; 36(3): 225-241. doi: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.3.225 PMCID: PMC3659587 PMID: 23717123 Ho Jae Park,1,# Dong Hyun Kim,2,3 Se Jin Park,2,3 Jong Min Kim,2,3 and Jong Hoon Ryu1,3,* 1Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea 2Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea 3Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea #Current affiliation: School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-770, and Inohanbang Co. Ltd., Seoul 30-701, Korea *Corresponding author E-mail: rk.ca.uhk@36uyrhj Tel: +82-2-961-9230, Fax: +82-2-966-3885 Received 2011 Nov 2; Revised 2012 Mar 20; Accepted 2012 Mar 20. 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How do I win at monopoly?

Skip to Content SEARCH Gamesver 20 Tips and Strategies to Win at Monopoly (Increase Your Odds) By Author Gamesver Team Categories Monopoly close view of Monopoly board game from Parker Brothers DerekTeo / Shutterstock.com Want to become a Monopoly champion? Believe it or not, there are some tips and tricks you can use to increase your odds of winning. And you are about to learn 20 of them right now! I have applied many of these general tips and tricks to my game strategy, and I have found that my wins have increased. It's safe to say that putting a bit of thought into the game can help you to win at Monopoly. After all, it is not just a game of chance or luck. Winning at Monopoly isn't difficult; you just have to be strategic. There are tried and tested strategies that have helped professional Monopoly players earn themselves renowned wins. And now you can learn about these tricks and strategies too. Below are 20 general tips for increasing the odds in your favor when you play your next game of Monopoly. These are 20 tips and strategies to win at Monopoly: 1. The first phase of the game is the most important. It's hard to catch someone who has had a good start in a game of Monopoly. When you first begin, start buying and trading immediately. The faster you establish wealth, the greater your chances of winning. This is why the first phase of the game is important. It is not always the case, but in most cases, if you have a poor start, the rest of the game will be quite poor too. Mega Edition Monopoly board game (Hasbro games) KerrysWorld / Shutterstock.com 2. Always buy Railroads. Always, always, always buy railroads if you can. Why, you ask? When you own railroads, you have a much greater chance of winning. Especially if you own all 4 railroads as every time someone lands on one, you can earn the maximum income of $200. When you own them all, there's a strong possibility that players will land on them at least once each during the game. Even if you cannot own all 4 railroads, owning one is still a great booster for you as it will go a long way to reducing your opponent's incomes. 3. Avoid buying hotels. Hotels don't provide nearly as much revenue potential as owning 3 houses does. If you are focusing on buying hotels, you are leaving it open for your opponents to buy houses - and that could be detrimental to your end game. 4. Develop properties aggressively. There's no point in being slow with property development. The idea is to get the property developed as quickly as possible so that it can start turning a profit. Closeup of the famous fast-dealing property trading monopoly board game NeydtStock / Shutterstock.com 5. Focus on developing 3 properties on each street as quickly as possible. Once you have reached 3 houses, you will find that the amount of rent you can expect for each house maxes out - which means more money for you. By owning 3 houses on each street, you increase the chances of players landing on your properties and owing you money. 6. Create a housing shortage. This is a highly strategic move and works really well! What is it all about? In general, the game of Monopoly only has 32 houses. If you set out to build 3 houses on all three properties, you will own a large portion of the houses. It works even better if you are able to aim for a second Monopoly and build 18 houses. This doesn't leave many houses for your opponents. The trick is that players have to build 4 houses before they can build a hotel. With all the houses in your Monopoly, there's not much chance of that happening. It also means that their capacity to earn money or collect on rent is minimized. 7. Purchase orange and red properties. If you want to bankrupt your competitors, you need to snap up spots on the board where they are most likely to land upon often. Statistically, the orange and red properties are landed on the most during a game of Monopoly. When you snap up those properties first, you have the opportunity to collect the most in rental fees. 8. Focus on acquiring complete color groups early on. In the very first phase of the game, it is a good idea to acquire a complete color group. That means you need to get 2 to 3 properties of the same color in sides 1 and 2. You should do this even if it means that you have to trade side 2 and 3 properties. As soon as you have a complete color group, build 3 houses (no more than that). Monopoly money around houses and hotels CaseyMartin / Shutterstock.com 9. If you don't build on single properties, they aren't a good investment. Buying a single property is quite a waste of time and money if you don't build on the property. Rather avoid buying single properties if you won't build on them. 10. Don't waste money on utilities. You might be surprised to learn that utilities don't offer a very good return on investment. In fact, the amount of money you can make on utilities in a game of Monopoly is dismal. Then there is also the fact that utilities cannot be upgraded like properties can. 11. Later in the game, jail can be a good thing. Early on in the game, you want to pay the fine and get out of jail so that you can work on acquiring property, but later on, being in jail can actually be beneficial to you. You can actually save money by staying in jail for your entire 3 turns, especially when the game is at the stage where the board is filled with hotels. The longer you are in jail, the lower your chances of landing on a block that demands rent or some other form of payment from you. 12. Create sustainable cash flow by thinking small. You might think that you need to race out the starting gates and immediately start snapping up expensive, fancy properties. The problem with this is that you might invest in a big and expensive property and then have no money to develop it. Having various smaller properties guarantees you a more stable and steady income, and of course, it's much healthier for your cash-flow too. 13. Invest in properties 7 squares away from opponents. A view of a top hat token on the Go square on a classic Monopoly board game David Tonelson / Shutterstock.com If you are playing with two dice, which you should be, then the highest odds are on rolling a 7. It's a good idea to keep an eye on which properties your opponents have and look into investing in properties that are 7 squares away from them. 14. As soon as you get a set, mortgage everything. Of course, your main aim is to get as much revenue as possible from your properties. When you have all of the cards that form one set, you should mortgage all of your properties. Use the acquired properties to buy and build houses. 15. Buy, sell, and rent properties while in jail (check the rules). You probably didn't know this, but you can actually sit in jail and still buy, sell, and rent property. If anyone argues this with you, tell them to check the rules! It's all in there. 16. Form alliances to stop winning players. It's not a team sport, but you can decide to work with another player if you want to slow down another player from consistently winning. These alliances are short-lived but can be highly beneficial to your end game. 17. Refuse to play "house rules". When playing Monopoly with the family and friends, you might encounter some house rules that people apply to the game themselves (they are not part of the official rules). If you refuse to play by these rules and only pay attention to the official Monopoly rules, you have more chance of winning. 18. Borrow as much as you need. Don't apply the same amount of caution when borrowing money as you would in real life. The money is there to borrow, and if borrowing some will help you to get ahead, do it! Borrowing money to buy properties and cars Shutterstock.com 19. First, develop the property with a "go-to" card. When you only have enough money to buy 1 or 7 houses, do yourself a favor and make sure that the spare house goes onto the property with a "Go-To" card. 20. Avoid the greens. The green properties may seem tempting. After all, they are prime properties, but the reality is that they are over-priced and difficult to develop. They also aren't landed on often enough, which means that you could be sitting with a costly property that doesn't generate revenue for you. By the time you have spent all your money, the game will be over and your property will have done nothing for you. Last Word If you would like to increase your chances of winning at Monopoly, use the above tips, tricks, and strategies. I have, and it has made all the difference. View this content's WordProof Timestamp certificate Categories Monopoly Post navigation 10 Fun Alternatives to Monopoly (the Game) You Should Try! Monopoly: Is it a Game of Luck or Skill (or Both)? About Us Terms and Conditions Privacy Policy California Privacy Notice Editorial Policy Contact Us Copyright © 2022 Ropcaf. All Rights Reserved. The articles and information on this website should not be reproduced, distributed, or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Gamesver.

Age gap relationships

What Are Age-Gap Relationships? ...and can they work? By Brittany Loggins Published on July 12, 2022 Medically reviewed by Sabrina Romanoff, PsyD Cheerful couple using digital tablet while standing in city Wavebreakmedia / Getty Images Table of Contents VIEW ALL What Are Age Gap Relationships? History Stigma Challenges Benefits What Are Age Gap Relationships? Whether it's a celebrity or someone you know personally, age gaps in romantic relationships always draw a bit of attention. Age-Gap Relationships Age-gap relationships usually refer to an age difference of at least 10 years between partners. In general, the definition of age-gap relationships and what is and is not acceptable varies based on a person's sex, age, and cultural norms. The History of Age-Gap Relationships In general, men are much more willing to consider women who are significantly younger. According to multiple studies,1 this has evolutionary roots. Since men don't have as strict of a reproductive clock, they can have children later in life. Historically, this has made women more open to relationships with older men since they don't have to worry about men's fertility. Older men also tend to have more monetary resources due to their age and experience, which can be more appealing for women when considering how they want to support their potential children. This results in a historical pairing that has been successful since younger women are more likely to be more fertile. In general, studies have shown that men are more open to larger-ranges of ages than women, especially as they age. In addition to men being able to overlook the concern of biological clocks, in the past, women have found no advantage to dating younger men. Stigmas in Modern-Day Age Gap Relationships While evolutionary considerations don't matter as much today, age-gap relationships still face stigmas in modern culture. One study suggests2 that negative stereotypes and prejudices that many people hold against age-gap relationships could come as a result of perceived relational inequity. In other words, people believe that one member of the couple is only there because they're using the other member in some way. Relational therapist Mialauni Griggs, ALMFT, specifies that, in addition to age, it's important to consider factors like race, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status when it comes to couples with extreme age gaps. While being more aware of these factors could lead to less judgment against these couples, Griggs is acutely aware of the negative stigmas associated with these relationships. I think the most common stigma is that if the woman is younger then she must be a gold digger and he must be lonely or creepy. [Or that] if the woman is older, she must be trying to recapture her youth and he is probably the gold digger. — MIALAUNI GRIGGS, ALMFT Challenges of Age-Gap Relationships Challenges are largely dependent on the circumstances, but there are a few common themes that tend to arise in age-gap relationships. Different Life Stages The most obvious is that when someone is in this type of relationship, it can mean that they are finding themselves in drastically different life stages than their partner. This is less applicable to people who are past child-bearing age. Griggs also notes that a lot of the larger questions that arise from people in these relationships tend to come from women since they are the ones facing a timeline in regard to having kids. Griggs emphasizes the importance of "ongoing conversations about your priorities and expectations while remaining open to listening to your partner." She encourages her patients not to lose sight of their individual paths, which can sometimes happen in these relationships when one partner ends up focusing on the other's timeline more than their own. Power Dynamics May Exist Another big issue facing age gap relationships is the potential for a power dynamic to exist. Especially for people in their 20s, 30s, and 40s, if there is an age difference of 10 or more years, it's likely that one person is going to be in a different place professionally and financially. It's important to maintain an awareness of this dynamic and to make sure that it doesn't start to control one partner's options. For example, if the partner who is more financially stable ends up paying certain bills or covering expenses, it's important to make sure that the partner being supported doesn't feel trapped in the relationship due to this support. Benefits of Age-Gap Relationships While some studies have shown3 that a lack of social support for age-gap relationships can result in less relationship satisfaction, there are some benefits of these relationships to note as well. Each Partner(s) Are Prepared for Stigma It has been shown4 that women are more likely to spend more time evaluating the costs and benefits of these relationships since they anticipate stigma. To that end, they tend to go into the relationships in a more open and honest state with their partner since they've often had to discuss potential outcomes early on. Women Tend to Find More Happiness Studies have found5 that women-older age gap relationships result in higher satisfaction for women when compared to others their own age. This is because the relationships tend to feel more equal in terms of money and career. For men, the relationship satisfaction stays the same if their female partner is older so it's truly a win-win. The Involved Partners May Have a Longer Life Expectancy It has been found6 that people in age-gap relationships live longer. This is potentially due to differential fertility, the ability of the younger partner to care for the older partner into old age and economic security. How Age-Gap Couples View Themselves Due to the stigma associated with age gap relationships, members of these couples often find themselves adjusting to social pressure by justifying their situation to themselves and the outside world. One study7 worked with more than 20 couples to understand these justifications and how they apply to the members of the couple as well as the couple's interactions. Self-Interactions In interactions with each other, couples in age-gap relationships tend to focus on the love story (referred to in this study as "love narratives") that their relationship was founded on.7 This allows them to reframe the age difference as something that is outside of their control since love was the focus. Interaction With Others People in age-gap relationships dealt with questions from others in very similar ways. They all tended to use three methods: passing, lampooning, and dismissing.7 Passing: This is when members of the relationship justify their age difference by "passing" or working to appear closer in age to their partner. Lampooning: This is when members of the couple use humor to deflect or distract from any stigma placed on their relationship by others. Dismissing: This is when members of the couple are upfront with their disapproval of the stigma placed on their relationship by others. Are Age-Gap Relationships Healthy? The short answer is: it depends. While significant age differences can be very noticeable when someone is very young, they do tend to lose some of the attached stigmas as they age. What's even more important is that these couples do tend to be satisfied. While some studies have suggested1 that female-older age gap relationships report higher levels of satisfaction, the same has also been found8 about male-older versions of the relationships. One thing that has been found across lots of studies8 is that age-gap relationships decrease in satisfaction with age, especially when they have to face any amount of monetary hardship. If you are concerned about an age gap relationship (whether you're in one or know and love someone who is), make sure you're very aware of any power dynamics and their impact on your financial and emotional well-being. "Patriarchy leaves women susceptible to minimizing their needs, their opinions, and their dreams in general within their romantic relationships," says Griggs. "I think this can be amplified in age-gap relationships whether she is younger or older due to the power dynamic between men and women." For women who are younger in these relationships, make sure that you're honest with yourself about any amount of dependence (financial, professional, etc.) that may begin to pop up around your relationship. If you don't feel like your partner is pressuring you in these ways, make sure you're open and honest with them that you want to keep those things at bay. A Word From Verywell None of these things mean that you or a loved one in an age-gap relationship are absolutely destined for failure or success. These factors are dependent on individuals. Remember to always be aware of your autonomy and make sure that both of you make space to communicate your needs and boundaries. 8 Sources By Brittany Loggins Brittany is a health and lifestyle writer and former staffer at TODAY on NBC and CBS News. She's also contributed to dozens of magazines. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Review Board Share Feedback Related Articles Couple flirting on train Is Flirting Cheating? A person sitting next to their older partner Is There Real Psychology Behind Daddy Issues? Man on his laptop in the bedroom Is Pornography Destroying Your Marriage? portrait of a young man drinking coffee Exploring the Stigma of Men and Mental Health Couple sitting on bed discussing reasons for cheating Causes and Risks of Why Married People Cheat Sad Girl Sitting With Father Looking at Cell Phone What Are 'Daddy Issues'? questioning your sexuality What to Do When You're Questioning Your Sexuality smiling couple holding hands while sitting in hammock on deck of luxury tropical villa 5 Green Flags in Relationships A couple hugging playfully in their new home What Is an Open Relationship? Couple's feet sticking out from under duvet in bed What Is the Impact of Casual Sex on Mental Health? person stressed and sad at desk ADHD and Toxic Relationships 31 Reasons Couples Divorce How Couples Can Rebuild Trust in a Relationship Verywell Mind Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox SIGN UP Mental Health A-Z Self-Improvement Psychology News Voices The Verywell Mind Podcast Meet Our Review Board About Us Editorial Process Diversity Pledge Privacy Policy In the News Advertise Terms of Use Careers Contact Do Not Sell My Personal Information Crisis Support Follow Us instagram tiktok facebook flipboard Verywell Health Verywell Fit Verywell Family Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Ⓒ 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. — All rights reserved Verywell Mind is part of the Dotdash Meredith publishing family.

What is racism?

What Is Racism? Racism is an ugly behavior that has been around as long as humankind itself. Groups of people have inherent differences (skin color, culture, appearance) and racism acts on these differences in two ways. One group determining theirs to be better than another. One group unfairly treats another based solely on differences. Throughout history, humankind has treated others with contempt and committed atrocities upon them just because of the color of their skin or the culture from which they come. Examples: The Holocaust History provides us with many unfortunate examples of racism. One example is anti-Semitism, the hatred and mistreatment of Jews, a form of racism that targets people of the Jewish faith. Particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, anti-Semitism encouraged restrictive and draconian laws and policies against Jews who were also a prime target for scapegoating. For example, Jews were blamed for natural phenomena such as famine or disease and for economic woes. Jews were often abused, tortured, and expelled from European countries. During the Holocaust, which was instigated by Adolf Hitler of Germany, the Jewish people were systematically slaughtered in a genocide that claimed the lives of millions. After the Holocaust and World War II, some Jews returned to Palestine, where they were originally from, and created the Jewish nation of Israel. This brought them into conflict with native Palestinians and neighboring Muslim countries. Even after the horrors of the Holocaust, Jews still struggle against bigotry and prejudice, regardless of where they live. Examples: Aborigine Another example of racism is perpetrated against the Australian Aborigines, the native peoples of Australia. They were seen as less than human and mistreated accordingly. They were killed en masse, forcibly removed to reserves, their sacred spaces desecrated, and their children were removed from their families and placed in missionary schools. This abhorrent treatment nearly led to cultural genocide. Examples: Enslaved Africans One of the most egregious examples of racism is the history of enslaved Africans. From the time of slavery in America, African Americans have been treated poorly just because of their different-colored skin. During the times of slavery, Africans were bought and sold like cattle. They were often separated from their loved ones, beaten, raped, and murdered. After slavery was abolished, African Americans were still seen as less than human, considered to be only 3/5 human, and not given their full civil rights. In the early 20th century, African Americans organized the Civil Rights Movement. Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X, along with many others, protested Jim Crow laws, segregation, and unequal treatment of African-Americans. While the Civil Rights Movement alleviated some of the burdens of racism, racism continues to exist and presents a challenge to modern society. (Study.com)

Fentanyl

What is fentanyl? Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opioid that is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent. It is a prescription drug that is also made and used illegally. Like morphine, it is a medicine that is typically used to treat patients with severe pain, especially after surgery.3 It is also sometimes used to treat patients with chronic pain who are physically tolerant to other opioids.4 Tolerance occurs when you need a higher and/or more frequent amount of a drug to get the desired effects. In its prescription form, fentanyl is known by such names as Actiq®, Duragesic®, and Sublimaze®.4,5 Synthetic opioids, including fentanyl, are now the most common drugs involved in drug overdose deaths in the United States. In 2017, 59.8 percent of opioid-related deaths involved fentanyl compared to 14.3 percent in 2010. What are Opioids? Opioids are a class of drugs naturally found in the opium poppy plant. Some opioids are made from the plant directly, and others, like fentanyl, are made by scientists in labs using the same chemical structure (semi-synthetic or synthetic). How do people use fentanyl? When prescribed by a doctor, fentanyl can be given as a shot, a patch that is put on a person's skin, or as lozenges that are sucked like cough drops.6 The illegally used fentanyl most often associated with recent overdoses is made in labs. This synthetic fentanyl is sold illegally as a powder, dropped onto blotter paper, put in eye droppers and nasal sprays, or made into pills that look like other prescription opioids.7 Some drug dealers are mixing fentanyl with other drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and MDMA. This is because it takes very little to produce a high with fentanyl, making it a cheaper option. This is especially risky when people taking drugs don't realize they might contain fentanyl as a cheap but dangerous additive. They might be taking stronger opioids than their bodies are used to and can be more likely to overdose. To learn more about the mixture of fentanyl into other drugs, visit the Drug Enforcement Administration's Drug Facts on fentanyl. How does fentanyl affect the brain? Like heroin, morphine, and other opioid drugs, fentanyl works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in areas of the brain that control pain and emotions.8 After taking opioids many times, the brain adapts to the drug, diminishing its sensitivity, making it hard to feel pleasure from anything besides the drug. When people become addicted, drug seeking and drug use take over their lives. Fentanyl's effects include extreme happiness drowsiness nausea confusion constipation sedation problems breathing unconsciousness Can you overdose on fentanyl? Yes, a person can overdose on fentanyl. An overdose occurs when a drug produces serious adverse effects and life-threatening symptoms. When people overdose on fentanyl, their breathing can slow or stop. This can decrease the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain, a condition called hypoxia. Hypoxia can lead to a coma and permanent brain damage, and even death. How can a fentanyl overdose be treated? As mentioned above, many drug dealers mix the cheaper fentanyl with other drugs like heroin, cocaine, MDMA and methamphetamine to increase their profits, making it often difficult to know which drug is causing the overdose. Naloxone is a medicine that can treat a fentanyl overdose when given right away. It works by rapidly binding to opioid receptors and blocking the effects of opioid drugs. But fentanyl is stronger than other opioid drugs like morphine and might require multiple doses of naloxone. Because of this, if you suspect someone has overdosed, the most important step to take is to call 911 so they can receive immediate medical attention. Once medical personnel arrive, they will administer naloxone if they suspect an opioid drug is involved. Naloxone is available as an injectable (needle) solution and nasal sprays (NARCAN® and KLOXXADO®). People who are given naloxone should be monitored for another two hours after the last dose of naloxone is given to make sure breathing does not slow or stop. Some states have passed laws that allow pharmacists to dispense naloxone without a personal prescription. Friends, family, and others in the community can use the nasal spray versions of naloxone to save someone who is overdosing. Can fentanyl use lead to addiction? Yes. Fentanyl is addictive because of its potency. A person taking prescription fentanyl as instructed by a doctor can experience dependence, which is characterized by withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped. A person can be dependent on a substance without being addicted, but dependence can sometimes lead to addiction. Addiction is the most severe form of a substance use disorder (SUD). SUDs are characterized by compulsive drug seeking and drug use that can be difficult to control, despite harmful consequences. When someone is addicted to drugs, they continue to use them even though they cause health problems or issues at work, school, or home. An SUD can range from mild to severe. People addicted to fentanyl who stop using it can have severe withdrawal symptoms that begin as early as a few hours after the drug was last taken. These symptoms include: muscle and bone pain sleep problems diarrhea and vomiting cold flashes with goose bumps uncontrollable leg movements severe cravings These symptoms can be extremely uncomfortable and are the reason many people find it so difficult to stop taking fentanyl. There are medicines being developed to help with the withdrawal process for fentanyl and other opioids. The FDA has approved lofexidine, a non-opioid medicine designed to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms. Also, the NSS-2 Bridge device is a small electrical nerve stimulator placed behind the person's ear, that can be used to try to ease symptoms for up to five days during the acute withdrawal phase. In December 2018, the FDA cleared a mobile medical application, reSET®, to help treat opioid use disorders. This application is a prescription cognitive behavioral therapy and should be used in conjunction with treatment that includes buprenorphine and contingency management. How is fentanyl addiction treated? Like other opioid addictions, medication with behavioral therapies has been shown to be effective in treating people with a fentanyl addiction. Medications for opioid use disorders—including fentanyl use disorder—are safe, effective, and save lives. These medicines interact with the same opioid receptors in the brain on which fentanyl acts, but they do not produce the same effects. Methadone, an opioid receptor full agonist, attaches to and activates opioid receptors to ease withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Buprenorphine, an opioid receptor partial agonist, attaches to and partially activates opioid receptors to ease withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, prevents fentanyl from attaching to opioid receptors, thus blocking its effects. Counseling: Behavioral therapies for addiction to opioids like fentanyl can help people modify their attitudes and behaviors related to drug use, increase healthy life skills, and help them stick with their medication. Some examples include: cognitive behavioral therapy, which helps modify the patient's drug use expectations and behaviors, and effectively manage triggers and stress contingency management, which uses a voucher-based system giving patients "points" based on negative drug tests. They can use the points to earn items that encourage healthy living Motivational interviewing, which is a patient-centered counseling style that addresses a patient's mixed feelings to change These behavioral treatment approaches have proven effective, especially when used along with medicines. Read more about drug addiction treatment in our Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction DrugFacts. Points to Remember Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opioid analgesic that is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent. In its prescription form it is prescribed for pain, but fentanyl is also made illegally. Fentanyl and other synthetic opioids are the most common drugs involved in overdose deaths. Illegal fentanyl is sold in the following forms: as a powder, dropped on blotter paper like small candies, in eye droppers or nasal sprays, or made into pills that look like real prescription opioids. Illegal fentanyl is being mixed with other drugs, such as cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and MDMA. This is especially dangerous because people are often unaware that fentanyl has been added. Fentanyl works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in areas of the brain that control pain and emotions. Its effects include extreme happiness, drowsiness, nausea, confusion, constipation, sedation, tolerance, addiction, respiratory depression and arrest, unconsciousness, coma, and death. The high potency of fentanyl greatly increases risk of overdose, especially if a person who uses drugs is unaware that a powder or pill contains it. They can underestimate the dose of opioids they are taking, resulting in overdose. Naloxone is a medicine that can be given to a person to reverse a fentanyl overdose. Multiple naloxone doses might be necessary because of fentanyl's potency. Medication with behavioral therapies has been shown to be effective in treating people with an addiction to fentanyl and other opioids. References Volpe DA, Tobin GAM, Mellon RD, et al. Uniform assessment and ranking of opioid Mu receptor binding constants for selected opioid drugs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011;59(3):385-390. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.12.007 Higashikawa Y, Suzuki S. Studies on 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (fentanyl) and its related compounds. VI. Structure-analgesic activity relationship for fentanyl, methyl-substituted fentanyls and other analogues. Forensic Toxicol. 2008;26(1):1-5. doi:10.1007/s11419-007-0039-1 Nelson L, Schwaner R. Transdermal fentanyl: Pharmacology and toxicology. J Med Toxicol. 2009;5(4):230-241. doi:10.1007/BF03178274 Garnock-Jones KP. Fentanyl Buccal Soluble Film: A Review in Breakthrough Cancer Pain. Clin Drug Investig. 2016;36(5):413-419. doi:10.1007/s40261-016-0394-y Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, Office of Diversion Control, Drug Enforcement Administration. Fentanyl Fact Sheet. March 2015. http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/fentanyl.pdf. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):776-789. Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, Office of Diversion Control, Drug Enforcement Administrati on. Acetyl fentanyl Fact Sheet. July 2015. http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/acetylfentanyl.pdf. Gutstein H, Akil H. Opioid Analgesics. In: Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2006:547-590. This publication is available for your use and may be reproduced in its entirety without permission from NIDA. Citation of the source is appreciated, using the following language: Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. June 2021 (NIH)

retailer

a business whose sales come primarily from retailing (Quizlet ) 1. a person or business that sells goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale. "the big supermarkets have forced many independent retailers out of business" 2. a person who relates the details of a story or incident to others. "as a writer I see myself as a retailer of Big Ideas" (Online defs)

trailblazer

a person who is the first to do or discover something and so makes it possible for others to follow

plucky

brave and spirited; courageous

Africa

Africa continent Actions By Alfred KrönerSee All Last Updated: Dec 20, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Africa Africa Africa, the second largest continent (after Asia), covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth. The continent is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, on the east by the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, and on the south by the mingling waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Africa's total land area is approximately 11,724,000 square miles (30,365,000 square km), and the continent measures about 5,000 miles (8,000 km) from north to south and about 4,600 miles (7,400 km) from east to west. Its northern extremity is Al-Ghīrān Point, near Al-Abyaḍ Point (Cape Blanc), Tunisia; its southern extremity is Cape Agulhas, South Africa; its farthest point east is Xaafuun (Hafun) Point, near Cape Gwardafuy (Guardafui), Somalia; and its western extremity is Almadi Point (Pointe des Almadies), on Cape Verde (Cap Vert), Senegal. In the northeast, Africa was joined to Asia by the Sinai Peninsula until the construction of the Suez Canal. Paradoxically, the coastline of Africa—18,950 miles (30,500 km) in length—is shorter than that of Europe, because there are few inlets and few large bays or gulfs. Off the coasts of Africa a number of islands are associated with the continent. Of these Madagascar, one of the largest islands in the world, is the most significant. Other, smaller islands include the Seychelles, Socotra, and other islands to the east; the Comoros, Mauritius, Réunion, and other islands to the southeast; Ascension, St. Helena, and Tristan da Cunha to the southwest; Cape Verde, the Bijagós Islands, Bioko, and São Tomé and Príncipe to the west; and the Azores and the Madeira and Canary islands to the northwest. The continent is cut almost equally in two by the Equator, so that most of Africa lies within the tropical region, bounded on the north by the Tropic of Cancer and on the south by the Tropic of Capricorn. Because of the bulge formed by western Africa, the greater part of Africa's territory lies north of the Equator. Africa is crossed from north to south by the prime meridian (0° longitude), which passes a short distance to the east of Accra, Ghana. Britannica Quiz Geography of Africa Quiz In antiquity the Greeks are said to have called the continent Libya and the Romans to have called it Africa, perhaps from the Latin aprica ("sunny") or the Greek aphrike ("without cold"). The name Africa, however, was chiefly applied to the northern coast of the continent, which was, in effect, regarded as a southern extension of Europe. The Romans, who for a time ruled the North African coast, are also said to have called the area south of their settlements Afriga, or the Land of the Afrigs—the name of a Berber community south of Carthage. The whole of Africa can be considered as a vast plateau rising steeply from narrow coastal strips and consisting of ancient crystalline rocks. The plateau's surface is higher in the southeast and tilts downward toward the northeast. In general the plateau may be divided into a southeastern portion and a northwestern portion. The northwestern part, which includes the Sahara (desert) and that part of North Africa known as the Maghrib, has two mountainous regions—the Atlas Mountains in northwestern Africa, which are believed to be part of a system that extends into southern Europe, and the Ahaggar (Hoggar) Mountains in the Sahara. The southeastern part of the plateau includes the Ethiopian Plateau, the East African Plateau, and—in eastern South Africa, where the plateau edge falls downward in a scarp—the Drakensberg range. One of the most remarkable features in the geologic structure of Africa is the East African Rift System, which lies between 30° and 40° E. The rift itself begins northeast of the continent's limits and extends southward from the Eritrean Red Sea coast to the Zambezi River basin. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Africa contains an enormous wealth of mineral resources, including some of the world's largest reserves of fossil fuels, metallic ores, and gems and precious metals. This richness is matched by a great diversity of biological resources that includes the intensely lush equatorial rainforests of Central Africa and the world-famous populations of wildlife of the eastern and southern portions of the continent. Although agriculture (primarily subsistence) still dominates the economies of many African countries, the exploitation of these resources became the most significant economic activity in Africa in the 20th century. Climatic and other factors have exerted considerable influence on the patterns of human settlement in Africa. While some areas appear to have been inhabited more or less continuously since the dawn of humanity, enormous regions—notably the desert areas of northern and southwestern Africa—have been largely unoccupied for prolonged periods of time. Thus, although Africa is the second largest continent, it contains only about 10 percent of the world's population and can be said to be underpopulated. The greater part of the continent has long been inhabited by Black peoples, but in historic times there also have occurred major immigrations from both Asia and Europe. Of all foreign settlements in Africa, that of the Arabs has made the greatest impact. The Islamic religion, which the Arabs carried with them, spread from North Africa into many areas south of the Sahara, so that many western African peoples are now largely Islamized. This article treats the physical and human geography of Africa, followed by discussion of geographic features of special interest. For discussion of individual countries of the continent, see such articles as Egypt, Madagascar, and Sudan. African regions are treated under the titles Central Africa, eastern Africa, North Africa, Southern Africa, and western Africa; these articles also contain the principal treatment of African historical and cultural development. For discussion of major cities of the continent, see such articles as Alexandria, Cairo, Cape Town, Johannesburg, and Kinshasa. Related topics are discussed in the articles literature, African; literature, South African; architecture, African; art, African; dance, African; music, African; theatre, African; art and architecture, Egyptian; Islam; arts, Islamic; and Islamic world. Davidson S.H.W. Nicol The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Geologic history General considerations Ruwenzori Range Ruwenzori Range The African continent essentially consists of five ancient Precambrian cratons—Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Congo, and West African—that were formed between about 3.6 and 2 billion years ago and that basically have been tectonically stable since that time; those cratons are bounded by younger fold belts formed between 2 billion and 300 million years ago. All of those rocks have been extensively folded and metamorphosed (that is, they have been modified in composition and structure by heat and pressure). Precambrian rock outcrops appear on some 57 percent of the continent's surface, while the rest of the surface consists of largely undeformed younger sediments and volcanic rocks. The oldest rocks are of Archean age (i.e., about 4.6 to 2.5 billion years old) and are found in the so-called granite-gneiss-greenstone terrains of the Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe, and Congo cratons. They consist of gray, banded gneisses, various granitoids, and rather well-preserved volcanic rocks that show evidence of submarine extrusion (i.e., emission of rock material in molten form) and formation under high temperatures. The rock type komatiite is particularly diagnostic of those volcanic sequences and is almost exclusively restricted to the Archean Eon. The cratons were tectonically stabilized by voluminous granite intrusions toward the end of the Archean and were then covered by clastic sediments, some of which contain economically important gold and uranium deposits (e.g., the Witwatersrand System in South Africa). The Proterozoic Eon (2.5 billion to about 541 million years ago) is characterized by the formation of several mobile belts, which are long, narrow zones of strongly deformed and metamorphosed rocks that occur between the cratons and probably resulted from the collision between the cratons due to plate tectonic processes. The oldest mobile belts are found in Archean rocks, such as the Limpopo belt separating the Kaapvaal from the Zimbabwe craton. Younger belts were formed during a continentwide thermotectonic event known as the Eburnian (2.2 to 1.8 billion years ago), which gave rise to the Birimian assemblage in western Africa, the Ubendian assemblage in east-central Africa, and large volumes of rocks in Angola. Still younger belts of the Kibaran thermotectonic event (1.2 billion to 950 million years ago) are found in eastern and Southern Africa. The end of the Precambrian was marked by a major event of mobile-belt formation known as the Pan-African episode (about 950 to 550 million years ago), which generated long fold belts, such as the Mozambique belt along the east coast of Africa, the Damara and Katanga belts extending from Namibia into the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia, the West Congo belt between Angola and Gabon, the Dahomey-Ahaggar belt between Ghana and Algeria, and the Mauritanide belt from Senegal to Morocco. A unique late Precambrian evolution is recorded in the so-called Arabian-Nubian Shield of northeastern Africa and Arabia. There, large volumes of volcanic and granitoid rocks were generated in an island-arc, marginal-basin setting—an environment similar to that of the present southwestern Pacific Ocean. Rocks were accreted onto the ancient African continent, the margin of which was then near the present Nile River, by subduction processes identical to those observed today. (Subduction involves the descent of the edge of one lithospheric plate beneath that of another where two such plates collide.) The interiors of the ancient cratons were not affected by the above tectonic events, and intracratonic sedimentary and volcanic sequences accumulated in large basins. The most important of those are the Transvaal basin on the Kaapvaal craton that contains economically important iron ore deposits; the Congo basin; and the West African basin, with its thick late Proterozoic sediments including a prominent tillite horizon that marks a major glaciation event at the end of the Precambrian. Little Karoo Little Karoo After the Precambrian, Africa's geologic history is characterized by the following events: the formation of fold belts in the Paleozoic Era (about 541 to 252 million years ago) in South Africa (the Cape fold belt), Morocco (the Anti-Atlas belt), and Mauritania (the Mauritanide belt) bordering the older cratons; voluminous basaltic volcanism some 230 to 200 million years ago in South Africa, Namibia, and East Africa, known as the Karoo System, that was probably related to the beginning of the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent; the formation of a young mountain belt in northwestern Africa some 100 to 40 million years ago as a result of collision between the African and European plates, together with the closure of the ancestral Mediterranean Sea (the Tethys Sea); and the development of the East African Rift System during the Cenozoic Era (i.e., roughly the past 66 million years), leading to the opening of the Red Sea, the northeast drift of the Arabian Plate, and the fracturing of the ancient crust of Africa along several long rift valleys, accompanied by extensive volcanism. Rock types and structural evolution The Precambrian The oldest rocks consist of gneisses, granites, metasediments, and metavolcanic rocks 3.6 to 2.5 billion years old; all are variably deformed and metamorphosed to some degree. The best-preserved assemblages occur in the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons and contain large deposits of gold and sulfide minerals. The volcanic suites are dominated by basaltic and komatiitic lavas, often interlayered with metasediments and generally referred to as greenstone belts. Those structures are often found together with layered gneisses, or they are intruded by granitoid plutons. Several generations of greenstones have been recognized. The oldest formed about 3.4 billion years ago, the second some 3 to 2.9 billion years ago, and the third some 2.7 to 2.6 billion years ago. Some of the oldest traces of life are preserved as unicellular algae in Precambrian cherts of the Barberton greenstone belt in the Transvaal region of South Africa. The end of the Archean is marked by voluminous granite intrusions, after which Africa's cratons became tectonically stable. One of the most spectacular features marking the end of the Archean is the intrusion of the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe, a large, layered body of mafic-ultramafic rocks with substantial deposits of chromium, asbestos, and nickel. It is still not clear whether Archean evolution was characterized by the same plate tectonic processes that are seen today, and there are suggestions that the greenstone belts are remnants of ancient oceanic crust. Cratonic (essentially undeformed) sediments appear in the stratigraphic record for the first time in the late Archean and are best developed in the Kaapvaal craton of Southern Africa. The early Proterozoic (about 2.5 to 1.6 billion years ago) is characterized by cratonic clastic sediments on the stable cratons—the best examples are the Witwatersrand-Ventersdorp-Transvaal basin of Southern Africa and the Francevillian basin in Gabon—and by metavolcanic-metasedimentary rocks and granitoids in noncratonic areas such as the extensive Birimian terrain of western Africa extending from Senegal to Ghana. Of particular interest are extensive stromatolite-bearing limestones and economically important iron formations in the Transvaal sequence of South Africa that provide evidence for an oxygen-rich atmosphere by about 2.2 billion years ago. About 2 billion years ago the Bushveld Complex—which is one of the largest differentiated igneous bodies on Earth, containing major deposits of platinum, chromium, and vanadium—was emplaced in the northern Kaapvaal craton. The middle part of the early Proterozoic was dominated by powerful orogenic (mountain-building) processes that gave rise to fold belts in which sedimentary and volcanic rocks originally deposited in deep basins along the continental margins were severely deformed, metamorphosed, intruded by granitoid plutons, and finally uplifted into mountain ranges, probably as a result of continental collision. That Eburnian event was particularly active in western Africa, where it deformed the Birimian assemblages; but it was also active in eastern Africa, where it generated the Ubendian belt in southern Tanzania, and in southwestern Africa, where it formed major rock units in Angola and northern Namibia. By the end of the early Proterozoic, the Archean crustal blocks had grown into cratons of considerable size. The record of the middle Proterozoic (about 1.6 to 1 billion years ago) shows deposition of continental sediments and volcanic rocks on the cratons and adjacent to the earlier fold belts (molasse deposits). Undeformed or only mildly folded successions are found in Southern Africa (Waterberg and Matsap sequences), in northern Zambia, and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Elsewhere, sedimentary and volcanic sequences were deposited in elongate basins that were later subjected to intense deformation and metamorphism during the Kibaran event. That important thermotectonic episode gave rise to the Kibaran-Burundian fold belt in east-central Africa, the Ruwenzori belt in Uganda, and the Namaqua-Natal belt in South Africa and Namibia. The late Proterozoic (about 1 billion to 541 million years ago) is again characterized by platform deposits in stable areas, such as the West African craton (Taoudeni and Tindouf basins), the Congo craton, the Kalahari craton (Nama basin of Namibia), and the Tanzania craton (Bukoban beds). Tectonic and magmatic activity was concentrated in mobile belts surrounding the stable areas and took place throughout the late Proterozoic, during the so-called Pan-African thermotectonic event. Long, linear belts—such as the Damara-Katanga of central and southwestern Africa, the Mozambique belt of eastern Africa, and the Dahomey-Ahaggar belt of western Africa—formed during that time, and some of those belts contain diagnostic rock assemblages that indicate that they resulted from continental collisions. Many late Precambrian sequences of Africa contain one or two beds of tillites (sedimentary rocks that are composed of lithified clay and rock sediments produced by the action of ice), which are thought to have resulted from an extensive glaciation that covered much of Africa at that time. In the Arabian (Eastern) Desert of Egypt and in the Red Sea Hills of Sudan, a predominance of volcanic rocks and granitoids, together with frequent remnants of ancient oceanic crust, document an evolution similar to what is now occurring in the island-arc systems of the southwestern Pacific. Those rocks clearly demonstrate that plate tectonic processes operated in the late Precambrian. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Zodiac Killer

An unidentified serial killer who killed people in the late 1960s and the early 1970s. He had 5 confirmed dead victims, claimed to have killed 37 people. (Quizlet) Zodiac killer American serial killer Actions By John Philip Jenkins Article History Table of Contents Zodiac killer Zodiac killer Clint Eastwood in Dirty Harry Clint Eastwood in Dirty Harry Zodiac killer, unidentified American serial killer who is believed to have murdered at least five people in northern California between 1968 and 1969. An earlier murder, the stabbing death of an 18-year-old college student in Riverside, California in 1966, is also sometimes attributed to the Zodiac killer. The case inspired the influential 1971 action film Dirty Harry, which starred Clint Eastwood, and it was the subject of the critically acclaimed David Fincher dramatic film Zodiac (2007). In 1968 a teenage couple was shot to death near their car in a remote area north of San Francisco; one year later another couple was attacked in similar circumstances, though the male victim survived. After the 1969 attack, the killer phoned police to alert them to the crime and to take responsibility for the 1968 murders. Later that year the Zodiac killer attacked another young couple, though once again the male survived. The last known victim, a taxi driver, was shot in October 1969. Britannica Quiz Famous Serial Killers The murders were the subject of intense investigation and media coverage, particularly because of the killer's taunting letters to newspapers and phone calls to police. His letters, sent from 1969 to 1974, were signed with a symbol resembling the crosshairs of a gunsight and typically began with the phrase, "this is the Zodiac speaking." Included among the letters were four ciphers or cryptograms, the first of which was sent in three parts to three Bay Area newspapers in July 1969. Known as the "408 cipher" for the number of characters it contained, it was soon decoded by a pair of private citizens. Its message stated in part that, "I like killing people because it is so much fun." Another cipher, the "340 cipher," mailed to the San Francisco Chronicle in November 1969, was finally decoded in 2020 by a team of three amateur code breakers; its message began, "I hope you are having lots of fun in trying to catch me." Much remains mysterious about the Zodiac case, not least the issue of when the crimes stopped. Crime writer Robert Graysmith argued that the Zodiac killer remained active through the 1980s and murdered dozens more people, though this view is controversial. During the 1990s several investigators claimed to have identified the Zodiac killer; the suspect most often cited was Arthur Leigh Allen (1933-92), a Vallejo, California, schoolteacher who had been institutionalized in 1975 for child molestation, though his identification with the Zodiac killer has never been substantiated. John Philip Jenkins The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica serial murder Table of Contents Home Politics, Law & Government Law, Crime & Punishment serial murder crime Actions Alternate titles: serial killer, serial killing By John Philip Jenkins Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic serial murder, also called serial killing, the unlawful homicide of at least two people carried out by the same person (or persons) in separate events occurring at different times. Although this definition is widely accepted, the crime is not formally recognized in any legal code, including that of the United States. Serial murder is distinguished from mass murder, in which several victims are murdered at the same time and place. Key People: Richard Kuklinski Richard Ramirez Mary Ann Cotton Dennis Rader Jack the Ripper Related Topics: murder See all related content → Definition and motives There has been considerable debate among criminologists about the proper definition of serial murder. The term serial murder was popularized in the 1970s by Robert Ressler, an investigator with the Behavioral Science Unit of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The FBI originally defined serial murder as involving at least four events that take place at different locations and are separated by a cooling-off period. In most definitions now, however, the number of events has been reduced, and even the FBI lowered the number of events to three in the 1990s. The FBI's definition has been faulted because it excludes individuals who commit two murders and are arrested before they can commit more and individuals who commit most of their murders in a single location. Such criticisms have led many scholars worldwide to adopt the definition put forward by the National Institute of Justice, an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, according to which serial murder involves at least two different murders that occur "over a period of time ranging from hours to years." Britannica Quiz Famous Serial Killers Criminologists have distinguished between classic serial murder, which usually involves stalking and is often sexually motivated, and spree serial murder, which is usually motivated by thrill seeking. Although some serial murders have been committed for profit, most lack an obvious rational motive, a fact that distinguishes them from political assassinations and terrorism and from professional murders committed by gangsters. Serial murderers are assumed to kill for motives such as sexual compulsion or even recreation. In many cases, the killings are thought to give murderers a feeling of power—which may or may not be sexual in nature—over their victims. Typical victims have included women, migrants, prostitutes, children, homosexuals, and vagrants. Serial murderers have attracted immense attention in popular culture, partly because they are perceived as personifications of evil. History Serial murder has occurred throughout history. One of the earliest documented cases involved Locusta, a Roman woman hired by Agrippina the Younger, the mother of Nero, to poison several members of the imperial family; Locusta was executed in 69 CE. Serial murders also were documented in medieval England, Germany, Hungary, and Italy. The French baron Gilles de Rais, who is the likely model of the character Bluebeard, was executed in the 15th century for the murder of more than 100 children, though it is open to question whether the charges against him were true. Although it is likely that serial murder in Asia and other parts of the world has a similarly long history, documentary evidence of early examples is scarce and controversial. The known incidence of serial murder increased dramatically in the early 19th century, particularly in Europe, though this development has been attributed to advances in law-enforcement techniques and increased news coverage rather than to an actual rise in the number of occurrences. Serial murderers of the early 19th century included a German woman who poisoned more than a dozen people; the Irish-born William Burke and William Hare, who killed at least 15 people in Scotland in the 1820s; and an Austrian woman who reportedly fed children to her family. The most famous case of serial murder in the 19th century was that of Jack the Ripper, who killed at least five women in London in 1888. Shortly afterward the United States recorded the comparably dramatic case of Herman Webster Mudgett ("H.H. Holmes"), who confessed to 27 murders and was executed in Philadelphia in 1896. In the 20th century, cases of serial murder received widespread coverage in the news media. Some murderers became known by lurid nicknames, such as the Boston Strangler, the Düsseldorf Vampire (Peter Kürten), the Monster of Florence, and the Killer Clown (John Wayne Gacy). Their crimes, which both horrified and fascinated the public, raised numerous social and legal issues, such as the tendency of police to be less thorough in murder investigations when the victims were poor or of low social status. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Other notorious serial murderers included Harold Shipman, a British physician who killed at least 215 people from 1975 to 1998; Andrey Chikatilo, who killed at least 50 people, mostly teenagers, in the Soviet Union from 1978 to 1990; Javed Iqbal, who murdered 100 boys in Pakistan in 1998-99; and Muḥammad Adam ʿUmar, who confessed in 2000 to having killed 16 female medical students in Yemen and 11 other women in Sudan. In the United States, Ted Bundy killed more than 25 girls and young women between 1974 and 1978, and Jeffrey Dahmer murdered 17 boys and young men, most of them in the late 1980s. In the 20th century the subject of serial murder inspired countless popular novels, becoming a virtual subgenre of crime literature by the 1980s. Films about serial killers became reliable box-office draws and ranged from the critically acclaimed to the more formulaic. The former group included the disturbing expressionist drama M (1931), The Devil Strikes at Night (1958), Peeping Tom (1960), Psycho (1960), Silence of the Lambs (1991), and Monster (2003); examples of the latter were Halloween (1978) and Friday the 13th (1980). Jack the Ripper was a character in Pandora's Box (1904) and other plays by the German writer Frank Wedekind. Wedekind's work was in turn the basis of the opera Lulu (1937), by Alban Berg. The public's fascination with stories about serial murder has dismayed some academics and writers, who view it as indicative of the educational and moral decline of Western (and particularly American) society. Others, including some psychiatrists, have drawn the opposite conclusion, arguing that stories of this type are actually morally edifying, because they help people to see the difference between right and wrong. Whatever their supposed benefit or harm, these fictionalized accounts tend to mislead the public by suggesting that serial killings, which account for fewer than 2 percent of all murders, are much more common than they really are. John Philip Jenkins Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Cast the first stone

Be the first to attack a sinner In John, a woman caught in adultery was to be publicly stoned. But Jesus said, "He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her..." This is a warning against hypocrisy. Be the first to attack a sinner. From the King James Bible, John 8:7: "So when they continued asking Him, [Jesus] lifted up Himself, and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her." (Quizlet) be the first to make an accusation (used to emphasize that a potential critic is not wholly blameless). (Online def)

What's the longest street in America?

Colfax Avenue

Bugs Moran

Chicago Prohibition-era gangster,Saint Valentine's Day massacre, seven members where his gang were gunned down in a warehouse, supposedly by Moran's rival Al Capone. Rival of Al Capone, leader of a gang that supplied alcohol. Another infamous gangster from Chicago. He headed the north side Irish gang. (Quizlet) George Moran American gangster Actions Alternate titles: Bugs Moran By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents George Moran, byname Bugs Moran, (born 1893, Minnesota, U.S.—died February 25, 1957, U.S. Penitentiary, Leavenworth, Kansas), Chicago gangster and bootlegger of the Prohibition era. Born: 1893 Minnesota Died: February 25, 1957 (aged 64) Leavenworth Kansas See all related content → He was a childhood friend and, later, right-hand man of Dion O'Bannion. Moran and Earl ("Hymie") Weiss inherited O'Bannion's gang in Chicago when the chief was killed in 1924. Moran became sole leader after Weiss was killed in late 1926. For the next three years Moran's gang and Al Capone's were locked in bloody warfare, climaxed in 1929 by the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, in which several members of Moran's mob were slaughtered in a garage. (Moran narrowly avoided being killed. As he neared the building, he saw a police car arrive; unbeknownst to him, the men inside were actually associates of Capone. Thinking it was a raid, Moran immediately left.) His power reduced, he drifted into petty crimes, ending his days in prison for bank robberies (Ohio Penitentiary, 1946-56; Leavenworth federal penitentiary, 1957). He died of lung cancer. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. bootlegging Table of Contents Home Politics, Law & Government Law, Crime & Punishment bootlegging American history Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What is bootlegging? Why did the bootlegging era come to an end? How did bootlegging get its name? bootlegging, in U.S. history, illegal traffic in liquor in violation of legislative restrictions on its manufacture, sale, or transportation. The word apparently came into general use in the Midwest in the 1880s to denote the practice of concealing flasks of illicit liquor in boot tops when going to trade with Native Americans. The term entered into the wider American vocabulary when the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution effected the national prohibition of alcohol from 1920 until its repeal in 1933. Prohibition Prohibition See all media Key People: Lucky Luciano Bugsy Siegel Johnny Torrio Salvatore Maranzano Arnold Rothstein Related Topics: United States crime prohibition speakeasy See all related content → Prohibition ended the legal sale of liquor and thereby created demand for an illicit supply. The earliest bootleggers began smuggling foreign-made commercial liquor into the United States from across the Canadian and Mexican borders and along the seacoasts from ships under foreign registry. Their favourite sources of supply were the Bahamas, Cuba, and the French islands of Sainte-Pierre and Miquelon, off the southern coast of Newfoundland. A favourite rendezvous of the rum-running ships was a point opposite Atlantic City, New Jersey, just outside the 3-mile (5-km) limit beyond which the U.S. government lacked jurisdiction. The bootleggers anchored in this area and discharged their loads into high-powered craft that were built to outrace U.S. Coast Guard cutters. More From Britannica Prohibition: Bootlegging and gangsterism This type of smuggling became more risky and expensive when the U.S. Coast Guard began halting and searching ships at greater distances from the coast and using fast motor launches of its own. Bootleggers had other major sources of supply, however. Among these were millions of bottles of "medicinal" whiskey that were sold across drugstore counters on real or forged prescriptions. In addition, various American industries were permitted to use denatured alcohol, which had been mixed with obnoxious chemicals to render it unfit for drinking. Millions of gallons of this were illegally diverted, "washed" of noxious chemicals, mixed with tap water and perhaps a dash of real liquor for flavour, and sold to speakeasies or individual customers. Finally, bootleggers took to bottling their own concoctions of spurious liquor, and by the late 1920s stills making liquor from corn had become major suppliers. Faultily distilled batches of this "rotgut" could be dangerously impure and cause blindness, paralysis, and even death. Bootlegging helped lead to the establishment of American organized crime, which persisted long after the repeal of Prohibition. The distribution of liquor was necessarily more complex than other types of criminal activity, and organized gangs eventually arose that could control an entire local chain of bootlegging operations, from concealed distilleries and breweries through storage and transport channels to speakeasies, restaurants, nightclubs, and other retail outlets. These gangs tried to secure and enlarge territories in which they had a monopoly of distribution. The rise of the bootlegging led to a succession of gang wars and murders. A notorious incident was the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre in Chicago in 1929: the Al Capone gang shot to death seven members of the rival George "Bugs" Moran gang. Gradually the gangs in different cities began to cooperate with one another, and they extended their methods of organizing beyond bootlegging to the narcotics traffic, gambling rackets, prostitution, labour racketeering, loan-sharking, and extortion. The national American crime syndicate, the Mafia, arose out of the coordinated activities of Italian bootleggers and other gangsters in New York City in the late 1920s and early '30s. In 1933 Prohibition was abandoned. The bootlegger did not become extinct, however. In the early 21st century, alcohol was still prohibited in a number of U.S. counties and municipalities, and bootlegging continued to thrive as an illegal business. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Jeff Wallenfeldt. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

sexual sadism

Inflicting pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification

James Longstreet Confederate general Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents James Longstreet, (born January 8, 1821, Edgefield district, South Carolina, U.S.—died January 2, 1904, Gainesville, Georgia), Confederate officer during the American Civil War. A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York (1842), he resigned from the U.S. Army when his native state seceded from the Union (December 1860); he was made a brigadier general in the Confederate Army. He fought in the first and second battles of Bull Run, called First and Second Manassas by the Confederates (July 1861; August-September 1862); was a division commander in the Peninsular Campaign (March-July 1862); and at Antietam (September 1862) and Fredericksburg (November-December 1862) commanded what was soon called the I Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia. Promoted to lieutenant general (1862), Longstreet participated in the Battle of Gettysburg as Gen. Robert E. Lee's second in command. Critics of Longstreet (perhaps motivated by their dislike of his postwar politics) attributed the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg to what they claimed was his delay in attacking and his slowness in organizing "Pickett's Charge." Others, however, pointed to the failure of the flanking Confederate forces supporting Pickett's troops during the charge or placed the blame for the defeat on Lee. In September 1863 he directed the attack at Chickamauga that broke the Federal lines. He was severely wounded in the Wilderness Campaign. In November 1864, although with a paralyzed right arm, he resumed command of his corps. He surrendered with Lee at Appomattox. Longstreet, James Longstreet, James See all media Born: January 8, 1821 South Carolina Died: January 2, 1904 (aged 82) Gainesville Georgia Role In: American Civil War Battle of Chickamauga Creek Battle of the Wilderness Peninsular Campaign Second Battle of Bull Run ... (Show more) See all related content → After the war he became unpopular in the South—partly because of his admiration for Pres. Ulysses S. Grant and partly because he joined the Republican Party. He served as U.S. minister to Turkey (1880-81) and commissioner of Pacific railways (1898-1904). His reminiscences, From Manassas to Appomattox, appeared in 1896. This article was most recently revised and updated by Jeff Wallenfeldt. Battle of Chickamauga Creek Table of Contents Home World History Wars, Battles & Armed Conflicts Battle of Chickamauga Creek United States history Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Battle of Chickamauga Creek, (September 19-20, 1863), in the American Civil War, a vital part of the maneuvering and fighting to control the railroad centre at nearby Chattanooga, Tennessee. Union General William S. Rosecrans had established his army at Chickamauga, Georgia, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Chattanooga. Confederate General Braxton Bragg collected reinforcements and prepared to do battle, assisted by General James Longstreet. For two days the conflict raged in a tangled forest along Chickamauga Creek. Dazed by the ferocious Confederate assault, the main body of the Union army gave way and retreated in disorder. Union General George H. Thomas, the "Rock of Chickamauga," skillfully organized the defenses and withstood the attack until the assistance of a reserve corps made possible an orderly withdrawal to Chattanooga. Of 120,000 troops participating, casualties numbered 16,000 Union troops and 18,000 Confederate troops, making this one of the bloodiest engagements of the Civil War. American Civil War: Battle of Chickamauga Creek American Civil War: Battle of Chickamauga Creek See all media Date: September 19, 1863 - September 20, 1863 Location: Georgia United States Participants: Confederate States of America United States Context: American Civil War Key People: James A. Garfield John B. Hood James Longstreet William S. Rosecrans Philip H. Sheridan See all related content → Chickamauga was considered a decisive victory for the South, but General Bragg did not choose to follow it up, and two months later the results were completely nullified at the Battle of Chattanooga. In 1890 an Act of Congress created a national military park at the two battlegrounds. Britannica Quiz World Wars This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

James Longstreet

Why do I get shocked when I touch someone?

So, when a person or any object has extra electrons, it creates a negative charge. These electrons thus get attracted to positive electrons (as opposite attracts) of another object or person and vice versa. The shock that we feel sometimes is the result of the quick movement of these electrons. (TimesofIndia) Subscribe US MARKETS CLOSED In the news Dow Jones -0.22% Nasdaq -0.1% S&P 500 -0.25% META +0.07% TSLA +1.12% BABA -1.18% HOMEPAGE Subscribe HOME SCIENCE Here's why we get those annoying electric shocks — and how we can prevent them Ali Sundermier Oct 15, 2016, 11:00 AM Read in app static hair uncoolbob/Flickr There are a lot of reasons to hate winter. It's cold. It's dark. And for some reason, every time you trek through the cold to touch a doorknob or a car handle, you get an uncomfortable shock. This is all thanks to static electricity, which LiveScience explains is when electric charge builds up on the surface of an object. Take this sad tale of a boy and his trampoline for instance. via GIPHY As the boy jumps up and down, rubbing his feet on the trampoline, he picks up extra electrons. That's why his hair stands straight up in the air: all of the negative charges building up in his body want to repel each other. But when the boy reaches out and touches fingers with his dad, all of those extra electrons that were building up in his body leap from his finger to his dad's finger, giving him a painful zap. It's the same thing when you walk across a room, shuffling your feet across the carpet as you go. As your feet rub against the carpet, your body either steals or abandons electrons (depending on what you're wearing on your feet). So when you reach for the doorknob, millions of extra electrons leap from you to the knob (or from the door knob to you), giving you a shock. As Weather Network explains, it's worse in the winter because cold air doesn't hold as much moisture as warm air. Even with your thermostat turned up, the air being sucked into your home and heated is still that same, dry winter air, and so it has less moisture than summertime air at the same temperature. Because water is a good conductor, moisture provides a path of sorts for the electrons to move off your body before they have a chance to build up. This disperses the static in small, undetectable bursts, rather than one painful shock. Doorknob Proceed with caution. Wikimedia Commons There are a few ways you might be able to avoid these shocks. If you put a humidifier in your home, Lifehacker suggests, it will add some moisture to the air, which will help cut down on shocks. You can also avoid wearing materials like wool, leather and rubber on your feet. These materials are powerful insulators, which means that when you walk across a carpet, they're more likely to hold onto an electric charge. So those charges are more likely to build up in your body and lead to a shock the second you touch a conductor, like metal. Carrying around something metal, like a set of keys, can help dissipate the energy before it builds up. Another interesting trick to avoid electrostatic shocks is to carry around some dryer sheets. According to HowStuffWorks, dryer sheets are useful when you're doing laundry because they balance out the electrons in your clothes (which gather a negative charge from all of the loose electrons) with positively charged ions, preventing static cling. If your problem is that you've picked up a few too many electrons, dryer sheets will prevent those electrons from clinging to you. So maybe your winter will always be cold and dark. But at least this time around it might not be as shocking. Read next NOW WATCH: The most incredible microscope images of 2016 reveal shocking details of a hidden universe Science Physics Electron More... Insider Business Insider Download on the App Store Get it on Google Play * Copyright © 2022 Insider Inc. All rights reserved. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Service , Privacy Policy and Cookies Policy . Contact Us Sitemap Disclaimer Accessibility Commerce Policy Advertising Policies CA Privacy Rights Coupons Made in NYC Jobs @ Insider Stock quotes by finanzen.net Reprints & Permissions International Editions: INTL AS AT DE ES IN JP MX NL PL ZA Insider.com TM Logo Insider-Inc Logo Business Insider DE Logo Tech Insider Logo

pet peeve

Something that upsets or disturbs you or causes you to react negatively (Quizlet) pet peeve nounINFORMAL noun: pet peeve; plural noun: pet peeves something that a particular person finds especially annoying. "one of my biggest pet peeves is poor customer service" (Online def)

Hemorrhoids

Swollen, painful rectal veins; often a result of constipation swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region (Quizlet) Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleeding. Hemorrhoids are usually caused from straining during bowel movements, obesity, or pregnancy. Very common More than 3 million US cases per year Treatable by a medical professional Usually self-diagnosable Lab tests or imaging not required Chronic: can last for years or be lifelong For informational purposes only. Consult your local medical authority for advice. Sources: Mayo Clinic and others. Learn more (Online def)

derivation

That process by which a word is traced from its original root or primitive form and meaning.

What's life like behind bars?

Subscribe HOMEPAGE Subscribe HOME ENTERTAINMENT 7 law-abiding citizens went to jail undercover and learned the unwritten rules that govern life behind bars Mark Abadi Jan 31, 2019, 6:18 PM Read in app 60 days in david David, an undercover inmate on the A&E show "60 Days In." A&E The A&E documentary series "60 Days In" sends regular, law-abiding citizens to jail as undercover inmates. The undercover inmates quickly learn many of the jail's unwritten rules that inmates live by. Inmates divided themselves by race and had strict rules for settling conflicts, the participants learned. Life in jail is hard enough as it is. But it's even harder when you don't know the unwritten rules. Seven ordinary people found out what it takes to survive behind bars on the show "60 Days In." Now in its fifth season, the documentary series follows law-abiding citizens as they navigate life at Arizona's Pinal County Adult Detention Center for two months. The undercover inmates quickly learn that inmates at Pinal County obey a strict set of unwritten rules that dictate who they eat with, where they can walk, and how they settle disputes. Violate one of the rules, the participants learn, and they'll be met with certain violence. Read on to see 11 of the unwritten rules they had to follow behind bars: 'This jail is segregated. There's no other way around it.' 60 days in pinal county inmates A&E The biggest unwritten rule inmates discovered was that at Pinal County jail, inmates segregate themselves by racial group. Inmates are expected to eat, share cells, and fraternize only with members of their race. The main racial groups in the jail were whites, blacks, US-born Hispanics, foreign-born Hispanics, and Native Americans. "This jail is segregated. There's no other way around it," an undercover inmate named Abner said on the show. "Whatever race you belong to, you have to follow the rules." As Abner discovered, racial ties are even stronger than gang rivalries for Pinal County inmates. "You come in white, it doesn't matter what gang you belong to in the streets — you're white," he said. "If you come in black, and you're a Blood, a Crip, or whatever — you're black." If you break the racial barrier, you'll have to answer for it later 60 days in dillon david A&E Even if Pinal County inmates didn't agree with the racial segregation that took place, they adhered to it for fear of consequences down the line. If an inmate is convicted and sent to prison, they'll be expected to share developments from their time at Pinal County. (Jails are run by local law enforcement agencies, and hold inmates who are awaiting trial or are serving short-term sentences, while prisons are run by state or federal entities and house those who have been convicted of serious and are serving longer sentences.) Word will quickly spread throughout the system if someone at the jail isn't obeying the racial code, and they could face violent retribution if they go to prison. "When you start seeing intermingling like other races eating with other races, that's one telltale sign that something bad is going to happen to them," a Pinal County inmate named Willie said in one episode. "We all get along, but when it comes to these rules, they need to be abided by," he said. "Because when you get to prison, or what we call the yard, you're going to have to answer for everything you did in jail." Don't 'split' tables during chow time 60 days in david David, an undercover inmate on "60 Days In." A&E Racial groups eat together in jail, and according to an undercover inmate named David, it's a breach of etiquette to walk between two tables being used by the same racial group. "You don't split the tables to go places. That was one of the things I learned as time went on," David told Business Insider. "You couldn't split tables to use a shortcut or to get something from your room." Like in most other cases, violating this rule can lead to violent punishment. White inmates refused to bunk with black inmates 60 days in mark david A&E David also said the racial divide extended to sharing bunk beds. Although inmates can't always choose which inmates they share a cell with, David said the white faction had a rule prohibiting white inmates from sharing bunk beds with black inmates. Never steal from another inmate 60 days in abner A&E Resources in jail are extremely limited, and one of the foremost rules the participants learned was not to steal from their fellow inmates. Some of the biggest conflicts on the show erupted after inmates were accused of stealing coffee, soda, and other commissary items from other inmates. As Abner explained, stealing is a sign of cowardice, and an accusation of theft can damage the reputation of your entire racial group. When there's a dispute within a racial group, it goes to 'trial' 60 days in trial giovanni A&E If someone is caught stealing or violating another rule, members of that inmate's racial group will hold what they call a "trial." In a trial, the accused inmate is confronted by the inmates at the top of his race's social hierarchy and is allowed to plead his case. If the leader of the racial faction finds him guilty, he can order violence against the inmate or simply have him removed from that section of the jail. "You have to enforce your politics, even if it's your brother. You have to," Abner said. "I can't keep control of the soldiers if I'm not in command." If an inmate wants to fight someone from another race, it has to go through the proper channels 60 days in abner Abner, an undercover inmate on "60 Days In." A&E Disputes involving members of multiple races are a little more complicated. In one episode of "60 Days In," a Hispanic inmate is accused of stealing soda from a black inmate. However, the black inmate knew he couldn't simply start a public argument or fight with the accused thief. It fell on the Hispanic faction to decide on an appropriate punishment, and their decision needed to be severe enough to restore calm across the entire pod. "If someone steals from me and they get caught, if it's my race, I'm going to have a meeting with the rest of my people, and we're going handle it a certain way," Tyrus, a black inmate, said. "If it's somebody else's race, they'd be forced to handle it," he continued. "Or if they don't take care of it to the way I like it, then me and my people and their people have an issue. It'd be a race riot because you're harboring a f-----g thief." Never back down from a fight 60 days in fight A&E Violence is the conclusion to almost every dispute in jail, the undercover inmates learned. "The rules state in jail that whenever another man disrespects another man, that they are to fight," undercover inmate David said in one episode. But fighting served another purpose too — inmates could strategically use fights to climb the social ladder. Merely accepting the challenge of a fight is often enough to earn respect in the eyes of other inmates, the participants learned, regardless of who comes out on top. Meanwhile, refusing to participate in a fight is considered the ultimate sign of cowardice, said Ryan, a participant from the second season of "60 Days In," which was filmed in Indiana's Clark County Jail. "You should never fear violence," Ryan told Business Insider. "If you take that beating, you're more respected. So it's something people shouldn't be afraid of." And never stop a fight in progress 60 days in fight A&E You wouldn't be able to tell a fight is taking place at Pinal County from the reactions of the other inmates. That's because there usually aren't any reactions at all. Because fights are used to settle disputes and keep the natural order in the pod, inmates know not to interfere when other inmates are exchanging punches. Instead, there are a few ways fights can end. One of the participants could give up, or they could get a signal to stop from a more veteran inmate. Typically, however, fights keep going until the inmates are broken up by correction officers. Don't snitch 60 days in david David, an undercover inmate on the A&E show "60 Days In." A&E Snitching is arguably the worst offense there is behind bars. The undercover inmates quickly learned that they would face severe consequences if they informed jail staff about illegal activity happening in jail cells, such as fights, drug use, or the presence of contraband items like weapons and cell phones. "If someone calls you a snitch in jail, that can get you beaten up, it can get you shanked it, it can get you killed," an undercover inmate named Brooke said. If you violate a rule, it's time to roll out 60 days in roll out A&E Once someone is labeled a snitch, or is found guilty of stealing from another inmate, or backs down from a fight, even members of their own racial group won't defend them. In that case, there's only one thing left to do — roll out. An inmate "rolls out" when he requests that jail staff move him to another wing of the jail because he is in fear for his safety. Of course, even if an inmate rolls out, their troubles are far from over. Inmates can communicate across pods by discreetly sending "kites," or handwritten messages, to other sections of the jail. If an inmate's new cellmates discover he's been labeled a snitch, he'll have to roll out again, and if there's nowhere safe for him to go, he'll likely be sent to solitary confinement. 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conflict of interest

a situation in which an action by a company or individual results in an unfair benefit. a conflict between self-interest and professional obligation A situation in which a person in a position of responsibility or trust has competing professional or personal interests that make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially.

Hypermasculinity

a psychological term for the exaggeration of male stereotypical behavior, such as an emphasis on physical strength, aggression, and sexuality. (Quizlet) hypermasculinity Actions By Ronald O. Craig Article History Table of Contents hypermasculinity, sociological term denoting exaggerated forms of masculinity, virility, and physicality. Scholars have suggested that there are three distinct characteristics associated with the hypermasculine personality: (1) the view of violence as manly, (2) the perception of danger as exciting and sensational, and (3) callous behavior toward women and a regard toward emotional displays as feminine. Hypermasculine archetypes abound in the mass media, especially action films. The films of Clint Eastwood, for example, usually feature a strong, silent hero who exhibits no emotion as he dispatches his enemies. A female lead character with exaggerated "feminine" qualities is often added to accentuate the masculine traits of the hero. Ronald O. Craig gender identity Table of Contents Home Health & Medicine Psychology & Mental Health gender identity human behaviour Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents gender identity, an individual's self-conception as a man or woman or as a boy or girl or as some combination of man/boy and woman/girl or as someone fluctuating between man/boy and woman/girl or as someone outside those categories altogether. It is distinguished from actual biological sex—i.e., male or female. For most persons, gender identity and biological sex correspond in the conventional way. Some individuals, however, experience little or no connection between sex and gender; among transgender persons, for example, biological sexual characteristics are distinct and unambiguous, but the affected person identifies with the gender conventionally associated with the opposite sex. Key People: Judith Butler Luce Irigaray Related Topics: queer transgender berdache genderqueer transvestism See all related content → The nature and development of gender identity have been studied and disputed by psychologists, philosophers, and social activists since the late 20th century. So-called essentialists hold that gender identity is fixed at birth by genetic or other biological factors. Social constructivists argue that gender identity, or the manner in which gender identity is expressed, is "socially constructed"—i.e., determined by social and cultural influences. Social constructivism of the latter type is not necessarily incompatible with essentialism, because it is possible for a supposedly innate gender identity to be expressed in different ways in different cultures. Finally, a variation of social constructivism known as performatism holds that gender identity is constituted, rather than expressed, by the continuous "performance" of gendered behaviour (actions and speech). According to the originator of this view, the American philosopher Judith Butler, gender "is performatively constituted by the very 'expressions' that are said to be its results." More From Britannica Has Pink Always Been a "Girly" Color? Basic gender identity (whether innate or constructed) is generally established in children by the age of three and is extremely difficult to modify thereafter. In cases where biological sex was ambiguous at birth and errors in sexing were made, it has been almost impossible to reestablish a conventional gender identity later in childhood or adolescence. Furthermore, a secondary gender identity can be developed over the core identity, as sex-associated behaviours may be adopted later in life; heterosexual or homosexual orientations also develop later. Aspects of gender identity develop by means of parental example, social reinforcement, and language. Parents teach what they perceive as sex-appropriate behaviour to their children from an early age, and this behaviour is reinforced as the children grow older and enter a wider social world. As children acquire language, they also learn very early the distinction between "he" and "she" and understand which pertain to themselves. Do you know the difference between sex and gender? Do you know the difference between sex and gender?See all videos for this article Since the late 20th century the recognition that many people have gender identities that are not conventionally associated with their biological sex and that some people have nonbinary gender identities (i.e., neither or both man/boy and woman/girl) have broadened support for the general use in English and other languages of gender-neutral pronouns (they, them, and their) in place of masculine or feminine pronouns (he, she, him, her, his, hers). Such usage, it is argued, enables speakers and writers to avoid attributing a false gender identity to a person based on perceived biological sex. The adoption of gender-neutral pronouns also has been advocated by those who object to the use of generic masculine pronouns and other masculine-gendered words to refer to people in general, as in "No one in his right mind would believe that" and "Man is a political animal." The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Brian Duignan. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Cancer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division a practice or phenomenon perceived to be evil or destructive and hard to contain or eradicate.

Commission

authorization; act of giving authority to an individual An instruction, command, or duty given to a person or group of people. An amount paid to an employee based on a percentage of the employee's sales

arthritis

painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints.

varnish

paint that provides a hard glossy transparent coating (Quizlet) varnish coating Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents varnish, liquid coating material containing a resin that dries to a hard transparent film. Most varnishes are a blend of resin, drying oil, drier, and volatile solvent. When varnish dries, its solvent portion evaporates, and the remaining constituents oxidize or polymerize to form a durable transparent film. Varnishes provide protective coatings for wooden surfaces, paintings, and various decorative objects. Varnish protects and enhances the appearance of wooden floors, interior wood paneling and trim, and furniture. varnish varnish See all media Related Topics: mastic copal rosin balsam dammar See all related content → The early varnishes were solutions of natural resins that are the secretions of plants. Among these natural resins are dammar, copal, and rosin (qq.v.). The natural varnishes are produced by heating the resins, adding natural oils such as linseed oil, cooking the mixture to the desired viscosity, and then diluting it with turpentine. The resultant coating took three to four days to harden, had a yellow tint, and eventually developed cracks as it aged. Natural varnishes have largely been replaced by varnishes containing synthetic resins, chief among which are the alkyd, polyurethane, phenolic, vinyl, and epoxy resins. The first synthetic resins used in varnishes, developed by the chemist Leo Baekeland, were phenolic resins similar to Bakelite. Improved through the 1930s and '40s, phenolics were displaced in many uses by alkyds, which eventually became the single most important resin class in the coatings industry, though phenolics continue to be used in marine and floor varnishes. Alkyds are made with an alcohol such as glycerol, a dibasic acid, such as maleic or phthalic acid, and an oil, such as castor, coconut, linseed, or soybean, or a fatty acid. Unlike natural resins, synthetic resins can be manufactured in large quantities and can be chemically tailored with great precision for particular uses. For example, the molecular structure of alkyd resins can be manipulated to vary their viscosity, their hardness, their solubility in water or other substances, and their capacity to mix successfully with various pigments. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. coke Table of Contents Home Technology Industry Chemical Products coke coal product Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents coke, solid residue remaining after certain types of bituminous coals are heated to a high temperature out of contact with air until substantially all of the volatile constituents have been driven off. The residue is chiefly carbon, with minor amounts of hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. Also present in coke is the mineral matter in the original coal, chemically altered and decomposed during the coking process. coke coke See all media Key People: Henry Clay Frick Abraham Darby Dud Dudley Related Topics: coke breeze foundry coke chemical product See all related content → Oven coke (size: 40 to 100 millimetres, about 1 1/2 to 4 inches) is used throughout the world in blast furnaces to make iron. Smaller quantities of coke are used in other metallurgical processes, such as the manufacture of ferroalloys, lead, and zinc, and in kilns to make lime and magnesia. Large, strong coke, known as foundry coke, is used in foundry cupolas to smelt iron ores. Smaller sizes of both oven and gas coke (15 to 50 millimetres) are used to heat houses and commercial buildings. Coke measuring 10 to 25 millimetres in size is employed in the manufacture of phosphorus and of calcium carbide, the raw material from which acetylene is made. Coke breeze (less than 12 millimetres) is applied to the sintering of small iron ore prior to use in blast furnaces. Any surplus breeze coke becomes industrial boiler fuel. Britannica Quiz Weaponry, Energy, and Power Systems Quiz This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

ask

say something in order to obtain an answer or some information. "people are always asking questions" request (someone) to do or give something. "Mary asked her father for money" request permission to do something. "she asked if she could move in" request (a specified amount) as a price for selling something. "he was asking $250 for the guitar" expect or demand (something) of someone. "it's asking a lot, but could you look through Billy's things?" 3. invite (someone) to one's home or a function. "it's about time we asked Pam to dinner" (Online defs)

antiseptic

substance that prevents infection (adj.) clean, sterile (The antiseptic hospital was very bare, but its cleanliness helped to keep patients healthy.) (Quizlet) relating to or denoting substances that prevent the growth of disease-causing microorganisms. "garlic has powerful antiseptic properties" scrupulously clean or pure, especially so as to be bland or characterless. "the antiseptic modernity of a conference center" an antiseptic compound or preparation. "the inappropriate use of antiseptics" (Online defs)

What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?

tendency for people to lack expertise or knowledge in an area, to overestimate their knowledge and expertise, while people who do have knowledge and expertise tend to underestimate, ignorance to produce confidence An effect in which incompetent people fail to realize they are incompetent, because they lack the skill to distinguish between competence and incompetence (Quizlet) Psychology Today Search G-Stock Studio/Shutterstock Dunning-Kruger Effect Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people wrongly overestimate their knowledge or ability in a specific area. This tends to occur because a lack of self-awareness prevents them from accurately assessing their own skills. Contents Understanding the Dunning-Kruger Effect Who Is Impacted How to Avoid It Understanding the Dunning-Kruger Effect SFIO CRACHO/Shutterstock The concept of the Dunning-Kruger effect is based on a 1999 paper by Cornell University psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger. The pair tested participants on their logic, grammar, and sense of humor, and found that those who performed in the bottom quartile rated their skills far above average. For example, those in the 12th percentile self-rated their expertise to be, on average, in the 62nd percentile. The researchers attributed the trend to a problem of metacognition—the ability to analyze one's own thoughts or performance. "Those with limited knowledge in a domain suffer a dual burden: Not only do they reach mistaken conclusions and make regrettable errors, but their incompetence robs them of the ability to realize it," they wrote. What causes the Dunning-Kruger effect? Confidence is so highly prized that many people would rather pretend to be smart or skilled than risk looking inadequate and losing face. Even smart people can be affected by the Dunning-Kruger effect because having intelligence isn't the same thing as learning and developing a specific skill. Many individuals mistakenly believe that their experience and skills in one particular area are transferable to another. Why do people fail to recognize their own incompetence? Many people would describe themselves as above average in intelligence, humor, and a variety of skills. They can't accurately judge their own competence, because they lack metacognition, or the ability to step back and examine oneself objectively. In fact, those who are the least skilled are also the most likely to overestimate their abilities. What is the double curse of the Dunning-Kruger effect? What is the opposite of the Dunning-Kruger effect? article continues after advertisement Who Is Impacted by the Dunning-Kruger Effect The Dunning-Kruger effect has been found in domains ranging from logical reasoning to emotional intelligence, financial knowledge, and firearm safety. And the effect isn't spotted only among incompetent individuals; most people have weak points where the bias can take hold. It also applies to people with a seemingly solid knowledge base: Individuals rating as high as the 80th percentile for a skill have still been found to overestimate their ability to some degree. This tendency may occur because gaining a small amount of knowledge in an area about which one was previously ignorant can make people feel as though they're suddenly virtual experts. Only after continuing to explore a topic do they realize how extensive it is and how much they still have to master. Why do people think they know more than they do? One type of overconfidence, called overprecision, occurs when someone is exaggeratedly certain that their answers are correct. These individuals may seem highly competent and persuasive due to their apparent confidence. They are often driven by a desire for status and power and the need to appear smarter than the people around them. Why do people overestimate their competence? Overestimation, another kind of overconfidence, refers to the discrepancy between someone's skills and their perception of those skills. People who overestimate themselves frequently engage in wishful thinking with harmful consequences. If someone overestimates their capabilities, they may take dangerous risks and overextend themselves beyond their limits, like an athlete pushing themselves to the point of injury. Why do some people believe they are better than others? How to Avoid the Dunning-Kruger Effect To avoid falling prey to the Dunning-Kruger effect, people can honestly and routinely question their knowledge base and the conclusions they draw, rather than blindly accepting them. As David Dunning proposes, people can be their own devil's advocates, by challenging themselves to probe how they might possibly be wrong. Individuals could also escape the trap by seeking others whose expertise can help cover their own blind spots, such as turning to a colleague or friend for advice or constructive criticism. Continuing to study a specific subject will also bring one's capacity into a clearer focus. Do I have the Dunning-Kruger effect? Ask yourself: Have you ever heard similar criticisms from different people in your life and ignored or discounted them? You may have experienced the Dunning-Kruger effect. Take a look at those areas in your life where you feel 100 percent confident. Acknowledge the possibility that you might not always be right, and you might need to acquire knowledge or practice more. How do you fix the Dunning-Kruger effect? Question what you know and pay attention to those who have different viewpoints. Seek feedback from people you can trust who you know are highly skilled in your area of interest. Be open to constructive criticism and resist the impulse to become defensive. Don't pretend to know something you don't. Make it a priority to continue learning and growing. Do smart people underestimate themselves? Essential Reads The Myth of General Leadership Skills Why success as the CEO of a car company is not a guarantee of success elsewhere. Scientific Expertise vs. the Dunning-Kruger Effect A conversation with Nobel Prize winner Adam Riess. The Problem With Celebrity Worship The word "reality" becomes corrupted in our perception by simply labeling something, such as "reality shows," or calling something "fake news." Does Googling Perpetuate the Dunning-Kruger Effect? Search engines can cause people to overestimate how much they actually know about something they've just Googled, a new study reports. Recent Posts What Can Be Done About Our Deep Political Divisions? Our civic abilities have not kept pace with our civic responsibilities, according to author Timothy J. Redmond. Ageism Among Psychotherapists A young therapist's insistence that they are already an expert clinician may keep them from becoming one. "Don't Confuse Me With the Facts" The people who most strongly oppose scientific consensus on a complex issue tend to be the least knowledgeable about it, but are most confident in their understanding. Are You Overconfident and Underconfident at the Same Time? Why do smokers overestimate their risk of getting lung cancer, but also believe their risk is lower than average? A surprising explanation is offered by overconfidence research. Useful Illusions: The Normalizing of Conspiracy Theories Reality is complex, and so many of us are prone to self-deceptive illusions. Are you? Finding Value in Imperfect Feedback Is the feedback you hear really about you? Here are some suggestions for approaching reviews and critiques. Thinking About Bravado at Conferences A Personal Perspective: Why do researchers engage in self-righteous, promotional, or grandiose bravado at academic conferences? The Avoidable COVID-19 Disaster A hospital doctor despairs to see misinformed patients avoidably spreading and dying from COVID-19 during the current delta surge. Most Therapists Overestimate Their Clients' Progress Outcomes of therapists decline year in and year out, yet all the while, the confidence of the clinician in themselves and their work goes up at a much faster rate. Can We Estimate Our Own Ability to Reason? Various studies have found a disconnect between self-reported and behavioral measures of reasoning habits. Pagination Page 1 Next page›› Dunning-Kruger Effect Resources Get Help Find a therapist near me Connected Topics Bias Confidence Intelligence Motivated Reasoning Decision-Making Self-Esteem Heuristics Imposter Syndrome Test Yourself Leadership Self-Esteem Most Popular 4 Signs You Have an Inner Gaslighter Mode The Key to Good Intimacy 7 Signs You Are Single at Heart New Research Identifies Two Major Causes of Loneliness 6 Signs Your Self-Control Issues Come From Childhood Neglect Micro-Abandonments: How a Narcissist Gains Emotional Control Find a Therapist Get the help you need from a therapist near you-a FREE service from Psychology Today. 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Gridlock

the inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government An inability to enact legislation because of partisan conflict within Congress or between Congress and the president. A situation in which government is incapable of acting on important issues. (Quizlet) a traffic jam affecting a whole network of intersecting streets. "the city reaches gridlock during peak hours" 2. another term for deadlock (sense 1 of the noun). (Online defs)

carbonated water

water that contains carbon dioxide gas, either naturally occurring or added, that causes bubbles to form in it; also called bubbling or sparkling water. The FDA defines seltzer, soda, and tonic waters as soft drinks; they are not regulated as water. (Quiz let) Carbonated (Sparkling) Water: Good or Bad? By Franziska Spritzler on November 3, 2019 What it is Acidity Dental health Digestive health Bone health Heart health Bottom line Carbonated (Sparkling) Water: Good or Bad? 0 seconds of 55 seconds 00:00 00:55 Carbonated water is a refreshing beverage and good alternative to sugary soft drinks. However, some people are concerned that it may be bad for your health. This article takes a detailed look at the health effects of carbonated water. Share on Pinterest What is carbonated water? Carbonated water is water that has been infused with carbon dioxide gas under pressure. This produces a bubbly drink that's also known as sparkling water, club soda, soda water, seltzer water, and fizzy water. Apart from seltzer water, carbonated waters usually have salt added to improve their taste. Sometimes small amounts of other minerals are included. Natural sparkling mineral waters, such as Perrier and San Pellegrino, are different. These waters are captured from a mineral spring and tend to contain minerals and sulfur compounds. They are often carbonated as well. Tonic water is a form of carbonated water that contains a bitter compound called quinine, along with sugar or high-fructose corn syrup. SUMMARY Carbonated water combines water and carbon dioxide under pressure. Sodium and other minerals are often added. Carbonated water is acidic Carbon dioxide and water react chemically to produce carbonic acid, a weak acid that's been shown to stimulate the same nerve receptors in your mouth as mustard. This triggers a burning, prickly sensation that can be both irritating and enjoyable (1Trusted Source, 2Trusted Source). The pH of carbonated water is 3-4, which means it's slightly acidic. However, drinking an acidic beverage like carbonated water does not make your body more acidic. Your kidneys and lungs remove excess carbon dioxide. This keeps your blood at a slightly alkaline pH of 7.35-7.45 regardless of what you eat or drink. SUMMARY Carbonated water is acidic, but your body should maintain a stable, slightly alkaline pH no matter what you consume. FEATURED Diabetes-Friendly Chicken Recipe Follow along as a registered dietitian prepares a delicious diabetes friendly air fried chicken cutlet! Stay until the end for the recipe card. WATCH NOW Does it affect dental health? One of the biggest concerns about sparkling water is its effect on teeth, as your enamel is directly exposed to acid. There is very little research on this topic, but one study found that sparkling mineral water damaged enamel only slightly more than still water. Furthermore, mineral water was 100 times less damaging than a sugary soft drink (3Trusted Source). In one study, carbonated beverages showed strong potential to destroy enamel — but only if they contained sugar. In fact, a non-carbonated sweet beverage (Gatorade) was more harmful than a carbonated sugar-free drink (Diet Coke) (4Trusted Source). Another study placed samples of tooth enamel in various beverages for up to 24 hours. The sugar-sweetened carbonated and non-carbonated beverages resulted in significantly greater enamel loss than their diet counterparts (5Trusted Source). A review of several studies found that the combination of sugar and carbonation may lead to severe dental decay (6Trusted Source). However, plain sparkling water appears to pose little risk to dental health. Only the sugary types are harmful (7Trusted Source). If you're concerned about dental health, try drinking sparkling water with a meal or rinsing your mouth with plain water after drinking it. SUMMARY Sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages can erode tooth enamel, but plain carbonated water appears relatively harmless. Does it affect digestion? Carbonated water may benefit your digestive health in several ways. Can improve swallowing ability Studies suggest that sparkling water may improve swallowing ability in both young and older adults (8Trusted Source, 9Trusted Source, 10Trusted Source). In one study, 16 healthy people were asked to repeatedly swallow different liquids. Carbonated water showed the strongest ability to stimulate the nerves responsible for swallowing (9Trusted Source). Another study showed that the combination of cold temperature and carbonation strengthened these beneficial effects (10Trusted Source). In a study in 72 people who felt a persistent need to clear their throats, drinking ice-cold carbonated water led to improvements in 63% of participants. Those with the most frequent, severe symptoms experienced the greatest relief (11Trusted Source). May increase feelings of fullness Carbonated water may also extend feelings of fullness after meals to a greater extent than plain water. Sparkling water may help food remain in your stomach longer, which can trigger a greater sensation of fullness (12Trusted Source). In a controlled study in 19 healthy young women, fullness scores were higher after the participants drank 8 ounces (250 ml) of soda water, compared with after drinking still water (13Trusted Source). However, larger studies are needed to confirm these results. May help relieve constipation People who experience constipation may find that drinking sparkling water helps relieve their symptoms. In a 2-week study in 40 older individuals who had experienced a stroke, average bowel movement frequency nearly doubled in the group that drank carbonated water, compared with the group that drank tap water. What's more, participants reported a 58% decrease in constipation symptoms (14Trusted Source). There's also evidence that sparkling water may improve other symptoms of indigestion, including stomach pain. One controlled study examined 21 people with chronic digestive issues. After 15 days, those who drank carbonated water experienced significant improvements in digestive symptoms, constipation, and gallbladder emptying (15Trusted Source). SUMMARY Carbonated water has benefits for digestion. It may improve swallowing, increase feelings of fullness, and reduce constipation. Does carbonated water affect bone health? Many people believe that carbonated beverages are bad for bones because of their high acid content. However, research suggests the carbonation isn't to blame. A large observational study in over 2,500 people found that cola was the only beverage associated with significantly lower bone mineral density. Carbonated water appeared to have no effect on bone health (16Trusted Source). Unlike carbonated water and clear soda, cola drinks contain a lot of phosphorus. The researchers proposed that the cola drinkers may have been consuming too much phosphorus and insufficient calcium, providing a potential risk factor for bone loss. In another study, teen girls who consumed carbonated drinks were found to have lower bone mineral density. This was attributed to beverages that replaced milk in their diet, resulting in inadequate calcium intake (17Trusted Source). In a controlled study in 18 postmenopausal women, drinking 34 ounces (1 liter) of sodium-rich sparkling water daily for 8 weeks led to better calcium retention than drinking plain mineral water (18Trusted Source). Additionally, no negative effects on bone health were observed in the sparkling water group. Animal research suggests carbonated water may even improve bone health. Supplementing hens' diets with carbonated water for 6 weeks led to increased leg bone strength compared with tap water (19Trusted Source). SUMMARY Drinking carbonated cola drinks may harm bone health, but plain sparkling water appears to have a neutral or positive effect. Does it affect heart health? Research suggests carbonated water may improve heart health, although the evidence is very limited. One study in 18 postmenopausal women showed that drinking sodium-rich carbonated water decreased LDL (bad) cholesterol, inflammatory markers, and blood sugar. What's more, they also experienced an increase in HDL (good) cholesterol (20Trusted Source). Additionally, the estimated risk of developing heart disease within 10 years was 35% lower among those drinking carbonated water than those drinking the control water. However, since this was only one small study, significantly more research is needed before any conclusions can be reached. SUMMARY Carbonated water may have beneficial effects on your cholesterol, inflammation, and blood sugar levels, potentially reducing your risk of heart disease. However, more studies are necessary. WATCH MORE IN NUTRITION How Much Water Should You Drink Per Day? 0 seconds of 58 seconds 0:59 How Much Water Should You Drink Per Day? 1:07 Proven Health Benefits of Ashwagandha 7:08 Fresh Food Fast: Cold Soba Noodles 6:44 Fresh Food Fast: Shawarma-Spiced Chicken 1:03 Full Body Detox: 5 Ways to Rejuvenate Your Body 6:56 Fresh Food Fast: Turkey Pumpkin Chili 7:11 Fresh Food Fast: Crispy Salmon with Scallion Rice... 4:37 Fresh Food Fast: Make It-Your-Own Green Smoothie 6:51 Fresh Food Fast: Cardamom-Spiced Peach and... 5:49 Fresh Food Fast: Simple Citrus Salad 6:18 Fresh Food Fast: Chickpea Tomato Salad Watch More The bottom line No evidence suggests that carbonated or sparkling water is bad for you. It's not that harmful to dental health, and it seems to have no effect on bone health. Interestingly, a carbonated drink may even enhance digestion by improving swallowing ability and reducing constipation. It's also a calorie-free beverage that causes a pleasurable bubbly sensation. Many people prefer it over still water. There's no reason to give up this beverage if you enjoy it. In fact, it may even improve your overall health. (Healthline)

underbid

make a lower bid then somebody else

From the heart

sincerely, honestly (Quiz let) With sincere feeling (Online def)

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller. Complete control of a product or business by one person or group the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service. (Quizlet) Monopoly board game Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What is the game of Monopoly? Who designed Monopoly? Where did the game Monopoly originate? Monopoly, real-estate board game for two to eight players, in which the player's goal is to remain financially solvent while forcing opponents into bankruptcy by buying and developing pieces of property. Monopoly board game Monopoly board game See all media Related Topics: game See all related content → Each side of the square board is divided into 10 small rectangles representing specific properties, railroads, utilities, a jail, and various other places and events. At the start of the game, each player is given a fixed amount of play money; the players then move around the board according to the throw of a pair of dice. Any player who lands on an unowned property may buy it, but, if he or she lands on a property owned by another player, rent must be paid to that player. Certain nonproperty squares require the player landing on them to draw a card that may be favourable or unfavourable. If a player acquires a monopoly—that is, all of a particular group of properties—that player may purchase improvements for those properties; improvements add substantially to a property's rental fee. A player continues to travel around the board until he or she is bankrupt. Bankruptcy results in elimination from the game. The last player remaining on the board is the winner. Monopoly, which is the best-selling privately patented board game in history, gained popularity in the United States during the Great Depression when Charles B. Darrow, an unemployed heating engineer, sold the concept to Parker Brothers in 1935. Before then, homemade versions of a similar game had circulated in many parts of the United States. Most were based on the Landlord's Game, a board game designed and patented by Lizzie G. Magie in 1904. She revised and renewed the patent on her game in 1924. Notably, the version Magie originated did not involve the concept of a monopoly; for her, the point of the game was to illustrate the potential exploitation of tenants by greedy landlords. Magie used the Landlord's Game to promote a remedy for such exploitation—namely, the single tax on property owners, a leading social issue among those who criticized land speculation as a cause of economic injustice. The Landlord's Game was still circulating in the early 1900s as a handmade board game, and other variations emerged that incorporated the monopolization of properties. Among those promoting this version were the brothers Louis and Fred Thun, who abandoned their patent attempt in 1931 when records of Magie's 1904 patent came to light, and Dan Layman, who named his game Finance but, like the Thuns, did not patent it. Darrow drew upon the earlier models, successfully marketing his version of Monopoly to retailers in the northeastern United States between 1933 and 1934. Demand soon overwhelmed his ability to mass-produce the game sets, but it took repeated efforts to convince Parker Brothers of the game's merit. Once the company acquired the game from Darrow, Parker Brothers promoted Monopoly as the brainchild of an out-of-work engineer seeking an affordable means of entertainment during a time of economic hardship. Lawsuits from others claiming to have invented Monopoly were settled by Parker Brothers. Monopoly became popular in many other parts of the world. In the original North American sets, the properties were named for streets in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Notable among these is Marvin Gardens, which is a misspelling of the real Marven Gardens in Atlantic City. Sets marketed in other countries may be modified to represent a local city; for example, London streets are used in the British version. Monopoly games also have been licensed with other North American cities as the subject (e.g., Chicago); prominent local landmarks and points of interest usually replace street names as properties. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. children's game Table of Contents Home Sports & Recreation Games, Hobbies & Recreational Activities children's game Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents children's game, any of the amusements and pastimes of children that may involve spontaneous, unstructured activity, based mostly on fantasy and imagination, or organized games with set rules. Many games are derived from everyday life and reflect the culture from which they developed. hide-and-seek hide-and-seek See all media Related Topics: hopscotch jacks crazy eights tag jump rope See all related content → Some children's games have been played for centuries. Swings existed on the island of Crete in 1600 BCE, and jacks, or knucklebones, a game that involves tossing and then catching five or more jackstones, was played in ancient Greece. Both blindman's buff and a chase game, in which one team chases another team depending on the toss of a coin or disk, date from 2,000 years ago. As social attitudes changed, some games became less popular, while others, especially those that involved violence toward animals, eventually disappeared. A few children's games became more structured and often lost their entertainment value. flying a kite flying a kite Technological innovations have greatly influenced the history of children's games. The discovery of rubber, for example, led to the creation of new types of balls, which in turn increased the number and frequency of ball games played. These changes were accompanied by new cultural and trade ties with other societies, and, as a result, different toys (e.g., the kite from China) were introduced. Video and computer technology has also spawned a new generation of electronic games. Children learn to play primarily from their parents or other adults. Play often provides a training ground from which a child learns to develop skills that will be useful later in life. Although modern sports tend to have fixed rules, children generally prefer games that require less-specialized equipment, preparation, and playing area. Hopscotch, leapfrog, and marbles are particularly popular games, as are the various improvised games that involve running, chasing, and catching. Many games—primarily guessing games, quizzes, and games that test physical coordination—are played by children and adults together. Monopoly board game Monopoly board game Learn how jigsaw puzzles are made Learn how jigsaw puzzles are madeSee all videos for this article Manufactured games were originally used as a method of instruction beginning in the 17th century. The later development of geographic games, in which countries were cut out of maps and children attempted to put them back correctly, led to the creation of the jigsaw puzzle, and other entertainment forms shortly followed. Many 19th-century games are still distributed, including pachisi and snakes-and-ladders. Monopoly, developed in 1933, has become one of the most popular board games of all time. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

flat cap

a soft hat with a low, flat crown and a peak

Oversimplification

description of something in a way that does not include all the facts or details (and that causes misunderstanding) When a writer obscures or denies the complexity of the issues in an argument Reducing an idea too much so it loses the point trying to be made

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a rapidly moving current of cool air that flows downward in a thunderstorm

Can I learn about finance from monopoly?

TRADING SKILLS TRADING BASIC EDUCATION 5 Lessons in Finance and Investing From Monopoly By SHAM GAD Updated January 29, 2022 Reviewed by CHARLES POTTERS Fact checked by SUZANNE KVILHAUG Monopoly has been a classic board game for over 100 years. It's a real estate trading game that nearly everyone plays for fun and a chance to be a pretend real estate tycoon. But if you've played Monopoly long enough, you quickly realize that the game offers a lot of financial wisdom and lessons that can be applied to the real world of finance and investing. Below are five valuable lessons that not only help you increase your chances of winning the board game, but also increase your chances of having a better understanding of prudent financial and investment principles. 1. Always Keep Cash on Hand By far, this is the most important lesson in both the game and the financial world. To win in Monopoly you have to be the last player left, in other words, the last one to have money. So if you aimlessly move around the Monopoly board buying up everything in sight, when the time comes to pay your financial obligations, you are likely to run out of cash. No cash means you have to start selling off the properties (assets) you acquired at a deep discount to what you paid for them. In the game, you are allowed to mortgage them at a discount to face value. Once this process happens, unless you get lucky, it's only a matter of time before you go bankrupt. The same exact principle applies in real-world financial matters. The United States got a front row seat to the consequences that occurred during the recession when cash is not available. When the Great Recession hit, people had been spending cash like crazy, thanks to an addiction to credit. Yet when the housing market went bust and the U.S. banking crisis erupted, those without cash were decimated. The Monopoly effect took place - without cash, folks had to "sell-off" what they owned at steep discounts. Unable to make mortgage payments, people were forced to sell their houses for significantly less than what they paid for them, or worse, the lender foreclosed on the property. Any equity was wiped out. The same consequences were suffered in the stock market to a staggering degree. When the credit markets seized, many investors scrambled to raise cash. The only option they had was to sell securities at any price. This need for cash created an avalanche of selling that led to the huge market decline in 2008, and ultimately led to good, hardworking people losing a significant amount of their investable assets. On the other hand, the people who had cash were given an opportunity to buy assets - stocks, real estate, bonds - for fractions of what they were worth. In the end, they won the game and made the most money. 2. Be Patient To win at Monopoly you have to be patient and have a game plan. You usually can't win by buying every piece of real estate you land on. You have to have a general approach of how you want to proceed. If you are impatient and start buying every piece on the board you land on, you will quickly find yourself out of money. Therefore, you have to be patient and know when to buy and when to take a pass. Similarly, if you just buy without discipline when investing, you will be placing your outcome on the hope that the market behaves nicely. Successful investors don't invest based on hope, they invest with a disciplined approach. Patience is a very integral part of that approach. During the Internet boom of the late 1990s, Warren Buffett was ridiculed for not investing in Internet companies while speculators around him were capturing triple-digit gains. A lucky few got in and out at just the right time. However, for the vast majority, the result was painful losses. Buffett exercised patience for years, while everyone else was chasing Internet stocks. In the end, when the market and investors ran out of money, the speculative investments came crashing down quickly, wiping out the majority of investors who weren't patient and disciplined enough. 3. Focus on Cash Flow Monopoly is a simple game: you start off with some money, and your goal is to be the last player standing with money. The way you win in Monopoly is by collecting rents on property, or cash flow. Not many people know this, but the most valuable properties on the Monopoly board, with the best cash flow, are the four railroads; if you can own all four of them, you have put yourself in a very good position. With each railroad costing $200, by owning all four you collect $200 in rent or a 25% return. This may be a very bizarre way to look at a game, but this is precisely why Monopoly offers some valuable financial and investing lessons. Over time, assets increase in value based on the cash flows they produce. Even something as simple as a savings account or savings bond becomes more valuable if it is earning more cash (i.e., a higher interest rate). Many of the most successful investments come from those companies that can generate growing cash flows. Iconic companies like Coca-Cola (KO), Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) and IBM (IBM) have been highly successful investments for decades because of the growth in cash flows they produce. 4. The Most Expensive Asset Is Not Always the Best Most monopoly players want to own Park Place and Boardwalk since they have the biggest payouts. But they are also the most expensive pieces to maintain. Many people lose at Monopoly by owning the most expensive pieces because they don't pay attention to cost, only cash flow. Focusing on the cash flow without taking into account the cost paid to attain those cash flows is to play the game with blinders on. Those who win at Monopoly, and investing in the long run, instead focus on the value gained for price paid. In investing, the best investments can often be tarnished companies trading at a bargain price. Owning Boardwalk and Park Place is not how you win at Monopoly; you win by making the most money. In investing, you win by buying low and selling high. When you focus on the most expensive assets, odds are you are overpaying and setting yourself up for losses. 5. Don't Put All Your Eggs in One Basket You won't win much in Monopoly by just owning one property on the board and loading it up with hotels. It's also hard to win if you try and buy everything on the board and spread yourself too thin. Occasionally, you can get lucky and have every opponent land on your property, but usually the winner is someone who spreads out his or her properties throughout the board and has multiple chances at capturing rents. The same principle applies to investing. If you bet everything on one or two stocks, you are exposing yourself to a potential wipeout if something goes wrong. At the same time, you can dilute your gains by trying to own 100 different stocks. Diversify intelligently; studies have shown that a portfolio gains no additional diversification benefits after 15 to 20 securities. Don't just bet on one or two assets, or try and keep up with 50 assets. The Bottom Line Of course, a board game like Monopoly shouldn't be taken as a thorough education in finance and investing, as it certainly has its flaws. However, it does have some valuable lessons to teach: spread yourself out across the board intelligently, keep cash on hand, focus on cash flows, be patient, and pay attention to price. Use these five lessons as a guidepost to more intelligent and successful investment decisions. SPONSORED Putting the Focus on Long-Term Performance If you're looking to outperform over the long-term, alternative assets like private real estate can provide a stable position to a volatile portfolio. Fundrise's $6B+ real estate portfolio is helping over 350K+ investors outperform the public markets and capture the potential of macro trends like sunbelt migration and e-commerce. Learn more about how you can gain access to these alternative investments with Fundrise. Take the Next Step to Invest Advertiser Disclosure Related Articles WEALTH The Lottery: Is It Ever Worth Playing? 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Learn how to get started investing with our guide. more What Is a Budget? Plus 10 Budgeting Myths Holding You Back A budget is an estimation of revenue and expenses over a specified future period of time and is usually compiled and re-evaluated on a periodic basis. more Second Life Economy The Second Life economy is a vibrant marketplace where virtual goods and services are bought and sold in a three-dimensional gaming world called Second Life. more Facebook Instagram LinkedIn Newsletter Twitter TRUSTe About Us Terms of Use Dictionary Editorial Policy Advertise News Privacy Policy Contact Us Careers Do Not Sell My Personal Information Investopedia is part of the Dotdash Meredith publishing family. Ad

History of chess

The origins of chess are not exactly clear, though most believe it evolved from earlier chess-like games played in India almost two thousand years ago.The game of chess we know today has been around since the 15th century where it became popular in Europe. (Quizlet) chess game Actions By Andrew E. Soltis Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What is chess? When does a game of chess end? Where did chess originate? Who is the youngest chess world champion? How did chess become popular? Summary Read a brief summary of this topic chess, one of the oldest and most popular board games, played by two opponents on a checkered board with specially designed pieces of contrasting colours, commonly white and black. White moves first, after which the players alternate turns in accordance with fixed rules, each player attempting to force the opponent's principal piece, the King, into checkmate—a position where it is unable to avoid capture. Figure 1: Position of chessmen at the beginning of a game. They are queen's rook (QR), queen's knight (QN), queen's bishop (QB), queen (Q), king (K), king's bishop (KB), king's knight (KN), king's rook (KR); the chessmen in front of these pieces are the pawns. chess See all media Key People: Viswanathan Anand Susan Polgar Vladimir Kramnik Magnus Carlsen Bobby Fischer Related Topics: shogi chess piece Chinese chess centre minority attack See all related content → Chess first appeared in India about the 6th century AD and by the 10th century had spread from Asia to the Middle East and Europe. Since at least the 15th century, chess has been known as the "royal game" because of its popularity among the nobility. Rules and set design slowly evolved until both reached today's standard in the early 19th century. Once an intellectual diversion favoured by the upper classes, chess went through an explosive growth in interest during the 20th century as professional and state-sponsored players competed for an officially recognized world championship title and increasingly lucrative tournament prizes. Organized chess tournaments, postal correspondence games, and Internet chess now attract men, women, and children around the world. This article provides an in-depth review of the history and the theory of the game by noted author and international grandmaster Andrew Soltis. For a chronological list of world champions since the mid-19th century, featuring direct links to biographical articles, see the table of world chess champions. Britannica Quiz Sports: Fact or Fiction? World chess champions championship name nationality 1866-94 Steinitz, Wilhelm Austrian 1894-1921 Lasker, Emanuel German 1921-27 Capablanca, José Raúl Cuban 1927-35 Alekhine, Alexander Russian-French 1935-37 Euwe, Max Dutch 1937-46 Alekhine, Alexander Russian-French 1948-57 Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseyevich Russian 1957-58 Smyslov, Vasily Russian 1958-60 Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseyevich Russian 1960-61 Tal, Mikhail Nekhemyevich Latvian 1961-63 Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseyevich Russian 1963-69 Petrosyan, Tigran Vartanovich Armenian 1969-72 Spassky, Boris Vasilyevich Russian 1972-75 Fischer, Robert (Bobby) American 1975-85 Karpov, Anatoly Yevgenyevich Russian 1985-2000 Kasparov, Garry Russian 2000-07 Kramnik, Vladimir Russian 2007-13 Anand, Vishwanathan Indian 2013- Carlsen, Magnus Norwegian Other notable chess personalities Anderssen, Adolf Loyd, Sam Morphy, Paul Nimzowitsch, Aron Philidor, François-André Réti, Richard Staunton, Howard Tarrasch, Siegbert Characteristics of the game Chess is played on a board of 64 squares arranged in eight vertical rows called files and eight horizontal rows called ranks. These squares alternate between two colours: one light, such as white, beige, or yellow; and the other dark, such as black or green. The board is set between the two opponents so that each player has a light-coloured square at the right-hand corner. Algebraic notation Individual moves and entire games can be recorded using one of several forms of notation. By far the most widely used form, algebraic (or coordinate) notation, identifies each square from the point of view of the player with the light-coloured pieces, called White. The eight ranks are numbered 1 through 8 beginning with the rank closest to White. The files are labeled a through h beginning with the file at White's left hand. Each square has a name consisting of its letter and number, such as b3 or g8. Additionally, files a through d are referred to as the queenside, and files e through h as the kingside. See Figure 1. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Moves The board represents a battlefield in which two armies fight to capture each other's king. A player's army consists of 16 pieces that begin play on the two ranks closest to that player. There are six different types of pieces: king, rook, bishop, queen, knight, and pawn; the pieces are distinguished by appearance and by how they move. The players alternate moves, White going first. King White's king begins the game on e1. Black's king is opposite at e8. Each king can move one square in any direction; e.g., White's king can move from e1 to d1, d2, e2, f2, or f1. Rook Each player has two rooks (formerly also known as castles), which begin the game on the corner squares a1 and h1 for White, a8 and h8 for Black. A rook can move vertically or horizontally to any unobstructed square along the file or rank on which it is placed. Bishop Each player has two bishops, and they begin the game at c1 and f1 for White, c8 and f8 for Black. A bishop can move to any unobstructed square on the diagonal on which it is placed. Therefore, each player has one bishop that travels only on light-coloured squares and one bishop that travels only on dark-coloured squares. Queen Each player has one queen, which combines the powers of the rook and bishop and is thus the most mobile and powerful piece. The White queen begins at d1, the Black queen at d8. Knight Each player has two knights, and they begin the game on the squares between their rooks and bishops—i.e., at b1 and g1 for White and b8 and g8 for Black. The knight has the trickiest move, an L-shape of two steps: first one square like a rook, then one square like a bishop, but always in a direction away from the starting square. A knight at e4 could move to f2, g3, g5, f6, d6, c5, c3, or d2. The knight has the unique ability to jump over any other piece to reach its destination. It always moves to a square of a different colour. Capturing The king, rook, bishop, queen, and knight capture enemy pieces in the same manner that they move. For example, a White queen on d3 can capture a Black rook at h7 by moving to h7 and removing the enemy piece from the board. Pieces can capture only enemy pieces. Pawns Each player has eight pawns, which begin the game on the second rank closest to each player; i.e., White's pawns start at a2, b2, c2, and so on, while Black's pawns start at a7, b7, c7, and so on. The pawns are unique in several ways. A pawn can move only forward; it can never retreat. It moves differently than it captures. A pawn moves to the square directly ahead of it but captures on the squares diagonally in front of it; e.g., a White pawn at f5 can move to f6 but can capture only on g6 or e6. An unmoved pawn has the option of moving one or two squares forward. This is the reason for another peculiar option, called en passant—that is, in passing—available to a pawn when an enemy pawn on an adjoining file advances two squares on its initial move and could have been captured had it moved only one square. The first pawn can take the advancing pawn en passant, as if it had advanced only one square. An en passant capture must be made then or not at all. Only pawns can be captured en passant. The last unique feature of the pawn occurs if it reaches the end of a file; it must then be promoted to—that is, exchanged for—a queen, rook, bishop, or knight. Castling The one exception to the rule that a player may move only one piece at a time is a compound move of king and rook called castling. A player castles by shifting the king two squares in the direction of a rook, which is then placed on the square the king has crossed. For example, White can castle kingside by moving the king from e1 to g1 and the rook from h1 to f1. Castling is permitted only once in a game and is prohibited if the king or rook has previously moved or if any of the squares between them is occupied. Also, castling is not legal if the square the king starts on, crosses, or finishes on is attacked by an enemy piece. Relative piece values Assigning the pawn a value of 1, the values of the other pieces are approximately as follows: knight 3, bishop 3, rook 5, and queen 9. The relative values of knights and bishops vary with different pawn structures. Additionally, tactical considerations may temporarily override the pieces' usual relative values. Material concerns are secondary to winning. Object of the game When a player moves a piece to a square on which it attacks the enemy king—that is, a square from which it could capture the king if the king is not shielded or moved—the king is said to be in check. The game is won when one king is in check and cannot avoid capture on the next move; this is called checkmate. A game also can end when a player, believing the situation to be hopeless, acknowledges defeat by resigning. There are three possible results in chess: win, lose, or draw. There are six ways a draw can come about: (1) by mutual consent, (2) when neither player has enough pieces to deliver checkmate, (3) when one player can check the enemy king endlessly (perpetual check), (4) when a player who is not in check has no legal move (stalemate), (5) when an identical position occurs three times with the same player having the right to move, and (6) when no piece has been captured and no pawn has been moved within a period of 50 moves. In competitive events, a victory is scored as one point, a draw as half a point, and a loss as no points. Game notation A move can be recorded by designating the initial of the piece moved and the square to which it moves. For example, Be5 means a bishop has moved to e5. There are two exceptions: a knight is identified by N, and no initials are used for pawn moves. For example, 1 e4 means White's first move is a two-square advance of a pawn on the e-file, and 1 . . . Nf6 means Black's response is to bring a knight from g8 to f6. For both White and Black, castling kingside is indicated by 0-0, while castling queenside is notated by 0-0-0. Captures are indicated by inserting an x or : between the piece moving and the square it moves to. For pawn moves, this means dxe5 indicates a White pawn on d4 captures a piece on e5. En passant captures are designated by e.p. Checks are indicated by adding ch or + at the end of the move, and checkmate is often indicated by adding # or ++ at the end of the move. Notation is used to record games as they are played and to analyze them in print afterward. In annotating (commenting) on a game, an appended exclamation mark means a very good move, two exclamation marks are occasionally used to indicate an extremely good move, a question mark indicates a bad move, two question marks indicate a blunder, and the combination of an exclamation mark and a question mark on the same move indicates a double-edged or somewhat dubious move. Conduct of the game Competitive chess is played according to a set of rules that supplement the basic laws governing how the pieces move. Among the more important rules are those governing completion of a move, recording of games, time controls (see The time element and competition), and penalties for illegal moves and other infractions. Tournament and match chess is distinguished from casual games by the strict provisions for completing a move. Unless preceded by the warning "I adjust" (French: "j'adoube"), a piece touched must be moved or captured (if legally possible), and a completed move may not be retracted. The players also are obligated to record their moves. Only after making a move can they stop their allotted time from elapsing, usually by depressing a device on the chess clock used in competitive play. A player can be penalized in a variety of ways, including forfeiture of the game, for consulting another player or any recorded material during the game, for analyzing the game on another board, or for distracting the opponent. Any player who realizes during a game that an illegal move has been made may demand that the position before the infraction be reinstated and that play proceed from there. If the illegality is discovered after the game is completed, the result stands without penalty. History Ancient precursors and related games The origin of chess remains a matter of controversy. There is no credible evidence that chess existed in a form approaching the modern game before the 6th century CE. Game pieces found in Russia, China, India, Central Asia, Pakistan, and elsewhere that have been determined to be older than that are now regarded as coming from earlier distantly related board games, often involving dice and sometimes using playing boards of 100 or more squares. One of those earlier games was a war game called chaturanga, a Sanskrit name for a battle formation mentioned in the Indian epic Mahabharata. Chaturanga was flourishing in northwestern India by the 7th century and is regarded as the earliest precursor of modern chess because it had two key features found in all later chess variants—different pieces had different powers (unlike checkers and go), and victory was based on one piece, the king of modern chess. How chaturanga evolved is unclear. Some historians say chaturanga, perhaps played with dice on a 64-square board, gradually transformed into shatranj (or chatrang), a two-player game popular in northern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and southern parts of Central Asia after 600 CE. Shatranj resembled chaturanga but added a new piece, a firzān (counselor), which had nothing to do with any troop formation. A game of shatranj could be won either by eliminating all an opponent's pieces (baring the king) or by ensuring the capture of the king. The initial positions of the pawns and knights have not changed, but there were considerable regional and temporal variations for the other pieces. The game spread to the east, north, and west, taking on sharply different characteristics. In the East, carried by Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders, and others, it was transformed into a game with inscribed disks that were often placed on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares. About 750 CE chess reached China, and by the 11th century it had come to Japan and Korea. Chinese chess, the most popular version of the Eastern game, has 9 files and 10 ranks as well as a boundary—the river, between the 5th and 6th ranks—that limits access to the enemy camp and makes the game slower than its Western cousin. Introduction to Europe A form of chaturanga or shatranj made its way to Europe by way of Persia, the Byzantine Empire, and, perhaps most important of all, the expanding Arabian empire. The oldest recorded game, found in a 10th-century manuscript, was played between a Baghdad historian, believed to be a favourite of three successive caliphs, and a pupil. Muslims brought chess to North Africa, Sicily, and Spain by the 10th century. Eastern Slavs spread it to Kievan Rus about the same time. The Vikings carried the game as far as Iceland and England and are believed responsible for the most famous collection of chessmen, 78 walrus-ivory pieces of various sets that were found on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides in 1831 and date from the 11th or 12th century. See Figure 2. Chess and dice games were periodically banned by kings and religious leaders. For example, King Louis IX forbade the game in France in 1254. However, the game's popularity was helped by its social cachet: a chess set was often associated with wealth, knowledge, and power. It was a favourite of Kings Henry I, Henry II, John, and Richard I of England, of Philip II and Alfonso X (the Wise) of Spain, and of Ivan IV (the Terrible) of Russia. It was known as the royal game as early as the 15th century. Standardization of rules The modern rules and appearance of pieces evolved slowly, with widespread regional variation. By 1300, for example, the pawn had acquired the ability to move two squares on its first turn, rather than only one at a time as it did in shatranj. But this rule did not win general acceptance throughout Europe for more than 300 years. Chess made its greatest progress after two crucial rule changes that became popular after 1475. Until then the counselor was limited to moving one square diagonally at a time. And, because a pawn that reached the eighth rank could become only a counselor, pawn promotion was a relatively minor factor in the course of a game. But under the new rules the counselor underwent a sex change and gained vastly increased mobility to become the most powerful piece on the board—the modern queen. This and the increased value of pawn promotion added a dynamic new element to chess. Also, the chaturanga piece called the elephant, which had been limited to a two-square diagonal jump in shatranj, became the bishop, more than doubling its range. Until these changes occurred, checkmate was relatively rare, and more often a game was decided by baring the king. With the new queen and bishop powers, the trench warfare of medieval chess was replaced by a game in which checkmate could be delivered in as few as two moves. The last two major changes in the rules—castling and the en passant capture—took longer to win acceptance. Both rules were known in the 15th century but had limited usage until the 18th century. Minor variations in other rules continued until the late 19th century; for example, it was not acceptable in many parts of Europe as late as the mid-19th century to promote a pawn to a queen if a player still had the original queen. Set design The appearance of the pieces has alternated between simple and ornate since chaturanga times. The simple design of pieces before 600 CE gradually led to figurative sets depicting animals, warriors, and noblemen. But Muslim sets of the 9th-12th centuries were often nonrepresentational and made of simple clay or carved stone following the Islamic prohibition of images of living creatures. The return to simpler, symbolic shatranj pieces is believed to have spurred the game's popularity by making sets easier to make and by redirecting the players' attention from the intricate pieces to the game itself. Stylized sets, often adorned with precious and semi-precious stones, returned to fashion as the game spread to Europe and Russia. Playing boards, which had monochromatic squares in the Muslim world, began to have alternating black and white, or red and white, squares by 1000 CE and were often made of fine wood or marble. Peter I (the Great) of Russia had special campaign boards made of soft leather that he carried during military efforts. The king became the largest piece and acquired a crown and sometimes an elaborate throne and mace. The knight's close identification with the horse dates back to chaturanga. The pawn, as the lowest in power and social standing, has traditionally been the smallest and least representational of the pieces. The queen grew in size after 1475, when its powers expanded, and changed from a male counselor to the king's female consort. The bishop was known by different names—"fool" in French and "elephant" in Russian, for example—and was not universally recognized by a distinctive mitre until the 19th century. Depiction of the rook also varied considerably. In Russia it was usually represented as a sailing ship until the 20th century. Elsewhere it was a warrior in a chariot or a castle turret. The standard for modern sets was established about 1835 with a simple design by an Englishman, Nathaniel Cook. After it was patented in 1849, the design was endorsed by Howard Staunton, then the world's best player; because of Staunton's extensive promotion, it subsequently became known as the Staunton pattern. Only sets based on the Staunton design are allowed in international competition today. See Figure 3. The world championship and FIDE The popularity of chess has for the past two centuries been closely tied to competition, usually in the form of two-player matches, for the title of world champion. The title was an unofficial one until 1886, but widespread spectator interest in the game began more than 50 years earlier. The first major international event was a series of six matches held in 1834 between the leading French and British players, Louis-Charles de la Bourdonnais of Paris and Alexander McDonnell of London, which ended with Bourdonnais's victory. For the first time, a major chess event was reported extensively in newspapers and analyzed in books. Following Bourdonnais's death in 1840, he was succeeded by Staunton after another match that gained international attention, Staunton's defeat of Pierre-Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant of France in 1843. This match also helped introduce the idea of stakes competition, since Staunton won the £100 put up by supporters of the two players. Staunton used his position as unofficial world champion to popularize the Staunton-pattern set, to promote a uniform set of rules, and to organize the first international tournament, held in London in 1851. Karl Ernst Adolf Anderssen, a German schoolteacher, was inspired by the Bourdonnais-McDonnell match to turn from problem composing to tournament competition, and he won the London tournament and with it recognition as unofficial champion. The London tournament, in turn, inspired American players to organize the first national championship, the First American Chess Congress, in New York City in 1857, which set off the first chess craze in the Western Hemisphere. The winner, Paul Morphy of New Orleans, was recognized as unofficial world champion after defeating Anderssen in 1858. The world championship became more formalized after Morphy retired and Anderssen was defeated by Wilhelm Steinitz of Prague in a match in 1866. Steinitz was the first to claim the authority to determine how a title match should be held. He set down a series of rules and financial conditions under which he would defend his status as the world's foremost player, and in 1886 he agreed to play Johann Zukertort of Austria in the first match specifically designated as being for the world championship. Steinitz reserved the right to determine whose challenge he would accept and when and how often he would defend his title. Steinitz's successor, Emanuel Lasker of Germany, proved a more demanding champion than Steinitz in arranging matches. He took long periods, from 1897 to 1907 and later from 1910 to 1921, without defending his title. After the leading national chess federations, the British and German, failed to arrange a match between Lasker and any of his leading challengers on the eve of World War I, the momentum for an independent international authority began to grow. The controversy over the championship was eased when José Raúl Capablanca of Cuba defeated Lasker in 1921 and won the agreement, at a tournament in London in 1922, of the world's other leading players to a written set of rules for championship challenges. Under those rules, any player who met certain financial conditions (in particular, guaranteeing a $10,000 stake) could challenge the World Champion. While the top players were trying to adhere to the London Rules, representatives of 15 countries met in Paris in 1924 to organize the first permanent international chess federation, known as FIDE, its French acronym for Fédération Internationale des Échecs. The London Rules worked smoothly in 1927 when Capablanca was dethroned by Alexander Alekhine, the first Russian-born champion, but then proved to be a financial obstacle in Capablanca's bid for a rematch. FIDE's attempts to intervene failed. Alekhine was widely criticized for manipulating the rules, and when he died in 1946 FIDE assumed the authority to organize world championship matches. From 1948, when FIDE organized a match tournament to fill the vacancy created by Alekhine's death, until 1975 the FIDE format worked without major problems. The international federation organized three-year cycles of regional and international competitions to determine the challengers for the World Champion and solicited bids for match sites. The champion no longer had a veto power over opponents and was required to defend the title every three years. FIDE also took over the Women's World Championship and biennial Olympiad team championships, which originated in the 1920s. In addition, the federation developed new championship titles, particularly for junior players in various age groups. It also created a system for recognizing top players by arithmetic rating and by titles based on tournament performance. The highest title, after World Champion, is International Grandmaster, of whom there are now more than 500 in the world. The easing and eventual end of the Cold War spurred international chess by reducing barriers. By the mid-1990s close to 2,000 tournaments registered with FIDE were held each year—more than 50 times the number during the 1950s. Amateur chess expanded sharply. Membership in the U.S. Chess Federation jumped from 2,100 in 1957 to more than 70,000 in 1973. All World Champions and challengers from 1951 to 1969 were Soviet citizens, and all the championship matches were held in Moscow with small prizes and limited international publicity. The victory of Robert J. (Bobby) Fischer of the United States in 1972 was an abrupt change. Fischer's demands spurred an increase in the prize fund to $250,000—a sum greater than all previous title matches combined. After winning the highly publicized match, Fischer insisted on a greater say in match rules than had any previous champion in the FIDE era. In particular, he objected to a rule, used by FIDE since 1951, that limited championship matches to 24 games. FIDE dropped the rule, but Fischer demanded further concessions. In the end he refused to defend his title; in 1975 he became the first champion to lose it by default. Fischer's successor, Anatoly Karpov of the Soviet Union, reigned for 10 years but was dethroned in 1985 by a countryman and bitter rival, Garry Kasparov. Kasparov then clashed repeatedly with FIDE over the rules governing the championship. He reluctantly agreed to defend his title under the federation's rules three times during 1986-90, winning each time. However, when Nigel Short of England won the right to challenge Kasparov for the championship in 1993, he and Kasparov decided instead to play the match under the auspices of a new organization, the Professional Chess Association (PCA). Before Kasparov defeated Short in London in late 1993 in the first PCA championship, FIDE disqualified Kasparov and organized its own world championship match, won by Karpov. FIDE began holding annual "knockout" tournaments in 1999 to determine its championship. Alexander Khalifman of Russia won the first tournament, which was held in Las Vegas, Nevada. In 2000 the tournament venue was split between New Delhi, India, and Tehrān, Iran, and was won by Viswanathan Anand of India. Meanwhile, Kasparov lost a title match to Vladimir Kramnik of Russia in 2000. Following negotiations with FIDE, which recognized Kramnik as the "classical" world chess champion, he agreed to a unification match in 2006 with FIDE's challenger, the Bulgarian grandmaster Veselin Topalov, who had won the 2005 FIDE World Championship Tournament. Kramnik won the match. As part of the unification contract, the winner agreed to risk the consolidated title in FIDE's 2007 World Championship Tournament. Anand won the tournament and successfully defended the title against Kramnik in a 12-game match in 2008. Anand defeated Topalov in 2010 and Israel player Boris Gelfand in 2012 to retain his title. In 2013 Magnus Carlsen of Norway defeated Anand after only 10 games of a 12-game match to become, at age 22, the youngest-ever world chess champion. Women in chess Separation of the sexes in chess dates from about 1500 with the introduction of the queen. Chess became a much faster, more exciting game and, thus, came to be perceived as a more masculine pursuit. Women were often barred from the coffeehouses and taverns where chess clubs developed in the 19th century. However, women players achieved distinction separately from men by the middle of the century. The first chess clubs specifically for women were organized in the Netherlands in 1847. The first chess book written by a woman, The ABC of Chess, by "A Lady" (H.I. Cooke), appeared in England in 1860 and went into 10 editions. The first women's tournament was sponsored in 1884 by the Sussex Chess Association. Women also gained distinction in postal and problem chess during this period. An American woman, Ellen Gilbert, defeated a strong English amateur, George Gossip, twice in an international correspondence match in 1879—announcing checkmate in 21 moves in one game and in 35 moves in the other. Edith Winter-Wood composed more than 2,000 problems, 700 of which appeared in a book published in 1902. The first woman player to gain attention in over-the-board competition with men was Vera Menchik (1906-44) of Great Britain. She won the first Women's World Championship, a tournament organized by FIDE in 1927, and the next six women's championship tournaments, in 1930-39. Her good results against men in British events led to invitations to some of the strongest pre-World War II tournaments, including Carlsbad 1929 (tournaments are identified by venue and year) and Moscow 1935. Among the strong male masters who lost to her were the world champion Max Euwe, Samuel Reshevsky, Sultan Khan, Jacques Mieses, Edgar Colle, and Frederick Yates. She was also one of the first women chess professionals. Women's chess received a major boost when the Soviet Union endorsed separate women's tournaments as part of a general encouragement of the game. The 1924 women's championship of Leningrad was the first women's tournament sponsored by any government. Massive events, larger than anything open to either sex in the West, followed; nearly 5,000 women took part in the preliminary sections of the 1936 Soviet women's championship, for example. Improvements in playing strength ensued and led to Soviet domination of women's chess for more than 30 years. After Menchik's death, FIDE held a 16-player tournament in Moscow during the winter of 1949-50 to fill the vacancy. Soviet women took the top four places. The Women's World Championship has been decided by matches or elimination match tournaments organized by FIDE since 1953. After Menchik's death the next three champions were Ludmilla Rudenko of Ukraine and Elizaveta Bykova and Olga Rubtsova of Russia. But, with the victory of Nona Gaprindashvili in 1962, an era of supremacy by Georgian players began. Gaprindashvili held the title for 16 years and became the first woman to earn the title of International Grandmaster. (FIDE established separate titles of International Woman Master in 1950 and International Woman Grandmaster in 1977.) Gaprindashvili was succeeded by another Georgian, Maya Chiburdanidze, in 1978. Georgians also won the right to challenge the champions in 1975, 1981, and 1988. (From left) Zsófia, Susan, and Judit Polgár. Soviet domination of women's chess ended with the defeat of Chiburdanidze by Xie Jun, of China, in 1991 and the rise of the three Polgár sisters, Susan, Zsófia, and Judit. The Polgárs of Budapest were the most impressive women prodigies ever; each had achieved grandmaster-level performances by age 15. They also distinguished themselves by generally avoiding women-only competitions, until Susan Polgar defeated Xie for the women's championship in 1996. In the 1990s a series of men-versus-women events were organized as the difference in playing strength narrowed. In 1995 a team of five senior male grandmasters, including the former world champions Boris Spassky and Vasily Smyslov, was beaten 26 1/2 to 23 1/2 in a match against five leading women. Among the women was Judit Polgár, ranked eighth in the world on the international rating lists issued in July and October 2005 by FIDE, the highest level any woman had ever achieved. Zhu Chen of China won the 2001 FIDE Women's World Championship Tournament. FIDE had difficulty funding further events in the series, so the next tournament did not take place until 2004. The 2004 tournament was won by Antoaneta Stefanova of Bulgaria, and the championship went back on a regular two-year cycle. The next champions were Xu Yuhua of China (2006-08), Alexandra Kosteniuk of Russia (2008-10), and Hou Yifan of China (2010-12), who at age 16 was the youngest women's world chess champion. Beginning in 2011, FIDE decided on a new system for determining the woman's chess championship. In odd years a two-player match would be held, but in even years the title would be determined by a knockout tournament among 64 players. Hou defended her championship in 2011, but the 2012 tournament was won by Anna Ushenina of Ukraine. Hou regained the title in 2013. Women's world chess champions *Killed in air raid on London in 1944, title left vacant. **Rejected conditions for title defense, which Xie Jun then regained. Subsequent champions decided in "knockout" tournaments. championship reign name nationality 1927-44 Vera Francevna Menchik-Stevenson* Russian 1950-53 Ludmilla Rudenko Ukrainian 1953-56 Elizaveta Bykova Russian 1956-58 Olga Rubtsova Russian 1958-62 Elizaveta Bykova Russian 1962-78 Nona Gaprindashvili Georgian 1978-91 Maya Chiburdanidze Georgian 1991-96 Xie Jun Chinese 1996-99 Susan Polgar** Hungarian 1999-2001 Xie Jun Chinese 2001-04 Zhu Chen Chinese 2004-06 Antoaneta Stefanova Bulgarian 2006-08 Xu Yuhua Chinese 2008-10 Alexandra Kosteniuk Russian 2010-12 Hou Yifan Chinese 2012-13 Anna Ushenina Ukrainian 2013-15 Hou Yifan Chinese 2015- Mariya Muzychuk Ukrainian Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

brouhaha

(n.) a confused hodgepodge of sounds, hubbub; an uproar or commotion that goes far beyond what is justified (Quizlet) a noisy and overexcited reaction or response to something. "all that election brouhaha" (Online def)

exhume

(v.) to remove from a grave; to bring to light; to dig up (Quizlet) dig out (something buried, especially a corpse) from the ground. "the bodies were exhumed on the orders of a judge" expose (a land surface) that was formerly buried. "various landforms have been exhumed from beneath a covering of Triassic sediments" (Online definitions)

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (Quizlet) Aztec people Actions Alternate titles: Culhua-Mexica, Mexica, Tenochca By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Tlatelolco Tlatelolco Aztec, self name Culhua-Mexica, Nahuatl-speaking people who in the 15th and early 16th centuries ruled a large empire in what is now central and southern Mexico. The name Aztec is derived from Aztlán (variously translated as "White Land," "Land of White Herons," or "Place of Herons"), an allusion to their origins, probably in northwestern Mexico. They were also called the Tenochca, from an eponymous ancestor, Tenoch, and the Mexica, probably from Metzliapán ("Moon Lake"), the mystical name for Lake Texcoco. From Tenochca was derived the name of their great city, Tenochtitlán, founded on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. From Mexica came the name for the city that superseded the Aztec capital and for the surrounding valley, which was applied later to the whole Mexican nation. The Aztecs referred to themselves as Culhua-Mexica, to link themselves with Colhuacán, the centre of the most-civilized people of the Valley of Mexico.See alsopre-Columbian civilizations: Aztec culture to the time of the Spanish conquest. Aztec round dance Aztec round dance See all media Key People: Ixtlilxóchitl Related Topics: pre-Columbian civilizations Mesoamerican civilization resplendent quetzal See all related content → Origins of the Aztec people The origin of the Aztec people is uncertain, but elements of their own tradition suggest that they were a tribe of hunters and gatherers on the northern Mexican plateau before their appearance in Mesoamerica in perhaps the 12th century CE; Aztlán, however, may be legendary. It is possible that their migration southward was part of a general movement of peoples that followed, or perhaps helped trigger, the collapse of the highly developed Toltec civilization of central Mexico and its capital, Tula, a spectacular urban centre that featured pyramids, temples, public buildings, and statuary. Study Mexico City's history from the Aztec-Mexica cities Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco to the conquistadores Study Mexico City's history from the Aztec-Mexica cities Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco to the conquistadoresSee all videos for this article At the beginning of the 12th century, catastrophe befell Toltec civilization when Tula was attacked and destroyed, as were other important Toltec centres. Tribes of hunters and gatherers, including a group of Chichimec under the leadership of Xólotl, took advantage of the situation and traveled from the arid plateau of northern Mexico toward the fertile, heavily settled central zone. Xólotl's Chichimec joined forces with the remaining Toltecs, resulting in a period of relative peace and cultural progress in the Valley of Mexico. During this time the Aztecs, who, according to legend, had been wandering in search of a new place to settle, established a precarious home near the ruins of Tula. There they improved their approach to agriculture and acquired other technological knowledge. However, their stay was temporary. Aztec tradition holds that the god Huitzilopochtli instructed them to depart again in search of a permanent home, the location of which would be revealed by the appearance of an eagle perched on a nopal cactus with a serpent in its beak (an image that is memorialized on Mexico's national flag). A long pilgrimage ensued that ended in 1325 on a small island in Lake Texcoco, where, it is said, elder members of the people spotted the eagle, the cactus, and the serpent. There they built a temple and, around it, on islands in Lake Texcoco, the first dwellings of what was to become the powerful city of Tenochtitlán. Britannica Quiz Exploring Latin American History Establishment of the Aztec empire Under the ruler Itzcóatl (1428-40), Tenochtitlán formed alliances with the neighbouring states of Texcoco and Tlacopan and became the dominant power in central Mexico. Later, by commerce and conquest, Tenochtitlán came to rule an empire of 400 to 500 small states, comprising by 1519 some 5,000,000 to 6,000,000 people spread over 80,000 square miles (207,200 square km). At its height, Tenochtitlán itself covered more than 5 square miles (13 square km) and had upward of 140,000 inhabitants, making it the most densely populated settlement ever achieved by a Mesoamerican civilization. The empire that the Aztecs would establish was equaled in the New World only by that of the Incas of Peru, and the brilliance of their civilization is comparable to that of other great ancient cultures of America and the Old World. The Spanish conquest The Aztec empire was still expanding, and its society still evolving, when its progress was halted in 1519 by the appearance of Spanish explorers. Hernán Cortés led a force of some 500 European soldiers into central Mexico, and made a prisoner of the ninth emperor, Montezuma II (reigned 1502-20), who died in Spanish custody. Among the reasons for the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was that Montezuma, at least initially, suspected that Cortés was a returning god. Cortés was a skillful leader, but he also benefited from his force's possession of superior arms (crossbows, muskets, steel swords, and body armour), as well as horses and dogs that were trained for battle. Deadly European diseases against which the Aztecs had no immunity also took their toll. Finally, the Spaniards took great advantage of the hatred that tribes who had been conquered by the Aztecs held for their imperial overlords. Thousands of Native American warriors joined the Spanish invasion, which likely would not have succeeded without their participation. Montezuma's successors, Cuitláhuac and Cuauhtémoc, were unable to stave off Cortés and his forces. After a brutal two-year campaign, by August 13, 1521, the Spanish had taken control of Tenochtitlán. With its capture, the Aztec empire came to an end. Aztec agriculture The basis of Aztec success in creating a great state and ultimately an empire was their remarkable system of agriculture, the high productivity of which made for a rich and populous state. Aztec agriculture featured intensive cultivation of all available land, as well as elaborate systems of irrigation and reclamation of swampland through the use of raised fields known as chinampas ("floating gardens"). Rich soil from the bottom of a lake was piled up to form ridges between rows of ditches or canals. As a result of the Valley of Mexico's mild climate and ample water for irrigation, the chinampas yielded multiple harvests annually. A system of lakes (Texcoco, Chalco, Xochimilco, Xaltoca, and Zumpango) that were connected naturally and by means of artificial canals contributed to the strategic importance of the Valley of Mexico by providing extensive water transportation that furthered the early economic and political unification of the valley. Aztec sociopolitical organization The Aztec empire also was characterized by a complex sociopolitical organization, the nature of which continues to be debated by anthropologists. Some academics point to the division of the tribe into calpulli ("big houses"), pseudo family units established in Tenochtitlán, as evidence of an egalitarian organization; others emphasize that the proof of social stratification is undeniable. Because of the existence of an Aztec hereditary nobility, it has been argued that Aztec society was "feudal"; however, the relation of these noble groups to the Aztec kings, to society in general, and to land ownership was distinct from Old World feudalism, partly because the Aztec monarch's rule was more absolute. Records from Montezuma II's reign indicate that the empire was organized into provinces and that tribute was paid according to the production of each region. A gigantic political, military, and religious bureaucracy was built up, with governors, tax collectors, courts of justice, military garrisons, mail and messenger services, and other civil offices. Aztec religion Aztec religion was syncretistic, absorbing elements from many other Mesoamerican cultures. At base, it shared many of the cosmological beliefs of earlier peoples, notably the Maya, such as that the present earth was the last in a series of creations and that it occupied a position between systems of 13 heavens and 9 underworlds. Prominent in the Aztec pantheon were Huitzilopochtli, god of war; Tonatiuh, god of the sun; Tlaloc, god of rain; and Quetzalcóatl, the Feathered Serpent, who was part deity and part culture hero. Human sacrifice, particularly by offering a victim's heart to Tonatiuh, was commonly practiced, as was bloodletting. Moreover, in order to guarantee human existence, the Aztecs, as "people of the sun," had to nourish Huitzilopochtli with human blood. For them, ideologically at least, war was therefore a religious obligation that provided prisoners who could be sacrificed to the sun god. Of course, there was a more mundane purpose as well, and it would be a serious mistake to think of Aztec warfare as functioning primarily in the religious sphere. Still, as their power grew, the Aztecs ritually murdered prisoners from all parts of what is now Mexico in Tenochtitlán. Closely entwined with Aztec religion was the calendar, on which the elaborate round of rituals and ceremonies were performed by a large professional priesthood (each temple and god had its attendant priestly order). Many of these ceremonies were public, in that the populace played the role of spectators. Elements in all the ceremonies were very similar and included ritual ablutions to prepare the priests for the contact; offerings and sacrifices to gain the gods' favour; and theatrical dramas of myths by masked performers in the form of dances, songs, and processionals. The Aztec calendar was the one common to much of Mesoamerica, and it comprised a solar year of 365 days and a sacred year of 260 days; the two yearly cycles running in parallel produced a larger cycle of 52 years. Nahuatl: the Aztec language The language of the Aztecs was Nahuatl (also called Aztec), part of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family that, at the time of the early explorations of America by Europeans, was influencing languages as far north as the Yellowstone River and as far south as Panama. The most important of the Uto-Aztecan languages, Nahuatl was the language of both the Aztec and Toltec civilizations. Once the Aztecs achieved political ascendancy, Nahuatl became the lingua franca of an area almost as large as present-day Mexico. A large body of literature in Nahuatl that was produced by the Aztecs survives from the 16th century. It was recorded in an orthography that was introduced by Spanish priests and based on that of Spanish. Classical (16th-century) Nahuatl employed a set of 15 consonants and four long and short vowels and was notable for its use of a tl sound produced as a single consonant and for the use of the glottal stop. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Jeff Wallenfeldt. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

How to be a winner in monopoly?

Learn why people trust wikiHow BOARD GAMESMONOPOLY How to Win at Monopoly Author Info Last Updated: July 18, 2022 References Download Article ARTICLE VIDEO To win monopoly, you need to bankrupt all of your opponents before they can do the same to you. With each decision you make, it's essential to consider the best ways to improve your chances and beat the competition. While luck is a factor in winning Monopoly, fortune can be fickle - easily turning against you when your guard is down. You can learn how to craft the smartest strategy to maximize your opportunities and give yourself a chance to win. Part 1 Part 1 of 4: Playing Smart 1 Learn about the most common dice rolls. While you probably don't need to get into blackjack territory, statistically speaking, it's good to learn a little bit about your probability of landing on particular spaces, rolling particular numbers, and the likelihood of landing on a given property. With the most possibilities of dice combinations, 7 is the most common roll on any given turn, and 2 and 12 are the least probable.[1] Most of the time, it takes 5 or 6 dice rolls to circle the board once. Because 28 of the 40 spaces are property spaces, you will likely land on four of those 28 property spaces. You've got a 17% chance of rolling doubles on any given roll. You will likely roll a pair of doubles one out of every six rolls. During the average circuit around the board, you will maybe roll doubles once. 2 Be aware of the least and most landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue and Baltic Avenue are the least-landed-upon properties, while the orange properties (St. James Place, NY Avenue, and Tennessee Ave.) are the most, due to their proximity to Jail, making them the most lucrative monopoly in the game. Acquiring the orange monopoly gives you a very high probability of winning.[2] The single square most landed-upon in the game is Jail, while the single property most landed-upon is Illinois Ave, followed by the B&O Railroad. A hotel on Illinois gives you the most income for a single space, after a hotel on Boardwalk. 3 Keep in mind that you will have a higher chance of drawing certain cards. It is a good idea to keep track of the cards that you and your opponents play during the game so you can anticipate what you might draw if you land on a Chance or Community Chest space. Spend some time with the cards before you play to learn what sorts of outcomes might be thrust upon you. Each standard monopoly set includes:[3] Sixteen Chance cards. The odds are high that a chance card will move you to another place, since ten out of sixteen chance cards require you to do so. Additionally, there are two rewards cards which give you money, two penalty cards which take money away, a card that takes away money from building owners and one get out of jail free card. Sixteen Community Chest cards. The majority of the Community Chest cards, nine out of sixteen, give you money. Three Community Chest cards take money away. Of the remaining cards, two move you elsewhere on the board, one takes away money from building owners and one is a get out of jail free card. 4 Play by the standard rules. While some players like to play a kind of custom version of Monopoly, changing certain rules gives you less control over the outcome of the game and can prolong it as well. Play the traditional Parker Brothers rules for the game to give yourself the best possibility of winning.[4] For example, don't make "Free Parking" a bonus square and don't make immunity part of any trade. Part 2 Part 2 of 4: Buying and Building To Win 1 Buy as many properties as you can as soon as possible. The more properties you have, and the more rent you collect, the more money you get from your opponents. Buying as many properties as you can early in the game gives you the best chance of winning the game.[5] Don't wait until you've got more money, or until you've landed on Boardwalk or other prestigious properties to start spending money. Start buying whatever open property you land on as soon as possible. The more you own, the better your standing in the game. There's little incentive in Monopoly to play conservatively and wait.[6] You'll start making money after you have property, not before. Don't worry about spending all of your money in the early turns. That just means you're playing smart. 2 Create monopolies. Don't leave a bunch of open spaces in a color group for others to buy. Buy them yourself if you can. In general, you should always buy unowned properties if no other player owns property in that color group, especially if it gives you a second or third property in a given group, building you closer to a monopoly. The orange properties, in particular, are the most landed-upon, making them the most desirable monopoly.[7] You have a monopoly when you own all of the properties of one color. The holder of a monopoly is entitled to double the rental rate normally paid. The monopoly holder is also entitled to add houses/hotels (which substantially increases rental rates). Holding a monopoly also greatly enhances your bargaining power during property trades made at later times in the game. 3 Buy properties that other players want. It can also be advantageous to purchase properties to block other players from creating monopolies, opening you up for trade possibilities later in the game. If you see an opponent working towards a particular monopoly, take any opportunity that you get to buy the properties they want. Don't worry about blocking a monopoly when two players each own a property of a group. They're already blocking each other, meaning you'd be better off placing your attention elsewhere. Use the advantage that you gain from buying a property that another player wants to get something that you want. For example, if the other player has a property (or two) that you want, propose a trade.[8] 4 Develop a strategy for railroads and utilities. In general, the railroad spaces are more valuable than the utility spaces, which offer little in the way of long-term investment. Railroads, though, are only valuable if you own all of them. Some players make acquiring all the Railroads a priority, while some prefer ignoring it as a distraction. Whatever you choose to do, stick with your policy. There's only a 1 in 38 chance of profiting from a Utilities purchase, meaning you would be better off investing in hotels and other building projects because they will make you more money.[9] Sometimes it might be a good idea to purchase a Railroad to keep another player from having a railroad monopoly. 5 Get three houses as quickly as possible. As soon as you get a monopoly, start building, and don't stop building until you've got three houses on each property. You will make far more money after you get up to three houses per property. This extra income will increase your chances of winning the game.[10] Build houses when you have enough cash for a "high probability" expense such as rents on railroads and utilities, luxury tax and certain Community Chest cards. If possible, wait until you pass the part of the board where there is the highest likelihood of paying the highest penalties, the last few squares of the game before Go. 6 Try to cause a housing shortage. When you have only three or four low-rent color groups, you should put three or four houses on each property to restrict the availability of houses to owners of high rent color groups. Don't move up to a hotel if returning houses to the bank would enable your opponent to develop an expensive color group. It's devious, and effective.[11] Part 3 Part 3 of 4: Playing to Win 1 Get the most out of your mortgages. Mortgaging allows you to raise capital at crucial points in the game. However, keep in mind that it will cost more to lift the mortgages on one of your properties than the total amount raised from mortgaging it in the first place, so don't bother.[12] Keep in mind the following when mortgaging your property: Single properties should be mortgaged first. Don't mortgage a property from a group where you own 2 or more properties unless it's absolutely necessary. If you need to raise money, mortgage single properties if it allows you to own a color group of at least three houses per property (or hotels in the Light Blues or Purple group). As you cannot collect rent once a property is mortgaged, try not to mortgage those properties that players land on frequently or get higher-than-average rents from landers. 2 Evaluate trades carefully. Pay attention to your fellow players' preferences for particular properties and try to use that knowledge to your advantage. Trying to trade for a full line of colored properties is good, as it allows for building expansions. However, you want to avoid trading down for these color sets. For example, while gaining all of the pink properties in a trade may be good, it may not be wise if the trade enables another player to own all of the orange properties. You will likely pay more in rent to the owner of the orange properties. Before you make a deal, decide whether or not it will be advantageous to you in the future. Always ask yourself, what will this do for me in the long run, and how will this trade help me bankrupt my opponents? A good rule of thumb is to only trade to give yourself a monopoly, or to give yourself more monopoly than your opponent.[13] 3 Consider staying in jail later in the game. In Monopoly, unlike in real life, being in jail is not always a bad thing. Early in the game, before you have a monopoly, you should pay the $50 to get out of jail so you can continue purchasing properties. However, later in the game, if most of the properties are owned or if most of the properties between the Jail and Go to Jail spaces are developed, simply roll the dice and stay in jail until you roll the required number to get out. This can be a welcome alternative to paying rent for landing on other players' properties.[14] 4 Finish off struggling players. Monopoly has a reputation for often dragging out into games that last several hours or several days, but it doesn't necessarily need to be so. As soon as most of the property has been bought up, it's a good idea to start the bargaining process, and attempt to convince players in less advantageous positions to forfeit their properties and concede the game. Put those properties back into play and open the game back up to the players in better position to win.[15] If a player is blocking monopolies and is unwilling to trade properties, consider calling it a draw and starting a new game. In this situation, you could spend days trading money back and forth without making much progress. Part 4 Part 4 of 4: Playing Dirty Gang up on strong players. Does your dad always win? Before the game, form an alliance with the other players and make a plan to mess up his operations. Form a united front to block his monopolies and prevent him from gaining an advantage. Keeping a strong player from gaining an advantage will work in your favor. Community Q&A Question When I first started playing, I won almost every time. I would not be quick to spend money and I didn't have many monopolies. Lately, I've been advised to turn around all of my income and invest in houses. But this strategy has got me bankrupt every time, what is your recommendation? Reece Orton Community Answer Use your old strategy if your new strategy never works. Question How do I beat a really good player?! Community Answer Learn from him. What makes him better? Are there patterns to his play? How does he play differently than you are playing? Question Why am I not winning at Monopoly when I have the most properties? Community Answer It's not always about how many more properties you have. The properties in which players more frequently stumble upon will make more money. Watch how often each property gets landed on and try to buy these up. See more answers Video Loading video Tips Trade all of your money into one-hundred bills, they are the easiest to spend, since many properties cost 100 or 200 dollars. Try to buy more and more houses as the game goes on but always keep the money needed to pay another player if you land on their properties. Buy as many properties as possible in the beginning of the game, making it hard for your opponent/opponents to get a monopoly. Show More You Might Also Like How to Play Monopoly How to Cheat at Monopoly How to Make Your Own Version of Monopoly How to Play Monopoly With Electronic Banking How to Increase Your Chances at McDonald's Monopoly Game How to Play Monopoly with Alternate Rules How to Play Monopoly Junior: Board Game Instructions How to Auction in Monopoly How to Play Monopoly Empire How to Play Monopoly Online How to Set up a Monopoly Game How to Play McDonald's Monopoly References ↑http://wizardofodds.com/gambling/dice/ ↑http://www.tkcs-collins.com/truman/monopoly/monopoly.shtml ↑http://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/00009.pdf ↑http://www.denofgeek.com/games/monopoly/31061/killer-tips-for-winning-a-game-of-monopoly ↑http://www.11points.com/Games/11_Strategies_For_Dominating_Monopoly ↑http://www.amnesta.net/other/monopoly/ ↑http://www.11points.com/Games/11_Strategies_For_Dominating_Monopoly ↑http://www.11points.com/Games/11_Strategies_For_Dominating_Monopoly ↑http://www.11points.com/Games/11_Strategies_For_Dominating_Monopoly More References (6) About This Article wikiHow is a "wiki," similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, 99 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time. This article has been viewed 1,339,044 times. Co-authors: 99 Updated: July 18, 2022 Views: 1,339,044 Article Rating: 75% - 46 votes Categories: Featured Articles | Monopoly Article Summary In other languages Did this article help you? Yes No CategoriesHobbies and CraftsGamesBoard GamesMonopoly Home About wikiHow Experts Jobs Contact Us Site Map Terms of Use Privacy Policy Contribute Follow Us × wikiHow Tech Help Pro: Develop the tech skills you need for work and life Let's do this!

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

arthritis with swelling, stiffness, pain, and degeneration of cartilage in joints caused by chronic soft tissue inflammation; may result in crippling deformities; an autoimmune disease chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body

Hacks to winning monopoly

7 Monopoly hacks to ensure that you win every time Joanna Fantozzi Jan 5, 2018, 4:11 PM Read in app monopoly The classic board game. txking Shutterstock Monopoly can be a frustrating game, but we spoke with two gaming experts about how to ensure a win. Develop as much as you can, as quickly as you can. Snatch up red and orange properties, but don't bother with utilities. If you're going to tackle the iconic but lengthy and often frustrating game of Monopoly, you might as well ensure a win every time. INSIDER spoke with gaming experts and Monopoly enthusiasts about tips, hacks, and secrets to guarantee your success, or at least tilt the odds in your favor. 1. Develop property as aggressively as you can Early on in the game, players tend to be choosy with which properties they buy, but Monopoly experts say that's the worst strategy. "Always develop as aggressively as you can," Dave Taylor, founder of gaming/parenting blog Go Fatherhood and creator of an online Monopoly simulator, told INSIDER. "Once in a while you go bankrupt and you're out, but more likely you end the game quickly by bankrupting other players." Monopoly champion Bjørn Halvard Knappskog agrees. He told Vice that one of the biggest mistakes people make is "turning their noses up" at smaller properties. Buying everything in sight will help you have leverage options later on. 2. Buy orange and red properties, as they are the most landed-on Statistically speaking, the orange and red properties are the most landed-on colors during the game, according to Taylor. Focus on buying those to rack up the rents fees. More specifically, the most landed-on red and orange properties in Monopoly are Illinois Avenue (red), Tennessee Avenue (orange), and New York Avenue (orange), Flynn Zaiger, Monopoly enthusiast and founder of the Tulane University board games club, told us. "These are also valuable Monopolies for you to bankrupt your competitors with," Zaiger said. Whoever owns the most red and orange properties in the game may give you a good idea of who will win in the long run. 3. Don't save your money monopoly money Spend that cash quickly. Sam Jonah/ Shutterstock Spend as much as you can, because saving money — especially early on in the game when not as many properties have houses or hotels — won't do anything for you. "While money in the bank sounds great, unlike real life you should aim to have minimal amounts of money in the bank at all times," Zaiger said. "Money in the bank isn't being invested, and isn't earning you anything. Your Monopoly banker isn't going to pay interest! It's almost always better to be purchasing items with your hard-earned cash, for the chance to deliver return on those investments." 4. Don't bother with utilities This may come as a surprise, but many professional Monopoly competitors don't even bother with buying utilities. Knappskog says that you only have a 3% chance of making money from either the railroads or the utilities throughout the game. Plus, unlike other color properties, utilities can't be upgraded. 5. Develop three houses or hotels as quickly as possible Remember the rule of threes: Always develop three houses on your monopolies as quickly as possible, and then aim to build three hotels on your properties. This will allow you to squeeze as much rent out of your properties as possible. Knappskog told Vice that he only starts developing more than three houses (by moving on to hotels) when all of his streets have three houses each. Once you move on to building hotels, the same rule applies. "Once you have your houses developed, aim to build up to three hotels as quickly as possible, as that's when the rent really jumps up to a significant amount," Zaiger said. 6. Later in the game, don't try to get out of jail right away monopoly jail Jail is not necessarily a terrible option. txking/ Shutterstock It might seem counter-intuitive, but if you land in jail later in the game, when hotels fill the board, you can save money by staying there for your entire three turns (unless you roll a double), until you get out of jail. That way, if you're running low on cash, you won't have to dole out your remaining savings to your competitors by landing on their monopolies. 7. Create a housing shortage by using up all the houses A little-known classic rule of the original game is the housing shortage. Once 32 houses have been placed on the board, you are not allowed to buy more. So by simply buying all of the houses as quickly as possible, you can easily run your opponents into the ground. "If no one else has a monopoly, and you have one or two, a more long-term strategy is to try to shorten the housing market," Zaiger said. "If you have 32 houses on the board, that means there'll be no more houses for anyone to build with, and you'll be well on your path to outlasting the competition." (Business Insider)

Dunning-Kruger Effect

People who are least skilled at a task, suffer from the most overconfidence. The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability. a cognitive bias in which unskilled people make poor decisions and reach erroneous conclusions, but their incompetence denies them the metacognitive ability to appreciate their mistakes. Accounts for why low-skilled individuals are prone to greater overconfidence than are higher-skilled persons (in a particular area). (Quizlet) Dunning-Kruger effect psychology Actions By Brian Duignan Article History Table of Contents Dunning-Kruger effect, in psychology, a cognitive bias whereby people with limited knowledge or competence in a given intellectual or social domain greatly overestimate their own knowledge or competence in that domain relative to objective criteria or to the performance of their peers or of people in general. According to the researchers for whom it is named, psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger, the effect is explained by the fact that the metacognitive ability to recognize deficiencies in one's own knowledge or competence requires that one possess at least a minimum level of the same kind of knowledge or competence, which those who exhibit the effect have not attained. Because they are unaware of their deficiencies, such people generally assume that they are not deficient, in keeping with the tendency of most people to "choose what they think is the most reasonable and optimal option." Although not scientifically explored until the late 20th century, the phenomenon is familiar from ordinary life, and it has long been attested in common sayings—e.g., "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing"—and in observations by writers and wits through the ages—e.g., "Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge" (Charles Darwin). Related Topics: metacognition bias See all related content → In the studies reported on in their paper "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments" (1999), Dunning and Kruger tested the abilities of four groups of young adults in three domains: humour, logic (reasoning), and grammar. The results supported their predictions that, as compared with their more competent peers, "incompetent individuals...will dramatically overestimate their ability and performance relative to objective criteria"; that they "will be less able...to recognize competence when they see it" (whether their own or someone else's); that they "will be less able...to gain insight into their true level of performance" by comparing their own performance with that of others; and, paradoxically, that they can improve their ability to recognize their own incompetence by becoming more competent, "thus providing them[selves] the metacognitive skills necessary to be able to realize that they have performed poorly." Dunning and Kruger emphasized that the effect they had identified does not imply that people always overestimate their own knowledge or competence. Whether they do so depends in part on the domain in which they evaluate themselves (most golfers do not believe that they are better at golf than Tiger Woods) and whether they possess "a minimal threshold of knowledge, theory, or experience" that, given the effect, would lead them to the false belief that they are knowledgeable or competent. Nor does the effect imply that motivational biases and other factors do not also play a role in producing inflated self-assessments among incompetent people. Later investigations of the Dunning-Kruger effect explored its influence in a variety of other domains, including business, medicine, and politics. For example, a study published in 2018 indicated that Americans who know relatively little about politics and government are more likely than other Americans to overestimate their knowledge of those topics. Moreover, according to the study, that tendency seems to be more pronounced in partisan contexts in which people consciously think of themselves as supporters of one or the other (Republican or Democratic) major political party. Brian Duignan hindsight bias Table of Contents Home Health & Medicine Psychology & Mental Health hindsight bias Actions By Mary Inman Article History Table of Contents hindsight bias, the tendency, upon learning an outcome of an event—such as an experiment, a sporting event, a military decision, or a political election—to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen the outcome. It is colloquially known as the "I knew it all along phenomenon." Related Topics: bias See all related content → Presented with two opposing predictions, most people are able to justify the likelihood of either outcome. For example, when asked whether people prefer to spend time with others who are similar or with others who differ significantly (in beliefs, background, and the like), individuals can easily explain why either outcome is likely, often by drawing on conventional wisdom: some may claim that "birds of a feather flock together," whereas others may argue that "opposites attract." Once an experiment has shown support for only one outcome, however, participants often believe that the result is "obvious," and they minimize or do not even entertain the alternative reasoning. That retroactive belief that the outcome was obvious from the start is hindsight bias. Although hindsight bias can be identified throughout human history, the phenomenon was first described and studied as such in the 1970s by psychologists who were investigating errors in human decision making. Early studies asked people almanac-type trivia questions or had them make predictions of political elections; participants were later asked to recall their predictions. Hindsight bias was evident when people overestimated the accuracy of their predictions. Subsequent investigations into the causes and the consequences of hindsight bias determined that the phenomenon is widespread and difficult to avoid. It occurs across individuals regardless of age, gender, or culture, and it happens across a wide range of situations. The situations range from relatively mild to world changing. The "Monday morning quarterback," derived from gridiron football, illustrates a mild example. It describes the fan who second-guesses decisions made during a game from the perspective of knowing the outcome of those decisions. More-drastic examples of hindsight bias occurred with criticism of counterterrorism agencies and the U.S. military after the September 11, 2001, attacks for missing "obvious" warning signs. At least two motivations underlie hindsight bias. First, the motivation to have a predictable world causes hindsight bias when observers watch decision makers. For example, moderately surprising outcomes violate people's expectations and may trigger a negative state that people are motivated to reduce. Distorting prior predictions might enhance feelings of a predictable world and reduce the negative state. On the other hand, extremely surprising outcomes may cause people to say that they never could have predicted the outcome anyway, thereby reducing hindsight bias. Second, when people reflect on their own decision making, they have something at stake in the results of their decisions. Ego-enhancing motivational strategies also show up. For example, research has demonstrated that when the results of their own choices were positive, decision makers showed hindsight bias (e.g., "I knew I would succeed"). When the results were negative (e.g., "My idea should have worked"), decision makers do not show hindsight bias. Research has also shown that hindsight bias is likely due to memory errors (such as errors in recalling the initial prediction) and fixating on the eventual outcome. Mary Inman Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

Zoo (National Geo)

Zoo A zoo is a place where animals live in captivity and are put on display for people to view. The word "zoo" is short for "zoological park." GRADES 7 - 12+ SUBJECTS Biology, Social Studies, World History PHOTOGRAPH Aquarium Zoos are places where wild animals are kept for public display. Zoos are often the sites of sophisticated breeding centers, where endangered species may be protected and studied. Some zoos, like this aquarium in Monterey, California, are dedicated to one species or set of species. (Aquariums are dedicated to the display of aquatic creatures.) PHOTOGRAPH BY LOY NORRIX, MYSHOT Aquarium 1/13 Powered by Morgan Stanley ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRYVOCABULARY A zoo is a place where animals live in captivity and are put on display for people to view. The word "zoo" is short for "zoological park." Zoos contain wide varieties of animals that are native to all parts of the Earth. Though people have kept wild animals for thousands of years, those collections have not always resembled modern zoos. The first zoos were created as private collections by the wealthy to show their power. These private collections were called menageries. Wall carvings found in Egypt and Mesopotamia are evidence that rulers and aristocrats created menageries as early as 2500 BCE. They left records of expeditions to distant places to bring back exotic animals such as giraffes, elephants, bears, dolphins, and birds. There is evidence that ancient zoo owners hired animal handlers to make sure their animals thrived and reproduced. Zoos also existed in later civilizations, including China, Greece, and Rome. The Aztec emperor Montezuma II, in what is today Mexico, maintained one of the earliest animal collections in the Western Hemisphere. It was destroyed by Hernan Cortes during the Spanish conquest in 1520. Modern Zoos The model of the modern, public zoo became popular in 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment was a period in European history when science, reason, and logic were promoted as ideals of society and government. The scientific focus of the Age of Enlightenment extended to zoology. During this time, people started wanting to study animals for scientific reasons. Scientists wanted to research animal behavior and anatomy. To do this, scientists and zookeepers had to keep animals in places that were close to, or resembled, the animals' natural habitats. The first modern zoo, built in 1793, opened in Paris, France. The menageries of French aristrocrats, including the king and queen, were taken by leaders of the French Revolution and relocated to the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes. The facility is still a busy and popular zoo in downtown Paris. Early zoos like the Menagerie du Jardin des Plantes were more like museums of living animals than natural habitats. Animals were kept in small display areas, with as many species as space would allow. Today, zoos are meant to entertain and educate the public but have a strong emphasis on scientific research and species conservation. There is a trend toward giving animals more space and recreating natural habitats. Zoos are usually regulated and inspected by the government. Types of Zoos Urban and Suburban Zoos Urban zoos, located in large cities, still resemble the smaller zoos that were popular 200 years ago. Often, these zoos sit in the middle of cities, making expansion difficult. There is little room for urban zoos to grow, and many of the zoo's buildings are historic landmarks that cannot be destroyed or redesigned. In many urban zoos, animals are kept in relatively small enclosures. Some animal activists argue that keeping animals in urban settings is cruel because of cramped conditions, noise, and pollution. Urban zoos are common in Europe, while many zoos in the United States developed as sprawling parks in suburbs outside cities. These open-range zoos give animals more territory to roam and provide more natural habitats. This popular technique of building realistic habitats is called landscape immersion. The San Diego Zoo, in southern California, is the largest zoo in the United States. It is a suburban zoo that houses more than 4,000 animals (800 different species) in its 0.4 square kilometers (100 acres). Landscape immersion divides animals into their natural habitats, such as the tundra (with reindeer and polar bears) or bamboo forest (featuring pandas.) The San Diego Zoo also includes a wild animal park, which is even more expansive (almost 8 square kilometers or 2,000 acres.) Safari Parks Larger than urban and open-range zoos, safari parks are areas where tourists can drive their own cars to see non-native wildlife living in large, enclosed areas. These attractions allow the animals more space than the small enclosures of traditional zoos. Fuji Safari Park, in Susono, Japan, offers a traditional zoo as well as a drive-through safari park. Visitors can take their own cars or one of the park's buses. Fuji Safari Park offers night tours, so visitors can see nocturnal animals, or animals that are active at night. At the park, visitors can also feed some animals, such as lions, from bus windows. Not all parks encourage or even allow visitors to feed animals. Safari parks, especially in Europe, are often part of larger theme parks or resorts. They include golf courses and fairground attractions, such as games and rides. Game Reserves Game reserves are large swaths of land whose ecosystems and native species are protected. The protections allow animals to live and reproduce at natural rates. Animals are allowed to roam free. In the 1800s, a trip to hunt "big game" (large animals such as elephants or lions) was called a safari. While some game reserves allow traditional hunting safaris today, others limit visitors to a "photo safari," where visitors can shoot photographs, not animals. Animals in all game reserves are protected from illegal hunting, which is a threat to many endangered species. Legal hunts are regulated by the government. Hunters must purchase licenses and are strictly limited to the type and number of animals they can hunt. Poachers, or hunters without licenses, kill animals for valuable body parts. Elephants, for example, are killed by poachers for their ivory tusks. There are game reserves in Asia, the Americas, and Australia. However, most game reserves are in Africa. Millions of visitors flock to sites across Africa to see the same animals that captivated audiences thousands of years ago. The biggest attractions are Africa's "Big Five" species—lions, leopards, rhinoceroses, elephants, and water buffalo. The Big Five are not Africa's largest species (although the elephant is): They are the most difficult to find and, when legal, to hunt. Only recently has a single zoo, Gondwana Game Reserve in South Africa, offered all Big Five animals in one place. Gondwana sits on 10,000 hectares (24,710 acres) near the center of South Africa's southern coast. Like many large game reserves, Gondwana has diverse ecosystems that occur naturally and has no need for landscape immersion. In Gondwana, grasslands coexist with shrubland called fynbos. Visitors to Gondwana, like many game reserves, can stay in hotels right in the park. Petting zoos Petting zoos feature domesticated animals that are gentle enough for children to pet and feed. Sheep, goats, donkeys, and rabbits are common petting zoo animals. These types of zoos are found at parks and inside of larger zoos. Sometimes mobile petting zoos travel with fairs or carnivals from city to city. Specialization Most zoos have specialized enclosures and habitats for specific animals. Zoos in cold climates, such as Novosibirsk, Russia, must recreate warm ecosystems for animals like lemurs. Lemurs are a type of primate native to the island of Madagascar, off Africa's east coast. The summer temperatures of both Siberia and Madagascar are about the same—around 21 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit). However, Madagascar receives about 200 to 250 millimeters (8 to 10 inches) of rain each summer, making it a humid jungle environment. Novosibirsk gets just 60 to 65 millimeters (2 to 3 inches) of rain and snow. The difference in winter temperatures is even more drastic: Madagascar is about 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit). Lemurs' fur can keep them warm at this temperature. Winter in Novosibirsk is -10 degrees Celsius (13 degrees Fahrenheit). The Novosibirsk Zoo has two species of lemur with a specialized heated enclosure with high humidity. Some zoos are dedicated entirely to certain species. Aquariums are types of zoos that exclusively house aquatic animals. The Sydney Aquarium in Australia has exhibits of all of Australia's major water systems and is home to more than 650 native Australian species. Aviaries and bird parks are another type of specialized zoo. The Jurong Bird Park in Singapore has more than 8,000 birds of 600 species from around the world. Jurong has more than 1,000 flamingoes in an African wetlands exhibit that features a daily simulated thunderstorm. Conservation The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the international organization for zoos, is concerned with the health of animals in zoos. The focus of environmental efforts takes the form of research, captive breeding of rare animals, and conservation. Researchers at zoos can study animals up-close. They can observe behavior such as mating and nutrition choices. Biologists and veterinarians are also available to treat sick or injured animals. Captive breeding of endangered species makes zoos valuable places for animal survival. Animals such as the black soft-shelled turtle, native to India and Bangladesh, are extinct in the wild. But they survive in several zoos around the world, with their health looked after by biologists. The goal of many captive breeding programs at zoos is the re-introduction of animals into the wild. The California condor, a very large bird native to the west coast of the United States, has been re-introduced to its native habitat after breeding in zoos and wildlife parks. There are several breeding pairs of California condors in the wild today. Critics of captive breeding programs say that releasing a few animals into the wild does little to help the species population. Animals are extinct in the wild largely due to loss of habitat. The re-introduction of animals, especially large mammals that require vast territory for survival, does nothing to recover lost habitat. People continue to develop land for homes and businesses. Zoos often have conservation projects in the native habitats of the animals they keep in captivity. For instance, the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums established a partnership with people in rural Papua New Guinea to save tree kangaroos. These rare species are threatened by loss of habitat and the growing population of Papua New Guinea: Villagers hunt the tree kangaroo for meat. A zoo program introduced a rabbit-farming program to address the nutritional needs of the villagers. Zoos also set up conservation sites where the hunting of tree kangaroos was outlawed. While zoos have put more importance on conservation and humane animal treatment in recent decades, some critics say it is cruel to keep animals in captivity. Critics argue that living in captivity takes away wild animals' natural behavior and instincts. Supporters of zoos say they play an important role in protecting endangered species. FAST FACT Modern Menageries People still enjoy collecting animals to display in their private homes. The American entertainer Michael Jackson, for instance, had a menagerie that included tigers, giraffes, parrots, and, of course, his pet chimpanzee, Bubbles. The Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar kept an enormous private zoo that included elephants, buffalo, and camels. Some of Escobar's hippopotamuses, native to Africa, escaped into the Colombian jungle. After Escobar's death, the rest of the animals were sold or donated to zoos around the world. FAST FACT City of Brotherly Animals The first zoo in the United States opened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1874. The Philadelphia Zoo remains one of the most important zoos and facilities for breeding rare and endangered animals. FAST FACT Zoo-Literacy Many books of fiction, nonfiction, and historical fiction concern zoos. Life of Pi is a novel by Canadian author Yann Martel. The father of the main character, Pi, is a zookeeper at the Pondicherry Zoo in India. When traveling across the Pacific Ocean, from India to Toronto, Canada, the boat carrying Pi, his family, and all the animals of the zoo sinks. The only survivors, alone on a lifeboat in the middle of the ocean, are Pi and the zoo's Bengal tiger, whose name is Richard Parker. Faithful Elephants: A True Story of Animals, People, and War is a nonfiction book written by Yukio Tsuchiya and illustrated by Ted Levin. The book tells the story of three elephants of the Uneo Zoo in Tokyo, Japan, in the time leading up to World War II. Pride of Baghdad is a graphic novel written by Brian K. Vaughn and illustrated by Niko Henrichon. The factual story, of lions that escaped from the Baghdad Zoo as the war in Iraq began, is told from the lions' point of view. Images National Geographic News: Ancient Animal Graves From Private Zoo? Website National Zoo Age of Enlightenment Noun (1700s) period in European history where science and reason were promoted as ideals of good citizens and society. anatomy Noun structure of an organism. aquarium Noun a container or tank where aquatic plants and animals are kept, or an institution that keeps such containers. aquatic Adjective having to do with water. aviary Noun enclosed area where birds are kept. Aztec Noun people and culture native to Mexico and Central America. bamboo Noun type of huge, woody grass. behavior Noun anything an organism does involving action or response to stimulation. Big Five Noun most difficult animals in Africa to hunt on foot: lion, African elephant, cape buffalo, leopard, and black rhinoceros. big game Noun large wild animals. biologist Noun scientist who studies living organisms. breeding pair Noun animals who cooperate over a period of time to produce generations of offspring. California condor Noun largest land bird of North America, with a wingspan of 3 meters (9.5 feet). captivate Verb to hold the attention of. captive breeding Noun reproduction of rare species controlled by humans in a closed environment, such as a zoo. carnival Noun traveling show with games, performances, and food. civilization Noun complex way of life that developed as humans began to develop urban settlements. climate Noun all weather conditions for a given location over a period of time. coast Noun edge of land along the sea or other large body of water. conquest Noun victory. conservation Noun management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect. cramped Adjective crowded or having very little space. destroy Verb to ruin or make useless. domesticate Verb to tame or adapt for human use. drastic Adjective severe or extreme. ecosystem Noun community and interactions of living and nonliving things in an area. enclosure Noun area surrounded by a wall, fence, or other physical boundary. endangered species Noun organism threatened with extinction. exhibit Noun display, often in a museum. exotic Adjective foreign or strange. expansion Noun process of enlarging. expedition Noun journey with a specific purpose, such as exploration. extend Verb to enlarge or continue. extinct Adjective no longer existing. extinct in the wild Noun highest level of conservation of a living species, when the only living members of that species are protected in captivity such as zoos or aquariums. forest Noun ecosystem filled with trees and underbrush. French Revolution Noun (1789-1799) period in France when the monarchy ended and the country was a republic. fur Noun thick hair covering the skin of an animal. fynbos Noun shrub vegetation region native to the southwest coast of South Africa. game reserve Noun area of land filled with wildlife and preserved for hunting or tourism. Gondwana Game Reserve Noun large zoological park in South Africa. government Noun system or order of a nation, state, or other political unit. grassland Noun ecosystem with large, flat areas of grasses. habitat Noun environment where an organism lives throughout the year or for shorter periods of time. Hernan Cortes Noun (1485-1547) Spanish explorer and conqueror of what is now Mexico. humane Adjective kind or gentle. humid Adjective air containing a large amount of water vapor. hunt Verb to pursue and kill an animal, usually for food. illegal Adjective forbidden by law. instinct Noun natural motivation or behavior. international organization Noun unit made up of governments or groups in different countries, usually for a specific purpose. ivory Noun hard, white substance that forms the teeth or tusks of some animals. jungle Noun tropical ecosystem filled with trees and underbrush. landmark Noun a prominent feature that guides in navigation or marks a site. landscape immersion Noun process of building realistic habitats for animals in zoos. lemur Noun type of small mammal (primate). logic Noun system of scientific or researched reason. mammal Noun animal with hair that gives birth to live offspring. Female mammals produce milk to feed their offspring. mate Verb to reproduce or breed. menagerie Noun private collection of animals. Menagerie du Jardin des Plantes Noun zoo in Paris. Mesopotamia Noun ancient region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, today lying mostly in Iraq. Montezuma II Noun (1470-1520) Aztec emperor. museum Noun space where valuable works of art, history, or science are kept for public view. native species Noun species that occur naturally in an area or habitat. Also called indigenous species. nocturnal Adjective active at night. nutrition Noun process by which living organisms obtain food or nutrients, and use it for growth. petting zoo Noun area where domestic animals are kept for visitors to pet and feed. poacher Noun person who hunts or fishes illegally. primate Noun type of mammal, including humans, apes, and monkeys. promote Verb to encourage or help. public Adjective available to an entire community, not limited to paying members. rain Noun liquid precipitation. reason Verb to form thoughts and make connections based on facts and logic. reproduce Verb to create offspring, by sexual or asexual means. research Noun scientific observations and investigation into a subject, usually following the scientific method: observation, hypothesis, prediction, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion. resemble Verb to look like. resort Noun facility or space people go to relax in a luxury setting. roam Verb to wander or travel over a wide area without a specific destination. rural Adjective having to do with country life, or areas with few residents. safari Noun trip to investigate, hunt, or photograph big game animals. safari park Noun zoo where visitors can drive through open spaces filled with wild animals. San Diego Zoo Noun large zoological park in San Diego, California. science Noun knowledge focused on facts based on observation, identification, description, investigation, and explanation. shrub Noun type of plant, smaller than a tree but having woody branches. Siberia Noun region of land stretching across Russia from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. simulate Verb to create an image, representation, or model of something. society Noun large community, linked through similarities or relationships. specialize Verb to study, work, or take an interest in one area of a larger field of ideas. specific Adjective exact or precise. sprawling Adjective spread out. suburb Noun geographic area, mostly residential, just outside the borders of an urban area. swath Noun path or line of material. temperature Noun degree of hotness or coldness measured by a thermometer with a numerical scale. theme park Noun amusement park where all attractions focus on one or more specific ideas, or themes. thrive Verb to develop and be successful. thunderstorm Noun cloud that produces thunder and lightning, often accompanied by heavy rains. tourist Noun person who travels for pleasure. tree kangaroo Noun type of mammal (marsupial). tundra Noun cold, treeless region in Arctic and Antarctic climates. urban Adjective having to do with city life. vast Adjective huge and spread out. veterinarian Noun person who studies the health of animals. wealthy Adjective very rich. Western Hemisphere Noun area of the Earth west of the prime meridian and east of the International Date Line. wetland Noun area of land covered by shallow water or saturated by water. wildlife Noun organisms living in a natural environment. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums Noun international organization for zoological parks. zoo Noun place where animals are kept for exhibition. zoological Adjective having to do with animals. zoology Noun the study of animals. Credits User Permissions RELATED RESOURCES Habitats and Microhabitats COLLECTION Habitats and Microhabitats A habitat is an environment where an organism lives throughout the year or for shorter periods of time to find a mate. The habitat contains all an animal needs to survive such as food and shelter. A microhabitat is a small area which differs somehow from the surrounding habitat. Its unique conditions may be home to unique species that may not be found in the larger region. Unfortunately, some habitats are threatened by pollution, extreme weather, or deforestation. This puts many of the species that live there in danger and is causing many populations to decline. Explore different types of habitats and microhabitats with this curated collection of classroom resources. 77 Biomes COLLECTION Biomes A biome is an area classified according to the species that live in that location. Temperature range, soil type, and the amount of light and water are unique to a particular place and form the niches for specific species allowing scientists to define the biome. However, scientists disagree on how many biomes exist. Some count six (forest, grassland, freshwater, marine, desert, and tundra), others eight (separating two types of forests and adding tropical savannah), and still others are more specific and count as many as 11 biomes. 234 Wild Things ARTICLE Wild Things A short article on the dangers of owning exotic animals as pets. 24 National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036 ABOUT National Geographic Society National Geographic Partners News and Impact Contact EXPLORE Our Explorers Our Projects Resources for Educators Museum and Events Technology and Innovation JOIN US Ways to Give Apply for a Grant Careers DONATE GET UPDATES CONNECT National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. © 1996 - 2022 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved Privacy Notice|Sustainability Policy|Terms of Service|Code of Ethics We use our own and third-party cookies to improve our services, remember your preferences, and enhance your experience. If you click on the "Accept" button on this banner, we understand that you accept the use of cookies on our website. For more info, see our privacy notice.

Wayfare

to travel

cozy

warm and comfortable

precocious

(adj.) showing unusually early development (especially in talents and mental capacity)

Coconut Grove Fire

1944, Eric Lindermann; psychoeducation about coping and support to prevent future problems; crisis and transitions as points of preventive intervention Boston Night club that caught fire; Most deadly nightclub fire in history; 492 people died Nightclub fire in 1942 in which over 400 people died, leaving many survivors in crisis; considered one of the major events leading to the development of crisis intervention as a form of mental health treatment. (Quizlet)

How can I tell if someone is flirting with me?

10 surprising signs that someone is flirting with you Sophia Mitrokostas Nov 1, 2018, 10:05 AM Download the app flirting There is a difference between being friendly and being flirty. AntonioGuillem/iStock Whether you're on the lookout for love or just want to avoid giving the wrong impression, it's important to be able to recognize the signs of flirting. Here are a few subtle clues that someone might actually be flirting with you and not just being friendly. ADVERTISING They make prolonged eye contact. Blaine and Kurt Glee If someone is gazing into your eyes, there is a high chance they feel affection for you. Fox Eye contact can be a powerful flirting technique. In a study published in the Journal of Research in Personality, researchers found that participants who gazed into each other's eyes for prolonged periods were more likely to report feelings of affection for the other person. Though someone may not be consciously trying to woo you with endless gazes, eye contact is a good indicator that someone finds you interesting and potentially attractive. ADVERTISING They shoot you a lot of brief glances. Jess and Rory GIlmore Girls Many brief glances can also be subtle flirtation. Warner Bros. Television It's not just prolonged eye contact that can give away someone's romantic interest. According to Pamela Regan's book "Close Relationships," men, in particular, tend to direct many brief glances at the intended target of their flirtation. This might mean that constantly catching the eye of someone across the room might be subtle flirtation rather than pure coincidence. ADVERTISING They play with their clothing. flirting Fidgeting could mean flirting. LightFieldStudios/ iStock According to research on nonverbal signs of romantic interest, toying with a sleeve or fidgeting with a button could actually be flirting. The study recorded the interactions of unacquainted participants and then asked them about their level of romantic interest in each other. Female participants were noted to be more likely to play with their clothing if they were interested in another participant. ADVERTISING They tease you or give you awkward compliments. new girl jess nick Jokingly picking on you could be them testing the waters. FOX Though there are definitely better ways to express attraction, being jokingly picked on might be a subtle sign that someone is into you. "Backhanded compliments allow someone to test the waters and see if you respond in a favorable manner," life coach Jaya Jaya Myra told Bustle. Of course, there's a difference between light teasing and being made to feel uncomfortable or bullied. Someone who repeatedly puts you down or makes you unhappy isn't worth your time, even if they are trying to flirt. They touch you while you talk. how i met your mother Light touches can be their way of getting closer. IMDb/20th Century Fox Being on the receiving end of an "accidental" arm graze or food bump might mean you're being flirted with. "Often the person will touch your arm or try to brush hands or feet if you are seated at a table or bar," dating and communication coach Sarah Curnoles told Bustle. Curnoles also revealed that a light touch on these areas actually sends signals to the brain about attraction. Their eyebrows raise up when they see you. woman flirting infidelity Look out for a raised eyebrow. HBRH / Shutterstock Though you probably wouldn't think to track someone's eyebrows for hints of attraction, sex expert and author of "Superflirt" Tracy Cox revealed to TODAY that a slight lifting of the brows is an unconscious way that people signal romantic interest. This brow lifting can last less than a second, so keep your eyes peeled for this subtle flirtation clue. They let you catch them checking you out. the_carrie_diaries_lie_with_me_a_h They might want you to notice. The CW Have you ever caught someone checking out your body during a conversation? According to Cox, this is a pretty big indicator that someone is into you and wants you to know it. Though there are usually plenty of low-key opportunities to size up a potential mate, allowing themselves to be caught in the act might mean that they're trying to send a flirty message. They have open body language. No Strings Attached flirting Body language is an important factor. Paramount Pictures In an article for Penguin, social anthropologist Jean Smith encouraged readers to take note of a potential flirter's body language. "If they're squared up, facing you, with their feet pointed in your direction, it's all looking good. If their feet are angled away, simulating a quick exit, or their arms are folded, forget it," she wrote. Paying attention to how open and relaxed someone's body language can help you decipher their intentions. They're always the first one to react to your social media posts. Instagram Digital flirting is also a factor to consider. tulpahn / Shutterstock.com Digital flirting can be just as revealing as the in-person variety. If someone is constantly commenting or liking your social media posts, it's safe to say you're on their mind. "With all the content flying around nowadays, if someone takes the time to check out everything you post, you know there is more to it than meets the eye," Myra told Bustle. Though liking a post could just be a friendly move rather than a declaration of love, reacting to everything you post online might indicate attraction. They move their body closer to yours. pam jim Close physical proximity is a big sign of flirting. NBCUniversal When you like someone, it's natural to want to be near them. Close physical proximity is a good indicator of romantic intention, according to Smith. "If they're moving in closer, it's a good sign that they are getting ready to flirt," Smith wrote. There are some situations in which being physically close to someone can't be helped (e.g. a full subway car), but if someone scoots their chair closer to yours and leans in, there's a good chance they're trying to be flirty. Visit INSIDER's homepage for more. Read next Features Flirting Freelancer More... Insider Business Insider Download on the App Store Get it on Google Play * Copyright © 2022 Insider Inc. All rights reserved. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Service , Privacy Policy and Cookies Policy . 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R v Kelly

R. Kelly American musician Actions Alternate titles: Robert Sylvester Kelly By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents R. Kelly, in full Robert Sylvester Kelly, (born January 8, 1967, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.), American singer, songwriter, producer, and multi-instrumentalist who was one of the best-selling rhythm-and-blues (R&B) artists of the 1990s and early 21st century, known for his gospel-tinged vocal delivery and highly sexualized lyrics. Throughout his career Kelly faced various allegations of sexual abuse, and in the 2020s he was convicted of sex trafficking, racketeering, and the production of child pornography. R. Kelly R. Kelly See all media Born: January 8, 1967? Chicago Illinois Awards And Honors: Grammy Award (1997) See all related content → Kelly was raised in public housing projects in Chicago, and he was taught to have a powerful sense of Christian faith by his mother. His singing style has been described as "church-trained," and, though faith has been a recurring theme in his lyrics, such early singles as "Sex Me" (1993) established carnality at the centre of his music. The tension between the sacred and the profane, along with the contrast of tough-guy persona and tender vocals, have been constants in his career. On Kelly's debut album, Born into the '90s (1992), he joined with the vocal group Public Announcement to deliver a smooth and melodic signature sound laced with hip-hop rhythms. Subsequent efforts achieved ever greater success as Kelly's dominance of the R&B market translated into pop stardom. His inspirational ballad "I Believe I Can Fly" (1996) was a massive hit and earned three Grammy Awards, including one for best R&B song. Britannica Quiz Pop Culture Quiz R. Kelly R. Kelly With such hits as "Bump n' Grind" (1994), "You Remind Me of Something" (1995), and "I'm Your Angel" (1998), Kelly had more songs reach the top 40 of the Billboard singles chart than any other male solo artist in the 1990s. The popularity of the latter song, a duet with Céline Dion, contributed to the success of the album R. (1998), which sold more than eight million copies in the United States alone. However, his personal life was dogged by controversy, beginning with the revelation that he had secretly wed the singer Aaliyah in 1994, when she was 15; the illegal marriage was annulled shortly thereafter. Kelly's troubles came to a head in 2002 when the authorities came into possession of a videotape (first given to the Chicago Sun-Times by an anonymous source) that allegedly showed Kelly having sex with another underage girl. He was soon indicted on multiple charges related to child pornography, though, as a result of a variety of circumstances, his trial was delayed for several years. Over the long pretrial period, Kelly continued to release albums that, if anything, grew even more sexually explicit, though they also included songs of uplift. Despite some initial public shock and backlash related to the criminal allegations, Chocolate Factory (2003), which featured the bouncy "Ignition (Remix)," and Happy People/U Saved Me (2004) helped Kelly maintain his status as one of the world's foremost R&B stars. He stretched further with the "hip-hopera" Trapped in the Closet, a music video series in which he plaintively narrated a progressively byzantine melodrama; the first five installments were included as a song cycle on his album TP.3 Reloaded (2005), and more than a dozen followed on DVD releases. In 2008 a jury acquitted Kelly on all charges. Kelly reined in his salaciousness on the albums Love Letter (2010) and Write Me Back (2012), which were rooted primarily in the lush sound of 1960s and '70s soul music. However, he returned to more sexually explicit material with Black Panties (2013) and The Buffet (2015). The holiday album 12 Nights of Christmas appeared in 2016. In addition to his solo recordings, he collaborated with the rapper Jay-Z on two albums (2002 and 2004), and he wrote and produced songs for numerous artists, including Michael Jackson and the Isley Brothers. Soulacoaster: The Diary of Me, a memoir written with David Ritz, was published in 2012. R. Kelly R. Kelly During this time, Kelly continued to face allegations of sexual abuse and misconduct, including claims that he ran a so-called sex cult. Amid a growing backlash, the #MuteRKelly movement was launched in 2017, seeking a boycott of his music. Two years later the Lifetime channel aired the six-part documentary series Surviving R. Kelly, which examined the accusations against the singer. In February 2019, a month after that program was broadcast, the state of Illinois charged Kelly with 10 counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse. He pleaded not guilty, and additional state charges were subsequently filed. Kelly was also investigated by federal authorities, and in July 2019 they charged him with various crimes. Kelly was taken into custody at that time, and he was denied bail on several occasions. In August 2021 he went on trial in a federal court in Brooklyn, facing charges involving racketeering and sex trafficking. The following month he was convicted on all counts. In June 2022 Kelly was sentenced to 30 years in prison. Later that year he went on trial in a Chicago federal court over sex videos featuring the singer with a 14-year-old girl. In September he was convicted on various charges, including the production of child pornography and enticement of a minor. However, Kelly was acquitted on several other counts, notably obstruction of justice. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Whitney Houston Table of Contents Home Entertainment & Pop Culture Actors Whitney Houston American singer and actress Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Top Questions Who was Whitney Houston? What was Whitney Houston's first movie? How did Whitney Houston die? When was Whitney Houston inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame? For which song did Whitney Houston win her first Grammy? Whitney Houston, (born August 9, 1963, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—died February 11, 2012, Beverly Hills, California), American singer and actress who was one of the best-selling musical performers of the 1980s and '90s. Whitney Houston Whitney Houston See all media Born: August 9, 1963 Newark New Jersey Died: February 11, 2012 (aged 48) Beverly Hills California Awards And Honors: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum (2020) Grammy Award (1999) Grammy Award (1993) Grammy Award (1987) Grammy Award (1985) Emmy Award (1986): Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Grammy Award (2000): Best Female R&B Vocal Performance Grammy Award (1994): Record of the Year Grammy Award (1994): Album of the Year Grammy Award (1994): Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female Grammy Award (1988): Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female Grammy Award (1986): Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female See all related content → Whitney Houston Whitney Houston The daughter of Emily ("Cissy") Houston—whose vocal group, the Sweet Inspirations, sang backup for Aretha Franklin—and the cousin of singer Dionne Warwick, Whitney Houston began singing in church as a child. While still in high school, she sang backup for Chaka Khan and Lou Rawls and modeled for fashion magazines. At age 19 she signed with Arista Records, whose president, Clive Davis, groomed the gospel-based singer for crossover pop success. Her debut album, Whitney Houston (1985), yielded three number one singles in the United States: "Greatest Love of All," which became her signature; "Saving All My Love for You"; and "How Will I Know." Whitney (1987) delivered four more number ones and earned Houston a Grammy Award (for the single "I Wanna Dance with Somebody"). Britannica Quiz Pop Culture Quiz In 1992 Houston married singer Bobby Brown and made her motion-picture debut in The Bodyguard; the film featured her rendition of Dolly Parton's "I Will Always Love You," which stayed at number one for 14 weeks. The film's soundtrack dominated the Grammys the following year, with Houston winning the awards for album of the year, record of the year, and best female pop vocal performance. In the mid-1990s she continued acting, in films such as Waiting to Exhale (1995) and The Preacher's Wife (1996), and the soundtrack of each film generated hit singles for her. In 1998 Houston released My Love Is Your Love, which did not sell as well as previous efforts but was praised by the critics and earned her another Grammy Award. In 2001 she signed a new multialbum contract with Arista for $100 million, but personal difficulties soon overshadowed her recording career. Houston's tumultuous relationship with Brown (the couple divorced in 2007) provided fodder for the tabloids, as did her acknowledged drug use and financial issues. Her 2002 album, Just Whitney, was a personal response to her detractors, but its sales were disappointing compared with earlier efforts. Other than a lacklustre holiday album, One Wish (2003), Houston spent subsequent years in a state of virtual retirement. In February 2009 she began a comeback effort with a four-song set at Clive Davis's annual pre-Grammy Awards gala. The performance was greeted warmly, and in June Houston announced that an album of new material would be available later that year. I Look to You was released in August to positive reviews, and standout songs included the up-tempo "Million Dollar Bill" (penned by Alicia Keys) and the title track, a slow-building ballad written by R. Kelly. In February 2012 Houston died in a bathtub at a Beverly Hills hotel shortly before Davis's pre-Grammy party. A coroner's report released in March stated that the cause of death was accidental drowning, with heart disease and cocaine use listed as contributing factors. Houston posthumously appeared in the musical film Sparkle (2012), which she had coproduced. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2020. In January 2015 Houston's only child, Bobbi Kristina Brown, was found unconscious in a bathtub at her home near Atlanta. She died in July. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica

Why is music pleasurable?

Skip to main content Mobile Navigation Psychology Today US Search Shahram Heshmat Ph.D. Shahram Heshmat Ph.D. Science of Choice Why Is Music So Pleasurable? Pleasant musical moments engage the brain's pleasure system. Posted April 11, 2021 Reviewed by Lybi Ma Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail KEY POINTS Listening to music often evokes intense emotions. Much of music's pleasure comes from the patterns of melody, rhythm, and sudden changes. Musical pleasure, like food and sex, motivates us to engage in music. Listening to music can be a highly pleasurable activity. Music communicates emotions, moods, or a state of mind that seems beneficial to our quality of life. How does music evoke emotions and pleasure in listeners? Musical pleasure Listening to music engages the reward system. The experience of intensely pleasurable music can cause dopamine release in the mesolimbic reward system (Salimpoor et al, 2015). Engaging with music can trigger the same biological and psychological responses associated with other highly fundamental rewards, such as food, sex, or rewards like money. article continues after advertisement Musical pleasure is commonly called "chills" or "frissons." It is the pleasurable bodily reactions such as goosebumps that many people experience while listening to certain musical passages. The pleasure is a key element of how much money one is willing to pay for a given musical piece. However, not everyone experiences chills in response to music. A small portion of the population (about 3 to 4 percent) suffers from musical anhedonia. These individuals do not enjoy or appreciate music, but they still find joy from other things that activate the reward systems. Research shows that musical anhedonia occurs because of the absence of interactions between auditory networks and the reward system (Belfi & Loui, 2020). Musical surprise Musical pleasure is triggered by expectations and surprises. Much of music's pleasure comes from the patterns of melody, rhythm, and sudden changes. An unexpected change in intensity and tempo is one of the primary means by which music provokes a strong emotional response in listeners (Huron, 2006). Composers can play with these expectations: meet expectations, violate them, or even put them on hold. With enough exposure, the difference between expected and actual events decreases such that listeners begin to anticipate these events. And music becomes less pleasing. This explains why our liking change over time. Nothing is ever as good as that first time. As humans, we get used to things. Novelty vs. familiarity Our preferences are shaped by two opposing factors: familiarity and novelty. Our preferences sometimes lean toward novel things (new music, products, or shops). On the other hand, we sometimes prefer familiar things that evoke nostalgia. For example, a song may evoke a memory of the day a listener landed her first job. This memory, in turn, may evoke strong feelings of excitement and optimism the listener felt on that day. The famous Wundt inverted-U shape explains our appreciation of music in relation to familiarity and novelty. We may like rather little on first hearing, grow to like it more on relistening, and then eventually become bored by it. Pleasurable music strikes a balance between predictable events and moderately unpredictable events that produce a surprise. For example, Gold et al. (2019) have demonstrated that listeners preferred songs of medium complexity, which involved features such as predictability and familiarity. article continues after advertisement In sum, musical surprise explains why we like music so much. Tension stimulated by expectation, and its denial or fulfillment are in large part responsible for emotional arousal and pleasure in music. Music that is initially pleasing, with repeated exposure, begins to sound predictable and, hence, less pleasing. Thus, learning about musical structure and performance could be inherently rewarding. Image by wurliburli from Pixabay Source: Image by wurliburli from Pixabay References Belfi, A. M., Loui, P. (2020). Musical anhedonia and rewards of music listening: Current advances and a proposed model. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1464, 99-114. Gold, B.P., et al. (2019) Predictability and uncertainty in the pleasure of music: a reward for learning?. JNeurosci. Huron DB. (2006), Sweet anticipation: Music and the psychology of expectation. MIT press. Salimpoor, V.N., D.H. Zald, R.J. Zatorre,et al. 2015. Predictions and the brain: how musical sounds become rewarding. Trends Cogn. Sci.19:86-91. Zatorre, R.J. (2018). Why do we love music? Cerebrum 2018: pii: cer-16-18. references Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail advertisement About the Author Shahram Heshmat Ph.D. Shahram Heshmat, Ph.D., is an associate professor emeritus of health economics of addiction at the University of Illinois at Springfield. Online: LinkedIn Read Next Three Conceptual Problems With the Definitions of Racism What Do Your Musical Preferences Say About You? Most Popular 4 Signs You Have an Inner Gaslighter Mode The Key to Good Intimacy 7 Signs You Are Single at Heart New Research Identifies Two Major Causes of Loneliness 6 Signs Your Self-Control Issues Come From Childhood Neglect Micro-Abandonments: How a Narcissist Gains Emotional Control Find a Therapist Get the help you need from a therapist near you-a FREE service from Psychology Today. 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The God Complex

an unshakable belief characterized by consistently inflated feelings of personal ability, privilege, or infallibility. people who have ungrounded conviction of their own unlimited power and who persistently demonstrate their abilities, even on life-threatening risks No matter how complicated the problem, you have an absolutely overwhelming belief that you are infallibly right

Hip hop music demonstrates an interplay between globalization and local diversity because

artists may be widely popular yet still make local references in their song lyrics.

ad hoc

for a specific purpose or situation (adj.) for this specific purpose; improvised; (adv.) with respect to this (Quizlet) when necessary or needed. "the group was constituted ad hoc" adjective adjective: ad hoc; adjective: adhoc created or done for a particular purpose as necessary. "the discussions were on an ad hoc basis" (Online defs)

ambivalence

the state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes

rationalize

to provide a rational basis for something, often by false or self-serving reasoning

supersede

to take the place of; to replace

compartmentalize

v. to divide into separate sections 分开

What are the allegations against MJ?

Accessibility links Skip to main content Keyboard shortcuts for audio player OPEN PLAY LIVE RADIO Open Navigation Menu NPR logo DONATE NPR Music Best Music of 2022 Tiny Desk #NowPlaying All Songs Considered Music Features Live Sessions Editors' Picks Michael Jackson: A Quarter-Century Of Sexual Abuse Allegations March 5, 20191:45 PM ET Anastasia Tsioulcas ANASTASIA TSIOULCAS Twitter Facebook Instagram Tumblr Michael Jackson, leaving the Santa Barbara County courthouse during his 2005 criminal trial. Carlo Allegri/Getty Images Updated on March 15 at 1 p.m. ET The two-part documentary Leaving Neverland, which began airing on HBO on Sunday night, tells the story of two men, Wade Robson and James Safechuck, who accuse Michael Jackson of having sexually abused them for years, beginning when they were respectively about seven and 10 years old. Michael Jackson's estate continues to deny all allegations, as the entertainer did in his lifetime. His estate has sued HBO for distributing the Dan Reed-directed documentary, which debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in January; in its filings, the estate called Leaving Neverland a "posthumous character assassination." It's no secret that, before and even after his death in 2009, Jackson was the subject of multiple sexual abuse accusations and police investigations as well as civil and criminal lawsuits. This timeline lays out key dates, known allegations and the main accusations the artist and his estate have faced, going back more than a quarter century. December 1986: James Safechuck meets Michael Jackson on a Pepsi ad set YouTube A 10-year-old California boy, James (Jimmy) Safechuck, is hired to appear in a Pepsi commercial alongside Michael Jackson. In Leaving Neverland, Safechuck says that Jackson befriended him and his family after the ad began airing, that the singer was immediately generous to him and allegedly began lavishing him with gifts — including, Safechuck says, his jacket from the "Thriller" video. Safechuck and his family also say that Jackson began flying them for visits and on vacations. On one such trip to Hawaii, Safechuck alleges, Michael Jackson first asked the boy to sleep with him in his bed. August 1993: Los Angeles police begin investigating Jackson The Los Angeles Times reports that the LAPD has begun investigating Jackson based on allegations that he possibly molested four children, including a 13-year-old boy. (The boy is mentioned by name and in photos in Leaving Neverland.) The police find no incriminating evidence at Jackson's Neverland ranch, nor at his Los Angeles condominium. In a lengthy report published the following January, Vanity Fair — calling the boy "Jamie" — publishes the 13-year-old and his family's allegations. The boy's lawyer tells the magazine, "Michael was in love with the boy." The family says that Jackson argued with Jamie's mother about sleeping in the same bed with him, saying, according to Vanity Fair, "Why don't you trust me? If we're a family, you've got to think of me as a brother. Why make me feel so bad? This is a bond. It's not about sex. This is something special." From that point onwards, the family claims, Jamie slept with Jackson nearly every night for the next several months. September 1993: One family files suit against Jackson In the filing, a family — whose child is ostensibly the 13-year-old boy referred to as "Jamie" by Vanity Fair — alleges that Jackson had "repeatedly committed sexual battery" on their son. Jackson's team maintains that the suit is part of an attempt to extort the star for $20 million. More than a decade later, however, Court TV reveals in a 2004 report that Jackson settled the suit for even more than that. As part of the settlement, the singer denied any "wrongful acts." In September 1994, prosecutors announce that they are not filing criminal charges against Jackson involving three boys — because the "primary alleged victim" declined to testify. In the course of the investigation and ensuing civil case, Jackson and his team put various young boys on the witness stand and in front of cameras. One is 10-year-old Wade Robson, an Australian boy who first met the megastar five years earlier, when he won a Michael Jackson dance contest in Brisbane. Within a few years, Robson had moved with his mother to Los Angeles with Jackson's encouragement. In 1993, Robson's mother talked to CNN about her child's "slumber parties" with the singer. "They play so hard, they fall asleep, they're exhausted," she tells the interviewer. "There's nothing more to it than that." In Leaving Neverland, Robson says: "I was excited by the idea of being able to defend him. And being able to save him." December 1993: La Toya Jackson says that abuse allegations are true YouTube On Dec. 8, at a press conference held while on tour in Tel Aviv, Jackson's estranged sister La Toya alleges that the abuse accusations against Michael are true. "This is very difficult for me," she says. "Michael is my brother. ... But I cannot, and I will not, be a silent collaborator of his crimes against small, innocent children." She claims that their mother, Katherine Jackson, has shown her checks that Michael allegedly made out to the families of some very young boys, at least one allegedly as young as nine years old. She says that the amounts paid out were substantial, though she doesn't specify any sums. LaToya Jackson also repeats her claim that she and her siblings were abused, including sexually abused, by their parents. It's an assertion she first made at least two years earlier in her 1991 autobiography La Toya: Growing Up in the Jackson Family. Other members of the family, including Katherine Jackson, rally to Michael's defense. The Washington Post quotes Katherine as saying, "La Toya is lying and I'll tell her to her face she's lying," adding that her daughter was "trying to make money off of [Michael's] downfall." In a follow-up interview with the Today show's Katie Couric, La Toya Jackson claims that their mother had shown her such checks as early as "around '84." However, she tells Couric she can't prove that the alleged checks were meant as hush money, nor has she ever seen him in bed with a boy herself. In 2011, in a second autobiography called Starting Over, La Toya Jackson retracted her allegations against both her brother Michael and her father Joe, saying that she was forced to make them by her husband at the time, whom she accused of being abusive. "My family and Michael knew that wasn't really me talking," the Daily Beast quotes her as saying in an interview. "I never believed for a minute my brother was guilty of anything like that." February 2003: Living with Michael Jackson documentary airs in the U.K. and U.S. YouTube The documentary, reported by journalist Martin Bashir, includes footage of Jackson holding hands with and cradling a young teenager, then identified as a cancer survivor, and says that they share a bed. Both Jackson and the boy deny that anything untoward is going on. "My greatest inspiration comes from kids," Jackson says to Bashir indignantly, while holding onto the child. "It's all inspired from that level of innocence, that consciousness of purity." After the documentary airs, Jackson issues a statement denying any wrongdoing, and says that he is "devastated" by Bashir's portrayal of him. Nevertheless, Living with Michael Jackson sparks a criminal investigation. November 20, 2003: Police book Jackson on child molestation charges The Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office provided this mug shot after he was booked on multiple counts of child molestation in November 2003. Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office/Getty Images Two days after raiding Neverland, Jackson's famous ranch in Santa Barbara County, Calif., the sheriff's office arrests Jackson on charges of child molestation, but does not immediately disclose details of the charges or identify the victim. Jackson's lawyer, Mark Geragos, calls the charges "a big lie." After posting $3 million in bail the same day and surrendering his passport, Jackson is allowed to go free as he awaits trial. Jackson is eventually indicted on 10 criminal counts, including child molestation, abduction, false imprisonment and extortion. February 28, 2005: Jackson's criminal case goes to trial After being charged in late 2003 and then given additional charges the following April, Jackson is put on trial. The victim is identified as Gavin Arvizo, the young man who appeared in the Bashir documentary; he is among those who testify at the trial. Among those testifying in Jackson's defense are actor Macaulay Culkin and Wade Robson. (By 2005, Robson is a noted choreographer and songwriter, who has created dance routines for the likes of Britney Spears and 'NSYNC, and who has already had his own show on MTV.) They are described as "special friends" of Jackson who have slept with the singer in his bed. The men deny that Jackson has touched them or otherwise acted inappropriately. According to The Washington Post, Robson's mother, Joy, says of the singer: "Unless you know him, it's hard to understand him. ... He's not the boy next door." Gavin Arvizo is now aged 14, and says on the stand that Jackson masturbated him; Gavin's brother corroborates his claim, and says that Jackson gave them alcohol and showed them pornography. Gavin's mother, Janet Arvizo, also appears as a witness; the BBC describes her testimony as "combative and rambling." A former member of Jackson's household staff, Blanca Francia, testifies that she saw the singer taking a shower with Robson. Francia's son also alleges that Jackson has molested him. Years later, Robson claims he lied at the 2005 trial. According to a 2014 Daily Beast article, prosecutors wanted to name Safechuck — who had provided a witness statement defending Jackson in the 1993 suit — as one of the singer's alleged victims. However, Safechuck declined to participate in the 2005 trial, and the prosecution excluded him as a potential victim. Safechuck claims later that he had lied in the statement he gave to prosecutors in the 1993 investigation. June 13, 2005: Jackson is acquitted of all criminal charges After a trial that had a circus-like atmosphere and whose proceedings seemed to sometimes be upstaged by Jackson's antics (including showing up late in pajamas on one occasion), the singer is acquitted of all charges. At least some of the jurors seem to place the onus on the alleged victim's mother, Janet Arvizo. according to NPR. Allowing a child to sleep with any non-family member, one of the female jurors asks, according to NPR, "What mother in her right mind would allow that to happen?" Within months, prosecutors charge Janet Arvizo with fraud and perjury related to statements made at the Jackson trial; she accepts a plea agreement the following year. June 25, 2009: Michael Jackson dies, age 50 The singer is found unresponsive at his home in Holmby Hills, Calif. At the time of his death, his family releases a statement saying that it is believed that he died of cardiac arrest. On Nov. 11, 2011, a doctor, Conrad Murray, is found guilty of involuntary manslaughter in Jackson's death for having administered a deadly dose of the anesthetic propofol. During the trial, the New York Times reports that Murray, who had been hired as Jackson's personal physician, "had stayed with Jackson at least six nights a week and was regularly asked — and sometimes begged — by the insomniac singer to give him drugs powerful enough to put him to sleep." 2013-2014: Wade Robson and James Safechuck file suits against the Jackson estate and his companies The Daily Beast reports in 2013 that after very publicly and repeatedly defending Jackson, Robson now says that Jackson sexually molested him for seven years. Two years later, in May 2015, a judge in Los Angeles County Superior Court, Mitchell L. Beckloff, dismisses Robson's suit against the estate, saying that he waited too long to file his claim. In December 2017, the same judge dismisses the rest of Robson's suit, filed against Jackson's two companies, MJJ Productions and MJJ Ventures, because the two corporations could not be found liable for Jackson's alleged behavior. Notably, neither of these judgments address the credibility of Robson's accusations. James Safechuck files a similar suit against MJJ Productions and MJJ Ventures in 2014, alleging that Jackson abused him on "hundreds" of occasions between 1988 and 1992. Beckloff, who is also the presiding judge in this suit, rejects Safechuck's suit in June 2017 on the same grounds he gave Robson. 'Neverland' Director On Investigating 'What Happened Once The Bedroom Door Closed' MOVIE INTERVIEWS 'Neverland' Director On Investigating 'What Happened Once The Bedroom Door Closed' March 3, 2019: Leaving Neverland begins airing on HBO After debuting at Sundance in late January, the two-part, four-hour documentary begins airing. Jackson's estate has already filed suit against the network, claiming that damages could exceed $100 million. Its petition begins: "Michael Jackson is innocent. Period." The estate also argues that HBO has violated a non-disparagement agreement that it made with the singer in order to air a concert special, Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour, back in 1992. (That program was a megahit when it aired, scoring HBO its highest-rated special ever at that time.) In a bid for positive counter-programming, Jackson's estate releases the 1992 film on YouTube at the same time as Leaving Neverland's broadcast premiere. "In producing this fictional work," the suit continues, "HBO ignored its contractual obligations to Michael and his companies by disparaging both him and the Dangerous World Tour that HBO had previously profited from immensely." The estate also calls Robson and Safechuck "two admitted perjurers," and accuses them of "practicing their stories and rehearsing their lines ... for years now." In an interview on All Things Considered, filmmaker Dan Reed says that two different threads drew him to telling the two men's stories. "It's the complexity that drew me into wanting to really tell the story," Reed says, "which is that in an abusive pedophile relationship there is both love, affection, mentoring, friendship, caring — and there is sexual abuse. Those two things coexist." March 14, 2019: Louis Vuitton backs off its Michael Jackson-inspired designs Less than two weeks after Leaving Neverland airs on HBO, the luxury fashion house Louis Vuitton seeks distance from the late pop icon, whose signature looks had helped inspire much of its fall 2019 menswear collection. The company had showcased the collection at a show on Jan. 17, or just over a week before the documentary was screened publicly for the first time at the Sundance Film Festival. In a statement shared exclusively with WWD, the company's top executives said they were unaware of the documentary — and its "deeply troubling and disturbing" allegations — at the time of their own show. "I am aware that in light of this documentary the show has caused emotional reactions," Virgil Abloh, the artistic director of menswear at the company, said in the statement. "I strictly condemn any form of child abuse, violence or infringement against any human rights." The company also told WWD that it would not produce anything that "directly features Michael Jackson elements," and that its final collection will "purely reflect the true values of the brand and of our artistic director." Additional reporting by NPR's Elizabeth Blair and Colin Dwyer. Correction March 8, 2019 This article originally misidentified James Safechuck as one of those who testified in Michael Jackson's defense during his 2005 trial — he did not. We have also clarified that Safechuck claims to have lied in a statement given in the 1993 investigation, while Wade Robson claims to have lied during his testimony in the 2005 trial. 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Aryan

to the Nazis, the Germanic peoples who formed a "master race" (Quizlet) a member of a people speaking an Indo-European (or specifically Indo-Iranian) language, or of an ancient people thought to have spoken the hypothetical proto-Indo-European language. "the place of origin of the Aryans has been variously sought in Europe and Asia" old-fashioned term for the proto-Indo-European language. old-fashioned term for Indo-Iranian (noun). 2. (in Nazi ideology) a white non-Jewish person, especially one of northern European origin or descent typically having blond hair and blue eyes and regarded as belonging to a supposedly superior racial group. "he looked the image of the ideal Aryan: tall, with Nordic blond hair" (Online def)

Ginseng ginseng

Ginseng Benefits: Less Stress & Better Brain Function By Dr. Josh Axe, DC, DNM, CN August 22, 2021 Dr. Axe on Facebook Dr. Axe on Twitter Dr. Axe on Pintrest Share on Email Print Article What Is Ginseng? Ginseng Benefits How to Add to Diet Risks, Side Effects and Interactions Ginseng - Dr. Axe Ginseng has been used in Asia and North America for centuries. Many use it to improve thinking, concentration, memory and physical endurance. It's also utilized to help with depression, anxiety and as a chronic fatigue natural treatment. This well-known herb is known to boost the immune system, fight infections and help men with erectile dysfunction. Native Americans once used the root as a stimulant and headache remedy, as well as a treatment for infertility, fever and indigestion. Today, approximately 6 million Americans take advantage of the proven ginseng benefits regularly. Find out why. What Is Ginseng? Ginseng was originally used as an herbal medicine in ancient China. There are even written records about its properties dating back to about 100 A.D. By the 16th century, it was so popular that control over the ginseng fields became an issue. Today, it is marketed in over 35 countries, and sales exceed $2 billion, half coming from South Korea. That's not all. By the year 2027, the global market is expected to reach $12.6 billion according to projections. There are 11 species of ginseng, all belonging to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae. The botanical name Panax means "all heal" in Greek. The name "ginseng" is used to refer to both American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and Asian or Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng). The true ginseng plant belongs only to the Panax genus, so other species, such as Siberian ginseng and crown prince ginseng, have distinctively different functions. The unique and beneficial compounds of the Panax species are called ginsenosides, and they're currently under clinical research to investigate their potential for medical use. Both Asian and American ginseng contain ginsenosides, but they include different types in different amounts. Research has varied, and some experts aren't yet convinced that there's enough data to label the medical capabilities of ginseng, but for centuries people have believed in its beneficial compounds and results. While the Panax family (Asian and American) varieties are the only "true" types of ginseng due to their high levels of the active ingredient ginsenosides, there are other adaptogenic herbs that have similar properties and are also known as relatives to ginseng. Here's a rundown of the different types of ginseng out there: Asian Ginseng: Panax ginseng, also known as red ginseng and Korean ginseng, is the classic and original that has been renown for thousands of years. It is often used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for those who are struggling with low qi, coldness and a yang deficiency, which can display as fatigue. This form can also help with weakness, exhaustion, type 2 diabetes, erectile dysfunction and poor memory. American Ginseng: Panax quinquefolius grows throughout the northern regions of North America, including New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Ontario, Canada. It has been shown to fight depression, balance blood sugar, support digestive distress caused by anxiety, improve focus and boost the immune system. In comparison, the American variety is more mild than the Asian type but still very therapeutic and usually used to treat yin deficiency instead of yang deficiency. Siberian Ginseng: Eleutherococcus senticosus grows wild in Russia and Asia. Also known as just eleuthero, it contains high levels of eleutherosides, which have very similar advantages to ginsenosides found in panax species of ginseng. Studies indicate that Siberian ginseng may increase VO2 max to optimize cardiovascular endurance, improve fatigue and support immunity. Indian Ginseng: Withania somnifera, also known as ashwagandha, is a renowned herb in Ayurveda medicine for enhancing longevity. It has some similar features to classic ginseng but also has many differences. It can be taken more on a long-term basis and has been shown to improve thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3 and T4), relieve anxiety, balance cortisol, improve cholesterol, regulate blood sugar and improve fitness levels. Brazilian Ginseng: Pfaffia paniculata, also known as suma root, grows throughout the rain forests of South America and means "for everything" in Portuguese because of its diverse benefits. Suma root contains ecdysterone, which appears to support healthy levels of testosterone in men and women and may also support muscular health, reduce inflammation, fight cancer, improve sexual performance and boost endurance. Related: Gynostemma Benefits (+ How to Use Jiaogulan) Ginseng Benefits Ginseng contains various pharmacological components, including a series of tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides), polyacetylenes, polyphenolic compounds and acidic polysaccharides. Due to the presence of these plant compounds, it has the following benefits: 1. Improves Mood and Reduces Stress A controlled study done at the Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre in the United Kingdom involved 30 volunteers who were given three rounds of treatments of ginseng and placebo. The study was done to gather data about ginseng's ability to improve mood and mental function. The results found that 200 milligrams of ginseng for eight days slowed the fall in mood but also delayed the participants' response to mental arithmetic. The 400-milligram dose improved calmness and mental arithmetic for the duration of the eight-day treatment. Another study done at the Division of Pharmacology at the Central Drug Research Institute tested the effects of Panax ginseng on rats with chronic stress and found that it "has significant anti-stress properties and can be used for the treatment of stress-induced disorders." The 100-milligram dose of Panax reduced the ulcer index, adrenal gland weight and plasma glucose levels — making it a powerful medicinal options for chronic stress and a great way to deal with ulcers and adrenal fatigue. 2. Improves Brain Function Ginseng stimulates brain cells and improves concentration and cognitive activities. Evidence shows that taking Panax ginseng root daily for 12 weeks can improve mental performance in people with Alzheimer's disease. One study done at the Department of Neurology at the Clinical Research Institute in South Korea investigated the effectiveness of ginseng on the cognitive performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease. After ginseng treatment, the participants showed improvements, and this upscale trend continued for three months. After discontinuing the treatment, the improvements declined to the levels of the control group. This suggests ginseng may work to improve Alzheimer's symptoms and support cognitive health. Although more research on this topic is needed, one preliminary study found that a combination of American ginseng and ginkgo biloba may benefit patients with ADHD. The study involving children ages 6-12 with ADHD symptoms showed that using a combination of omega-3 supplements and Korean red ginseng improved ADHD symptoms and cognitive function in children, including attention, memory and executive function. 3. Has Anti-Inflammatory Properties An interesting study done in Korea measured the beneficial effects of Korean red ginseng on children after chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation for advanced cancer. The study included 19 patients who received 60 milligrams of Korean red ginseng daily for one year. Blood samples were collected every six months, and as a result of the treatment, the cytokines, or small proteins that are responsible for sending signals to the brain and regulating cell growth, decreased rapidly. It was a significant difference from the control group. This study suggests that Korean red ginseng has a stabilizing effect of the inflammatory cytokines in children with cancer after chemotherapy. A 2011 study published in the American Journal of Chinese Medicine done on rats also measured the impact that Korean red ginseng has on inflammatory cytokines. After giving rats 100 milligrams of Korean red ginseng extract for seven days, it proved to significantly reduce the extent of inflammation, and it improved the damage that was already done to the brain. Another animal study measured the herb's anti-inflammatory effects. Korean red ginseng was tested for its anti-allergic properties on 40 mice with allergic rhinitis, a common upper airway inflammatory disease typically seen in children and adults. The most frequent symptoms include congestion, nasal itching and sneezing. At the end of the trial, the Korean red ginseng reduced the nasal allergic inflammatory reaction in the mice, showcasing the herb's place among the best anti-inflammatory foods. 4. Helps with Weight Loss Another surprising ginseng benefit is its ability to work as a natural appetite suppressant. It also boosts your metabolism and helps the body burn fat at a faster rate. A study done at the Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research in Chicago measured the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of Panax ginseng berry in adult mice. The mice were injected with 150 milligrams of ginseng berry extract per kilogram of body weight for 12 days. By day five, the mice taking the extract had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels. After day 12, the glucose tolerance in the mice increased, and overall blood glucose levels decreased by 53 percent. The treated mice showed weight loss, too, starting at 51 grams and ending the treatment at 45 grams. A similar study done in 2009 found that Panax ginseng plays a vital role in the anti-obesity effect in mice. This suggests the clinical importance of improving the management of obesity and related metabolic syndromes with this herb. 5. Treats Sexual Dysfunction Taking powdered Korean red ginseng seems to improve sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction in men. A 2008 systematic review included 28 randomized clinical studies that evaluated the effectiveness of red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction. The review provided suggestive evidence for the use of the herb, but researchers believe that more rigorous studies are necessary in order to draw definitive conclusions. Of the 28 reviewed studies, six reported an improvement of erectile function when using red ginseng compared with placebo control. Four studies tested the effects of red ginseng for sexual function using questionnaires compared with placebo, and all trials reported positive effects. Research done in 2002 at the Department of Physiology at Southern Illinois University's School of Medicine indicates that ginseng's ginsenoside components facilitate penile erections by directly inducing the vasodilatation and relaxation of the erectile tissue. It's the release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells and perivascular nerves that directly affects the erectile tissue. The university's research also indicates that ginseng affects the central nervous system and significantly alters the activity in the brain that facilitates hormonal behavior and secretion. 6. Improves Lung Function Ginseng treatment has significantly decreased lung bacteria, and studies involving rats have shown that it can stop the growth of cystic fibrosis, a common lung infection. In one 1997 study, rats were given ginseng injections, and after two weeks, the treated group showed a significantly improved bacterial clearance from the lungs. Research also shows another ginseng benefit is its ability to treat a lung disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized as chronically poor airflow that typically worsens over time. According to the research, taking Panax by mouth seems to improve lung function and some symptoms of COPD. 7. Lowers Blood Sugar Levels Several studies show that American ginseng lowers blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes, working to improve diabetes symptoms. One study done at the Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit in the United Kingdom found that Panax causes a reduction in blood glucose levels one hour after the consumption of glucose, confirming that ginseng possesses glucoregulatory properties. One of the primary difficulties with type 2 diabetes is that the body is not responsive enough to insulin. Another study indicates that Korean red ginseng improves insulin sensitivity, further explaining the herb's ability to help lower blood sugar levels and aid those struggling with type 2 diabetes. 8. May Help Fight Cancer Research has shown that ginseng possesses powerful anticancer properties because of its ability to inhibit tumor growth. Although more research is needed on this subject, reports conclude that the improvements in cell immunity involving T cells and NK cells (natural killer cells) — along with other mechanisms such as oxidative stress, apoptosis and angiogenesis — give this herb its anticancer properties. Scientific reviews state that ginseng mitigates cancer through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and apoptotic mechanisms to influence gene expression and stop tumor growth. This shows this herb may work as a natural cancer preventer. A number of studies have focused on ginseng's particular effect on colorectal cancer as about one in 21 people in the U.S. will get colorectal cancer during his or her lifetime. Researchers treated human colorectal cancer cells with steamed ginseng berry extract and found the anti-proliferation effects were 98 percent for HCT-116 and 99 percent for SW-480 cells. When researchers tested steamed American ginseng root, they found results comparable to that of the steamed berry extract. 9. Boosts the Immune System Another well-researched ginseng benefit is its ability to boost the immune system — helping the body fight off infection and disease. The roots, stems and leaves have been used for maintaining immune homeostasis and enhancing resistance to illness or infection. Several clinical studies have shown that American ginseng improves the performance of cells that play a role in immunity. It regulates each type of immune cell, including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cells and B cells. Ginseng extracts produce antimicrobial compounds that work as a defense mechanism against bacterial and viral infections. Studies show that its polyacetylene compounds are effective against bacterial infections. Research involving mice showed that ginseng decreased the number of bacteria present in the spleens, kidney and blood. Ginseng extracts also protected mice from septic death due to inflammation. Reports show that this herb also has inhibitory effects on the growth of many viruses, including influenza, HIV and rotavirus. 10. Relieve Menopause Symptoms Pesky symptoms, such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, irritability, anxiety, depressive symptoms, vaginal dryness, decreased sex drive, weight gain, insomnia and thinning hair, tend to accompany menopause. Some evidence suggests that ginseng can help decrease the severity and occurrence of these symptoms as part of a natural menopause treatment plan. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials found that in three different trials Korean red ginseng had the efficacy to boost sexual arousal in menopausal women, increase well-being and general health while decreasing depressive symptoms, and better improve menopause symptoms on the Kupperman index and Menopausal Rating Scale compared to the placebo group. A fourth study found no significant difference in the frequency of hot flashes between the ginseng and placebo group. How to Add to Diet Ginseng products are made from the root and the offshoots that are called root hairs. You can find the herb in dried, powdered, capsule and tablet forms. It is also available in a number of combination formulas. However, be aware that Panax ginseng products aren't always what they claim. The contents of products labeled as containing Panax can vary greatly, and some may contain little or no Panax. Be sure to read the ingredient labels carefully, and always purchase products from a reputable and reliable company. When buying Asian ginseng, look for Korean, red or Panax ginseng. When buying the American variety, look for Panax quinquefolius. Want to add ginseng to your daily diet? Try making your own ginseng tea. In China, people have been drinking ginseng tea for 5,000 years. In Chinese herbal medicine, practitioners recommend that adults over 40 drink one cup every day. Ginseng tea, just like ginseng supplements and extracts, is used to improve your mental power and memory. When making the tea, first choose the type of ginseng you want to use: American (which is better during hotter months) or Korean (better during colder months). You can buy ginseng tea bags from your local food store, but making it yourself from the root of the plant is the most beneficial form. You can use the fresh root, but this may be hard to find, so using the powered or dried root works too. Start by peeling the root if you are using it. Take one tablespoon of root shavings or the powdered root, and put it into a metal tea ball or filter. Bring water to a boil, and then turn it off — letting the water cool for 2-3 minutes. Pour the water into a tea cup, and sink the tea ball or filter into the cup. Let it steep for 5 minutes or longer. After drinking the tea, you can even eat the shavings to optimize the effects. Proper dosing is an important factor for ginseng use. The following ginseng doses have been studied in scientific research: For type 2 diabetes, the usual effective dose seems to be 200 milligrams daily. For erectile dysfunction, 900 milligrams of Panax three times daily is what researchers have found useful. For premature ejaculation, apply SS-Cream, containing Panax and other ingredients, to the penis one hour before intercourse, and wash off before intercourse. For stress, tension or fatigue, take 1 gram daily or 500 milligrams twice daily. Risks, Side Effects and Interactions The side effects from ginseng are generally mild in healthy adults. It can act as a stimulant in some people, so it may cause nervousness and insomnia (especially in large doses). Long-term use or high doses may cause headaches, dizziness and stomachaches. Women who use it regularly may experience menstrual changes and vaginal bleeding, and there have also been some reports of allergic reactions to the herb. Given the lack of evidence about its safety, ginseng is not recommended for children or women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. This herb may affect blood sugar levels, so people taking drugs for diabetes shouldn't use it without talking to their health care providers first. It can interact with warfarin coumadin and some medicines for depression. Caffeine may amplify its stimulant effects as well. There is some concern that Panax increases symptoms of autoimmune diseases, such as MS, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, so patients with those conditions should consult with their doctors before and while taking this supplement. It may also interfere with blood clotting and shouldn't be taken by those with bleeding conditions. People who have had organ transplants may not want to take it because it could increase the risk of organ rejection. Ginseng may interact with female hormone-sensitive illnesses, such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis and uterine fibroids, because it has estrogen-like effects. It also may interact with the following medications: Medications for diabetes Blood-thinning medications (including warfarin coumadin) Antidepressants Antipsychotic medications Stimulants Morphine Research shows that excessive use can lead to ginseng abuse syndrome, which has been associated with: affective disorder allergy cardiovascular and renal toxicity genital organ bleeding gynecomastia hepatotoxicity high blood pressure reproductive toxicity To avoid side effects from this herb, some experts suggest not taking it for more than three to six months at a time. If need be, your doctor may recommend that you take a break and then begin to take it again for a few weeks or months. Conclusion Ginseng is a plant that was originally used as an herbal medicine in ancient China. Today, it's marketed in over 35 countries, and sales exceed $2 billion, half coming from South Korea. The true plant belongs only to the Panax genus, so other species, such as Siberian and crown prince, have distinctively different functions. This herb contains various pharmacological components, including a series of tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides), polyacetylenes, polyphenolic compounds and acidic polysaccharides. It's known for its ability to boost mood, support the immune system and cognitive health, reduce inflammation, and more. You can find herbal medicines like this in several forms, including powder, capsules and tea. Be careful with dosage when using the plant, as excessive use can lead to adverse effects, including vaginal bleeding, high blood pressure and altered blood sugar levels. (Dr Axe)

How to ask someone out

How to Ask Someone Out Co-authored by Collette Gee Last Updated: August 5, 2022 References Download Article Everybody fears rejection, but we have to risk the possibility of rejection every once in a while in order to get the things we want. Read this article to learn how to ask someone out without losing your sense of confidence and self-worth! Part 1 Part 1 of 3: Making a Game Plan 1 Determine whether this person is already in a relationship. This will save you a great deal of embarrassment and unnecessary effort. Don't ask somebody out if they are in a relationship. Not only is it essentially guaranteed that they'll say no, but it is inappropriate, unfair to the person's boyfriend/girlfriend, and reflects poorly on your moral character.[1] 2 Be confident, but prepared for rejection. Decide beforehand what you will do or say if the person says no. This is especially important if you plan on asking out a friend, as it will reduce the likelihood of damaging the friendship. Being prepared for rejection will help you avoid appearing physically defeated in front of the other person if the answer is no.[2] While you want to prepare yourself for the possibility of rejection, don't let it get in the way of your confidence. Rather, let it build on your confidence by accepting the fact that being rejected isn't the end of the world. 3 Find out what they like, if possible. This will help you think of a good idea for a date. If this person loves music, find out what kind and invite them to a concert. If they enjoy movies, then invite them to the theater, and so on.[3] 4 Determine how you want to ask the person out. If you are too shy to do the asking in person, then consider sending a text, Facebook message, or email. Text messages are a good option if you are too afraid to do the asking in person. This way, you will at least be able to hide your disappointment from the other person. If you have just met the person and don't have their number, you will have to do the asking in person, but don't fret! Doing the asking in person is romantic and can be very rewarding if the person says yes. Part 2 Part 2 of 3: Asking Out a Person You Already Know 1 Strike up a conversation. Starting a casual conversation first will help you ease your way into asking the question and reduce some of the nervousness you might feel.[4] Send a friendly text saying "Hey, how's it going?" If you are doing the asking in person, approach the person and say hello. Make sure to smile and make eye contact, as this will show that you are interested. Instead of asking them out right away, first ask them what they are doing tomorrow, this coming weekend, and so on. This will serve as a segue to asking the person out and will make the conversation flow more naturally.[5] 2 Ask them if they would like to go on a date.[6] Suggest an activity that you think they will be interested in, based on what you know about the person. If you can't think of anything, here are a few ideas: Ask them to meet for coffee or a drink. Ask them out on a dinner or lunch date. Ask them if they'd like to come to a party/dance with you. Ask them out for ice cream or frozen yogurt. 3 Let them know that there are no hard feelings if they say no. This will help eliminate any awkwardness in the future, especially if you have just asked out a close friend that you plan on continuing to see on a regular basis. More importantly, it will show the person that you are confident and mature enough to handle a little rejection. Part 3 Part 3 of 3: Asking Out a Person You Have Just Met or Want to Meet 1 Make eye contact and smile at the person. This shows the person that you are interested in them, and gives them the opportunity to return the gesture, showing that they too are interested.[7] [8] If the person looks away or doesn't smile back, they might not be interested. However, it might also mean that they are too shy to reciprocate, so don't give up quite yet. 2 Approach the person and introduce yourself, if you haven't already. Be sure to act confident, even if you are shaking inside. First impressions are very important, and confidence is an attractive characteristic in both men and women. 3 Strike up a casual conversation. This can range from complimenting the person, to talking about what's going on in the room around you, or asking them a question. If you can't think of a reason to talk to the person, try these things:[9] Ask the person what time it is. Ask the person where they are from. Ask the person what they are reading. Compliment what the person is wearing. Talk about the music that is playing, or anything else that is going on around you. 4 Ask the person out. Once the conversation has started, let the person know that you think they are interesting, and would like to get to know them. Suggest meeting for coffee, lunch, dinner, etc. These are all very basic dates that are low-commitment, in case you don't hit it off.[10] Avoid asking them out to a movie on the first date, because it will not give you a chance to get to know one another. 5 Be diplomatic if they say no. If the person says no, smile and say something like: "Well, it was worth a try. Nice to meet you anyway!" and then leave them be. Don't continue to bother the person once they have said no, and definitely don't continue trying to convince them to go out with you. This will make you appear desperate, and make the other person feel uncomfortable. Community Q&A Question What should I say when I ask someone out? Collette Gee Relationship Coach & Certified Violence Prevention Specialist Expert Answer Support wikiHow by unlocking this expert answer. Ask the person directly if they want to go out with you so there isn't any confusion. Video Loading video Tips Try to get the person you're asking out alone. Otherwise the other person can be pressured to give a certain answer, especially around their friends. Know how to take a hint. Some people are too nice to flat out say no to you, and will instead say they are busy and can't make the date. If the person says they are busy without trying to reschedule, they are probably not interested. Dress nicely and be calm. Don't cry if they say no. Show More You Might Also Like How to Deal With Rejection from a Guy You Asked Out How to Shoot Your Shot with a Girl Signs from the Universe That You Should Definitely Be with Someone How to Ask a Girl out on a Date How to Ask Someone Out Using a Text Message How to Ask a Guy Out How to Hook Up with a Guy How to Ask Your Crush out in Five Minutes How to Ask Someone out Online How to Ask a Girl Out When You Have Been Friends for Years How to Ask Out Your Crush How to Tell a Girl Your Feelings if You're Shy How to Ask a Cute Stranger Out How to Ask a Girl to the Movies References ↑https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-attraction-doctor/201105/just-asking-it-part-ii-why-dating-partners-say-yes ↑https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-dance-connection/201003/the-fear-rejection-one-day-cure-part-ii ↑https://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships-communication/tips-for-finding-lasting-love.htm ↑Collette Gee. Relationship Coach & Certified Violence Prevention Specialist. Expert Interview. 1 May 2020. ↑https://www.scienceofpeople.com/how-to-ask-someone-out/ ↑Collette Gee. Relationship Coach & Certified Violence Prevention Specialist. Expert Interview. 1 May 2020. ↑Collette Gee. Relationship Coach & Certified Violence Prevention Specialist. Expert Interview. 1 May 2020. ↑https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/infosheet/effective-communication-improving-your-social-skills ↑https://www.scienceofpeople.com/how-to-ask-someone-out/ More References (1) About This Article Co-authored by: Collette Gee Relationship Coach & Certified Violence Prevention Specialist This article was co-authored by Collette Gee. Collette Gee is a Relationship Coach, Certified Violence Prevention Specialist, the Author of "Finding Happily... No Rules, No Frogs, No Pretending." Focusing on creating meaningful romantic relationships, Collette uses her experience having worked in the mental health industry as a psych nurse to conduct relationship coaching, online courses, and workshops to help women and men find lasting love. Prior to Collette's coaching business, she worked in the mental health field as a psych nurse which has helped inform her practice to create and sustain happy, healthy meaningful romantic relationships. Her work has been featured on TLC, London Live, the Huffington Post, and CNN. This article has been viewed 774,807 times. Co-authors: 71 Updated: August 5, 2022 Views: 774,807 Article Rating: 70% - 79 votes Categories: Asking Someone Out Article Summary In other languages Reader Success Stories Finn Staneva Jul 15 "This seems like a somewhat useful article which could be applied easily in the real world and will probably try some of the tips myself." More reader stories Did this article help you? Yes No CategoriesRelationshipsDatingAsking Someone Out Home About wikiHow Experts Jobs Contact Us Site Map Terms of Use Privacy Policy Contribute Follow Us × Get wikiHow's expert advice in our new Weekly Relationships Newsletter Subscribe (Wikihow)

tornado

a localized and violently destructive windstorm occurring over land characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground A rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that reaches down to touch Earth's surface (Quizlet)

Don Juan

a libertine, profligate, a man obsessed with seducing women ; after Don Juan, the legendary 14th century Spanish nobleman and libertine (Quizlet) Don Juan fictional character Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Don Giovanni; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Don Giovanni; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Don Juan, fictitious character who is a symbol of libertinism. Originating in popular legend, he was first given literary personality in the tragic drama El burlador de Sevilla (1630; "The Seducer of Seville," translated in The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest), attributed to the Spanish dramatist Tirso de Molina. Through Tirso's tragedy, Don Juan became an archetypcal character in the West, as familiar as Don Quixote, Hamlet, and Faust. Subsequently, he became the hero-villain of plays, novels, and poems; his legend was assured enduring popularity through Mozart's opera Don Giovanni (1787), and it would continue to live on, by the 20th century, in movies and other media. The legend of Don Juan tells how, at the height of his licentious career, he seduced a girl of noble family and killed her father, who had tried to avenge her. Later, seeing a commemorative effigy on the father's tomb, he flippantly invited it to dine with him, and the stone ghost duly arrived for dinner as a harbinger of Don Juan's death. In the original Spanish tragedy, Don Juan's attractive qualities—his vitality, his arrogant courage, and his sense of humour—heighten the dramatic value of the catastrophe. The power of the drama derives from its rapid pace, the impression it gives of cumulative tension as Don Juan's enemies gradually hound him to destruction, and the awareness that the Don is goaded to defy even the ghostly forces of the unknown. In the end he refuses to repent and is eternally damned. In the 17th century the Don Juan story became known to strolling Italian players, some of whom traveled to France with this theme in their repertoire of pantomime, and by the 19th century many versions of the Don Juan legend existed. Along with Mozart's opera, other famous non-Spanish versions are Molière's play Dom Juan; ou, Le Festin de pierre (first performed 1665; "Don Juan; or, The Stone Feast"), based on earlier French arrangements; and two works dealing with a similar but different Don Juan, Prosper Mérimée's uncharacteristic short story "Les Âmes du Purgatoire" (1834; "Souls in Purgatory") and the drama Don Juan de Marana (1836) by Alexandre Dumas père. Early English versions—such as Thomas Shadwell's The Libertine (1675), for example—are considered uninspired, but the character reappears with a new force in Lord Byron's long satiric poem Don Juan (1819-24) and in George Bernard Shaw's drama Man and Superman (1903). Later Spanish versions retain Don Juan's likable qualities and avoid the calculated cynicism of certain foreign versions. The highly popular Don Juan Tenorio (1844) of José Zorrilla y Moral, still traditionally performed in Spain at the time of All Saints' Day (November 1) and All Souls' Day (November 2), borrowed lavishly from French sources. Zorrilla's play is said to sentimentalize the legend by furnishing a pious heroine and a serious love interest and by procuring Don Juan's repentance and salvation. This article was most recently revised and updated by J.E. Luebering. seduction Table of Contents Home Politics, Law & Government Law, Crime & Punishment seduction law Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents seduction, in law, the act of a man enticing (without the use of physical force) a previously chaste woman to consent to sexual intercourse. In broader usage, the term refers to any act of persuasion, between heterosexual or homosexual individuals, and excluding the issue of chastity, that leads to sexual intercourse. Related Topics: breach of promise sexual offense See all related content → Seduction has not as a rule been a criminal offense in most Western countries, but in the United States statutes in most states imposed criminal liability upon the seducing male. The elements of the crime varied, consisting of one or more of the following: intercourse with a female by trickery or under a promise of marriage; a requirement that the female be previously chaste; a requirement that the female be under a certain age, ranging from 18 to 25; and a requirement that the defendant be over a certain age. A seduction prosecution was barred in most states by marriage with the seducer and in others by an offer of marriage. Several states refused to allow a conviction for seduction without corroboration of the testimony of the seduced female. See also rape. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

How to use scientific expertise?

Skip to main content Mobile Navigation Psychology Today US Search Joe Pierre M.D. Joe Pierre M.D. Psych Unseen Scientific Expertise vs. the Dunning-Kruger Effect A conversation with Nobel Prize winner Adam Riess. Posted April 18, 2022 Reviewed by Ekua Hagan Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail KEY POINTS The scientific method teaches us to test hypotheses and form beliefs based on evidence and repeated observations. In the internet era, many believe that their own viewpoints are just as valid or accurate as that of experts. Although scientific experts often second-guess themselves, most of us are prone to the overconfidence of the Dunning-Kruger effect. NASA/public domain Type Ia supernovaSource: NASA/public domain In 2011, Adam Riess—my one-time freshman roommate at MIT and now Bloomberg Distinguished Professor and Thomas J. Barber Professor of Space Studies at the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences at Johns Hopkins University—won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his postdoctoral work using the Hubble Space Telescope. article continues after advertisement While looking at light emitted from Type Ia supernovae in the distant universe, he and his colleagues observed that contrary to the prevailing expectation that the universe's expansion that began with the Big Bang was slowing down, it was actually speeding up. Riess says that when they first saw the data, they assumed it had to be a mistake since it didn't conform with the existing model at the time. But with repeated analyses and observations that were confirmed by another team of researchers doing similar contemporaneous work at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, they eventually realized that the data were right and the model itself had to be revised. It's now an accepted fact of science that the universe's expansion is accelerating, most likely due to a force called "dark energy," the nature of which remains something of a mystery that Riess and other astrophysicists are still trying to unravel. A few years ago, when I was catching up with him, we got to talking about his discovery and the unexpected way that it changed his life. In this follow-up conversation, we talk more about science, scientific expertise, and the Dunning-Kruger Effect. Joe Pierre: When I listened to an interview you did for the TED Radio Hour back in 2013, I was impressed with your account of how you didn't really believe—or want to believe—what you first "observed" through the Hubble Space Telescope. But rather than trying to discard the observation or try to fit it to existing theory as we do when we succumb to confirmation bias or motivated reasoning, you repeated your observations and did the opposite—you reshaped the theory to fit the data. This reminds me of something that Richard Feynman said about science—"It doesn't matter how beautiful your theory is, it doesn't matter how smart you are... If it doesn't agree with experiment, it's wrong." Can you say more about how you approached your research and how you maintain that attitude in your work or even in your daily life? Adam Riess: I have always had a strong belief in the scientific method that I was taught—you do an experiment to test a hypothesis and if the data doesn't fit (and you can confirm the data), you must revise the hypothesis. This is what makes science different and more capable of explaining the natural world than religion or politics where you hold to your beliefs. Unfortunately, this can drive my wife nuts as I like to test a lot of hypotheses around the home that I should probably take on faith! JP: Around the time you won the Nobel Prize, a friend of mine who had an undergraduate degree in engineering had his own thoughts about the universe. He thought they were valuable insights and he wanted me to share them with you. In talking with you through the years, I understand that you get contacted by people all the time who believe they have something meaningful to contribute but whose understanding of basic physics is often lacking. Can you tell us more about these interactions? article continues after advertisement AR: I get about a half a dozen "proposals" per month from people who have no background, probably not even a course in college physics, trying to explain the mysteries of the universe to me. These always seem to be gibberish as far as I can tell, sort of a word salad of terms and equations but not following logic. The people who send these seem to have a deep desire to be able to say that they've pulled the proverbial sword from the stone of contemporary physics. They want me to validate their findings. In many cases, they want me to propose them for a Nobel Prize. It's really an astonishing phenomenon. In all of these cases, they do not know enough to know they are not making sense. Also, these folks are always alone in their work—they're not collaborating with anyone—and they're all men. These interactions can be either fun or frustrating depending on how seriously the person takes their theory. I'm always happy to explain the science and listen to a question—but when someone's theory isn't a question but an insistence on what's right and it's not based on an understanding of the science, the interactions aren't productive. article continues after advertisement The thing that always amazes me isn't the outlandishness of their theories, but that they're always so sure that they're true. The scientists I know are always worried about whether their understanding is right. These guys aren't worried about that at all. JP: In the era of everyone "doing their own research" on the internet, what do you think these interactions have to say—other than being a perfect illustration of the Dunning-Kruger effect—about what Michael Polanyi described as "The Republic of Science"? One way of looking at it seems to support the idea that in the eyes of the public, expertise is dead because the internet has democratized opinion to the point of everyone believing their own viewpoint is just as valid or accurate as that of experts. To what extent do you see it like that—and as a kind of annoyance? AR: I understand that everyone wants to jump into the deep end of the pool and have a go at the mysteries in science, but it takes a lot of work and study to understand the ideas that have been tried and failed and why they failed. I would ask anyone who's rational to think of something about which they have acquired deep knowledge or training. Would it make sense for someone who knows little about that subject to tackle the hardest problems in that area? If you needed brain surgery, would you trust the brain surgeon who has maybe done a tricky procedure hundreds of times, or say your neighbor who has a big heart and thinks he/she knows another procedure to try? I saw a recent cartoon in The New Yorker by Will McPhail that put this in perspective. A guy on a commercial airline flight who's standing up and facing the other passengers says, "These smug pilots have lost touch with regular passengers like us. Who thinks I should fly the plane?" And a lot of them are raising their hands. article continues after advertisement I also think there's an element of "shooting the messenger" to modern science. Who wants to hear that the planet is warming, that the latest COVID variant is extra deadly or that sort of thing? When you don't understand the science behind those claims, it's a very human response to say that "the emperor—that is, scientists and the experts—have no clothes." JP: Another way of looking at this is that expertise might be dead due to a failing of science education that those of us within "The Republic of Science" should own. In other words, if the state of people's scientific knowledge wasn't plagued by a failure in understanding some basic elements of math or physics or biology or what have you, then maybe they'd be less vulnerable to the false confidence of the Dunning-Kruger effect. But that's on people like us who teach within scientific disciplines. Doesn't this mean that we need to remedy the situation by either revamping K-12 education for children from the ground up or by letting adults who think they know better "in the door" and giving them a "seat at the table" so that science would seem less ivory tower and scientific experts would seem more trustworthy? I'm curious what you think about this premise. I think we need to focus on explaining the methods of science for cases everyone can understand so that they can believe science when the details are beyond their grasp. This is something I try to put into practice when I teach undergrad non-science majors. Science is an incredibly powerful and logical method of finding truth that has driven essentially all of the technology and know-how we have today. It has a great track record and we need to explain that in a way that's inspiring. JP: I don't know if you're familiar with it, but there's something called "Nobel disease" that describes how some Nobel Prize winners have gone on in their careers to embrace fringe theories and spread dangerous misinformation, especially outside their areas of expertise. It's a great example of how no one is really immune to the Dunning-Kruger effect. Do you have any unusual theories outside of astrophysics that you want to leave readers with? AR: Well, I do think all Twinkies were made in the 1980s with enough preservatives so that those same ones are still sold today. Did you ever see a moldy Twinkie? No one has. Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail advertisement About the Author Joe Pierre M.D. Joseph M. Pierre, M.D., is a Health Sciences Clinical Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at University of California, San Francisco and the Unit Chief of the Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital Adult Inpatient Unit. Online: Joe Pierre, MD, Facebook, Twitter Read Next Three Conceptual Problems With the Definitions of Racism Will Elon Musk Make Twitter a Wild West of Misinformation? 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gratuitous

(adj.) freely given; not called for by circumstances, unwarranted

grandiose

(adj.) grand in an impressive or stately way; marked by pompous affectation or grandeur, absurdly exaggerated

histrionic

(adj.) pertaining to actors and their techniques; theatrical, artificial; melodramatic

Deciduous

(of plants and shrubs) shedding foliage at the end of the growing season

Apollo 11

1st successful moon mission by the US in 1969 made the first lunar landing, July 20, 1969 - Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin with Mike Collins in orbit. (Quizlet) Skip to main content Toggle navigation Nasa Search NASA.gov NASA TV Apollo 11 TAP Apollo 11 Mission Overview Apollo 11 crew portrait Apollo 11 mission patch Credits: NASA "The Eagle has landed..." Mission Objective The primary objective of Apollo 11 was to complete a national goal set by President John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961: perform a crewed lunar landing and return to Earth. Additional flight objectives included scientific exploration by the lunar module, or LM, crew; deployment of a television camera to transmit signals to Earth; and deployment of a solar wind composition experiment, seismic experiment package and a Laser Ranging Retroreflector. During the exploration, the two astronauts were to gather samples of lunar-surface materials for return to Earth. They also were to extensively photograph the lunar terrain, the deployed scientific equipment, the LM spacecraft, and each other, both with still and motion picture cameras. This was to be the last Apollo mission to fly a "free-return" trajectory, which would enable a return to Earth with no engine firing, providing a ready abort of the mission at any time prior to lunar orbit insertion. Mission Highlights Apollo 11 launched from Cape Kennedy on July 16, 1969, carrying Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin into an initial Earth-orbit of 114 by 116 miles. An estimated 650 million people watched Armstrong's televised image and heard his voice describe the event as he took "...one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" on July 20, 1969. Two hours, 44 minutes and one-and-a-half revolutions after launch, the S-IVB stage reignited for a second burn of five minutes, 48 seconds, placing Apollo 11 into a translunar orbit. The command and service module, or CSM, Columbia separated from the stage, which included the spacecraft-lunar module adapter, or SLA, containing the lunar module, or LM, Eagle. After transposition and jettisoning of the SLA panels on the S-IVB stage, the CSM docked with the LM. The S-IVB stage separated and injected into heliocentric orbit four hours, 40 minutes into the flight. The first color TV transmission to Earth from Apollo 11 occurred during the translunar coast of the CSM/LM. Later, on July 17, a three-second burn of the SPS was made to perform the second of four scheduled midcourse corrections programmed for the flight. The launch had been so successful that the other three were not needed. On July 18, Armstrong and Aldrin put on their spacesuits and climbed through the docking tunnel from Columbia to Eagle to check out the LM, and to make the second TV transmission. On July 19, after Apollo 11 had flown behind the moon out of contact with Earth, came the first lunar orbit insertion maneuver. At about 75 hours, 50 minutes into the flight, a retrograde firing of the SPS for 357.5 seconds placed the spacecraft into an initial, elliptical-lunar orbit of 69 by 190 miles. Later, a second burn of the SPS for 17 seconds placed the docked vehicles into a lunar orbit of 62 by 70.5 miles, which was calculated to change the orbit of the CSM piloted by Collins. The change happened because of lunar-gravity perturbations to the nominal 69 miles required for subsequent LM rendezvous and docking after completion of the lunar landing. Before this second SPS firing, another TV transmission was made, this time from the surface of the moon. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin entered the LM again, made a final check, and at 100 hours, 12 minutes into the flight, the Eagle undocked and separated from Columbia for visual inspection. At 101 hours, 36 minutes, when the LM was behind the moon on its 13th orbit, the LM descent engine fired for 30 seconds to provide retrograde thrust and commence descent orbit insertion, changing to an orbit of 9 by 67 miles, on a trajectory that was virtually identical to that flown by Apollo 10. At 102 hours, 33 minutes, after Columbia and Eagle had reappeared from behind the moon and when the LM was about 300 miles uprange, powered descent initiation was performed with the descent engine firing for 756.3 seconds. After eight minutes, the LM was at "high gate" about 26,000 feet above the surface and about five miles from the landing site. The descent engine continued to provide braking thrust until about 102 hours, 45 minutes into the mission. Partially piloted manually by Armstrong, the Eagle landed in the Sea of Tranquility in Site 2 at 0 degrees, 41 minutes, 15 seconds north latitude and 23 degrees, 26 minutes east longitude. This was about four miles downrange from the predicted touchdown point and occurred almost one-and-a-half minutes earlier than scheduled. It included a powered descent that ran a mere nominal 40 seconds longer than preflight planning due to translation maneuvers to avoid a crater during the final phase of landing. Attached to the descent stage was a commemorative plaque signed by President Richard M. Nixon and the three astronauts. The flight plan called for the first EVA to begin after a four-hour rest period, but it was advanced to begin as soon as possible. Nonetheless, it was almost four hours later that Armstrong emerged from the Eagle and deployed the TV camera for the transmission of the event to Earth. At about 109 hours, 42 minutes after launch, Armstrong stepped onto the moon. About 20 minutes later, Aldrin followed him. The camera was then positioned on a tripod about 30 feet from the LM. Half an hour later, President Nixon spoke by telephone link with the astronauts. Commemorative medallions bearing the names of the three Apollo 1 astronauts who lost their lives in a launch pad fire, and two cosmonauts who also died in accidents, were left on the moon's surface. A one-and-a-half inch silicon disk, containing micro miniaturized goodwill messages from 73 countries, and the names of congressional and NASA leaders, also stayed behind. During the EVA, in which they both ranged up to 300 feet from the Eagle, Aldrin deployed the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package, or EASEP, experiments, and Armstrong and Aldrin gathered and verbally reported on the lunar surface samples. After Aldrin had spent one hour, 33 minutes on the surface, he re-entered the LM, followed 41 minutes later by Armstrong. The entire EVA phase lasted more than two-and-a-half hours, ending at 111 hours, 39 minutes into the mission. Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21 hours, 36 minutes on the moon's surface. After a rest period that included seven hours of sleep, the ascent stage engine fired at 124 hours, 22 minutes. It was shut down 435 seconds later when the Eagle reached an initial orbit of 11 by 55 miles above the moon, and when Columbia was on its 25th revolution. As the ascent stage reached apolune at 125 hours, 19 minutes, the reaction control system, or RCS, fired so as to nearly circularize the Eagle orbit at about 56 miles, some 13 miles below and slightly behind Columbia. Subsequent firings of the LM RCS changed the orbit to 57 by 72 miles. Docking with Columbia occurred on the CSM's 27th revolution at 128 hours, three minutes into the mission. Armstrong and Aldrin returned to the CSM with Collins. Four hours later, the LM jettisoned and remained in lunar orbit. Trans-Earth injection of the CSM began July 21 as the SPS fired for two-and-a-half minutes when Columbia was behind the moon in its 59th hour of lunar orbit. Following this, the astronauts slept for about 10 hours. An 11.2 second firing of the SPS accomplished the only midcourse correction required on the return flight. The correction was made July 22 at about 150 hours, 30 minutes into the mission. Two more television transmissions were made during the trans-Earth coast. Re-entry procedures were initiated July 24, 44 hours after leaving lunar orbit. The SM separated from the CM, which was re-oriented to a heat-shield-forward position. Parachute deployment occurred at 195 hours, 13 minutes. After a flight of 195 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds - about 36 minutes longer than planned - Apollo 11 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, 13 miles from the recovery ship USS Hornet. Because of bad weather in the target area, the landing point was changed by about 250 miles. Apollo 11 landed 13 degrees, 19 minutes north latitude and 169 degrees, nine minutes west longitude July 24, 1969. Crew Neil Armstrong, Commander Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin Jr., Lunar Module Pilot Michael Collins, Command Module Pilot Backup Crew James A. Lovell, Commander Fred W. Haise Jr., Lunar Module Pilot William A. Anders, Command Module Pilot Payload Columbia (CSM-107) Eagle (LM-5) Prelaunch Milestones 11/21/68 - LM-5 integrated systems test 12/6/68 - CSM-107 integrated systems test 12/13/68 - LM-5 acceptance test 1/8/69 - LM-5 ascent stage delivered to Kennedy 1/12/69 - LM-5 descent stage delivered to Kennedy 1/18/69 - S-IVB ondock at Kennedy 1/23/69 - CSM ondock at Kennedy 1/29/69 - command and service module mated 2/6/69 - S-II ondock at Kennedy 2/20/69 - S-IC ondock at Kennedy 2/17/69 - combined CSM-107 systems tests 2/27/69 - S-IU ondock at Kennedy 3/24/69 - CSM-107 altitude testing 4/14/69 - rollover of CSM from the Operations and Checkout Building to the Vehicle Assembly Building 4/22/69 - integrated systems test 5/5/69 - CSM electrical mate to Saturn V 5/20/69 - rollout to Launch Pad 39A 6/1/69 - flight readiness test 6/26/69 - Countdown Demonstration Test Launch July 16, 1969; 9:32 a.m. EDT Launch Pad 39A Saturn-V AS-506 High Bay 1 Mobile Launcher Platform-1 Firing Room 1 Orbit Altitude: 118.65 miles Inclination: 32.521 degrees Orbits: 30 revolutions Duration: eight days, three hours, 18 min, 35 seconds Distance: 953,054 miles Lunar Location: Sea of Tranquility Lunar Coordinates: .71 degrees north, 23.63 degrees east Landing July 24, 1969; 12:50 p.m. EDT Pacific Ocean Recovery Ship: USS Hornet Nasa National Aeronautics and Space Administration Page Last Updated: Jan 5, 2022 Page Editor: Sarah Loff NASA Official: Brian Dunbar No Fear Act FOIA Privacy Office of Inspector General Office of Special Counsel Agency Financial Reports Contact NASA (NASA)

Soy yo otra vez

It's me again

Kulak

A Russian peasant farmer who owns land. Late imperial and early Soviet eras. (Quizlet) a peasant in Russia wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labor. Emerging after the emancipation of serfs in the 19th century the kulaks resisted Stalin's forced collectivization, but millions were arrested, exiled, or killed. (Online def)

Heb cat

A person in a state of being dull, but still cool. (Derived from the word, "Hebetude".) "Man, that dude is boring..." "Ya, but *coool*. He be a heb-cat." by PinkSafire BlackDiamond November 17, 2011 (Urban dictionary)

audit

A thorough review to check the accuracy of financial accounts and records

Felony v. Misdemeanor

A felony is a serious crime, for which a defendant can be sentenced to one year or more in prison. A misdemeanor is a less serious crime, often punishable by a year or less in a county jail. (Quizlet) felony and misdemeanour crime Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents felony and misdemeanour, in Anglo-American law, classification of criminal offenses according to the seriousness of the crime. Related Topics: crime misdemeanour See all related content → U.S. jurisdictions generally distinguish between felonies and misdemeanours. A class of minor offenses that may be described as petty offenses or quasi-crimes is also recognized. These last offenses sometimes are created by local ordinance or by regulatory statute, and the requirement of trial by jury does not apply. In U.S. law the classification of a crime as a felony or as a misdemeanour is ordinarily determined by the penalties attached to the offense. A felony is typically defined as a crime punishable by a term of imprisonment of one year or more. Misdemeanours are often defined as offenses punishable only by fines or by short terms of imprisonment in local jails. A consequence of conviction for a felony rather than a misdemeanour is that the offender may lose some civil rights. These vary from state to state, but they usually include the right to own or possess firearms, the right to vote, and the right to hold public office. Crimes in England are classified into indictable offenses (which may be tried by a jury) and summary offenses (which may be tried summarily without juries). Indictable offenses are further divided into treasons, other felonies, and misdemeanours. The law of England has employed no consistent principle to determine the classification of an offense as a felony. In some instances, crimes classified as misdemeanours involve greater social peril than many statutory felonies, and penalties for misdemeanours may exceed those for felonies. The distinction between felony and misdemeanour is less significant for modern law than formerly, and many commentators have questioned its utility. Classifications distinguishing offenses of greater dangerousness from lesser crimes appear in continental European codes: thus, the French penal code distinguishes between délits and contraventions (see crime, délit, and contravention). The classification of offenses in English and U.S. law has been criticized as capricious and unsatisfactory. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Brian Duignan. prostitution Table of Contents Home Politics, Law & Government Law, Crime & Punishment prostitution Actions By John Philip Jenkins Last Updated: Nov 2, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic prostitution, the practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity, in general with someone who is not a spouse or a friend, in exchange for immediate payment in money or other valuables. Prostitutes may be female or male or transgender, and prostitution may entail heterosexual or homosexual activity, but historically most prostitutes have been women and most clients men. Hokusai: woodcut of a woman in a brothel doorway Hokusai: woodcut of a woman in a brothel doorway See all media Key People: Lucky Luciano Maria Monk Taoka Kazuo Ada Everleigh Minna Everleigh Related Topics: crime human sexual activity hetaira brothel See all related content → Perceptions of prostitution are based on culturally determined values that differ between societies. In some societies, prostitutes have been viewed as members of a recognized profession; in others they have been shunned, reviled, and punished with stoning, imprisonment, and death. Few societies have exercised the same severity toward clients; indeed, in many societies, clients suffer few if any legal repercussions. In some cultures, prostitution has been required of young girls as a rite of puberty or as a means of acquiring a dowry, and some religions have required prostitution of a certain class of priestesses. The ancient Greeks and Romans mandated that prostitutes wear distinctive dress and pay severe taxes. Hebrew law did not forbid prostitution but confined the practice to foreign women. Among the ordinances laid down by Moses to regulate public health were several dealing with sexually transmitted diseases. Joachim Beuckelaer: Brothel Joachim Beuckelaer: Brothel In Europe during the Middle Ages, church leaders attempted to rehabilitate penitent prostitutes and fund their dowries. Nevertheless, prostitution flourished: it was not merely tolerated but also protected, licensed, and regulated by law, and it constituted a considerable source of public revenue. Public brothels were established in large cities throughout Europe. At Toulouse, in France, the profits were shared between the city and the university; in England, bordellos were originally licensed by the bishops of Winchester and subsequently by Parliament. Stricter controls were imposed during the 16th century, in part because of the new sexual morality that accompanied the Protestant Reformation and the Counter-Reformation. Just as significant was the dramatic upsurge of sexually transmitted diseases. Sporadic attempts were made to suppress brothels and even to introduce medical inspections, but such measures were to little avail. In the late 19th century a variety of changes in Western societies revived efforts to suppress prostitution. With the rise of feminism, many came to regard male libertinism as a threat to women's status and physical health. Also influential was a new religious-based moralism in Protestant countries. Antiprostitution campaigns flourished from the 1860s, often in association with temperance and women's suffrage movements. International cooperation to end the traffic in women for the purpose of prostitution began in 1899. In 1921 the League of Nations established the Committee on the Traffic in Women and Children, and in 1949 the United Nations General Assembly adopted a convention for the suppression of prostitution. human trafficking human traffickingSee all videos for this article In the United States, prostitution was at best sporadically controlled until passage of the federal Mann Act (1910), which prohibited interstate transportation of women for "immoral purposes." By 1915 nearly all states had passed laws that banned brothels or regulated the profits of prostitution. After World War II, prostitution remained prohibited in most Western countries, though it was unofficially tolerated in some cities. Many law-enforcement agencies became more concerned with regulating the crimes associated with the practice, especially acts of theft and robbery committed against clients. Authorities also intervened to prevent girls from being coerced into prostitution ("white slavery"). Prostitution is illegal in most of the United States, though it is lawful in some counties in Nevada. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now In most Asian and Middle Eastern countries, prostitution is illegal but widely tolerated. Among predominantly Muslim countries, Turkey has legalized prostitution and made it subject to a system of health checks for sex workers, and in Bangladesh prostitution is notionally legal but associated behaviours such as soliciting are prohibited. In some Asian countries the involvement of children in prostitution has encouraged the growth of "sex tourism" by men from countries where such practices are illegal. Many Latin American countries tolerate prostitution but restrict associated activities. In Brazil, for example, brothels, pimping, and child exploitation are illegal. During the 1980s, attitudes toward prostitution changed radically through two major developments. One was the worldwide spread of AIDS, which increased concern about public health problems created by prostitution. In Africa especially, one factor in the rapid spread of AIDS was the prostitution industry serving migrant labourers. A second influential development was a renewal of feminist interest and the perspective that prostitution is both a consequence and a symptom of gender-based exploitation. Reflecting these shifting attitudes, from the 1980s the more neutral term sex worker was increasingly employed to describe those involved in commercial sex activities. It is difficult to generalize about the background or conditions of prostitutes because so much of what is known about them derives from studies of poorer and less-privileged individuals, people who are more likely to come into contact with courts and official agencies. Much more is known about streetwalkers, for example, than about the higher-status women who can be more selective about their clients and work conditions. Based on available studies, though, it is reasonable to assert that female sex workers often are economically disadvantaged and lack skills and training to support themselves. Many are drawn at an early age into prostitution and associated crime, and drug dependency can be an aggravating factor. They frequently are managed by a male procurer, or pimp, or by a supervisor, or madam, in a house of prostitution. Health hazards to prostitutes include sexually transmitted diseases, some of which may be acquired through drug abuse. Male prostitution has received less public attention in most cultures. Heterosexual male prostitution—involving males hired by or for females—is rare. Homosexual male prostitution has probably existed in most societies, though only in the 20th century was it recognized as a major social phenomenon, and its prevalence increased during the late 20th and early 21st century. John Philip Jenkins Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Allergies

Having a hypersensitivity to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction. (Quizlet) Allergies: Overview Publication Details Introduction Allergies arise if the body's immune system overreacts to foreign substances (allergens) that are usually harmless in most people, such as pollen or certain foods. In some cases the symptoms are quite mild, but they can also be a real nuisance and have a considerable impact in everyday life. There are various treatment options for allergies. Some things that trigger allergies (allergens) are easy to avoid, whereas others aren't. Common allergens include the following: Pollen House dust mites Pets and farm animals The venom (poison) in insect stings and bites Foods Medication Contact allergens (e.g. metals or fragrance ingredients) Mold Allergic reactions most often occur on the skin and in the airways and mucous membranes. The symptoms usually start straight away after contact with the allergen, but it can also take a few hours or days for them to appear. Allergies are sometimes referred to as hypersensitivities. But some hypersensitivities have nothing to do with allergies. These include certain kinds of food hypersensitivity (intolerances). Because the symptoms are often similar, the doctor should carry out a thorough medical examination. If it turns out that the symptoms are being caused by an allergic reaction, allergy treatments can be used. Symptoms These are typical symptoms of allergies: Runny nose, coughing and sneezing Breathing problems Watery eyes Itching Rash Swollen mucous membranes Gastrointestinal (stomach and bowel) problems Allergic reactions usually occur in the areas of the body that come into direct contact with the allergen. For instance, foods can cause itching and swelling in the mouth and on the tongue. The first part of the body that pollen comes into contact with is the upper respiratory tract, resulting in a runny nose and sneezing. Seasonal hay fever is only noticeable when pollen is in the air. Dust mite allergies and pet allergies can be a problem all year round because the substances that trigger them (the "allergens") aren't only found in the air in the spring or summer months. Although allergies to medications and insect venom are only triggered in certain situations, they are often more severe than other kinds of allergies. Allergies to foods, insect venom or certain medications can lead to an anaphylactic reaction. This is a medical emergency and can become life-threatening. It happens when the allergic reaction starts affecting other parts of the body too - such as the digestive tract, the airways or the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels). Anaphylactic reactions can cause things like itching, swelling, stomach ache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, drowsiness, breathing problems and a sudden drop in blood pressure. Causes and risk factors The tendency to have allergies often runs in families. The medical term for this is "atopy." Whether or not someone actually develops an allergy will depend on various things, including environmental factors. Allergies and related conditions such as asthma may be more likely to develop in people who are exposed to air pollution and cigarette smoke, for instance. In allergic reactions, the body's immune system reacts to certain foreign proteins (allergens) that are usually harmless in most people. It treats them like germs or foreign bodies. For instance, although dust mites and foods generally don't cause any problems in the body, they trigger a reaction in people who are allergic to them. The immune system produces antibodies (IgE antibodies) to fight these substances because it considers them to be harmful. These antibodies are made when the body first comes into contact with the allergen, and they then attach to certain kinds of cells. This process is called "sensitization." If the body comes into contact with the allergen again, these cells release chemical substances, including histamines. These substances then lead to allergic reactions such as sneezing, coughing and skin rashes. Illustration: How allergies develop - as described in the article How allergies develop Prevalence About 1 out of 3 people in Germany are diagnosed with an allergy at some point in their lives. An estimated 20 to 25% of all children and teenagers have hay fever, asthma or eczema. The number of people with allergies has increased in the last thirty years. Outlook Allergies usually start in childhood or puberty, and often don't go away again. Some allergies get better in adulthood, though. For instance, certain food allergies (e.g. allergies to milk or chicken eggs) may disappear again - but peanut allergies generally don't go away. So whether or not an allergy can get better depends on what triggers it. Allergy symptoms are often mild at first and then become more severe over time. They sometimes lead to other medical conditions. If people have hay fever for many years, the allergy might "move down" into the lower airways (lungs) too, causing asthma. Allergies can also increase the likelihood of developing eczema. People who are allergic to pollen, for instance, might also be allergic to certain foods. This is known as "cross-reactivity." It occurs because the different allergens have similar proteins in them, and the immune system reacts to both of them. Diagnosis If you see a doctor, you will first be asked about your symptoms, your everyday life circumstances, and medical history. Various tests can be used to find out whether you have an allergy: Skin prick test: This test is used if it's thought that someone might have an allergy that leads to a reaction immediately after the person comes into contact with the trigger, such as hay fever. The test involves placing small drops of various allergens on the skin of your forearm, leaving enough space between them, and then pricking the surface of your skin where the allergens are, so the substances go into the skin. If your skin becomes red and swollen, like a big mosquito bite, you're having an allergic reaction. Illustration: Skin prick test - as described in the information Skin prick test Patch test: This test is used if you are thought to have an allergy where the symptoms only start one half to three days after contact with the allergen. It involves putting a patch containing the suspected allergen on your back for one to two days, and checking to see whether the skin becomes swollen, red and itchy. Provocation test: In provocation tests, the body is exposed to various allergens in order to see whether there's a reaction. If, for instance, it is thought that you might have allergic rhinitis (an allergy-related inflammation of the inside of the nose), extracts of potential allergens are placed on the lining of your nose using a nasal spray or drops. If the lining of your nose becomes swollen, you sneeze and your nose starts running, you are likely to have allergic rhinitis. A provocation test is usually only done if the other tests haven't led to any clear results. Sometimes it may be necessary to do a blood test that is sent to a lab to find antibodies to certain allergens: for example, if testing the skin is too risky or if the outcome was not clear. Not all allergens can be tested using skin tests, either. Allergy tests are done by doctors who have specialized in allergies. These include dermatologists, ENT (ear, nose and throat) doctors, pulmonologists (lung specialists) and pediatricians. Prevention It's often not possible to prevent an allergy from developing. Certain measures may lower the risk a little. For instance, allergic asthma is somewhat less common in children who are exclusively breastfed in the first four to six months of their lives. But research has found that this makes little to no difference to other symptoms, such as allergic rhinitis. Non-smokers and children who grow up in smoke-free environments are also less likely to develop allergies. If you have a high risk of developing an allergy, it might be a good idea to not get a pet cat in order to avoid developing a cat allergy. But if you don't have a greater risk, then there's no reason not to have a pet. Treatment The following approaches can help to relieve allergy symptoms: Avoid contact with allergens: How well this works will mainly depend on the type of trigger. It's usually quite easy to avoid contact with things like certain foods or chemical substances. It's almost impossible to avoid pollen, though. But pollen calendars and forecasts, for instance on the internet, can give you an idea of the pollen count in certain regions. People with dust mite allergies can somewhat lower their exposure to dust mites in their home by taking precautions such as cleaning regularly, using mite-proof bedding and removing "dust traps." Medication: Antihistamines or steroids are often used, especially for allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis (an allergy-related eye inflammation). These medications are available in various forms, including tablets, nasal sprays and injections. Steroid lotions or creams can be used to treat allergic skin reactions. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (desensitization): A bit like with vaccines, this treatment approach involves exposing people to small amounts of the allergen. Here it is done at regular intervals by either injecting the allergen under your skin or placing it under your tongue in the form of a tablet or drops. It takes about three to five years to complete allergen-specific immunotherapy. This approach is mainly used for the treatment of allergies to pollen (hay fever), dust mites and insect venom. There is currently no evidence that herbal or homeopathic products can help in the treatment of allergies. This is also true for acupuncture. Further information Many researchers are trying to find out more about how the immune system and environmental factors interact with each other, with the aim of discovering new ways to prevent and treat allergies. The German Research Center for Environmental Health in Munich (the Helmholtz Center) provides up-to-date information on allergy research. When people are ill or need medical advice, they usually go to see their family doctor first. Read about how to find the right doctor, how to prepare for the appointment and what to remember. Sources Biedermann T, Heppt W, Renz H, Röcken M (Ed). Allergologie. Berlin: Springer; 2016. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie (DGAKI), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ). Allergieprävention (S3-Leitlinie). AWMF-Registernr.: 061-016. July 2014. Güngör D, Nadaud P, LaPergola CC, Dreibelbis C, Wong YP, Terry N et al. Infant milk-feeding practices and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109 (Suppl 7): 772S-799S. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). Allergische Erkrankungen. In: Gesundheit in Deutschland: Wie steht es um unsere Gesundheit? Berlin: RKI; 2015. p. 76-82. Trautmann A, Kleine-Tebbe J. Allergologie in Klinik und Praxis. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2013. World Allergy Organization (WAO). White Book on Allergy: Update 2013. Milwaukee: WAO; 2013. Zhang X, Lan F, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Chinese Herbal Medicine to Treat Allergic Rhinitis: Evidence From a Meta-Analysis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2018; 10(1): 34-42. [PMC free article] [PubMed] IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health care services. Because IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided here is specific to the German health care system. The suitability of any of the described options in an individual case can be determined by talking to a doctor. We do not offer individual consultations. Our information is based on the results of good-quality studies. It is written by a team of health care professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in our methods. Publication Details Publication History Last Update: April 23, 2020; Next update: 2023. Copyright © IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care) Publisher Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), Cologne, Germany NLM Citation InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Allergies: Overview. [Updated 2020 Apr 23]. Prev Next (NIH)

Chip on your shoulder

If someone has a chip on their shoulder, they are resentful about something and feel that they have been treated badly.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. (Quizlet) National Recovery Administration United States history Actions Alternate titles: NRA By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents National Recovery Administration (NRA), U.S. government agency established by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt to stimulate business recovery through fair-practice codes during the Great Depression. The NRA was an essential element in the National Industrial Recovery Act (June 1933), which authorized the president to institute industry-wide codes intended to eliminate unfair trade practices, reduce unemployment, establish minimum wages and maximum hours, and guarantee the right of labour to bargain collectively. National Recovery Administration National Recovery Administration See all media Date: 1933 - 1935 Areas Of Involvement: marketing working conditions Related People: Mary Williams Dewson See all related content → NRA Blue Eagle NRA Blue Eagle The agency ultimately established 557 basic codes and 208 supplementary codes that affected about 22 million workers. Companies that subscribed to the NRA codes were allowed to display a Blue Eagle emblem, symbolic of cooperation with the NRA. Although the codes were hastily drawn and overly complicated and reflected the interests of big business at the expense of the consumer and small businessman, they nevertheless did improve labour conditions in some industries and also aided the unionization movement. The NRA ended when it was invalidated by the Supreme Court in 1935, but many of its provisions were included in subsequent legislation. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica National Industrial Recovery Act Table of Contents Home Politics, Law & Government Law, Crime & Punishment National Industrial Recovery Act United States [1933] Actions Alternate titles: NIRA By Rogene A. Buchholz Article History Table of Contents National Industrial Recovery Act, U.S. labour legislation (1933) that was one of several measures passed by Congress and supported by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt in an effort to help the nation recover from the Great Depression. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was an unusual experiment in U.S. history, as it suspended antitrust laws and supported an alliance of industries. National Recovery Administration National Recovery Administration See all media Date: 1933 Location: United States Context: Great Depression See all related content → Under the NIRA, companies were required to write industrywide codes of fair competition that effectively fixed wages and prices, established production quotas, and placed restrictions on the entry of other companies into the alliances. These codes were a form of industry self-regulation and represented an attempt to regulate and plan the entire economy to promote stable growth and prevent another depression. Employees were given the right to organize unions and could not be required, as a condition of employment, to join or to refrain from joining a labour organization. Prior to this act, the courts had upheld the right of employers to go to great lengths to prevent the formation of unions. Companies could fire workers for joining unions, force them to sign a pledge not to join a union as a condition of employment, require them to belong to company unions, and spy on them to stop unionism before it got started. The law created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to promote compliance. The NRA was chiefly engaged in drawing up industrial codes for companies to adopt and was empowered to make voluntary agreements with companies regarding hours of work, rates of pay, and prices to charge for their products. More than 500 such codes were adopted by various industries, and companies that voluntarily complied could display a Blue Eagle emblem in their facilities, signifying NRA participation. The NIRA was declared unconstitutional in May 1935 when the U.S. Supreme Court issued its unanimous decision in the case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States. The Court ruled that the NIRA assigned lawmaking powers to the NRA in violation of the Constitution's allocation of such powers to Congress. Many of the labour provisions in the NIRA, however, were reenacted in later legislation. Rogene A. Buchholz The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Sweden

Sweden Actions Alternate titles: Kingdom of Sweden, Sverige, Svithiod By Staffan HelmfridSee All Last Updated: Dec 25, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Stockholm Stockholm Sweden, country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe. The name Sweden was derived from the Svear, or Suiones, a people mentioned as early as 98 CE by the Roman author Tacitus. The country's ancient name was Svithiod. Stockholm has been the permanent capital since 1523. Sweden flag of Sweden Audio File: national anthem of Sweden See all media Head Of Government: Prime Minister: Ulf Kristersson Capital: Stockholm Population: (2022 est.) 10,495,000 Currency Exchange Rate: 1 USD equals 10.461 Swedish krona Head Of State: King: Carl XVI Gustaf See all facts & stats → Sweden Sweden Sweden occupies the greater part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, which it shares with Norway. The land slopes gently from the high mountains along the Norwegian frontier eastward to the Baltic Sea. Geologically, it is one of the oldest and most stable parts of the Earth's crust. Its surface formations and soils were altered by the receding glaciers of the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago). Lakes dot the fairly flat landscape, and thousands of islands form archipelagoes along more than 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of jagged, rocky coastline. Like all of northwestern Europe, Sweden has a generally favourable climate relative to its northerly latitude owing to moderate southwesterly winds and the warm North Atlantic Current. The country has a 1,000-year-long continuous history as a sovereign state, but its territorial expanse changed often until 1809. Today it is a constitutional monarchy with a well-established parliamentary democracy that dates from 1917. Swedish society is ethnically and religiously very homogeneous, although recent immigration has created some social diversity. Historically, Sweden rose from backwardness and poverty into a highly developed postindustrial society and advanced welfare state with a standard of living and life expectancy that rank among the highest in the world. Sweden long ago disavowed the military aggressiveness that once involved its armies deeply in Europe's centuries of dynastic warfare. It has chosen instead to play a balancing role among the world's conflicting ideological and political systems. It is for this reason that Swedish statesmen have often been sought out to fill major positions in the United Nations. At peace since 1814, Sweden has followed the doctrine, enunciated in every document on foreign policy since World War II, of "nonalignment in peace aiming at neutrality in war." Britannica Quiz The Country Quiz Land Sweden lies to the southwest of Finland. A long coastline forms the country's eastern border, extending along the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Sea; a narrow strait, known as The Sound (Öresund), separates Sweden from Denmark in the south. A shorter coastline along the Skagerrak and Kattegat straits forms Sweden's border to the southwest, and Norway lies to the west. Sweden extends some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the north and south and 310 miles (500 km) to the east and west. Physical features of Sweden Physical features of Sweden The country is traditionally divided into three regions: to the north is Norrland, the vast mountain and forest region; in central Sweden is Svealand, an expanse of lowland in the east and highland in the west; and in the south is Götaland, which includes the Småland highlands and, at the southern extremity, the small but rich plains of Skåne. In the far north the region of Lappland overlaps Norrland and northern Finland. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Relief skiers in Sarek National Park, Sweden skiers in Sarek National Park, Sweden Norrland is the largest and most sparsely populated of the regions, covering some three-fifths of the country. The region features an undulating surface of rounded hills and mountains, large lakes, and extensive river valleys. To the west lie the Kölen (Kjølen; Scandinavian) Mountains, through which runs the border demarcating Sweden and Norway. This range is characterized by numerous glaciers, the southernmost of which is on Helags Mountain (Helagsfjället), near the Norwegian border. At the region's far northern edge, north of the Arctic Circle, are Sweden's highest peaks: Mount Kebne (Kebnekaise), which is 6,926 feet (2,111 metres) in elevation, and Mount Sarek (Sarektjåkkå), which rises 6,854 feet (2,089 metres), in the magnificent Sarek National Park. The interior of southern Sweden, Småland, is a wooded upland with elevations of 980 to 1,300 feet (300 to 400 metres). A region of poor and stony soils, Småland has been cultivated through the ages with some difficulty, as evidenced by the enormous mounds of stone cleared from the land. More recently the area has been characterized by flourishing small factories. Except for a stretch of scenic "high coast," the Bothnian coastal plain is low-lying and stretches from Norrland into Svealand. Most of the fairly level surface of eastern Svealand and northern Götaland was pressed below sea level by glaciers, leaving a landscape of fragmented bedrock, fertile clayey plains, numerous lakes, and sandy ridges. Today these are intermingled with mixed forests and farmland. Sweden's landscape changes from the hills of Småland to the fertile plains of Skåne, which is physiographically and economically more similar to Denmark than to the rest of Sweden. This is Sweden's oldest settled and most densely populated agricultural area. The Swedish coastline is typically rocky, with hundreds of small, sometimes wooded islands. Ground by glacial ice in the same direction, they have a common rounded shape. This type of coast, known as skärgård, is found in both the east and the west, especially around Stockholm and Gothenburg. Off the southern coast in the Baltic, the large, flat islands of Öland and Gotland are outcropping layers of sandstone and limestone. Drainage log pond, Dal River, Sweden log pond, Dal River, Sweden The country's chief rivers originate in the mountains of Norrland, mostly flowing southeastward with many falls and rapids and emptying into the Gulf of Bothnia or the Baltic Sea. The longest, however, is the Klar-Göta River, which rises in Norway and flows 447 miles (719 km), reaching Lake Väner (Vänern) and continuing southward out of the lake's southern end to the North Sea; along its southernmost course are the famous falls of Trollhättan. The Muonio and Torne rivers form the frontier with Finland, and in the south the Dal River marks the transition to Svealand. The rivers, except in the far north, where they are protected, are sources of hydroelectric power. In Svealand are Sweden's largest lakes, including Lakes Väner, 2,181 square miles (5,650 square km); Vätter (Vättern), 738 square miles (1,911 square km); and Mälar (Mälaren), 440 square miles (1,139 square km). The shores of Lakes Siljan and Storsjön and the river valleys support agriculture. Soils The dominant soil of Sweden is till, formed under glacial ice. Till that comes from the archaic bedrock of granites and gneisses forms a poor soil, and forestry and polluted (acid) rain add to its acidification. On the other hand, small areas of clayey till from younger sedimentary limestone, scattered mainly in southern Sweden, form brown earth, providing agricultural soils of high fertility. In addition, vast areas of central Sweden are covered by heavy and fertile sea-bottom clays raised out of the sea by postglacial land uplift. One-fifth of the country, especially in rainy southwestern Sweden and the cold far north, is covered by marshland and peat. Climate of Sweden Stockholm Stockholm About 15 percent of the country lies within the Arctic Circle. From about late May until mid-July, sunlight lasts around the clock north of the Arctic Circle, but, even as far south as Stockholm, the nights during this period have only a few hours of semidarkness. In mid-December, on the other hand, Stockholm experiences only about 5.5 hours of daylight; in areas as far north as Lappland, there are nearly 20 hours of total darkness relieved by a mere 4 hours of twilight. Considering its northerly geographic location (at the latitude of parts of Greenland and Siberia), Sweden enjoys a favourable climate. From the southwest, Atlantic low-pressure winds blow in air warmed by the North Atlantic Current and make the weather mild but changeable. Another type of influence comes from continental high pressures to the east. These create sunny weather, which is hot in summer and cold in winter. The interaction between the Atlantic and continental influences causes periodic shifts in climate. The north-to-south extension of the country and the higher elevation of the northern part results in great regional differences in winter climate. The northern interior receives heavy snowfall for up to eight months of the year and has severe temperatures that drop as low as −22 to −40 °F (−30 to −40 °C). The average January temperature in Haparanda at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia is 10 °F (−12 °C). Sea ice covers the Gulf of Bothnia from November to May. In southern Sweden winters vary more from year to year than in the north; snowfall is irregular, and average January temperatures range between 23 and 32 °F (−5 and 0 °C). Coastal waters seldom freeze. Summer temperatures vary far less, although summer is much shorter in the north. In terms of average daily temperature, "spring" arrives in Skåne during February but not until late May in northernmost Norrland; then it may come virtually overnight. The mean July temperature in Haparanda is 59 °F (15 °C), and in Malmö 63 °F (17 °C). Late summer and autumn are the rainiest seasons, but precipitation falls throughout the year. Annual precipitation averages about 24 inches (600 mm). Plant and animal life lingonberry lingonberry Most of Sweden is dominated by forests of fir, pine, and birch. Southern Sweden has more mixed forests, and in the far south deciduous trees such as beech, oak, linden, ash, elm, and maple are common. The forests are rich in berries, lingonberries and blueberries among them, and mushrooms. In Sweden anyone is entitled to hike through the forests and fields and pick berries and mushrooms. In the high mountains coniferous trees give way to mountain birches, which extend up to the tree line at an elevation of 1,600 to 2,900 feet (480 to 880 metres). The treeless mountains with their heaths, marshes, and boulder fields have Alpine flora. Dwarf birch and willows are typical. Owing to their limestone bedrock and mild climate, Gotland and Öland have a special flora that includes many orchids. moose moose Learn about the effects of global warming on Sweden's reindeer Learn about the effects of global warming on Sweden's reindeerSee all videos for this article Bears and lynx still inhabit the northern forests, while wolves are making a comeback, having become almost completely extinct in the 20th century. Throughout the country are large numbers of moose, roe deer, foxes, and hares. The moose is a great prize for hunters, but it also constitutes a traffic hazard. Hunting and fishing are closely regulated, and many species of animals are fully protected. Large herds of domesticated reindeer owned by Sami (Lapps) graze the northern mountains and forests. Winter birdlife is dominated by a few species, but summer brings large numbers of migratory birds from southern Europe and Africa, as, for example, cranes and wild geese. Sweden has a rich variety of aquatic animal life, but environmental pollution has taken its toll. This applies significantly to the Baltic seal. Fish species include the cod and mackerel of the deep, salty Atlantic and the salmon and pike found in the far less saline Baltic and in lakes and rivers. Atlantic herring and its smaller relative, the Baltic herring, are traditional staple foods. Conservation Sweden has been in the vanguard of countries seeking to preserve the natural environment. It was the first European country to establish a national park (Sarek National Park was established in 1909), thereby preserving part of Europe's last wilderness. The first Nature Conservancy Act was adopted in 1909, and in 1969 a modern environmental protection act was passed. Since then tens of thousands of square miles have been set aside as national parks and nature reserves. Serious environmental problems persist nevertheless. About one-fifth of the lakes in Sweden have been damaged by acidification, and groundwater too is threatened. A chief cause is sulfur fallout (i.e., contamination by what is commonly known as acid rain); most of the sulfur is discharged into the atmosphere by industrial facilities in nearby countries. Pollution in the Baltic Sea and the coastal waters of the Kattegat and Skagerrak also is considered severe. People Ethnic groups Although different groups of immigrants have influenced Swedish culture through the centuries, the population historically has been unusually homogeneous in ethnic stock, language, and religion. It is only since World War II that notable change has occurred in the ethnic pattern. From 1970 to the early 1990s, net immigration accounted for about three-fourths of the population growth. By far, most of the immigrants came from the neighbouring Nordic countries, with which Sweden shares a common labour market. In the 1980s Sweden began to receive an increasing number of asylum seekers from Asian and African countries such as Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Turkey, Eritrea, and Somalia, as well as from Latin American countries that were suffering under repressive governments. Then from 2010 to 2014 the number of people seeking asylum in Sweden expanded dramatically, reaching more than 80,000 in 2014, and that number doubled to more than 160,000 in 2015. Many of these people were fleeing the Syrian Civil War. From the beginning of that conflict, Sweden had granted residency to any Syrian seeking asylum (some 70,000 in total). Thus, by 2016 one in six Swedish residents had been born outside the country, and Sweden, feeling the strain of the mass influx of migrants, enacted new and more stringent immigration restrictions. Sweden has two minority groups of indigenous inhabitants: the Finnish-speaking people of the northeast along the Finnish border, and the Sami (Lapp) population of about 15,000 scattered throughout the northern Swedish interior. Once a hunting and fishing people, the latter group developed a reindeer-herding system that they still operate. Most of the Sami in Sweden have other occupations as well. Languages Swedish, the national language of Sweden and the mother tongue of approximately nine-tenths of the population, is a Nordic language. It belongs to the North Germanic (Scandinavian) subgroup of the Germanic languages and is closely related to the Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faeroese languages. It has been influenced at times by German, but it has also borrowed some words and syntax from French, English, and Finnish. A common standard language (rikssvenska) has been in use more than 100 years. The traditionally varying dialects of the provinces, although homogenized rapidly through the influences of education and the mass media, are still widely spoken. Swedish is also spoken by about 300,000 Finland-Swedes. Swedish law recognizes Sami and Finnish (both of which belong to the Uralic language group), as well as Meänkieli (the Finnish of the Torne Valley), Romani, and Yiddish as national minority languages, along with sign language. About 200 languages are now spoken in Sweden, owing to immigrants and refugees. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. 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The Bahamas

The Bahamas islands, West Indies Actions Alternate titles: Commonwealth of the Bahamas By David Russell HarrisSee All Last Updated: Dec 12, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic The Bahamas: New Providence Island The Bahamas: New Providence Island The Bahamas, archipelago and country on the northwestern edge of the West Indies. Formerly a British colony, The Bahamas became an independent country within the Commonwealth in 1973. The Bahamas flag of the Bahamas Audio File: National anthem of The Bahamas See all media Head Of Government: Prime Minister: Philip Davis Capital: Nassau Population: (2022 est.) 397,900 Head Of State: British Monarch: King Charles III, represented by Governor-General: Cornelius A. Smith Form Of Government: constitutional monarchy with two legislative houses (Senate [16]; House of Assembly [38]) See all facts & stats → The Bahamas The Bahamas The name Bahamas is of Lucayan Taino (Arawakan) derivation, although some historians believe it is from the Spanish bajamar, meaning "shallow water." The islands occupy a position commanding the gateway to the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the entire Central American region. Their strategic location has given the history of The Bahamas a unique and often striking character. It was there that Christopher Columbus made his original landfall in the Americas. The subsequent fate of the peaceful original inhabitants remains one of the more tragic episodes in the development of the entire region, while the early attempts at European-dominated settlement were marked by intense national rivalries, interspersed with long periods of lawlessness and piracy. As a result, the society and culture that has evolved in The Bahamas is a distinctive blend of European and African heritages, the latter a legacy of the slave trade and the introduction of the plantation system using African slaves. The islands, lacking natural resources other than their agreeable climate and picturesque beaches, have become heavily dependent on the income generated by the extensive tourist facilities and the financial sector that have been developed, often as a result of the injection of foreign capital. The continued popularity of the islands with tourists, largely from North America, has helped to maintain a relatively high standard of living among the population, most of whom are of African descent. The capital, Nassau, is located on small but important New Providence Island. Land Nassau, Bahamas Nassau, Bahamas Grand Bahama Island Grand Bahama Island Lying to the north of Cuba and Hispaniola, the archipelago comprises nearly 700 islands and cays, only about 30 of which are inhabited, and more than 2,000 low, barren rock formations. It stretches more than 500 miles (800 km) southeast-northwest between Grand Bahama Island, which has an area of 530 square miles (1,373 square km) and lies about 60 miles (100 km) off the southeastern coast of the U.S. state of Florida, and Great Inagua Island, some 50 miles (80 km) from the eastern tip of Cuba. The islands other than New Providence are known collectively as the Out (Family) Islands. They include Grand Bahama, which contains the major settlements of Freeport and West End; Andros (2,300 square miles [6,000 square km]), the largest island of The Bahamas; Abaco, or Great Abaco, (372 square miles [963 square km]); and Eleuthera (187 square miles [484 square km]), the site of one of the early attempts at colonization. Relief and soils Physical features of The Bahamas Physical features of The Bahamas The Bahamas occupies an irregular submarine tableland that rises out of the depths of the Atlantic Ocean and is separated from nearby lands to the south and west by deepwater channels. Extensive areas of flatland, generally a few feet in elevation, are the dominant topographic features of the major islands; the Bimini group (9 square miles [23 square km]), for example, has a maximum elevation of only 20 feet (6 metres). A number of islands fronting the Atlantic have a range or series of ranges of hills on the northeastern side that parallel the longer axes of the islands. These ranges are formed of sand washed ashore and blown inland by the trade winds. The newer hills adjacent to the seashore are normally sand dunes. Solidity increases toward the interior, where the particles become cemented to form Bahama limestone. Eleuthera and Long Island (230 square miles [596 square km]) have the greatest number of hills exceeding 100 feet (30 metres). The highest point in The Bahamas, Mount Alvernia, at 206 feet (63 metres), is on Cat Island (150 square miles [388 square km]). Beneath the soil, the islands are composed of limestone rock and skeletal remains of coral fossils and other marine organisms. There are no rivers, but several islands—particularly New Providence, San Salvador (63 square miles [163 square km]), and Great Inagua—have large lakes. There is abundant fresh water on Andros Island. Britannica Quiz Name That World Flag! Climate of the The Bahamas The Bahamian climate, mild throughout the year, is one of the great attractions of the area. The average temperature varies from the low 70s F (about 21 °C) during the winter to the low 80s F (about 27 °C) during the summer, and extremes seldom fall below the low 60s F (about 16 °C) or rise above the low 90s F (about 32 °C). The average annual rainfall is about 44 inches (1,120 mm), occurring mostly during the summer months. Prevailing winds, coming from the northeast in winter and from the southeast in summer, lend a cooling influence to a generally humid atmosphere. Tropical cyclones (hurricanes) pose a threat during the period from June to November and have occasionally caused great destruction. Plant and animal life Extensive and beautiful forests of Caribbean pine are found on Grand Bahama, Abaco, Andros, and New Providence islands. Hardwood forests also occur on some of the islands. Elsewhere the woody vegetation consists mostly of shrubs and low trees. Animal life is dominated by frogs, lizards, and snakes, all of them nonpoisonous, and several species of bats are found in caves along the more rocky coasts. Larger animals include the agouti, a rodent; the raccoon; the iguana; and the elegant flamingo, the national bird. All of these have been much reduced in numbers and in distribution. In addition, several animals—notably sheep, horses, and other livestock—have been introduced from Europe. The surrounding waters abound with fish and other edible marine animals, such as conch and spiny lobster (crayfish). People Ethnic groups, languages, and religion The Bahamas: Ethnic composition The Bahamas: Ethnic composition The Bahamas: Religious affiliation The Bahamas: Religious affiliation Most of the population of The Bahamas is of African descent. There is a small but significant minority of mixed European and African heritage and a similar number of descendants of English pioneer settlers and loyalist refugees from the American Revolution. English is the only language native to Bahamians, although, because of the influx of Haitian immigrants since the mid-20th century, French or the related Haitian Creole vernacular is spoken. A high percentage of Bahamians are members of Christian churches; the majority of them are non-Anglican Protestants, with smaller proportions of Roman Catholics and Anglicans. Settlement patterns and demographic trends The Bahamas: Urban-rural The Bahamas: Urban-rural The centres of population are widely distributed on each island. Some are located leeward, where it is calm and sheltered—for example, Cat Island. Others face the north and northeastern sides, where they are exposed to the northeast trade winds—as in the case of the Abaco Cays (the cays off Abaco and Little Abaco islands). Main settlements usually occur where there is a natural harbour or at least accessibility for shipping. There has been a marked shift of population from fishing and farming villages to the centres of tourist and commercial activity. Most of the population movement has been to the islands of New Providence, Grand Bahama, and Abaco (Great Abaco). About two-thirds of the Bahamian population is concentrated on New Providence Island, which, with Grand Bahama and Abaco, has received the most internal migration. The Bahamas: Age breakdown The Bahamas: Age breakdown The country's rate of population increase is much higher than the Caribbean average, primarily because of immigration from the United States and other West Indian islands. The rate of natural population increase is about average for the Caribbean region, but both the birth and death rates are less than the average for the West Indies as a whole. 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Station Nightclub Fire

West Warwick, Rhode Island (2003). Stage pyrotechnics ignited combustible interior finished which spread rapidly with a lack of a sprinkler system. Most victims were trampled or suffered smoke inhalation at the main entrance. NFPA made changes in fire sprinkler and crowd management requirements. (Quizlet) The Station nightclub fire disaster, West Warwick, Rhode Island, United States Actions By Fid Backhouse and others Article History This contribution has not yet been formally edited by Britannica. Learn More Table of Contents The Station nightclub fire, fire on February 20, 2003, that destroyed The Station nightclub in West Warwick, Rhode Island, U.S., and killed 100 people. Date: February 20, 2003 Location: Rhode Island United States West Warwick See all related content → When it was announced that the 1980s rock act Great White would be headlining an evening of retro rock music at The Station, fans turned out in force. The warm-up acts went down well, and, by the time Great White took the stage, shortly after 23.00, the crowd's spirits were high. The band started with their traditional opening song "Desert Moon," accompanied by a pyrotechnic display laid on by the group's manager. The band had scarcely got going when the fireworks sent a spray of sparks up into the foam above the stage that was being used as soundproofing. The foam quickly ignited, surrounding the band with flames. Most of the audience thought this was part of the act and carried on enjoying the show. The fire quickly engulfed the entire ceiling, sending billows of black smoke across the venue, at which point the band quickly headed for an exit behind the stage. Soon the only sound anyone could hear was the club's fire alarm system. Despite the fact that The Station had four functioning exits, in their haste to get out most of the audience chose to leave through the narrow hallway through which they had arrived. The passage soon filled up and became impassable, leading those in the club to push even harder as the fire spread. One hundred people lost their lives, either through being trampled or as a result of smoke inhalation and severe burns. Only around one quarter of the approximately 460 people present escaped unharmed. The fire had a huge impact on the local community, with scores of children losing their parents. Great White's lead guitarist, Ty Longley, was among the dead. Lawsuits totalling $180 million were initiated. Fid Backhouse and others disaster Table of Contents disaster event Actions Alternate titles: cataclysm By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents drought drought disaster, any natural or human-generated calamitous event that produces great loss of human life or destruction of the natural environment, private property, or public infrastructure. A disaster may be relatively sudden, such as an earthquake or an oil spill, or it may unfold over a longer period, such as the effects of an ongoing pandemic or climatic disruption. Severe droughts, wildfires, floods, landslides, and volcanic eruptions are often considered examples of natural disasters. Large industrial accidents, building collapses, high-rise fires, airliner crashes, ship sinkings, and acts of terrorism are frequently classified as human-caused disasters. The term may also be used to describe other events, such as the displacement of large populations as a result of war. Tacloban, Philippines: Super Typhoon Haiyan damage Tacloban, Philippines: Super Typhoon Haiyan damage See all media Related Topics: famine pandemic complex humanitarian emergency epidemic shipwreck See all related content → Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada: wildfire Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada: wildfire Chernobyl disaster Chernobyl disaster The frequency of an event and the magnitude of its impact influence whether an event is regarded as a disaster. Events with a low frequency of occurrence and a high magnitude of impact (in terms of large economic and human losses)—such as the death and damage caused by a famine, severe earthquake, flood, or tropical cyclone, or the harm produced by the large release of poison gas by a chemical plant—are usually declared disasters by government authorities. Events with a high frequency of occurrence and a low magnitude of impact—such as a seasonal disease outbreak, the absence of rain during the dry season, or the annual number of deaths due to automobile accidents—might be regarded as normal or routine events. The determination of what levels are high and what levels are low, however, can be subjective and may vary by culture, prior history with the type of event, and ability to respond to the event. Thus, disasters of similar characteristics might be viewed differently in different settings (see also disaster epidemiology). More From Britannica ballad: Disaster The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by John P. Rafferty. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Page

a boy servant or attendant, the first step in becoming a knight

Fun

amusing, entertaining, or enjoyable. "it was a fun evening"

camel toe

an effect created by a pair of trousers or shorts that fit very tightly around a woman's groin, so drawing attention to the shape of the external genitals

cop-out

an instance of avoiding a commitment or responsibility

lickety-split

as fast as possible

Jeffrey Dahmer

also known as the Milwaukee Cannibal, was an American serial killer and sex offender, who committed the rape, murder and dismemberment of seventeen men and boys between 1978 and 1991, with many of his later murders also involving necrophilia, cannibalism, and the permanent preservation of body parts—typically all or part of the skeletal structure. (Quizlet) Jeffrey Dahmer American serial killer Actions By John Philip Jenkins Last Updated: Nov 24, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Jeffrey Dahmer, (born May 21, 1960, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.—died November 28, 1994, Portage, Wisconsin), American serial killer whose arrest in 1991 provoked criticism of local police and resulted in an upsurge of popular interest in serial murder and other crimes. Jeffrey Dahmer Jeffrey Dahmer See all media Born: May 21, 1960 Milwaukee Wisconsin Died: November 28, 1994 (aged 34) Portage Wisconsin See all related content → Dahmer committed his first murder in Bath township, Ohio, in 1978. A second murder followed in 1987, and during the next five years he killed—mostly in Milwaukee, Wisconsin—another 15 boys and young men, who were for the most part poor and African American, Asian, or Latino. Although other serial murderers had claimed far more victims, Dahmer's crimes were particularly gruesome, involving cannibalism and necrophilia. In February 1992 Dahmer was sentenced to 15 consecutive life terms; a 16th consecutive life sentence was added in May for the murder he committed in 1978. Dahmer was murdered by a fellow inmate in a Wisconsin prison in 1994. Britannica Quiz Famous Serial Killers The circumstances of the crimes became the subject of much controversy. Some claimed that the fact that Dahmer had escaped detection for so long showed that Milwaukee police attached a low priority to investigating the disappearance of victims who were homosexual or members of racial minority groups. Dahmer's life and crimes and the controversy engendered by his arrest were discussed in several books, including The Man Who Could Not Kill Enough: The Secret Murders of Milwaukee's Jeffrey Dahmer (1992; reissued 2011), by Anne E. Schwartz. John Philip Jenkins The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica homicide Table of Contents Home Politics, Law & Government Law, Crime & Punishment homicide law Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Nov 11, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Top Questions How is a homicide defined? When is a homicide classified as a murder? Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Hear professor Robert Hanlon talk on Tom Odle's brutal homicide case and the publishing of the book "Survived By One: The Life and Mind of a Family Mass Murderer" Hear professor Robert Hanlon talk on Tom Odle's brutal homicide case and the publishing of the book "Survived By One: The Life and Mind of a Family Mass Murderer"See all videos for this article homicide, the killing of one human being by another. Homicide is a general term and may refer to a noncriminal act as well as the criminal act of murder. Some homicides are considered justifiable, such as the killing of a person to prevent the commission of a serious felony or to aid a representative of the law. Other homicides are said to be excusable, as when a person kills in self-defense. A criminal homicide is one that is not regarded by the applicable criminal code as justifiable or excusable. All legal systems make important distinctions between different types of homicide, and punishments vary greatly according to the intent of the killer, the dangerousness of the killer's conduct, and the circumstances of the act. Tate murders: crime scene Tate murders: crime scene See all media Key People: Oscar Pistorius Related Topics: genocide euthanasia infanticide manslaughter murder See all related content → Anglo-American codes classify homicides into two or more separate crimes, each crime carrying its own penalty, which can be varied within limits by the sentencing authority. Thus, murder is a homicide committed intentionally or as a result of the commission of another serious offense. The crime of manslaughter includes killings that are the result of recklessness or a violent emotional outburst, as might result from provocation. Penalties for murder may include capital punishment or life imprisonment, whereas the penalty for manslaughter is usually a maximum number of years in confinement. Britannica Quiz Famous Serial Killers European codes and their derivatives group all unjustified killings under the single crime of homicide but specify different penalties depending on the circumstances of the act. Some countries provide special penalties in unique situations in accordance with special social needs. For example, Japan reserves its harshest penalties for the murder of one's own lineal descendents, and Italy allows for mitigated punishment if killers acted from a sudden intense passion to avenge their honour. European codes, like Anglo-American codes, distinguish between intentional and other felony murders on the one hand and reckless, negligent, and provoked murders on the other. In all systems the most important distinction relevant to sentencing is that between conduct that is socially dangerous and conduct that is merely reckless (i.e., between acts of intent and acts of passion). Anglo-American systems require an element of intent, or malice aforethought, in the act of murder. This includes "transferred intent"—as when one who intends to kill another kills a third person by mistake—and intent that may be inferred from the extreme recklessness or dangerousness of the act. Indian law requires that offenders know of the danger they might cause and thus rules out reckless acts that are the result of ignorance, but other jurisdictions are less clear on this point. Many U.S. states distinguish between murder of the first and of the second degree, with capital punishment limited to crimes of clear intent. European civil-law codes place a greater emphasis than do common-law systems on the dangerousness of the actor's conduct and the circumstances surrounding the act. Thus, bodily injury resulting in death and death that is a result of negligence rather than recklessness are more heavily penalized in European than in Anglo-American systems. Whereas in England death resulting from a felony is defined as murder only in the case of a few serious crimes, such as robbery or rape, European codes often punish any killer as a murderer if the culprit has employed a deadly weapon. Unlike the provisions of most law codes in the Western world, murder under Islamic law is generally treated as a civil infraction—although Muslim jurisprudence does not clearly distinguish between civil and criminal law. Under traditional Islamic law, the family of a murdered Muslim is given the choice of taking retribution (Arabic: qiṣāṣ), which allows them or their proxy to take the murderer's life, or accepting wergild (Arabic: diyah), or compensation, from the killer or the killer's family. The Islamic tradition extols the latter, and, in the case of an accidental death, financial compensation by the offending party (in addition to an act of contrition) is the sole remedy. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now During the 1990s the legal definitions of homicide in the West changed somewhat as a result of new attitudes toward the elderly and the terminally ill. Traditionally, European codes acquitted a person for a "mercy killing," whereas Anglo-American codes did not, but in the 1990s a widespread "right to die" movement in North America and Europe sought the legalization of certain forms of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. In 1997 physician-assisted suicide was legalized in the U.S. state of Oregon, and in 2000 the Netherlands became the first country to enact a national law providing physicians with immunity from prosecution for mercy killings. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Patricia Bauer. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Customize my ad experience. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

Oleander

an ornamental flowering shrub that grows up to fifteen feet in height (Quizlet) oleander plant genus Actions Alternate titles: Nerium By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents oleander, any of the ornamental evergreen shrubs of the genus Nerium, belonging to the dogbane family (Apocynaceae) and having a poisonous milky juice. common oleander common oleander See all media Related Topics: Apocynaceae common oleander See all related content → The best known is the common oleander (N. oleander), often called rosebay. A native of the Mediterranean region, this plant is characterized by its tall shrubby habit and its thick lance-shaped opposite leaves. The flowers are borne in terminal clusters and are of a rose colour, rarely white or yellow. The hairy anthers adhere to the thickened stigma. The fruit or seed vessel consists of two long pods, which liberate a number of seeds, each of which has a tuft of silky hairs. Britannica Quiz Plants: From Cute to Carnivorous The oleander was known to the Greeks under three names (rhododendron, nerion, and rhododaphne), as is well described by Pliny the Elder, who mentions its roselike flowers and poisonous qualities. The common oleander has long been cultivated in greenhouses, and numerous varieties have been introduced. The sweet oleander (N. indicum) is a smaller plant with vanilla-scented flowers. In warm countries oleanders are widely grown outdoors. All parts of the plant are very toxic if eaten, and contact with them may cause skin irritation. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Apocynaceae Table of Contents Home Science Plants Flowering Plants Apocynaceae plant family Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Texas milkweed Texas milkweed Apocynaceae, the dogbane family (order Gentianales) of flowering plants, including about 400 genera and about 4,555 species of trees, shrubs, woody vines, and herbs. Members of the family are distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Nearly all members of this family are poisonous, and many species are used medicinally because of the presence of cardiac glycosides and various alkaloids. A number are cultivated as ornamentals for their attractive flowers and foliage. golden-trumpet golden-trumpet See all media Related Topics: Asclepiadoideae oleander periwinkle Strophanthus Rauvolfia See all related content → Physical description bloodflower bloodflower Members of the family have milky, often poisonous, juice; smooth-margined leaves; and flowers in clusters (rarely solitary). Some species, notably those in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae, have pollen massed in bundles called pollinia. The fruit may be berry-like or fleshy but usually is a dry pod (follicle) that splits open at maturity, releasing many winged or tufted seeds. Britannica Quiz Plants: From Cute to Carnivorous Major genera and species common oleander common oleander periwinkle periwinkle wax flower wax flower Garden ornamentals belonging to the family include periwinkle (Vinca), oleander (Nerium), yellow oleander (Thevetia), frangipani (Plumeria), Natal plum (Carissa), common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), bloodflower (A. curassavica), butterfly weed (A. tuberosa), wax flower (Hoya carnosa), and crepe jasmine (Tabernaemontana divaricata). Several species of the genera Trachelospermum (especially star jasmine, T. jasminoides), Mandevilla, and Allamanda are attractive woody vines. Dogbane (Apocynum) and bluestar (Amsonia) are sometimes grown as ornamentals. The impala lily (Adenium multiflorum) is an ornamental shrub with star-shaped flowers and large underground tubers. carrion flower carrion flower The genera Adenium and Pachypodium are African succulents with alternately arranged leaves and strangely shaped trunks. Several succulent plants of the Asclepiadoideae subfamily, such as Hoodia, Huernia, and carrion flower (Stapelia), produce odours that are offensive to humans but attract pollinating flies. Arrow poisons are obtained from many plants in the dogbane family, and the poisonous alkaloids of species belonging to the genera Strophanthus and Rauvolfia are used in medicines. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Melissa Petruzzello. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

hydrolyze

break down (a compound) by chemical reaction with water. to break a chemical bond between molecules by insertion of a water molecule

Smoldering

burning slowly without flame

Cirrhosis

chronic degenerative disease of the liver. [It can be described as a scarring of the liver]. (Quizlet) a chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation, and fibrous thickening of tissue. It is typically a result of alcoholism or hepatitis. (Online def)

hypnotic

drug that exerts a sleep-inducing effect

efficacious

effective; producing the desired outcome

Jury's out

informal. used to say that something has not yet been decided or has not yet become clear. (Merriam Webster)

Edentulous

lacking teeth

Ed Gein

inspiration for the character Buffalo Bill from Silence of the Lambs (Quizlet) Ed Gein American serial killer Actions Alternate titles: Edward Theodore Gein By John Philip Jenkins Last Updated: Dec 6, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Top Questions Who was Ed Gein? What movies are based on Ed Gein? What epithet was given to Ed Gein? When did Ed Gein die? What did police find in Ed Gein's house during the investigation? Ed Gein, in full Edward Theodore Gein, also called the Butcher of Plainfield, (born August 27, 1906, La Crosse, Wisconsin, U.S.—died July 26, 1984, Madison, Wisconsin), American serial killer whose gruesome crimes gained worldwide notoriety and inspired numerous books and horror films. Ed Gein Ed Gein See all media Born: August 27, 1906 Wisconsin Died: July 26, 1984 (aged 77) Madison Wisconsin See all related content → Gein endured a difficult childhood. His father was an alcoholic, and his mother was verbally abusive toward him. Gein nevertheless idolized her, a fact that apparently concerned his elder brother Henry, who occasionally confronted her in Gein's presence. In 1944 Henry died in mysterious circumstances during a fire near the family's farm in Plainfield. Although Gein reported his brother missing to the police, he was able to lead them directly to the burned body when they arrived. Despite bruises discovered on the victim's head, the death was ruled an accident. The death of Gein's mother in 1945 left him a virtual hermit. In subsequent years, Gein cordoned off the areas of the house that his mother had used most frequently, preserving them as something of a shrine. Britannica Quiz Famous Serial Killers Ed Gein Ed Gein Explore the crimes of serial killer Ed Gein Explore the crimes of serial killer Ed GeinSee all videos for this article Gein attracted the attention of the police in 1957, when a hardware store owner named Bernice Worden went missing. Gein had been seen with her shortly before her disappearance, and, when law enforcement officials visited his farm, they found her body. She had been fatally shot and decapitated. Subsequent examinations of his home showed that he had systematically robbed graves and collected body parts, which he used to make household items, clothing, and masks. Also discovered on the property was the head of Mary Hogan, a tavern operator who had disappeared in 1954. In 1958 Gein's "house of horrors" was destroyed by fire, the origins of which remain unclear. Gein admitted to killing the two women—both of whom allegedly resembled his mother—but pled not guilty by reason of insanity. In late 1957 he was deemed unfit for trial and was subsequently confined in various psychiatric institutions. In 1968, however, after it was determined that he could participate in his own defense, Gein was put on trial. He was found guilty of killing Worden—reportedly due to financial reasons, prosecutors only tried one murder—but then was deemed insane at the time of the crime. He returned to a mental hospital, where he remained until his death in 1984. Gein's behaviour inspired numerous books and movies, notably three of the most influential horror/thriller films ever made: Psycho (1960), directed by Alfred Hitchcock and based on Robert Bloch's powerful 1959 book; The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974); and The Silence of the Lambs (1991). John Philip Jenkins The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Psycho Table of Contents Home Entertainment & Pop Culture Movies Psycho film by Hitchcock [1960] Actions By Lee Pfeiffer Article History Table of Contents (From left to right) Vera Miles, John Gavin, and Anthony Perkins in Psycho (1960). Psycho, American suspense film and psychological thriller, released in 1960, that was directed by Alfred Hitchcock and is loosely based on the real-life killings of Wisconsin serial murderer Ed Gein. After secretary Marion Crane (played by Janet Leigh) impulsively absconds from her job with $40,000, she checks into the eerie Bates Motel, which is run by shy, awkward Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins) and his domineering elderly mother. While taking a shower, Crane is fatally stabbed by Norman's mother, and Norman disposes of the body. Meanwhile, Crane's boyfriend (John Gavin) and her sister (Vera Miles) launch a frantic search that eventually takes them to the Bates home. There they fend off an attack by Norman's mother, who, dressed as the long-deceased Mrs. Bates, in reality is Norman. A psychiatrist later determines that Norman suffers from a split personality that led him to commit murder. Britannica Quiz Pop Culture Quiz Psycho Psycho In 1960, the same year that director Michael Powell's career was nearly ruined for releasing the sexually oriented murder film Peeping Tom, Hitchcock found his greatest success with this equally disturbing film along similarly shocking plotlines. Hitchcock made Psycho on a limited budget by shooting in black and white and using the crew from his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents. The director financed much of the film himself in return for a large percentage of the profits, which earned him millions. The murder in the shower, one of the most famous scenes in cinematic history, was a textbook example of brilliant film editing, but the scene is probably best remembered for Bernard Herrmann's masterful score, in which violins, cellos, and violas screech in unison with each slash of Norman's knife. The production design of the old house on the hill where the eccentric Norman Bates lived is famous for its nightmarish effect. Production notes and credits Studio: Paramount Pictures Director and Producer: Alfred Hitchcock Writer: Joseph Stefano Music: Bernard Herrmann Running time: 109 minutes Cast Anthony Perkins (Norman Bates) Janet Leigh (Marion Crane) Vera Miles (Lila Crane) John Gavin (Sam Loomis) Martin Balsam (Arbogast) Academy Award nominations Supporting Actress (Janet Leigh) Art Direction Cinematography Director Lee Pfeiffer Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Hypergamy

marrying "up" in the social class hierarchy

byproduct

n. a side-effect; something produced in the making of something else

crazy

mentally deranged, especially as manifested in a wild or aggressive way. "Stella went crazy and assaulted a visitor" Similar: mad insane out of one's mind deranged demented not in one's right mind crazed lunatic non compos mentis unbalanced unhinged unstable disturbed distracted mad as a hatter mad as a March hare stark mad sectionable mental off one's head out of one's head off one's nut nutty nutty as a fruitcake off one's rocker not (quite) right in the head around the bend raving mad stark raving mad bats bonkers cuckoo loopy loony bananas loco dippy screwy with a screw loose touched gaga not all there off the wall out to lunch not right upstairs barmy batty crackers barking barking mad stark staring mad doolally round the twist off one's trolley as daft as a brush not the full shilling one sandwich short of a picnic up the pole away with the fairies buggy nutsy nutso out of one's tree meshuga squirrelly wacko gonzo bushed yarra porangi Opposite: sane extremely annoyed or angry. "the noise they made was driving me crazy" foolish. "it was crazy to hope that good might come out of this mess" Similar: absurd preposterous ridiculous ludicrous farcical laughable risible idiotic stupid foolish foolhardy unwise imprudent ill-conceived silly inane puerile infantile fatuous imbecilic harebrained half-baked unreasonable irrational illogical nonsensical pointless senseless impracticable unworkable unrealistic outrageous wild shocking astonishing monstrous unbelievable incredible unthinkable implausible peculiar odd strange queer weird eccentric bizarre fantastic incongruous grotesque cock-eyed barmy daft potty crazy-ass wackadoo wackadoodle Opposite: sensible 2. extremely enthusiastic. "I'm crazy about Cindy" Similar: very enthusiastic passionate fanatical excited very keen on enamored of infatuated with smitten with devoted to fond of wild mad nutty nuts gone on potty sweet on Opposite: apathetic indifferent 3. (of an angle) appearing absurdly out of place or in an unlikely position. "the monument leaned at a crazy angle" ARCHAIC (of a ship or building) full of cracks or flaws; unsound or shaky. adverbNORTH AMERICAN adverb: crazy extremely. "I've been crazy busy" nounNORTH AMERICAN noun: crazy; plural noun: crazies a mentally deranged person. "keep that crazy away from me" Phrases like crazy — to a great degree. "I was laughing like crazy" (Online defs)

Dreams

occur most often during REM sleep; may be caused by activation-synthesis, or may be a way of cementing memories products of an altered state of consciousness in which images and fantasies are confused with reality a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind (Quizlet) Skip to main content Logo for WebMD Logo for WebMD CHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS FIND A DOCTOR FIND A DENTIST CONNECT TO CARE FIND LOWEST DRUG PRICES HEALTH A-Z DRUGS & SUPPLEMENTS LIVING HEALTHY FAMILY & PREGNANCY NEWS & EXPERTS SIGN IN MOBILE APPS SUBSCRIPTIONS PRIVACY AND MORE SUBSCRIBE Sleep DisordersReference MENU Dreams Written by Hedy Marks Medically Reviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, MD on November 05, 2021 Dreams can be entertaining, disturbing, or downright bizarre. We all dream, even if we don't remember it the next day. But why do we dream? And what do they mean, anyway? What Are Dreams? Dreams are basically stories and images that our mind creates while we sleep. They can be vivid. They can make you feel happy, sad, or scared. And they may seem confusing or perfectly rational. Dreams can happen at any time during sleep. But you have your most vivid dreams during a phase called REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, when your brain is most active. Some experts say we dream at least four to six times a night. ADVERTISEMENT Lucid dreams A lucid dream is one in which you know you're dreaming. Research shows that lucid dreaming comes with a boost of activity in parts of the brain that are usually restful during sleep. Lucid dreaming is a brain state between REM sleep and being awake. Some lucid dreamers are able to influence their dream, changing the story, so to speak. This may be a good tactic to take sometimes, especially during a nightmare, but many dream experts say it's better to let your dreams flow naturally. Recommended Nightmares A nightmare is a bad dream. It's common in both children and adults. Often, it happens because of: Stress, conflict, and fear Trauma Emotional problems Medication or drug use Illness If you have a certain nightmare over and over again, your subconscious may be trying to tell you something. Listen to it. If you can't figure out why you're having bad dreams, talk to a mental health care provider. They may be able to help you figure out what's causing your nightmares and give you tips to put you at ease. Keep in mind that no matter how scary a nightmare is, it's not real and most likely won't happen to you in real life. Why Do We Dream? There are many theories about why we dream, but no one knows for sure. Some researchers say dreams have no purpose or meaning. Others say we need dreams for our mental, emotional, and physical health. Studies have looked into the importance of dreams to our health and well-being. In one study, researchers woke people just as they were going into REM sleep. They found that those who weren't allowed to dream had: More tension Anxiety Depression A hard time concentrating Lack of coordination Weight gain A tendency to hallucinate Many experts say dreams exist to: Help solve problems in our lives Incorporate memories Process emotions If you go to bed with a troubling thought, you may wake with a solution or at least feel better about the situation. Some dreams may help our brains process our thoughts and the events of the day. Others may just be the result of normal brain activity and mean very little, if anything. Researchers are still trying to figure out exactly why we dream. How Long Do Dreams Last? REM sleep lasts only a few minutes early in the night but gets longer as we sleep. Later in the night, it might last more than 30 minutes. So you might spend half an hour in a single dream. What Do Dreams Mean? Famous psychologist Sigmund Freud believed that dreams are a window into our subconscious and that they reveal a person's: Unconscious desires Thoughts Motivations Freud thought dreams were a way for people to satisfy urges and desires that weren't acceptable to society. Just as there are different opinions about why we dream, there are different views about what dreams mean. Some experts say dreams have no connection to our real emotions or thoughts. They're just strange stories that don't relate to normal life. Others say our dreams may reflect our own thoughts and feelings -- our deepest desires, fears, and concerns, especially dreams that happen over and over. By interpreting our dreams, we may gain insight into our lives and ourselves. Many people say they've come up with their best ideas while dreaming. Often, people report having similar dreams: They're being chased, fall off a cliff, or show up in public naked. These types of dreams are probably caused by hidden stress or anxiety. The dreams may be similar, but experts say the meaning behind the dream is unique to each person. Experts say not to rely on books or "dream dictionaries," which give a specific meaning for a specific dream image or symbol. The reason behind your dream is unique to you. Can Dreams Predict the Future? Sometimes, dreams come true or tell of a future event. When you have a dream that plays out in real life, experts say it's most likely due to: Coincidence Bad memory An unconscious linking of known information But sometimes, dreams can motivate you to act a certain way, thus changing the future. Why Are Dreams Hard to Remember? Researchers don't know for sure why dreams are easily forgotten. Maybe we're designed to forget our dreams because if we remembered them all, we might not be able to tell dreams from real memories. Also, it could be harder to remember dreams because during REM sleep, our body may shut down systems in our brain that create memories. We may remember only those dreams that happen just before we wake, when certain brain activities are turned back on. Some say it's not that our minds forget dreams but that we don't know how to access them. Dreams may be stored in our memory, waiting to be recalled. This may explain why you suddenly remember a dream later in the day: Something may have happened to trigger the memory. Tips for Dream Recall If you're a sound sleeper and don't wake up until the morning, you're less likely to remember your dreams, compared with people who wake up several times in the night. Some tips may help you remember your dreams: Wake up without an alarm. You're more likely to remember your dreams if you wake up naturally than with an alarm. Once the alarm goes off, your brain focuses on turning off the annoying sound, not on your dream. Remind yourself to remember. If you make a decision to remember your dreams, you're more likely to remember them in the morning. Before you go to sleep, remind yourself that you want to remember your dream. Dream playback. If you think about the dream right after waking, it may be easier to remember it later. How to Make Sense of Your Dreams If you're curious about your dreams or want to sort out any possible meaning behind them, consider keeping a dream diary or journal. Write it down. Keep a notebook and pen next to your bed, and record your dream first thing every morning, while the memory is still fresh. Write down anything you recall and how it made you feel, even if you can remember only random pieces of information. Journal without judgment. Dreams are sometimes odd and may go against societal norms. Try not to judge yourself based on your dreams. Give each dream a title. This may help if you want to refer back to a dream. Sometimes, the title you create can provide insight on why you had the dream or the meaning behind it. Dreams have fascinated humanity since the beginning of time and will probably continue to puzzle us. Science has allowed us to learn much about the human brain, but we may never know for sure the meanings behind our dreams. Show Sources Share © 2021 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. View privacy policy and trust info NEXT IN DREAMING Body Temperature During Sleep FURTHER READING What Do Your Dreams Say About You? Dream Interpretation Offers Insight For Healing and Health, Dream On Freaky Dreams The Health Benefits of Dreams Chronic Nightmare Therapy May Make Sleep Peaceful Sleep Dread: How to Handle the Fear of Sleep Dreams and Nightmares Topics RECOMMENDED FOR YOU Young woman sleeping QUIZ What Do Your Dreams Say About You? photo of nightmare image of ghost-like figure in h SLIDESHOW Common Causes of Nightmares Man sleeping on sofa ARTICLE Sleep Deprivation and Memory Loss SLIDESHOW How Insomnia Can Affect Your Health woman on her bed meditating ARTICLE Alternative Treatments for Insomnia Woman holding sleeping pills ARTICLE Understanding the Side Effects of Sleeping Pills awake at night SLIDESHOW A Visual Guide to Sleep Disorders circadian rhythm illustration ARTICLE Morning Person? Night Owl? Your Circadian Rhythm Drives Your Sleep Patterns More from WebMD 5 Tips to Help With Relapsing MS How to Thrive With Narcolepsy Relief for Blocked Hair Follicles Psoriatic Arthritis and Your Sleep What Psoriasis Feels Like First Psoriatic Arthritis Flare Talking to Your Doctor About RA Crohn's: A 'Full-Body' Disease Avoiding Crohn's Flares Health Benefits of Hemp Seed Oil Live Better With Psoriatic Disease Types of B-Cell Therapy for MS 5 Health Benefits of Hemp Why Prostate Cancer Spreads Living with Advanced Breast Cancer Where Breast Cancer Spreads Logo for WebMD FIND US ON: Policies Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Editorial Policy Advertising Policy Correction Policy Terms of Use About WebMD Network Our Apps For Advertisers TRUSTe TAG Registered Seal Honcode Seal Adchoices © 2005 - 2022 WebMD LLC. All rights reserved. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.

gracile

slender and graceful

Amelioration

the act of making something better; improvement

Windpipe

the air passage from the throat to the lungs; the trachea.

Alpha

the first letter of the Greek alphabet (Quiz let) FEEDBACK DICTIONARY.COM THESAURUS.COM Sign Up Dictionary.com MEANINGS GAMES LEARN WRITING WORD OF THE DAY all of these hoes alpha female Examples Origin Usage SLANG DICTIONARY alpha or alpha male [al-fuh] or [al-fuh meyl] Published July 13, 2018 WHAT DOES ALPHA MEAN? Alpha refers to a dominant person or their behavior, especially with respect to socially aggressive, hyper-masculine men. Some dudebros see alpha as a compliment and aspiration. Others people see right into the small, sad, insecure hearts of the trying-too-hard alpha. Related words: alpha female beta male boss bitch like a boss omega wolf WHERE DOES ALPHA COME FROM? alpha rebelcircus.com Alpha is the first letter in the Greek alphabet, its privileged position lending itself as a metaphor for primacy or superiority since at least the 1300s in English. By the 1870s, scientists were using the term alpha male to refer to the most dominant male animal in a group—like an alpha wolf, who achieves top-dog status through aggressive behavior. By the 1970s, scientists extended alpha to human behavior, describing men who, through various forms of social power, acquire wealth, prestige, sexual partners, and other resources valued by their peers. The alpha male is that type: admired in the suave cool of James Bond, parodied in the manic Patrick Bateman (Christian Bale) in the 2000 film American Psycho, feared in Daniel Day Lewis as Daniel Plainview in the 2007 There Will Be Blood, far-too-fawned-over in Brad Pitt's Tyler Durden in the 1999 bro-classic Fight Club, and loved-and-hated in John Hamm's Don Draper from the Mad Men TV series in the 2000s. By the 2010s, the sense of alpha showed some narrowing on the internet, shifting from a male who achieved success and status in general to a male who could easily get a lot of girls in bed or who liked sports and was bro-ish. The manosphere also calls these alphas bluepilled normalfags. On so-called "green-text stories" on 4chan, users ironically mocked men as alpha as **** in fictional accounts of men trying to be manly but failing spectacularly. i0.kym-cdn.com Elsewhere in the dark, masculinist corners of the internet, soyboys and cucks, derogatory slang for effeminate men, usually perceived as liberals, were called beta male (submissive, sexually weak, with beta the second letter of the Greek alphabet). Yet others online sought out omega male role models (omega being the last letter), who find success outside of conventional social hierarchies. As a description for a man, alpha became a term sometimes embraced and aspired to and other times challenged. Meanwhile in the 2000s, alpha female emerged as a positive term for powerful, successful women, though not without intimidating plenty men. EXAMPLES OF ALPHA All of that Messi hype and it's Marcos Rojo who rescued Argentina. Alpha male. @lamaqib23, June, 2018 if you're trying to prove to your dog that you're the "alpha" or whatever, it likely has no idea what you're doing, and you just seem like an *******. "what the **** is this guy's problem," your dog is probably wondering @BBW_BFF, July, 2018 SEE MORE EXAMPLES WHO USES ALPHA? Many dudes genuinely aspire to alpha status, following checklists and guides to achieve manliness in everything from cologne to body language. Basically, so they (think they) can get laid. (Guys, get woke: It's about respectful confidence, not aggressive cockiness.) Other times, the alpha male is the butt of popular jokes, like the ludicrously macho President Camacho (Terry Crews) or Dos Equis' ridiculously smooth Most Interesting Man in the World. static.cdn.ea.com The term is also still used ironically to mock men who wrongly think themselves to be an alpha male .... but are actually just *********s. And then there's the incel community ... When describing women, alpha usually a positive label—except when men use it to put down women because they can't handle them being successful. JUST ADDED nepo baby, tripledemic, home provider, iykyk, line warming NOTE This is not meant to be a formal definition of alpha like most terms we define on Dictionary.com, but is rather an informal word summary that hopefully touches upon the key aspects of the meaning and usage of alpha that will help our users expand their word mastery. all of these hoes alpha female REDEFINE YOUR INBOX WITH DICTIONARY.COM! OTHER CATEGORIES Acronyms Emoji Famous People Fashion Fictional Characters Gender & Sexuality Historical & Current Events Memes Politics Pop Culture Religion Slang Tech & Science Translations Home / Words / Slang / alpha Dictionary.com Thesaurus.com Grammarcoach.com SIGN UP FOR WRITING INSPIRATION IN YOUR EMAIL About Careers Contact Us Cookies, Terms, & Privacy © 2022 Dictionary.com, LLC (Dictionary.com)

cultural appropriation

the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group's gain the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit (Quizlet) the unacknowledged or inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc. of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society. "his dreadlocks were widely criticized as another example of cultural appropriation" (Online def) What Is Cultural Appropriation? By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica You hear about it on Twitter, in news headlines, and at Thanksgiving dinner. But what is cultural appropriation, anyway? It's not a concept designed to trick you. Taking off in the 1980s, the term cultural appropriation was first used in academic spaces to discuss issues such as colonialism and the relationships between majority and minority groups. Like many such terms, cultural appropriation eventually made its way out of the academy and into popular culture. (Other examples include gaslighting, an elaborate, all-encompassing form of deception, and triggering, "to cause," as Merriam-Webster defines it, "an intense and usually negative emotional reaction in someone." Both spent time as mainly academic words before gaining broader usage both online and off.) Cultural appropriation takes place when members of a majority group adopt cultural elements of a minority group in an exploitative, disrespectful, or stereotypical way. To fully understand its consequences, though, we need to make sure we have a working definition of culture itself. Historically, deciding exactly what culture is hasn't been easy. The earliest and most quoted anthropological explanation comes from English anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor, who wrote in 1871 that "culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Tylor explains that culture isn't biologically inherited. Rather, it's the things you learn and do when you belong to a particular group. It may not be immediately obvious from Tylor's definition why adopting elements from another culture can be harmful. But there's a difference between appreciating a culture, which might include enjoying food from another country or learning a new language, and appropriating it, which involves taking something "without authority or right," as Merriam-Webster explains. Let's explore a few different ways cultural appropriation can be perpetuated, taken from a largely American context: A member of a majority group profiting financially or socially from the culture of a minority group is cultural appropriation. In 1990 Madonna released the music video for her song "Vogue," which featured a dance (voguing) developed in the gay drag-ball subculture. Though Madonna included drag performers in the video, ostensibly respecting the dance's origins, she was the one who profited when "Vogue" went double platinum in the United States. Because Madonna gained financial and cultural capital from voguing in a way that its creators did not, her use of the dance was cultural appropriation. A member of a majority group oversimplifying the culture of a minority group, or treating the culture of a minority group as a joke, is cultural appropriation. When the first iteration of the Cleveland Indians baseball team formed in 1915, the Cleveland Plain Dealer newspaper wrote: "There will be no real Indians on the roster, but the name will recall fine traditions." Though not intended as criticism at the time, that sentence neatly explains the problem with a concept like Native American sports mascots: they are not a product of actual indigenous cultures, but they represent what non-indigenous people assume indigenous cultures to be. Because these mascots rely on racial caricature and perpetuate false stereotypes of Native Americans, they function as cultural appropriation. A member of a majority group separating a cultural element of a minority group from its original meaning is cultural appropriation. In the 2010s the rise of music festivals such as Coachella sparked new trends in festival fashion, including Native American warbonnets worn as headdresses. Unlike traditional Native American jewelry, much of which is sold by indigenous artists to customers of all cultures, these feathered headdresses hold a significant cultural purpose. Among Plains Indian communities, warbonnets are worn only by community leaders on special occasions; in other groups, they're an earned honour not unlike a military medal. Because they separate the warbonnet from its original cultural meaning, non-indigenous festival attendees wearing Native American headdresses are practicing cultural appropriation. A member of a majority group adopting an element of a minority culture without consequences while members of the minority group face backlash for the same cultural element is cultural appropriation. Dreadlocks have long been associated with Black culture—though it's easy to find non-Black people wearing the style as well. Historically, though, Black people have faced discrimination for wearing traditionally Black hairstyles including locs: Black people with locs have been barred from walking at high-school graduations, denied jobs, wrongfully associated with drug use, and otherwise discriminated against. As a result of systemic racism, Black people face consequences for wearing dreadlocks that non-Black people do not. Non-Black people wearing their hair in dreadlocks is cultural appropriation. As these examples show, the consequences of cultural appropriation can be wide-ranging. But they're all ultimately the result of a more powerful person's lack of thoughtful, respectful engagement with others—a dynamic that's harmful whether it is intentional or not. Load More Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Microburst

a sudden, powerful, localized air current, especially a downdraft.

What kinds of guys do women date?

10 Types of Guys Almost Every Woman Dates Before Finding The One Samantha Rodman Clinical psychologist, author, blogger, wife and mommy. Read full profile ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE ⌄ 10 Types of Guys Almost Every Woman Dates Before Finding The One Share Pin it Tweet Share Email Before they find The One, most women have experiences with a whole parade of Not The Ones. Although some of these guys are fun, you just know in your heart that they aren't Mr. Right. But no woman's dating life is complete without at least a few of these boyfriends to reminisce or laugh about when you're old and gray. 1. The Hot Guy This guy is super attractive. Women's heads turn when you walk into a party with him. It's a great ego boost until you overhear people wondering why he's with you. And you never thought of yourself as unattractive before! That's relativity for you. Also, he focuses on going to the gym a little too much. Oh well, next. ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE READING ARTICLE ⌄ ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE READING ARTICLE ⌄ 2. The Cool Guy This guy has heard of bands, beers, and even countries that you haven't. He knows everything that's on-trend, and you know by what he's wearing right now what shoes guys will be wearing next year. To be honest, it's a little exhausting to date him. You have to buy a whole new wardrobe and reevaluate your taste in music. So, you move on. 3. The Ambitious Guy Your mom loves this one. He has an internship at an investment bank, then he becomes an analyst. Or else he's in academics and on track to get his PhD before age 27. Either way, you barely ever see him. Sorry, Mom. ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE READING ARTICLE ⌄ ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE READING ARTICLE ⌄ 4. The Brilliant Guy This guy reads three books a day and still has time to analyze the latest indie film. He excels at work and at leisure, but his leisure is basically reading books and being the smartest commenter on reddit. You leave when you start fantasizing about The Hot Guy again. 5. The Guy Who Always Liked You This is the guy who had a crush on you since 5th grade. You've always stayed friends and one day you gave in and made out with him. Now he is obsessed with you, but you're still lukewarm on him. We know if this was a romantic comedy, you'd fall head over heels for him, but it's not. So, you let him down gently and skedaddle. ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE READING ARTICLE ⌄ ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE READING ARTICLE ⌄ 6. The Partier You met this guy at a party and ran into him at two other parties that month. When you started dating, you realized that this wasn't fate at all; it's just because he goes to every single party within a 20 mile radius. He's also always wasted. You leave when you start stalking The Brilliant Guy on reddit. 7. The Perfect on Paper Guy Your mom is excited about this one too. You find him online, or you're set up by a mutual friend. He went to a great school, has a great job, is good looking and athletic. You don't feel a spark on the first date, but you feel silly just ending things since he seems so great to everyone else. After a few weeks, you have to admit to yourself that you're just not that into him. You try to let your mom down gently. ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE READING ARTICLE ⌄ ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE READING ARTICLE ⌄ 8. The Guy in a Band This guy seems really awesome, especially when he writes a song about you. He seems less awesome when you realize that he's 26 and considers his primary job to be playing guitar in his friend's garage. Also, some other chick said that song was about her. He's secretly happy when you end things, because it gives him inspiration for a breakup ballad. 9. The Older Guy It's refreshing to be with someone who knows what restaurants are good. . . in Italy. He's also a great kisser and very smart. You always feel like he's on a different page, though, and he uses full sentences when texting. It starts to feel a little like texting with your dad, so you have to say arrivederci. We only get 4,000 weeks to live! 4000-weeks-book-summary-vert..png TIME POVERTY doesn't come from how much time you have. Learn how to regain the time you deserve. Download Free Guide Scroll down to continue reading article ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE READING ARTICLE ⌄ ⌄ SCROLL DOWN TO CONTINUE READING ARTICLE ⌄ 10. The One Not a minute too soon, The One arrives on the scene. Smart, handsome, warm, honest, and kind, you know right away that you're in love, but you don't tell him until a few months in. Whereupon he says he knew you were The One for him right away too. Ah, love. Disclaimer: sometimes people have multiple "The Ones." But for the purposes of this article, we will not dwell on that. And if you end things with one The One, date some others from the list to get your groove back and then get back out there looking for The Next One. (Life hack)

What's a Chad?

For those who are unfamiliar with the term "chad", it is basically internet slang that is used for a popular, confident and physically active man. A Gigachad, on the other hand, is an even more exceptionally attractive version of the chad.Jul 10, 2022

What are age gap relationships?

Skip to main content Mobile Navigation Psychology Today US Search Theresa E. DiDonato Ph.D. Theresa E. DiDonato Ph.D. Meet, Catch, and Keep RELATIONSHIPS How Much Does Age Matter in a Relationship? Why age-gap relationships happen and when they work. Posted April 29, 2021 Reviewed by Lybi Ma Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail KEY POINTS Age-gap relationships, often called May-December relationships, face unique challenges. Heterosexual couples tend to have about a three-year age difference, research suggests. Evolutionary psychology explains why men are usually older in heterosexual age-gap relationships. Dmytro Zinkevych/Shutterstock Source: Dmytro Zinkevych/Shutterstock Age is just a number, right? For some romantic couples, absolutely. They never think about their age as a factor in their compatibility. Of course, these couples tend to be close in age. Modest differences in age, especially when men are older, tend not to preoccupy couples as they develop their relationships. article continues after advertisement For other couples, however, age is much more than a number. These "age-gap" relationships, sometimes called "May-December" relationships, are comprised of one person who is markedly older than the other. When a significant age gap exists between partners, age becomes a salient issue, sometimes a deal-breaker in the early stages of relationship development. Age Isn't Like Other Characteristics You've heard the idea that "birds of a feather flock together"? This maxim is generally true when it comes to love. People fall in love with others who are similar to them on a whole host of dimensions. Educational background, values, political orientations, race and ethnicity, leisure interests, you name it. Yet, as robust as this pattern might be, age bucks the trend. Research indicates that heterosexual couples tend to differ in age by about three years and men tend to be older (Buss, 1989; Conroy-Beam, 2019). The standard three-year age gap has some wiggle room before age becomes salient. The larger the age gap, the more partners, and the public, might take notice. Age Differences Can Make People Uncomfortable Age gaps between partners can generate self-consciousness about one's relationship, concerns that the relationship won't work, and hypersensitivity towards others' ideas about the appropriateness of a relationship. In these cases, age gaps are observable; obvious. A 15-year span, a 25-year span. According to the Today Show, Katharine McPhee wasn't anticipating a positive public reaction to her relationship with David Foster, who is 35 years her senior; George Clooney has similarly confessed to Howard Stern that he didn't think his now-wife Amal would be interested in him because he's 17 years older. The negative societal response to age gap relationships may reflect people's objections to unfair, inequitable relationships. Evidence suggests that prejudice tied to age-gap relationships is accounted for by the belief that one person (the older person) is reaping more rewards from the relationship than the other person (Collisson & De Leon, 2018). Perhaps observers respond negatively to May-December relationships because they feel as though the older person is taking advantage of the younger person. article continues after advertisement Age Preferences Are Embedded Into Our Mating Psychology How we think about age in romantic relationships is not arbitrary: rather, it's a crucial factor shaping how we approach relationships, according to evolutionary psychology. Evolutionary psychology is based on the premise that the human mind has evolved adaptive strategies to support reproduction and survival (Buss, 2016). Along these lines, ancestrally, women benefited by seeking men who have the status and resources to support their child-rearing and the willingness to do so. These traits are tied to older men. Men, meanwhile, have evolved a preference for younger women because their youth is a signal for fertility, and over eons and eons, men have better reproductive success when they partner with women who can bear children. This explains why women prefer and tend to marry slightly older men, and why men tend to prefer and marry slightly younger women (with this age gap increases as men age). Large age gap relationships, therefore, often reflect men's evolved preferences for younger, fertile women and women's evolved preferences for older, high-status men. THE BASICS Why Relationships Matter Find a therapist to strengthen relationships The "Ideal" Age Gap and Direction (Men Older) May Reflect Health Outcomes Even if men tend to be just slightly older, we all know many different-sex couples where the age difference is not only wide but also opposes that which is expected by evolutionary psychology. In other words, we know couples in which women are substantially older than their partners. Consider Nick Jonas and Priyanka Chopra, who is 10 years his senior, Hugh Jackman's wife Deborra-Lee Furness who is 13 years older than him, or Madonna's current boyfriend who is 35 years younger than her. article continues after advertisement Oddly enough, women do tend to be older than their partners among the youngest couples, a reverse of the classic age-gap trend (Pelham, 2021). Looking at birth data in the U.S., among couples younger than 25, fathers tended to be slightly younger than mothers. This age gap quickly reverses in older age cohorts, with men in their early and mid-40s, and early and mid-50s, having children with women in their mid-30s (which is more than 20 years younger than themselves for the older age group). RELATIONSHIPS ESSENTIAL READS Can You Feel Addicted to a Lover? What Is the Most Important Part of a Good Relationship? Thus the general pattern, that men are older—and only somewhat older—seems to stand, making age-gap relationships unusual. The "ideal" three-ish-year age gap with men older than women, observed cross-culturally, may reflect its optimal selective fitness. Data have suggested that, regardless of maternal age, infant health is highest (e.g., survival rate) when the age gap is male-older and only slight (Pelham, 2021). In relationships where women are substantially older than their partners, infant health outcomes are not as strong, even compared to same-age women. These novel data point to the origin of why the age gap is such a robust cross-cultural trend. Assessing the Viability of an Age-Gap Relationship Sure, age-gap relationships might require becoming comfortable with (or ignoring) other people's snippy comments, but many age-gap relationships can thrive. Here are four questions to ask. Is this a short-term or long-term relationship? The fun of a short-term fling may outweigh the challenges that might come with navigating long-term compatibility. Older partners might enjoy the vitality and physical attractiveness of a younger partner; younger partners can benefit from the status, money, and knowledge of older partners. Do you share the same long-term goals? Long-term relationships of any nature are more successful when couples want the same things. Because many life goals are age-linked, the question of shared goals can be more pressing for age-gap couples. Is one of your working when the other wants to retire? Do you want to spend your weekends in the same way? Do either of you want children? If you're in a long-term relationship and one partner is older, an open discussion about whether you want to have children (biological, adopted, fostered) can be especially important. Certainly, this is a discussion that partners in all long-term relationships benefit from having, but age-gap relationships may face particular challenges. Older women with younger men are less likely to be able to have a biological child and/or may be uninterested in parenting young children in their 40s or 50s; older men may likewise be wary of having a child, knowing they will be older when their children are teens. These are important conversations to broach when a relationship is expected to be long-term. Do you have your friends' support? Our friends and family play a role in our relationship success, whether we wish them to, or not. In general, when friends approve of relationships, they help sustain our relationship, whereas, their disapproval can be accompanied by behaviors that make it harder for us to feel invested in our relationships (Sprecher, 2011). Age-gap relationships are often stigmatized, but if friends and family approve, the relationship becomes easier to sustain. article continues after advertisement Chronological age might tick tick tick upward, but people's perceived age and felt age might matter more for the success of a relationship. Partners with significant age gaps might be better matched in terms of their shared interests, vitality, energy, and health than many same-aged couples. Ultimately, the day-to-day emotions, thoughts, and behaviors that define a relationship are known only by those in the relationship, not by nosy outsiders. When partners are well-suited, regardless of their age gap, they can have a strong, satisfying partnership. Facebook image: Dmytro Zinkevych/Shutterstock References Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and brain sciences, 12, 1-14. Buss, D. M. (2016). The evolution of desire: Strategies of human mating. Basic books. Conroy-Beam, D., & Buss, D. M. (2019). Why is age so important in human mating? Evolved age preferences and their influences on multiple mating behaviors. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 127-157. Sprecher, S. (2011). The influence of social networks on romantic relationships: Through the lens of the social network. Personal Relationships, 18(4), 630-644. More references Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail advertisement About the Author Theresa E. DiDonato Ph.D. Theresa DiDonato, Ph.D., is a social psychologist and a professor of psychology at Loyola University Maryland. 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What is the NRA?

The National Rifle Association (NRA) is the leading gun rights organization in the United States. The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) was founded in 1871 as a governing body for the sport of shooting with rifles and pistols. By the early 21st century the organization claimed a membership of nearly five million target shooters, hunters, gun collectors, gunsmiths, police, and other gun enthusiasts. The NRA was highly effective at lobbying to prevent the passage of laws for the control of firearms. The American NRA was modeled after the National Rifle Association in Great Britain, which had been formed in 1859. The British NRA has its headquarters near Woking, Surrey, England. The American NRA is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

latrine

a toilet, especially a communal one at a military base

Verity

a true principle or belief, especially one of fundamental importance A widely accepted truth

gap year

a year between leaving school and starting university that is usually spent travelling or working A year between school and university when some students travel around the world, or work on special projects (Quizlet) Skip to Content U.S. flag An official website of the United States government Here is how you know Department of Labor Logo United States Department of Labor U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS MENU Bureau of Labor Statistics Publications Career Outlook Career Outlook logo HOME ABOUT ARCHIVES CONTACT US SUBSCRIBE Gap year: Planning for time off Elka Torpey | July 2020 article image Note: This article is an update of one originally published in 2009. Not sure what to do about a disruption to your original plan? Consider a gap year. People take time off from school or other endeavors for different reasons—and at different points in their lives. This transitional period is often called a "gap year." A gap year allows people to step off the usual educational or career path and reassess their future. And according to people who've taken a gap year, the time away can be well worth it. This article can help you decide whether to take a gap year and how to make the most of your time off. It describes what a gap year is, including its pros and cons, and offers tips for planning a successful year off. To gap—or not to gap? "Gap year" often refers to postponing continued study after high school. It can also be a break during or after college or graduate school—or at almost any other time. Although termed a gap year, the time period can be longer or shorter than 12 months. The concept of a gap year is flexible in other ways, too. "Gap year is a state of mind," says career counselor Marianne Green. "It's a way of choosing an activity and using that experience in a way that is helpful for the future." Just about anything, from working on a dude ranch to working in a local store, can be turned into an interesting gap-year experience, says Green: "What's important is the attitude that you have." Some gap years are unforeseen. A student graduating from college might, for example, have difficulty getting a full-time position in his or her field of study. Or family obligations might prevent someone from attending college. Other gap years are more deliberately chosen. Young man standing against a wall with arrows Regardless of the circumstances leading to it, says Green, it's a good idea to approach your gap year as an intentional undertaking. "The bottom line is that maybe you didn't get into law school or maybe the job in an accounting firm fell through," she says. "But you can consciously choose to make your time off the very best experience you can." Pros and cons of a gap A gap year can be a rewarding experience; however, it is not without potential drawbacks. Learning about the pros and cons can help in the decision-making process. Discussing the possibility of a gap year with school counselors, family, and friends is helpful when considering the implications of taking time off. But in the end, the decisions about how to time an education or career belong to the person taking—or not taking— a year off. Pros. There are many benefits to taking time off. A gap year can provide experiences that help people gain insight about themselves and their goals. It can give students a break from the pressures associated with academics, resulting in renewed enthusiasm for their studies when they return to school. And it can offer young people real-world understanding of their classroom-based learning. For some students, a gap year helps to prepare them for future studies. Taking time off before going to school may also provide a chance to earn money for tuition and other expenses or help people decide what they want to do. Cons. Gap years also have drawbacks. Postponing school or work takes people off of a more traditional path, and it's sometimes challenging to get back on. If not well organized, a gap year might seem too unstructured, and people can become frustrated if they feel that they aren't putting their time to good use. Once students get out of the routine of academics, it might be difficult to readjust to being in school after having taken time off. And some students who postpone or leave college end up not earning a degree. Also, you might not be in the same place as your peers when competing for future educational or career opportunities. Gap-year participants should be prepared to answer questions from school representatives and prospective employers about what they did during their gap year and how their experiences influenced them. Teenager working at a laptop Taking a gap year isn't for everyone. For example, students shouldn't pursue a gap year simply to procrastinate applying to schools or because someone else thinks it's a good idea. A year is a long time, so carefully choosing activities is essential. Planning a gap year Experts say that the most important part of a successful gap year is to have a plan. The more people look into their options and understand the consequences—good and bad—of taking a gap year, the happier they are with the outcome. "Preparation is critical to having a good gap year," says Green. Before deciding to take time off, it's helpful to think about what to do prior to leaving school, expenses associated with a gap year, and activities and goals for the time off. Tasks before leaving school. Potential gap-year participants who plan to continue their education should do several things to ease their post-gap return. Students who have been admitted to college may defer admission. If they have been awarded scholarships, they may be allowed to retain them after a gap. Each school sets its own deferral policies; students should familiarize themselves with the rules at the ones that interest them. Students are also advised to get references before leaving school. Gap-year participants may have less access to high school or college guidance offices that help with school applications, career or educational counseling, and job placements, so consider accessing these resources before taking time off, if possible. Expenses. It is also important to look into the costs associated with time off. Working full or part time is one way to earn money for gap-year activities, and some jobs provide insurance and other benefits. Service programs might offer a stipend and pay for housing, education, and other costs, but participants often must learn to get by with less than what they are accustomed to. Some businesses and consultants specialize in arranging gap years. But many of these programs require payment to cover participants' expenses—which may include transportation, lodging, and food—that add to the cost of taking time off. Activities and goals. Although some people might view the gap year as an escape from a structured environment, the better organized a gap year is, the better the experience promises to be. Start getting organized by determining the types of activities to be pursued and the overall goals for the time off. For example, a recent college graduate might work with a volunteer teaching organization to test his skills, and consider his potential, as a teacher. Or a high school graduate might work in a restaurant, taking a break from her schooling to get hands-on experience useful for deciding whether to study hospitality management in college. People often do more than one activity during their gap year; for example, they might participate in a service program while taking an online class in an area of interest. Some gap-year participants do different activities during the fall and spring, breaking up their time like a college semester, sometimes with another activity during the summer and winter breaks. Food bank volunteers Popular options for gap-year activities include volunteering, public service work, and full- or part-time jobs or internships. Service organizations, such as AmeriCorps, may be a good source to begin research. Almost anything can make a gap year rewarding, say experts, so long as the time is well planned. More information Students should talk to their school's career guidance counselor to find out more about gap years and possible gap-year activities. Public libraries have books about internships, careers, and other subjects that might be helpful to people considering what to do during their time off. And CareerOneStop and local American Job Centers have information on short-term job, service, and internship opportunities. Career seekers sometimes take a gap year to help them determine the type of work they're interested in doing. You can explore career options without taking a gap year—or even if you decide to take time off—by using the Occupational Outlook Handbook and reading other content in Career Outlook. The Handbook provides descriptions of more than 300 occupations, along with detailed information about working conditions, pay, and job outlook. Career Outlook explores work and careers through a variety of topics. Elka Torpey is an economist in the Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections, BLS. She can be reached at [email protected]. SUGGESTED CITATION: Elka Torpey, "Gap year: Planning for time off," Career Outlook, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 2020. PRINT print article IN THIS ARTICLE To gap—or not to gap? Pros and cons of a gap Planning a gap year More information RELATED CONTENT AllForGood.org American Red Cross AmeriCorps City Year Idealist.org Public Allies Serve.gov Teach for America Volunteer Match RELATED SUBJECTS Alternatives to school Career planning College Employment High school Volunteer top bottom Page Top Page Bottom RECOMMEND THIS PAGE USING: share on facebookFacebook share on twitterTwitter share on linkedinLinkedIn Home Subjects Data Tools Publications Economic Releases Classroom Beta U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Logo U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections PSB Suite 2135 2 Massachusetts Avenue NE Washington, DC 20212-0001 Telephone: 1-202-691-5700 www.bls.gov/careeroutlook Contact Career Outlook RESOURCES ABOUT THE SITE Connect With BLS Twitter Youtube Email (Bureau Labor of Statistics)

parabolic

of or like a parabola or part of one.

Comeliness

physical grace and beauty; attractiveness, seemliness

Waist

the part of the human body below the ribs and above the hips. the circumference of a person's waist. "her waist is 28 inches" a narrowing of the trunk of the body above the hips. "the last time you had a waist was around 1978" the part of a garment encircling or covering the waist. the point at which a garment is shaped so as to narrow between the rib cage and the hips. "a jacket with a high waist" US a blouse or bodice. a narrow part in the middle of anything, such as a violin, an hourglass, the body of wasp, etc. the middle part of a ship, between the forecastle and the quarterdeck. (Online defs)

hebetude

the state of being dull or lethargic Origin early 17th century: from late Latin hebetudo, from hebes, hebet- 'blunt.'

elucidate

to make clear; to explain; to clarify

Carnivore diet

Health Conditions Featured Breast Cancer IBD Migraine Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 2 Diabetes Sponsored Topics Articles Acid Reflux ADHD Allergies Alzheimer's & Dementia Bipolar Disorder Cancer Crohn's Disease Chronic Pain Cold & Flu COPD Depression Fibromyalgia Heart Disease High Cholesterol HIV Hypertension IPF Osteoarthritis Psoriasis Skin Disorders and Care STDs Discover Wellness Topics Nutrition Fitness Skin Care Sexual Health Women's Health Mental Well-Being Sleep Original Series Fresh Food Fast Diagnosis Diaries You're Not Alone Present Tense Video Series Youth in Focus Healthy Harvest No More Silence Future of Health Plan Health Challenges Mindful Eating Sugar Savvy Move Your Body Gut Health Mood Foods Align Your Spine Find Care Primary Care Mental Health OB-GYN Dermatologists Neurologists Cardiologists Orthopedists Lifestyle Quizzes Weight Management Am I Depressed? A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Tools & Resources Health News Find a Diet Find Healthy Snacks Drugs A-Z Health A-Z Connect Find Your Bezzy Community Breast Cancer Inflammatory Bowel Disease Psoriatic Arthritis Migraine Multiple Sclerosis Psoriasis Follow us on social media Shop Products by Condition Insomnia Stress Relief Back Pain Neck Pain Sleep Apnea Hot Sleepers Allergies Pain Relief Product Reviews Vitamins & Supplements Sleep Mental Health Nutrition Gift Guides CBD Men's Health Women's Health SUBSCRIBE NUTRITION Evidence Based All You Need to Know About the Carnivore (All-Meat) Diet By Lizzie Streit, MS, RDN, LD — Medically reviewed by Amy Richter, RD, Nutrition — Updated on December 19, 2022 What it is Steps Weight loss Benefits Downsides Foods to eat Foods to avoid Sample menu Bottom line The carnivore diet consists entirely of meat and animal products, excluding all other foods. It's claimed to aid weight loss, mood issues, and blood sugar regulation, among other health issues. However, the diet is extremely restrictive and likely unhealthy in the long term. Plus, no research backs its purported benefits. The carnivore diet eliminates all foods except meat and animal products. Thus, it's lacking in numerous nutrients like fiber, loaded with salt and fat, and difficult to maintain. You should follow a well-rounded diet instead. This article reviews the carnivore diet, including what the diet includes, whether it can aid weight loss, and its potential benefits and downsides. Steaks on a grill Share on Pinterest Cavan Images What is the carnivore diet? The carnivore diet is a restrictive diet that only includes meat, fish, and other animal foods like eggs and certain dairy products. It excludes all other foods, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, grains, nuts, and seeds. Its proponents also recommend eliminating or limiting dairy intake to foods that are low in lactose — a sugar found in milk and dairy products — such as butter and hard cheeses. The carnivore diet stems from the controversial belief that human ancestral populations ate mostly meat and fish and that high-carb diets are to blame for today's high rates of chronic disease. Other popular low-carb diets, like the keto and paleo diets, limit but don't exclude carb intake. However, the carnivore diet aims for zero carbs. Shawn Baker, an American orthopedic doctor, is the most well-known proponent of the carnivore diet (1). He cites testimonials from those who follow the carnivore diet as proof that it can treat depression, anxiety, arthritis, obesity, diabetes, and more (1). However, no controlled studies have analyzed the effects of the carnivore diet. One study promoted by Baker asked followers of the diet to fill out a survey on their eating habits and health. The respondents reported satisfaction and beneficial effects (2). However, nutrition experts raised concerns about the study's health claims. For example, the study did not include any way to check the accuracy of the health information submitted by the respondents. The results should be interpreted with caution (3Trusted Source). What's more, in 2017 Baker's medical license was revoked by the New Mexico Medical Board due to concerns about his competency. Baker's medical license was reinstated in 2019 with a requirement for direct supervision when practicing medicine (4, 5). SUMMARY The carnivore diet excludes all foods except meat, eggs, and small amounts of low-lactose dairy products. Testimonials from those who follow the diet claim that it can help treat several health issues, but no research supports these claims. How to follow the carnivore diet Following the diet involves eliminating all plant foods from your diet and exclusively eating meat, fish, eggs, and small amounts of low-lactose dairy products. Foods to eat include beef, chicken, pork, lamb, turkey, organ meats, salmon, sardines, white fish, and small amounts of heavy cream and hard cheese. Butter, lard, and bone marrow are also allowed. Proponents of the diet emphasize eating fatty cuts of meat to reach your daily energy needs. The carnivore diet encourages drinking water and bone broth but discourages drinking tea, coffee, and other drinks made from plants. Carnivore diet plans may offer little guidance regarding calorie intake, serving sizes, or how many meals or snacks to eat per day. Most proponents of the diet suggest eating as often as you desire. SUMMARY Following the carnivore diet involves eating only meat, fish, and animal products, eliminating all other foods. It may not include details such as calorie intake, serving size, or meal timing. Can it help you lose weight? Certain aspects of the carnivore diet may lead to weight loss. Specifically, some studies have shown that high-protein and low-carb diets can promote weight loss (6Trusted Source, 7Trusted Source, 8Trusted Source). This is mostly because protein can help you feel more full after meals, which may lead to reduced calorie intake and subsequent weight loss. Protein can also increase your metabolic rate, helping you burn more calories (9Trusted Source, 10Trusted Source, 11Trusted Source). Therefore, following the carnivore diet would likely cause you to feel fuller and eat fewer calories overall — at least in the short term. One 3-month study in 132 adults with excess weight or obesity compared the weight loss effects of 4 energy-restricted diets containing varying amounts of carbs and protein (6Trusted Source). Those who ate high-protein diets with 0.4-0.6 grams of protein per pound (0.9-1.3 grams per kilogram) of body weight per day lost significantly more weight and fat mass than those who ate 0.2-0.4 grams of protein per pound (0.5-0.9 grams per kilogram) of body weight per day (6Trusted Source). Other studies show similar results, suggesting that increasing protein intake may lead to weight loss and help reduce the amount of weight regained over time (12Trusted Source). However, you don't need to cut all carbs from your diet to see results. Reducing your overall calorie intake, which may be easier to do with a higher intake of satisfying protein, is the main driver of weight loss (12Trusted Source). Plus, the highly restrictive nature of the carnivore diet makes it difficult to follow long term. SUMMARY Increasing your protein intake and reducing your carb intake may help you lose weight. That said, the extremely high amounts of protein and complete elimination of carbs on the carnivore diet are not necessary to lose weight. Benefits of the carnivore diet Since the carnivore diet excludes carbs, it eliminates cookies, cakes, candy, sodas, pastries, and similar high-carb foods. These foods are low in beneficial nutrients and often high in calories. Thus, they should be limited in a healthy, balanced diet. High-sugar foods can also be problematic for people with diabetes, as they can spike blood sugar levels. In fact, limiting refined carbs and sugary foods is often recommended to control diabetes (13Trusted Source). However, the complete elimination of carbs on the carnivore diet is not recommended or necessary for diabetes management. Instead, eating smaller amounts of wholesome, high-fiber carbs that don't cause spikes in blood sugar is recommended (13Trusted Source). SUMMARY The carnivore diet does not include refined carbs or sugary foods, which can spike your blood sugar levels. Still, completely avoiding carbs is not necessary to control your blood sugar. Downsides of the carnivore diet Due to its highly restrictive nature and complete elimination of the majority of food groups, there are many downsides to the carnivore diet. High in fat, cholesterol, and sodium Given that the carnivore diet consists solely of animal foods, it can be high in saturated fat and cholesterol. Saturated fat may raise your LDL (bad) cholesterol, which may increase your risk of heart disease (13Trusted Source). However, recent studies have shown that the link between saturated fat intake and heart disease risk may not be as strong as previously believed (14Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source). Still, consuming high amounts of saturated fat on the carnivore diet may be of concern. No research has analyzed the health effects of eating animal foods exclusively. Therefore, the effects of consuming such high levels of fat and cholesterol are unknown. Moreover, some processed meats, especially bacon and breakfast meats, also contain high amounts of sodium. Eating a lot of these foods on the carnivore diet can lead to excessive sodium intake, which has been linked to an increased risk of high blood pressure, kidney disease, and other negative health outcomes (16Trusted Source). Red and processed meat intake has also been linked to higher rates of certain types of cancer, including colon and rectal cancer (17Trusted Source). May lack certain micronutrients and beneficial plant compounds The carnivore diet eliminates highly nutritious foods like fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, all of which contain beneficial vitamins and minerals. While meat is nutritious and provides micronutrients, it should not be the only part of your diet. Following a restrictive diet like the carnivore diet may lead to deficiencies in some nutrients and the overconsumption of others (18Trusted Source). What's more, diets that are rich in plant-based foods have been associated with a lower risk of certain long-term conditions like heart disease, certain cancers, Alzheimer's, and type 2 diabetes (19Trusted Source, 20Trusted Source, 21). This is not only due to the high vitamin, fiber, and mineral contents of plant foods but also their beneficial plant compounds and antioxidants (20Trusted Source). The carnivore diet does not contain these compounds and has not been associated with any long-term health benefits. Does not provide fiber Fiber, a non-digestible carb that promotes gut health and healthy bowel movements, is only found in plant foods (22Trusted Source). Thus, the carnivore diet contains no fiber, which may lead to constipation as a side effect (23Trusted Source). Additionally, fiber is incredibly important for the proper balance of bacteria in your gut. In fact, suboptimal gut health can lead to a number of issues and may even be linked to colon cancer (24Trusted Source, 25Trusted Source). In fact, one review found that a high-protein, low-carb diet may increase your risk for gut inflammation. When your body digests large amounts of protein, it creates potentially harmful byproducts in your gut. These byproducts may have a negative effect on the health of your bowels (26Trusted Source). Overall, following the carnivore diet may harm your gut health. May not be suited for some populations The carnivore diet may be especially problematic for certain populations. For example, those who need to limit their protein intake, including people with chronic kidney disease, should not follow the diet (27Trusted Source). Also, those who are more sensitive to the cholesterol in foods, or cholesterol hyper-responders, should be cautious about consuming so many high-cholesterol foods (28Trusted Source). Furthermore, certain populations with special nutrient needs would likely not meet them on the carnivore diet. This includes children and people who are pregnant or lactating. Lastly, those who have anxiety about food or a history of disordered eating should not try this diet. SUMMARY The carnivore diet is high in fat and may contain excessive amounts of sodium. It contains no fiber or beneficial plant compounds and may provide inadequate amounts of certain nutrients. Foods to eat The carnivore diet includes only animal products and excludes all other foods. Specifically, someone on the carnivore diet can eat: Meat: beef, chicken, turkey, organ meats, lamb, pork, etc. Fish: salmon, mackerel, sardines, crab, lobster, tilapia, herring, etc. Other animal products: eggs, lard, bone marrow, bone broth, etc. Low-lactose dairy (in small amounts): heavy cream, hard cheese, butter, etc. Water According to some proponents of the diet, salt, pepper, and seasonings with no carbs are allowed. In addition, some people choose to eat yogurt, milk, and soft cheese, but these foods are typically not included due to their carb contents. SUMMARY Foods allowed on the carnivore diet include all meats and fish, eggs, bone marrow, butter, and lard, as well as small amounts of hard cheese and heavy cream. WATCH MORE IN DIET TYPES Diet or Leave it: Keto Diet 0 seconds of 3 minutes, 30 seconds 3:30 Diet or Leave it: Keto Diet 3:35 Diet or Leave It: Intermittent Fasting 1:04 8 Foods to Eat on a Ketogenic Diet 2:49 Diet or Leave It: Whole 30 Diet 1:08 5 Foods to Avoid (or Limit) on a Low Carb Diet 0:55 What's The Difference Between Dirty and Clean Keto? Watch More Foods to avoid All foods that do not come from animals are excluded from the carnivore diet. Restricted foods include: Vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, potatoes, green beans, peppers, etc. Fruits: apples, berries, bananas, kiwi, oranges, etc. High-lactose dairy: milk, yogurt, soft cheese, etc. Legumes: beans, lentils, etc. Nuts and seeds: almonds, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, pistachios, etc. Grains: rice, wheat, bread, quinoa, pasta, etc. Alcohol: beer, wine, liquor, etc. Sugars: table sugar, maple syrup, brown sugar, etc. Beverages other than water: soda, coffee, tea, fruit juice, etc. While some people incorporate some of these foods, a strict carnivore diet does not permit them. SUMMARY Foods that do not come from animals are completely excluded, including vegetables, fruits, high-lactose dairy, legumes, nuts, seeds, grains, alcohol, coffee, tea, and juices. Sample menu The carnivore diet is difficult to follow long term and does not offer much variety. Here's a five-day sample menu for the carnivore diet: Day 1 Breakfast: eggs, bacon, sardines Lunch: turkey burger patty, salmon jerky, beef tips Dinner: filet mignon, crab, chicken liver Snacks: a small amount of Parmesan cheese, jerky Day 2 Breakfast: shrimp, eggs, a small glass of heavy cream Lunch: strip steak, tuna fish, beef jerky Dinner: lamb chops, scallops, beef liver Snacks: a small amount of hard Cheddar cheese, bone broth Day 3 Breakfast: eggs, salmon, turkey sausage Lunch: beef tips, pork chops, mackerel Dinner: turkey burger patty, a small amount of Parmesan cheese, bone marrow Snacks: hard-boiled eggs, shrimp Day 4 Breakfast: trout, shredded chicken, bacon Lunch: beef meatballs, small amount Cheddar cheese, salmon jerky Dinner: crab cooked in lard, filet mignon Snacks: sardines, beef jerky Day 5 Breakfast: eggs, chicken and turkey sausage links Lunch: lamb roast, chicken liver, pork chop Dinner: flank steak, scallops cooked in butter, a small glass of heavy cream Snacks: bone broth, turkey jerky SUMMARY Meals and snacks on the carnivore diet consist entirely of animal products and offer little variety. The bottom line The carnivore diet is extremely restrictive, consisting entirely of meat, fish, eggs, and small amounts of low-lactose dairy. It's said to aid weight loss and several health issues, but no reliable research backs these claims. What's more, it's high in fat and sodium, contains no fiber or beneficial plant compounds, and is difficult to maintain long term. Overall, the carnivore diet is unnecessarily restrictive. Eating a balanced diet with a variety of healthy foods is more sustainable and will likely afford you more health benefits. Last medically reviewed on December 19, 2022 How we reviewed this article: HISTORY Share this article READ THIS NEXT The Lion Diet: What Is It, and Is It Safe? By Rachael Link, MS, RD Followers of the Lion Diet have reported a long list of benefits associated with the diet. This article explores this very restrictive diet, including... READ MORE Can You Follow an Eco-Friendly Diet and Still Eat Meat? By Lizzie Streit, MS, RDN, LD It's often said that plant-based diets are best for the planet, but there are plenty of valid reasons to eat meat. This article explains how to eat... READ MORE All Meat, All the Time: Should People with Diabetes Try the Carnivore Diet? Medically reviewed by Kathy W. Warwick, R.D., CDE Going all meat has helped some people with diabetes lower their glucose and easily manage their low carb lifestyle. Most of the experts Healthline... READ MORE A Meaty Debate: Can Meat Fit into a Healthy Diet? By Shahzadi Devje, RD, CDE, MSc If you're considering adding or removing meat from your diet, you may wonder whether meat is healthy. This article explores the environmental and... READ MORE 10 Nutrients That You Can't Get From Animal Foods By Atli Arnarson BSc, PhD This is a list of 10 nutrients that are not found in animal foods. For optimal health, it is best to include a variety of healthy plant foods in your... READ MORE 7 Nutrient Deficiencies That Are Incredibly Common By Adda Bjarnadottir, MS, RDN (Ice) Nutrient deficiencies may occur with almost every nutrient, but some are more likely than others. Here are 7 incredibly common nutrient deficiencies. READ MORE Why Processed Meat is Bad For You By Atli Arnarson BSc, PhD Eating processed meat is linked to increased risk of several diseases, including cancer. This article explores the health effects of processed meat. READ MORE Meat Safety: Storing and Handling Meat, Poultry, and Fish Medically reviewed by Natalie Butler, R.D., L.D. It's important to safely handle and store all types of meat. A healthy kitchen depends on your knowledge of how to safely cook and store your food. READ MORE Grass-Fed vs. Grain-Fed Beef — What's the Difference? By Kris Gunnars, BSc The foods that a cow eats can significantly affect its meat's nutrient composition. This article explains the difference between grass- and grain-fed... READ MORE The 6 Best Sweeteners on a Low Carb Keto Diet (And 6 to Avoid) By Rachael Link, MS, RD Staying in the metabolic state of ketosis on a low carb keto diet requires reducing sugar consumption. Here are the 6 best sweeteners for a keto diet... READ MORE Get our wellness newsletter Filter out the noise and nurture your inbox with health and wellness advice that's inclusive and rooted in medical expertise. SIGN UP Your privacy is important to us About Us Contact Us Terms of Use Privacy Policy Privacy Settings Advertising Policy Health Topics Medical Affairs Content Integrity Newsletters Do Not Sell My Info © 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information. AboutCareersAdvertise with us OUR BRANDS Healthline Medical News Today Greatist Psych Central

Jackie Gleason

Jackie Gleason American actor Actions Alternate titles: Herbert John Gleason By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Nov 28, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Jackie Gleason, original name Herbert John Gleason, (born February 26, 1916, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.—died June 24, 1987, Fort Lauderdale, Florida), American comedian best known for his portrayal of Ralph Kramden in the television series The Honeymooners. Jackie Gleason Jackie Gleason See all media Born: February 26, 1916 New York City New York Died: June 24, 1987 (aged 71) Fort Lauderdale Florida See all related content → Growing up in the slums of Brooklyn, Gleason frequently attended vaudeville shows, a habit that fueled his determination to have a stage career. His father abandoned the family in 1925, and in 1930 Gleason dropped out of high school in order to support his mother. He earned money with odd jobs, pool hustling, and performing in vaudeville. After the death of his mother in 1935, Gleason began to sharpen his comic talents in local nightclubs. Britannica Quiz Pop Culture Quiz In 1940 Gleason appeared in his first Broadway show, Keep Off the Grass, which starred top comics Ray Bolger and Jimmy Durante. After the show's run, he returned to nightclub work and was spotted and signed to a movie contract by Warner Brothers chairman Jack Warner. His first film was Navy Blues (1941), but movie stardom eluded him, and he returned to New York after making seven more mediocre films. Gleason appeared in the Broadway shows Follow the Girls (1944) and Along Fifth Avenue (1949) and starred for one season in the television program The Life of Riley (1949). Not until 1950, when he hosted the DuMont television network's variety show Cavalcade of Stars, did Gleason's career start to gain momentum. In 1952 he moved to CBS as host of The Jackie Gleason Show, in which he showcased his repertoire of comic characters such as the millionaire playboy Reginald Van Gleason III, the silent and naive Poor Soul, the boorish Charlie Bratton, and his most popular, the Brooklyn bus driver Ralph Kramden. scene from The Honeymooners scene from The Honeymooners Watch "The Honeymooners," a 1951 sketch from Cavalcade of Stars Watch "The Honeymooners," a 1951 sketch from Cavalcade of StarsSee all videos for this article The sketches featuring the big-mouthed Kramden and his sharp-tongued wife, Alice, collectively known as The Honeymooners, were originally 5 to 10 minutes long, but by 1954 they dominated the show. The Honeymooners was popular not only because of Gleason but also because of the comic sparks between Gleason and costars Art Carney, who played Kramden's dim-witted but devoted friend Ed Norton, and Audrey Meadows, who portrayed his long-suffering wife. In 1955-56, for one TV season, Gleason turned The Honeymooners into a half-hour situation comedy. These episodes, known to fans as "the Classic 39" and repeated endlessly through the years in syndication, kept Gleason and Ralph Kramden household names. During that time Gleason also released a number of romantic mood-music record albums on which he is credited as orchestra conductor. "Every time I watched Clark Gable do a love scene in the movies, I'd hear this real pretty music, real romantic, come up behind him and help set the mood," Gleason once explained, "so I figured if Clark Gable needs that kind of help, then a guy in Canarsie has gotta be dyin' for somethin' like this!" Gleason earned gold records for such top-selling LPs as Music for Lovers Only (1953) and Music to Make You Misty (1955). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The Hustler The Hustler After winning a Tony Award for his performance in the Broadway musical Take Me Along (1959), Gleason continued hosting television variety shows through the 1960s and landed some choice movie roles. His portrayal of pool shark Minnesota Fats in The Hustler (1961) garnered an Oscar nomination for best supporting actor, and in the next few years he appeared in such notable films as Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962), Gigot (1962), Papa's Delicate Condition (1963), and Soldier in the Rain (1963). Gleason's subsequent film career was spotty, but he did have memorable turns in the cable television film Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson (1983) and in the movie Nothing in Common (1986). He reunited with Carney and Meadows for a series of Honeymooners specials in the late 1970s and teamed again with Carney for the television movie Izzy and Moe in 1985. That same year he unveiled dozens of "lost" Honeymooners episodes; their release was much heralded by fans. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Patricia Bauer. Clark Gable Table of Contents Home Entertainment & Pop Culture Actors Clark Gable American actor Actions Alternate titles: William Clark Gable By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Nov 12, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Clark Gable, in full William Clark Gable, (born February 1, 1901, Cadiz, Ohio, U.S.—died November 16, 1960, Los Angeles, California), American film actor who epitomized the American ideal of masculinity and virility for three decades. An enormously popular star during his lifetime, Gable was dubbed the "King of Hollywood." Clark Gable Clark Gable See all media Born: February 1, 1901 Ohio Died: November 16, 1960 (aged 59) Los Angeles California Awards And Honors: Academy Award (1935) Academy Award (1935): Actor in a Leading Role Notable Family Members: spouse Carole Lombard See all related content → Early life and career Gable was the only son of an itinerant oil-field worker, and his mother died when he was not yet 10 months old. He grew up in Ohio and reportedly dropped out of high school at age 16. Gable held various jobs before embarking on an acting career in his early 20s. While in Oregon, he became the protégé of veteran actress Josephine Dillon, who coached Gable in poise and elocution and paid for his orthodontic work. Although 17 years her junior, Gable married Dillon in 1924, about the same time he began to land small roles in silent films. His first big break came when he was cast in the lead of the Broadway play Machinal (1928). Stardom: It Happened One Night, Mutiny on the Bounty, and San Francisco Clark Gable and Greta Garbo in Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) Clark Gable and Greta Garbo in Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) In 1930 Gable's performance in a Los Angeles stage production of The Last Mile brought him to the attention of Hollywood producers. Although he failed his first screen test at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer—in part because producers thought Gable's ears were too big for a leading man's—his supporting performance in the low-budget western The Painted Desert (1931) convinced MGM executives of Gable's talent and screen presence. The actor garnered public attention with his aggressive masculine performances in such films as A Free Soul and Night Nurse (both 1931). This forceful persona—equal parts "man's man" and "ladies' man"—helped make him one of Hollywood's top stars within a year. scene from Red Dust scene from Red Dust Among Gable's most successful films for MGM during this period were Red Dust (1932), Strange Interlude (1932), Dancing Lady (1933), Hold Your Man (1933), Manhattan Melodrama (1934), and Men in White (1934). Despite his macho persona in such films, Gable's screen presence was largely nonthreatening: his magnetic smile and playful winks rendered him a charming rogue who did not take himself too seriously. Although Gable himself maintained a self-deprecating attitude toward his own talent throughout the years, he often proved himself most competent in demanding roles and was equally deft at romantic comedy and epic drama. Britannica Quiz Oscar-Worthy Movie Trivia lobby card for It Happened One Night lobby card for It Happened One Night Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert in It Happened One Night Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert in It Happened One Night scene from Mutiny on the Bounty scene from Mutiny on the Bounty Jeanette MacDonald and Clark Gable in San Francisco Jeanette MacDonald and Clark Gable in San Francisco As punishment for refusing a role, MGM lent Gable to Columbia Pictures—a studio then known derisively as "poverty row"—for the Frank Capra comedy It Happened One Night (1934). The punishment turned out to be a coup for Gable, as the film—the story of a spoiled runaway heiress (portrayed by Claudette Colbert) and the newspaper reporter (Gable) who tries to exploit her story—swept the Academy Awards in all five major categories: best picture, actress, director, and screenplay and best actor for Gable. Many of Gable's best films of the period were either those he resisted doing or those that were made on loan-out to other studios. He did not feel himself right for the role of mutineer Fletcher Christian in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), yet the film proved hugely popular and earned Gable another Oscar nomination. Also in 1935 he played Jack London's hero in Call of the Wild for Twentieth Century Fox; during filming he had an affair with Loretta Young, and she had a daughter later that year, though Gable was not publicly revealed as the father until well after his death. He reluctantly accepted the role of rakish political boss Blackie Norton in San Francisco (1936), one of the most praised and popular films of Gable's career. It was also the first movie in which he costarred with Spencer Tracy; they would also team in the hit films Test Pilot (1938) and Boom Town (1940). Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

prenuptial agreement

legal contract resolving property and other claims that might result from a marriage a contract signed before marriage, spelling out the disposition of wealth in the event of divorce An agreement made before marriage that defines each partner's ownership rights in the other partner's property. Prenuptial agreements must be in writing to be enforceable. (Quizlet) A prenuptial agreement—or prenup for short—is a legal document two people sign before they get married. Prenups detail each person's rights to assets and responsibilities for debts if the marriage ends. They can be used to address finances before and during marriage.Oct 13, 2022 (Capitalone.com)

Precognitive dreams

Dreams which later come true when you dream something that later really happens Dreams in which there are meaningful coincidences between dream contents and actual future events (Quizlet) Health Conditions Featured Breast Cancer IBD Migraine Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 2 Diabetes Sponsored Topics Articles Acid Reflux ADHD Allergies Alzheimer's & Dementia Bipolar Disorder Cancer Crohn's Disease Chronic Pain Cold & Flu COPD Depression Fibromyalgia Heart Disease High Cholesterol HIV Hypertension IPF Osteoarthritis Psoriasis Skin Disorders and Care STDs Discover Wellness Topics Nutrition Fitness Skin Care Sexual Health Women's Health Mental Well-Being Sleep Original Series Fresh Food Fast Diagnosis Diaries You're Not Alone Present Tense Video Series Youth in Focus Healthy Harvest No More Silence Future of Health Plan Health Challenges Mindful Eating Sugar Savvy Move Your Body Gut Health Mood Foods Align Your Spine Find Care Primary Care Mental Health OB-GYN Dermatologists Neurologists Cardiologists Orthopedists Lifestyle Quizzes Weight Management Am I Depressed? A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Tools & Resources Health News Find a Diet Find Healthy Snacks Drugs A-Z Health A-Z Connect Find Your Bezzy Community Breast Cancer Inflammatory Bowel Disease Psoriatic Arthritis Migraine Multiple Sclerosis Psoriasis Follow us on social media Shop Products by Condition Insomnia Stress Relief Back Pain Neck Pain Sleep Apnea Hot Sleepers Allergies Pain Relief Product Reviews Vitamins & Supplements Sleep Mental Health Nutrition Gift Guides CBD Men's Health Women's Health SUBSCRIBE What's Up with Dreams That Seem to Predict the Future? Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD — By Crystal Raypole on June 30, 2020 Examples Prevalence Causes Stopping them Takeaway person standing on rocks looking up at huge glaciers Share on Pinterest Dreams can provide a lot of information about your present state of mind, worries, and hopes for the future. But can they actually predict things that haven't happened yet? Precognitive dreams, in simple terms, are any dreams that give you information about the future you wouldn't otherwise have. Say you dream about your brother after not hearing from him for months. The next day, he gives you a call. Or, maybe you wake from a dream with some unpleasant emotions, like terror or disappointment. This doesn't seem meaningful until something frightens or disappoints you shortly afterward. You can't recall any specific dream details, but you have the exact same feelings. Having a precognitive experience may unsettle you, even when you don't put much stock in future-telling. Read on to learn more about potential scientific explanations for these dreams and how to go about dealing with them. Popular examples While scientific research hasn't found evidence to support the idea of prophetic dreams, people do commonly report dreaming about events or circumstances that later happened. You might have heard of these famous examples. Aberfan landslide Nearly 150 children and adults were killed in 1966 when waste from a coal mine buried a school in South Wales. When psychiatrist John Barker visited the town and spoke to many of the residents, he realized many of them had experienced some type of premonition about the disaster. Even some of the children who had died had mentioned dreams and premonitions of dying in the days before the landslide. Barker advertised in a London newspaper, asking anyone who had experienced a premonition before the landslide to send a written account. He received more than 60 replies, about half of which mentioned a dream of the disaster. Lincoln's death About 2 weeks before his assassination, President Abraham Lincoln described a recent dream to his wife and a few of his friends. He dreamed of walking through the White House until he came upon his own corpse, guarded and lying in state in the East Room — exactly where his casket rested after his death. Carl Jung Jung, one of the key founders of modern psychotherapy, also reported several precognitive dreams and experiences. One of his dreams appeared to warn him of his mother's death. He also described a series of three dreams in early 1914 that involved a "darkened" Europe in the grips of a catastrophe. Many people later connected these dreams to the start of World War I. FEATURED Diabetes-Friendly Chicken Recipe Follow along as a registered dietitian prepares a delicious diabetes friendly air fried chicken cutlet! Stay until the end for the recipe card. WATCH NOW How common are they? Some research suggests up to a third of people report some type of precognitive experience, often in the form of a dream that seemed to come true. According to Psychology Today, informal surveys put this figure much higher, suggesting around half of the population has had some type of prophetic dream. Results of surveys can sometimes become skewed, depending on who they involve. People with stronger belief in psychic experiences, including precognitive dreaming, tend to have a higher likelihood of interpreting dreams as precognitive. People who don't believe in psychic experiences, on the other hand, likely won't even consider the possibility of their dreams predicting the future. To sum up, until experts conduct more extensive research on precognitive dreams, there's no way to determine how often they occur, or even if they truly do occur. What could be behind them? While science hasn't found evidence to support the idea of truly prophetic dreams, experts have found a few alternative explanations. Selective recall According to 2014 research, selective recall is one possible cause. Researchers gave 85 participants a fictional dream diary and true event diary, telling them the same student had written both as part of a separate study. The event diary contained an entry that either confirmed or disconfirmed each dream recorded in the other diary. They asked the participants to read both diaries and write down the dreams they remembered and any relevant diary events. They hypothesized that participants would remember more of the events that confirmed their dreams than events that did not. Just as the researchers predicted, the participants had better recollection of their dreams confirmed by events in the diary. This selective recall was consistent across participants, regardless of their level of belief in precognitive dreams. When an event in your daily life appears to parallel something that happened in a dream, you're more likely to remember the similarities than note the differences. Say you have a long, complicated dream about going for a walk in the woods, getting lost, losing your shoes, and missing your best friend's birthday party. A few days later, you leave your shoes in the sand at the beach and the tide carries them away. Even though only one small part of the dream occurred, your brain focuses on the part that happened correctly. That's why your dream seems to predict your lost shoes, even though none of the other details fit. Association of unrelated events The research mentioned above also involved a second study with different participants. This study tested the idea that people who believed more strongly in precognitive dreams would have a greater tendency to make connections between unrelated events. They asked 50 participants to read four different pairs of dream diaries and news articles and list as many connections as they could find. Those who reported higher levels of paranormal belief or belief in precognitive dreams specifically made more associations between the news articles and the dream diaries. Here's a real-life example: You dream about fighting with someone. When you wake up, you recall feeling very angry. The next night, you dream about feeling very sad. Although you can't recall many specifics, you do remember crying. A few days later, you get into a car accident. No one gets hurt, but your nearly new car is pretty beat up. Feeling angry and sad about your car, you think back to those dreams you had. Sure, they absolutely seem like a prediction of the accident, but there's nothing directly connecting them. Anger and sadness are both common emotions, so you might experience them for any number of reasons. And if they come up in your day to day, nothing's stopping them from popping into your dreams, too. Coincidence Another likely factor in precognitive dreams is simple coincidence. Part of this lies in the law of large numbers: You're going to have a ridiculously large number of dreams, on widely varying topics, over the course of your life. It's only natural that occasionally something in your life will match up. This isn't just natural, it's pretty much bound to happen at some point, as improbable as it might seem. And the more dreams you remember, the better chance you'll experiencing something that seems to align. Subconscious connections It's pretty common to dream about things you already think about often, especially things that worry you. If you dream about breaking up with your partner and then really do break up, you might immediately remember your dream. But breakups generally don't come out of nowhere. Maybe you were having some issues that made you worry a breakup was coming. Even if you didn't actively worry, the factors contributing were still present, so your dream could have come from your awareness of those problems. Your mind can also make connections you don't have any awareness of, and these can surface in your dreams. Say you dream about a terrible fire. You wake up to read on social media that the local library caught fire in the middle of the night after a nearby tree was struck by lightning. If it's summer and you live in a dry area prone to fires, that could explain why fire is on your mind. Or maybe you half-heard a weather report predicting storms with a high chance of lightning, and your brain linked lightning to fire. Is there any way to stop them? It's been suggested that reports of precognitive dreams could become more common in times of widespread crisis. Take Jung's dreams about war. Plenty of concrete signs suggested the possibility of war. Jung himself remarked on the uneasiness he felt at the time. When bad things happen around you, you're more likely to have dreams reflecting this turmoil. When facing many unpleasant circumstances at once, in your personal life or the world at large, you're even more likely to dream about something similar. But that's more a reflection of how deeply life experiences can affect your consciousness. Persistent, troubling dreams can keep you from getting enough sleep, which can make you feel even worse. It's bad enough to have to worry about things during the day. Sleep should provide a chance to recharge. While you may not be able to stop dreaming entirely, you can address stress and reduce nightmares. Decreasing stress in your waking life can help you get better sleep, so when you feel lonely, sad, or deeply affected by current events, talking to a therapist can help. Therapy can help you learn to manage and cope with difficult emotions, which can help you feel more present during the day and better rested after a night of (peaceful) sleep. The bottom line Dreams that predict the future — could they be real? The short answer: Who knows? Scientific research offers several more likely explanations, but experts still don't fully understand the role of dreams. So, let your dreams tell you what they will. But when they affect your rest, check out some new sleep habits. Read this article in Spanish. Science of Dreams: What is Sleep? 0 seconds of 5 minutes, 12 seconds 5:12 Science of Dreams: What is Sleep? 5:03 Science of Dreams: Why do we Dream? 5:54 Science of Dreams: What are Nightmares? 4:01 Science of Dreams: What are Lucid Dreams? 5:53 Science of Dreams: What is Sleep Paralysis? 4:51 Science of Dreams: Why do we have Sex Dreams? 5:07 Science of Dreams: Do Dreams Boost Creativity? 4:33 Science of Dreams: Why do we have Recurring Dreams? Crystal Raypole has previously worked as a writer and editor for GoodTherapy. Her fields of interest include Asian languages and literature, Japanese translation, cooking, natural sciences, sex positivity, and mental health. In particular, she's committed to helping decrease stigma around mental health issues. Last medically reviewed on June 30, 2020 How we reviewed this article: SOURCES HISTORY Share this article READ THIS NEXT What's Causing My Vivid Dreams? Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD Sometimes we wake up and have no idea that we've dreamed, while other times we can closely recall our dreams because they were so intense. These are... READ MORE How Long Do Dreams Last? Medically reviewed by Raj Dasgupta, MD Dreams serve an elusive function in our brain. But one thing is for sure: We all dream if we sleep long enough, even if you don't remember. READ MORE Why Some People Always Remember Their Dreams and Others Forget Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD And what those vivid dreams could mean about your sleep. READ MORE Dreamwork 101: Your Wide-Awake Guide to Interpreting Dreams Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD Beginning over a century ago with the work of Sigmund Freud, psychologists have studied dreams to understand what they mean to dreamers. In this... READ MORE Why Do We Dream? Medically reviewed by Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI READ MORE What's Resilience? Benefits and Tips for 'Bouncing Back' After Hardship Resilience describes your ability to bounce back from life's difficulties. Here's how this skill can benefit your mental health and tips to boost it. READ MORE The Top 9 Online Psychiatry Services for 2023 If you're considering meeting with a psychiatrist but prefer remote visits, online psychiatry may be right for you. Here are our top picks for online... READ MORE Therapy for Every Budget: How to Access It Medically reviewed by Karin Gepp, PsyD Finding a therapist is a huge step in caring for your mental health. To help get you started, here's a list of affordable mental health care options. READ MORE Get our wellness newsletter Filter out the noise and nurture your inbox with health and wellness advice that's inclusive and rooted in medical expertise. SIGN UP Your privacy is important to us About Us Contact Us Terms of Use Privacy Policy Privacy Settings Advertising Policy Health Topics Medical Affairs Content Integrity Newsletters Do Not Sell My Info © 2005-2022 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information. AboutCareersAdvertise with us OUR BRANDS Healthline Medical News Today Greatist Psych Central

What are some high fiber foods to eat?

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Tools & Resources Health News Find a Diet Find Healthy Snacks Drugs A-Z Health A-Z Connect Find Your Bezzy Community Breast Cancer Inflammatory Bowel Disease Psoriatic Arthritis Migraine Multiple Sclerosis Psoriasis Follow us on social media Shop Products by Condition Insomnia Stress Relief Back Pain Neck Pain Sleep Apnea Hot Sleepers Allergies Pain Relief Product Reviews Vitamins & Supplements Sleep Mental Health Nutrition Gift Guides CBD Men's Health Women's Health SUBSCRIBE NUTRITION Evidence Based 22 High Fiber Foods You Should Eat By Kris Gunnars, BSc — Medically reviewed by Miho Hatanaka, RDN, L.D. — Updated on October 22, 2020 Fiber is incredibly important. It leaves your stomach undigested and ends up in your colon, where it feeds friendly gut bacteria, leading to various health benefits (1). Certain types of fiber may also promote weight loss, lower blood sugar levels, and fight constipation (2). The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends consuming about 14 grams of fiber for every 1,000 calories you consume daily. This translates to roughly 24 grams of fiber for women and 38 grams for men (3). Unfortunately, an estimated 95% of American adults and children don't meet the recommended daily fiber intake. In America, the average daily fiber intake is estimated to be 16.2 grams (4Trusted Source). Fortunately, increasing your fiber intake is relatively easy — simply integrate high fiber foods into your diet. 5 High Fiber Foods You Should Eat 0 seconds of 1 minute, 13 seconds What is fiber? Fiber is a blanket term that applies to any type of carbohydrate that your body can't digest. The fact your body doesn't use fiber for fuel doesn't make it less valuable to your overall health. Dietary fiber can offer the following benefits when you consume it: Reducing cholesterol. Fiber's presence in the digestive tract can help reduce the body's cholesterol absorption. This is especially true if you take statins, which are medications to lower cholesterol, and use fiber supplements like psyllium fiber (5). Promoting a healthy weight. High fiber foods like fruits and vegetables tend to be lower in calories. Also, fiber's presence can slow digestion in the stomach to help you feel fuller for longer (6). Adding bulk to the digestive tract. Those who struggle with constipation or a generally sluggish digestive tract may wish to add fiber to their diet. Fiber naturally adds bulk to the digestive tract, as your body doesn't digest it. This stimulates the intestines. Promoting blood sugar control. It can take your body longer to break down high fiber foods. This helps you maintain more consistent blood sugar levels, which is especially helpful for those with diabetes (7). Reducing gastrointestinal cancer risk. Eating enough fiber can have protective effects against certain cancer types, including colon cancer. There are many reasons for this, including that some types of fiber, such as the pectin in apples, may have antioxidant-like properties (8). Fiber offers many health benefits, but it's important to incorporate fiber-containing foods gradually over the course of a few days to avoid adverse effects, such as bloating and gas. Drinking plenty of water while you up your fiber intake may also help keep these symptoms at bay. Here are 22 high fiber foods that are both healthy and satisfying. High fiber foods you should be eating Share on Pinterest ArtistGNDphotography/Getty Images 1. Pears (3.1 grams) The pear is a popular fruit that's both tasty and nutritious. It's one of the best fruit sources of fiber. Fiber content: 5.5 grams in a medium-sized, raw pear, or 3.1 grams per 100 grams (9Trusted Source). 2. Strawberries (2 grams) Strawberries are a delicious, healthy option that can be eaten fresh. Interestingly, they're also among the most nutrient-dense fruits you can eat, boasting loads of vitamin C, manganese, and various powerful antioxidants. Try some in this banana strawberry smoothie. Fiber content: 3 grams in 1 cup of fresh strawberries, or 2 grams per 100 grams (10Trusted Source). 3. Avocado (6.7 grams) The avocado is a unique fruit. Instead of being high in carbs, it's loaded with healthy fats. Avocados are very high in vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, vitamin E, and various B vitamins. They also have numerous health benefits. Try them in one of these delicious avocado recipes. Fiber content: 10 grams in 1 cup of raw avocado, or 6.7 grams per 100 grams (11Trusted Source). 4. Apples (2.4 grams) Apples are among the tastiest and most satisfying fruits you can eat. They are also relatively high in fiber. We especially like them in salads. Fiber content: 4.4 grams in a medium-sized, raw apple, or 2.4 grams per 100 grams (12Trusted Source). 5. Raspberries (6.5 grams) Raspberries are highly nutritious with a very strong flavor. They're loaded with vitamin C and manganese. Try blending some into this raspberry tarragon dressing. Fiber content: One cup of raw raspberries contains 8 grams of fiber, or 6.5 grams per 100 grams (13Trusted Source). 6. Bananas (2.6 grams) Bananas are a good source of many nutrients, including vitamin C, vitamin B6, and potassium. A green or unripe banana also contains a significant amount of resistant starch, a type of indigestible carbohydrate that functions like fiber. Try them in a nut butter sandwich for a hit of protein, too. Fiber content: 3.1 grams in a medium-sized banana, or 2.6 grams per 100 grams (14Trusted Source). Other high fiber fruits Blueberries: 2.4 grams per 100-gram serving Blackberries: 5.3 grams per 100-gram serving (15Trusted Source, 16Trusted Source) 7. Carrots (2.8 grams) The carrot is a root vegetable that's tasty, crunchy, and highly nutritious. It's high in vitamin K, vitamin B6, magnesium, and beta carotene, an antioxidant that gets turned into vitamin A in your body. Toss some diced carrots into your next veggie-loaded soup. Fiber content: 3.6 grams in 1 cup of raw carrots, or 2.8 grams per 100 grams (17Trusted Source). 8. Beets (2.8 grams) The beet, or beetroot, is a root vegetable that's high in various important nutrients, such as folate, iron, copper, manganese, and potassium. Beets are also loaded with inorganic nitrates, which are nutrients shown to have various benefits related to blood pressure regulation and exercise performance (18Trusted Source). Give them a go in this lemon dijon beet salad. Fiber content: 3.8 grams per cup of raw beets, or 2.8 grams per 100 grams (19Trusted Source). 9. Broccoli (2.6 grams) Broccoli is a type of cruciferous vegetable and one of the most nutrient-dense foods on the planet. It's loaded with vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, B vitamins, potassium, iron, and manganese and contains antioxidants and potent cancer-fighting nutrients. Broccoli is also relatively high in protein, compared with most vegetables. We like turning them into a slaw for various uses. Fiber content: 2.4 grams per cup, or 2.6 grams per 100 grams (20Trusted Source). 10. Artichoke (5.4 grams) The artichoke doesn't make headlines very often. However, this vegetable is high in many nutrients and one of the world's best sources of fiber. Just wait until you try them roasted. Fiber content: 6.9 grams in 1 raw globe or French artichoke, or 5.4 grams per 100 grams (21Trusted Source). 11. Brussels sprouts (3.8 grams) The Brussels sprout is a cruciferous vegetable that's related to broccoli. They're very high in vitamin K, potassium, folate, and potent cancer-fighting antioxidants. Try out Brussels sprouts roasted with apples and bacon or drizzled with balsamic vinegar. Fiber content: 3.3 grams per cup of raw Brussels sprouts, or 3.7 grams per 100 grams (22Trusted Source). Other high fiber vegetables Almost all vegetables contain significant amounts of fiber. Other notable examples include: Kale: 3.6 grams Spinach: 2.2 grams Tomatoes: 1.2 grams (23Trusted Source, 24Trusted Source, 25Trusted Source) All values are given for raw vegetables. 12. Lentils (7.3 grams) Lentils are very cheap and among the most nutritious foods. They're very high in protein and loaded with many important nutrients. This lentil soup is spiced up with cumin, coriander, turmeric, and cinnamon. Fiber content: 13.1 grams per cup of cooked lentils, or 7.3 grams per 100 grams (26Trusted Source). 13. Kidney beans (6.8 grams) Kidney beans are a popular type of legume. Like other legumes, they're loaded with plant-based protein and various nutrients. Fiber content: 12.2 grams per cup of cooked beans, or 6.8 per 100 grams (27Trusted Source). 14. Split peas (8.3 grams) Split peas are made from the dried, split, and peeled seeds of peas. They're often seen in split pea soup after holidays featuring ham. Fiber content: 16.3 grams per cup of cooked split peas, or 8.3 per 100 grams (28Trusted Source). 15. Chickpeas (7 grams) The chickpea is another type of legume that's loaded with nutrients, including minerals and protein. Chickpeas form the base of hummus, one of the easiest spreads to make yourself. You can slather it on salads, veggies, whole grain toast, and more. Fiber content: 12.5 grams per cup of cooked chickpeas, or 7.6 per 100 grams (29Trusted Source). Other high fiber legumes Most legumes are high in protein, fiber, and various nutrients. When properly prepared, they're among the world's cheapest sources of quality nutrition. Other high fiber legumes include: Cooked black beans: 8.7 grams Cooked edamame: 5.2 grams Cooked lima beans: 7 grams Baked beans: 5.5 grams (30Trusted Source, 31Trusted Source, 32Trusted Source, 33Trusted Source) 16. Quinoa (2.8 grams) Quinoa is a pseudo-cereal that has become incredibly popular among health-conscious people in the last few years. It's loaded with many nutrients, including protein, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium, and antioxidants, to name a few. Fiber content: 5.2 grams per cup of cooked quinoa, or 2.8 per 100 grams (34Trusted Source). 17. Oats (10.1 grams) Oats are among the healthiest grain foods on the planet. They're very high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They contain a powerful soluble fiber called beta glucan, which has major beneficial effects on blood sugar and cholesterol levels (35Trusted Source). Overnight oats have become a staple for easy breakfast ideas. Fiber content: 16.5 grams per cup of raw oats, or 10.1 grams per 100 gramsTrusted Source (36Trusted Source). 18. Popcorn (14.4 grams) If your goal is to increase your fiber intake, popcorn may be the best snack you can eat. Air-popped popcorn is very high in fiber, calorie for calorie. However, if you add a lot of fat, the fiber-to-calorie ratio will decrease significantly. Fiber content: 1.15 grams per cup of air-popped popcorn, or 14.4 grams per 100 grams (37Trusted Source). Other high fiber grains Nearly all whole grains are high in fiber. 19. Almonds (13.3 grams) Almonds are a popular type of tree nut. They're very high in many nutrients, including healthy fats, vitamin E, manganese, and magnesium. Almonds can also be made into almond flour for baking with a dose of extra nutrients. Fiber content: 4 grams per 3 tablespoons, or 13.3 grams per 100 grams (38Trusted Source). 20. Chia seeds (34.4 grams) Chia seeds are tiny black seeds that are immensely popular in the natural health community. They're highly nutritious, containing high amounts of magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium. Chia seeds may also be the single best source of fiber on the planet. Try them mixed into jam or some homemade granola bars. Fiber content: 9.75 grams per ounce of dried chia seeds, or 34.4 grams per 100 grams (39Trusted Source). Other high fiber nuts and seeds Most nuts and seeds contain significant amounts of fiber. Examples include: Fresh coconut: 9 grams Pistachios: 10 grams Walnuts: 6.7 grams Sunflower seeds: 11.1 grams Pumpkin seeds: 6.5 grams (40Trusted Source, 41Trusted Source, 42Trusted Source, 43Trusted Source, 44Trusted Source) All values are for a 100-gram portion. 21. Sweet potatoes (2.5 grams) The sweet potato is a popular tuber that's very filling and has a delicious sweet flavor. It's very high in beta carotene, B vitamins, and various minerals. Sweet potatoes can be a tasty bread substitute or base for nachos. Fiber content: A medium-sized boiled sweet potato (without skin) has 3.8 grams of fiber, or 2.5 grams per 100 grams (45Trusted Source). 22. Dark chocolate (10.9 grams) Dark chocolate is arguably one of the world's most delicious foods. It's also surprisingly high in nutrients and one of the most antioxidant- and nutrient-rich foods on the planet. Just make sure to choose dark chocolate that has a cocoa content of 70-95% or higher and avoid products that are loaded with added sugar. Fiber content: 3.1 grams in a 1-ounce piece of 70-85% cacao, or 10.9 grams per 100 grams (46Trusted Source). The bottom line Fiber is an important nutrient that may promote weight loss, lower blood sugar levels, and fight constipation. Most people don't meet the recommended daily intake of 25 grams for women and 38 grams for men. Try adding some of the above foods to your diet to easily increase your fiber intake. Last medically reviewed on October 21, 2020 How we reviewed this article: HISTORY Share this article READ THIS NEXT Why Is Fiber Good for You? The Crunchy Truth By Kris Gunnars, BSc Fiber is indigestible material found in foods. Studies show that fiber has various health benefits, including weight loss and improved digestive... READ MORE Fiber Can Help You Lose Weight — But Only a Specific Type By Joe Leech, MS When it comes to losing weight, not all fiber is created equal. Only viscous dietary fibers have been shown to help people lose weight. READ MORE For a Longer Life and Happier Gut, Eat More Fiber Medically reviewed by Natalie Olsen, R.D., L.D., ACSM EP-C It turns out fiber is more than just a constipation relief aid. New research is revealing it can also transform your gut biome and health for the... READ MORE 7 of the Best Fiber Supplements, According to a Dietitian Medically reviewed by Katherine Marengo LDN, R.D. Fiber is an important nutrient for healthy digestion. Learn the difference between types of fiber and how to identify quality supplements. READ MORE What's the Difference Between Soluble and Insoluble Fiber? Medically reviewed by Natalie Olsen, R.D., L.D., ACSM EP-C Do you know the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber? Find out and learn how to get your recommended daily dietary fiber. READ MORE Bad Breath: How Fermented Foods Such as Yogurt Can Help Prevent Halitosis Researchers say the bacteria in fermented foods such as yogurt and sourdough bread can help prevent halitosis and other issues associated with bad... READ MORE The 11 Best Fruits for Weight Loss By Elise Mandl, BSc, Msc, APD Fruit is generally low in calories and high in fiber, which may help you lose weight. Here are the 11 best fruits to eat for weight loss. READ MORE 12 Healthy Foods High in Antioxidants By Ryan Raman, MS, RD Antioxidants help defend your cells from damage. These 12 foods are high in antioxidants and can help keep your cells healthy. READ MORE 5 Foods That Cause Inflammation By Franziska Spritzler Some foods can drive inflammation and raise your risk of chronic disease. Here are 5 foods that increase inflammation in the body. READ MORE Getting Too Much Salt, Not Enough Potassium May Increase Your Risk of Cognitive Decline A diet high in sodium is associated with a higher risk of memory deterioration and higher potassium intake was associated with higher cognitive... READ MORE Get our wellness newsletter Filter out the noise and nurture your inbox with health and wellness advice that's inclusive and rooted in medical expertise. SIGN UP Your privacy is important to us About Us Contact Us Terms of Use Privacy Policy Privacy Settings Advertising Policy Health Topics Medical Affairs Content Integrity Newsletters Do Not Sell My Info © 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information. AboutCareersAdvertise with us OUR BRANDS Healthline Medical News Today Greatist Psych Central

sexual dimorphism

Differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics. Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

Al Roker

He was in college in '74 when he became a weekend weatherman in Syracuse; today he's on the "Today" show the weatherperson on NBC's Today Show who had gastric bypass surgery to accomplish weight loss. (Quizlet)

Heaven's gate

Heaven's Gate religious group Actions By J. Gordon Melton Article History Table of Contents Heaven's Gate, religious group founded in the United States on a belief in unidentified flying objects. Under a variety of names over the years, including Human Individual Metamorphosis, Bo and Peep, and Total Overcomers Anonymous, the group advocated extreme self-renunciation to the point of castration. It burst into public consciousness following the suicide of 39 of its members in a suburb of San Diego, California, in March 1997. Areas Of Involvement: unidentified flying object suicide See all related content → Founders Marshall H. Applewhite (1932-1997) and Bonnie Nettles (1927-1985) met in 1972 and soon became convinced that they were the two "endtime" witnesses mentioned in Revelation 11. In 1975 they held gatherings in California and Oregon that attracted their initial followers. Those who attached themselves to "The Two" dropped out of society and prepared for the "transition" to a new life on a spaceship. Britannica Quiz Don't Drink the Punch Quiz When the expected transition did not occur, the group settled in Texas and lived a quiet communal existence practicing disciplines that they believed would prepare them for the eventual movement to a "higher level" of existence. They had few contacts with outsiders until 1994, when their expectation of the imminent transition was again heightened, and they began a new round of proselytization. They also divested themselves of most of their possessions and began a pilgrimage that led them to California. Settling in the San Diego area in 1996, they supported themselves by creating sites on the World Wide Web for Internet users and established their own Web site to offer readers a gate to heaven (hence the name by which they would become known). Early in 1997 a rumour circulated among the New Age community that an artificial object, or spaceship, was following the recently discovered Comet Hale-Bopp, which would approach close to the Earth around the time of the spring equinox. As the comet approached, the Heaven's Gate group, which had shrunk to only 39 members, took poison in three waves of 15, 15, and 9 in the belief that the spaceship would arrive to take them to a better place. Prior to the event, the members of the group made a video explaining their individual reasons for their chosen path. J. Gordon Melton Comet Hale-Bopp Table of Contents Home Science Astronomy Comet Hale-Bopp astronomy Actions By Paul WeissmanSee All Article History Table of Contents Comet Hale-Bopp, long-period comet that was spectacularly visible to the naked eye, having a bright coma, a thick white dust tail, and a bright blue ion tail. It was discovered independently on July 23, 1995, by Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, two American amateur astronomers, at the unusually far distance of 7.15 astronomical units (AU; about 1 billion km [600 million miles]) from the Sun, well beyond Jupiter's orbit. The comet reached perihelion (closest distance to the Sun) at 0.914 AU on April 1, 1997, without ever coming very close to Earth (nearest distance 1.31 AU [196 million km, or 122 million miles]), because the comet passed through perihelion on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth and its orbit was almost perpendicular to that of Earth. From the comet's rate of gas production, its nucleus was estimated to be at least 30 km (20 miles) in diameter. Armand H. Delsemme Paul Weissman Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

stooge

one who plays a subordinate, compliant role to another, a puppet a person who serves merely to support or assist others, particularly in doing unpleasant work. 2. a performer whose act involves being the butt of a comedian's jokes.

What should I know about Nostradamus?

Nostradamus and His Prophecies By Amy McKenna Nostradamus was a 16th-century seer. He and his prophecies—revered by some, ridiculed by others—are still well known today, centuries after he lived, and continue to be the subject of debate. Nostradamus was born in France in 1503. He first worked as a physician and began his medical practice in the 1530s, although he did so without a medical degree. He began making prophecies about 1547, and he published his prophecies in a book entitled Centuries (1555). He wrote his prophecies in quatrains: four lines of rhyming verse. The quatrains were grouped in hundreds; each set of 100 quatrains was called a century. Nostradamus gained notoriety during his lifetime when some of his predictions appeared to have come true. He was highly sought after and was even invited to the court of Catherine de' Medici, then the queen consort of King Henry II of France, to create horoscopes for her children. Nostradamus's predictions tended to be about general types of events, like natural disasters and conflict-related events that tend to occur regularly as time goes on. Some people believe that his prophecies have predicted actual events, such as the death of Henry II, the French Revolution, the rise of Napoleon, the rise of Adolf Hitler, and the 9/11 attacks. Others maintain that because his prophecies tend to be about general types of events that occur frequently throughout history—and are written in a cryptic and vague manner—it's possible to find one that seems to match almost any event that has occurred. Learn More About This Topic Read more about the life of Nostradamus Learn about the practice of astrology Recommended from the web Read Nostradamus's prophecies for yourself (in French) Read more about his prophecies and how they have been interpreted (in English) Load More Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

expatriate

someone who chooses to live outside of, or renounce, his or her native country

Ambien

My doctor prescribed Ambien, and it's worked great for me. But I'm afraid I might become dependent on it. Is that likely? Answer From Eric J. Olson, M.D. It's unlikely you'll become dependent on zolpidem (Ambien). Ambien and similar sleep medications can be effective, and they're much less likely to be habit-forming than some other drugs sometimes prescribed for sleep problems — for example, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan) or temazepam (Restoril). But there can be concerning side effects. For example, some people who take zolpidem or similar medications, such as eszopiclone (Lunesta), do things while asleep that they don't remember — such as driving, or preparing and eating food. Because you're not awake, these are dangerous behaviors. Also, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that you avoid driving or doing activities that require full mental alertness the next day, as you may still have some impairment from the sleep medication, especially if you take extended-release drugs. In rare cases, these sleep medications may trigger a life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). Sleep medications can be useful in the short term, but relying on them usually isn't the best long-term solution for insomnia. For example, medications can mask an underlying problem that needs treatment. The best approach is to address whatever is causing your sleep problems in the first place. Other therapies include learning new sleep habits (such as keeping your bedtime and wake time consistent from day to day), getting counseling for anxiety or other psychological concerns, and using stress-reduction techniques. With Eric J. Olson, M.D. (Mayo Clinic)

Golden Ratio

approximately 1.618 and is believed to be aesthetically pleasing in art and architecture

National security agency

the intelligence agency that is responsible for protecting U.S. government communications and producing intelligence by monitoring foreign communications. (Quizlet) National Security Agency United States agency Actions Alternate titles: NSA By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents National Security Agency (NSA), U.S. intelligence agency within the Department of Defense that is responsible for cryptographic and communications intelligence and security. Its headquarters are in Fort Meade, Maryland. National Security Agency National Security Agency See all media Areas Of Involvement: intelligence cryptography communications intelligence national security PRISM Related People: Agnes Meyer Driscoll Edward Snowden Condoleezza Rice Ivan Sutherland See all related content → National Security Agency National Security Agency The NSA grew out of the communications intelligence activities of U.S. military units during World War II. It was established in 1952 by a presidential directive from Harry S. Truman in which he specified its mission as More From Britannica How Secret Is Top Secret? to provide an effective, unified organization and control of the communications intelligence activities of the United States conducted against foreign governments, to provide for integrated operational policies and procedures pertaining thereto. The NSA was created in part out of the belief that the importance and distinct character of communications intelligence warranted an organization distinct from both the armed forces and the other intelligence agencies. While it operates within the Department of Defense, the NSA also belongs to the Intelligence Community (a coalition of 17 intelligence agencies) and as such acts under the supervision of the director of national intelligence. The director of the NSA is a military officer of flag rank (i.e., a general or an admiral) with a minimum of three stars. Not being a creation of Congress, the NSA often acts outside of congressional review; it is the most secret of all U.S. intelligence agencies. The agency's mission includes the protection and formulation of codes, ciphers, and other cryptology for the U.S. military and other government agencies as well as the interception, analysis, and solution of coded transmissions by electronic or other means. The agency conducts research into all forms of electronic transmissions. It also operates posts for the interception of signals around the world. In 1972 a joint organization, the Central Security Service (CSS), was created to coordinate the intelligence efforts of the NSA with the U.S. military. The director of the NSA also heads the CSS (under the title of Chief, CSS). The 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) restricts the NSA mandate to the interception of foreign communications and forbids the agency from targeting a U.S. citizen unless the latter is considered an "agent of a foreign power." In exceptional cases that are considered critical to national security, the agency can obtain a warrant to intercept domestic communications. In 2008, amendments to FISA relaxed those restrictions and allowed the agency to monitor domestic communications without a warrant as long as one party is reasonably believed to be outside the United States. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now In 2013 NSA activities were put in the limelight after a former computer security contractor, Edward Snowden, leaked classified information about two surveillance programs—one collecting information from U.S. Internet service providers (PRISM) and the second collecting so-called metadata on cellular phone calls (information including phone numbers and length of the calls but not their content). Those programs were designed to target non-Americans, but they also collected a massive amount of information from Americans with whom those individuals had communicated. Other NSA programs included the extensive, worldwide, and allegedly untargeted collection of text messages (Dishfire) and of the locations of cell phones. While less known to the American public than the Central Intelligence Agency, the NSA is believed to be far larger in size in terms of workforce and budget. According to Michael Hayden, a former director (1999-2005) of the NSA, it is also the world's largest collector of foreign signals intelligence. This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Ray. U.S. Department of Defense Table of Contents Home Politics, Law & Government Military U.S. Department of Defense United States government Actions Alternate titles: DOD By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents U.S. Department of Defense, executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for ensuring national security and supervising U.S. military forces. Based in the Pentagon, it includes the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the departments of the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force, and numerous defense agencies and allied services. It was formed in 1947 by an act of Congress (amended 1949) combining the War and Navy Departments. the Pentagon the Pentagon See all media Date: 1947 - present Areas Of Involvement: national security defense Related People: James Mattis Robert M. Gates Donald Rumsfeld Daniel Ellsberg Michael Griffin See all related content → The mission of the Department of Defense is to provide, through its military strength, a solid foundation for the national policy of the United States. The forerunner of the Department of Defense, the National Military Establishment, was created by the National Security Act of 1947 and evolved from the experiences of World War II. While combat and service components of the Departments of the Army and the Navy fought together in various theatres of operation under unified direction of overseas commanders, the individual military departments reported separately to the president. The conflicting and competitive policies of these departments prevented a truly effective, coordinated, and unified military effort. To overcome this organizational deficiency, the National Military Establishment was created, and the cabinet post of secretary of defense was established to provide overall policy and direction of the military departments without destroying their individual identities. Concurrently, the Air Force was created as a third military department on a coequal basis with the Departments of the Army and the Navy. National Security Act of 1947 National Security Act of 1947 The original National Security Act of 1947 provided the secretary of defense with limited authority and staff to exercise control. However, subsequent amendments to the basic act in 1949, 1953, and 1958 greatly strengthened the authority and ability of the secretary to direct defense policy. With the 1949 amendment, the modern Department of Defense was established. In the early 21st century the Department of Defense consisted of the secretary of defense; the deputy secretary of defense; undersecretaries and assistant secretaries holding various portfolios; the office of the inspector general; the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force; and numerous defense agencies and field activity offices. These civilian officials and their subordinates represent the policy, research, analysis, and resource-management staff of the secretary of defense. Tommy Franks and Donald Rumsfeld Tommy Franks and Donald Rumsfeld The civilian secretaries of the military departments (Army, Navy, and Air Force) are responsible for the administration of their particular departments and are responsible for training, equipping, and providing combat-ready forces to the combat commands. The combat forces of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps are under unified combat commands, organized on either a geographic or a functional basis. A unified command contains combat forces from more than one service, such as Central Command (CENTCOM), which is composed of all Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps units in Central and Southern Asia and the Middle East, or Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), which oversees special operations warfare. Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff The commanders of the unified commands are responsible to the president and the secretary of defense. By secretarial delegation, the Joint Chiefs of Staff exercise operational direction over the unified commands. The Joint Chiefs of Staff are the principal military advisers to the president, the National Security Council, and the secretary of defense. The Joint Chiefs of Staff consist of the chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, who is the nation's highest-ranking military officer; the vice chairman; the chief of staff, United States Army; the chief of naval operations; the chief of staff, U.S. Air Force; the commandant of the Marine Corps; and the chief of the National Guard. The chiefs are appointed by the president to four-year terms. The Joint Chiefs of Staff are supported by the Joint Staff, which is limited by law to not more than 400 officers. This staff is organized along conventional military staff lines, and performs such functions as developing strategic concepts and war plans, reviewing the operating plans of the unified commands, and establishing unified doctrine for operations. An assignment to the Joint Staff provides military officers a unique opportunity to work on coordinated plans and to develop an understanding of the integrated effort required under the modern concept of joint operations. National Security Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Reconnaissance Office In the early 21st century there were 20 defense agencies within the Department of Defense. These agencies were established to provide integrated and unified effort in support activities that generally cut across service lines. The defense agencies have consolidated functions that were previously fractionalized among the military services. Among these agencies were the National Security Agency (NSA), which held responsibility for signals intelligence and cryptography; the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), responsible for military research and development; the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), responsible for military intelligence; and the National Reconnaissance Office, which designs and maintains reconnaissance satellites for use by the Department of Defense and the intelligence community. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The need for the military to consider implications of political, economic, and scientific factors in the development of military plans and military advice requires that senior military officers have a broad education in these disciplines. To this end, the military departments have established an extensive continuing education system for their officers. Included in this educational system are joint-service schools such as the Joint Forces Staff College and National Defense University, as well as individual service schools such as the Naval War College, Air University, and Army War College. These schools offer graduate school-level programs to train future military leaders as broadly educated officers who understand the importance of political, economic, and scientific factors on military planning. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Army Corps of Engineers The Department of the Army, through its Corps of Engineers, also performs important civil functions in improving rivers, harbours, and waterways for navigation, in constructing flood-control and similar projects in various parts of the country, and in administering the laws governing navigable waters. This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Ray. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

Chlamydia

A sexually transmitted disease, the most common in developed countries, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Often producing no symptoms, it can cause infertility, chronic pain, or a tubal pregnancy if left untreated. Chlamydia affects people of all ages but is most common in young women.

Why Do We Celebrate Birthdays?

Actions Why Do We Celebrate Birthdays? By Adam Zeidan Last Updated: Dec 28, 2022 Annual celebrations and commemorations came about with the invention of the calendar. Not much is known about the first birthday celebrations in history, in part because they are very ancient. The earliest ones we know about were for nobles, in which the celebration played a performative social function that celebrated the noble as a leader. The use of the date of birth for such celebrations was somewhat arbitrary; other dates, such as the date of coronation or the annual festival of a patron deity, were common as well. The tradition of celebrating everyone's birthday is fairly recent. It coincided with several socioeconomic trends in the 19th and 20th centuries that saw the rise of consumerism and increased investment in the upbringing of children—and, thus, the annual celebration of their lives through the giving of gifts. Home Companion Person paying with a credit card using a credit card terminal. Cashless payment, credit card reader Saravutvanset—RooM/Getty Images Actions What Is a Cashless Society and How Does It Work? By Brian Duignan A cashless society is one in which cash, in the form of physical banknotes and coins, is not accepted in any financial transaction. Instead, people and businesses transfer money to one another digitally—via credit or debit cards, electronic money transfers, cryptocurrency, or online and mobile payment services, such as PayPal and Apple Pay. Although no existing society is cashless, many economists believe that consumer preferences, competitive pressures on businesses, profit seeking by banks, and government policies designed to facilitate cashless transactions will soon lead to at least a few cashless societies. There are various measures of cashlessness, yielding different rankings of countries along a "cashless continuum," but most experts agree that Sweden is now closest to the cashless ideal. Cash is now used in less than 15 percent of transactions in that country, and the value of cash in circulation has declined significantly in the 21st century, now representing about 1 percent of GDP. Swedish retailers and restaurants are now permitted to refuse cash payments merely by posting a sign, and more than half of all Swedish bank branches no longer handle cash. To facilitate the transition to cashlessness, central banks in some countries have introduced government-backed digital currencies to replace or complement banknotes and coins. Proponents of a cashless society argue that digital transactions are more convenient for both customers and businesses and that cashlessness would cut down on many criminal activities. They also maintain that the trend toward cashlessness is unstoppable, given the increasing digitization of economies and consumers' growing preference for conducting daily business with mobile devices. The trend has been propelled, however, by banks that have intentionally made cash transactions less convenient for their customers (e.g., by closing branches and removing ATMs) to encourage the use of digital services that are more profitable. The global coronavirus pandemic that began in 2020 also contributed heavily to an increase in touchless and cashless transactions. But there are potential drawbacks to a cashless society. First, it would largely exclude "unbanked" (mostly poor) persons, who do not use or cannot obtain a bank account. Second, it could invite serious breaches of privacy, because few purchases and sales would be anonymous. Third, even minor technological glitches could block access to funds, and systemic failures due to natural disasters or massive hacking could make all purchases and payments impossible. Fourth, during a severe economic crisis threatening the solvency of major banks, depositors would be unable to rescue their money by withdrawing it in cash. Nor could depositors prevent troubled banks from taking a portion of their deposits in "bail-in" scenarios, under which the institution's shareholders and creditors, including depositors, are held responsible for its debts (in the U.S., up to $250,000 of each deposit would be protected from such seizures). Finally, ordinary depositors would not be able to protect themselves from negative interest rates, which central banks in some countries (e.g., Japan) have imposed to combat recession or deflation after cuts in positive interest rates to near zero have failed. Negative interest rates permit private banks to charge depositors what amounts to a fee for holding their money, thus encouraging them to spend and invest. Indeed, some economists consider that to be an argument in favor of a cashless society, as it would make painfully deep negative interest rates workable because they could not be avoided through cash withdrawals. Load More Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

diary

A personal, daily account of an individual's experiences and feelings a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations a book in which one keeps a daily record of events and experiences.

hip-hop music

music developed in African-American communities during the late 1970s that features rhythmic and rhyming speech ("rapping") and a 4/4 beat music that combines spoken street dialect with cuts (or samples) from older records and bears the influences of social politics, male boasting, and comic lyrics carried forward from blues, R&B, soul, and rock and roll a style of popular music of US black and Hispanic origin, featuring rap with an electronic backing. a form of music that sprang up from the inner city ghettos of the U.S. in the mid-1970s. originates from the African American youths of the United States in the mid-1970s who were discouraged by racial oppression; hip-hop culture is an expressive, artistic culture that has been associated with rap music, dance trends, scratching, graffiti, and artifacts (Quizlet) hip-hop music and cultural movement Actions By Alan LightSee All Last Updated: Dec 5, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What are the four main elements of hip-hop? How did hip-hop get its name? Who are the founders of hip-hop? What was the first major hip-hop song? hip-hop, cultural movement that attained widespread popularity in the 1980s and '90s; also, the backing music for rap, the musical style incorporating rhythmic and/or rhyming speech that became the movement's most lasting and influential art form. Public Enemy Public Enemy See all media Key People: Common Donald Glover Ice Cube Kanye West JAY-Z Related Topics: social movement break dancing rap trap music See all related content → Origins and the old school Although widely considered a synonym for rap music, the term hip-hop refers to a complex culture comprising four elements: deejaying, or "turntabling"; rapping, also known as "MCing" or "rhyming"; graffiti painting, also known as "graf" or "writing"; and "B-boying," which encompasses hip-hop dance, style, and attitude, along with the sort of virile body language that philosopher Cornel West described as "postural semantics." (A fifth element, "knowledge of self/consciousness," is sometimes added to the list of hip-hop elements, particularly by socially conscious hip-hop artists and scholars.) Hip-hop originated in the predominantly African American economically depressed South Bronx section of New York City in the late 1970s. As the hip-hop movement began at society's margins, its origins are shrouded in myth, enigma, and obfuscation. graffiti graffiti Graffiti and break dancing, the aspects of the culture that first caught public attention, had the least lasting effect. Reputedly, the graffiti movement was started about 1972 by a Greek American teenager who signed, or "tagged," Taki 183 (his name and street, 183rd Street) on walls throughout the New York City subway system. By 1975 youths in the Bronx, Queens, and Brooklyn were stealing into train yards under cover of darkness to spray-paint colourful mural-size renderings of their names, imagery from underground comics and television, and even Andy Warhol-like Campbell's soup cans onto the sides of subway cars. Soon, influential art dealers in the United States, Europe, and Japan were displaying graffiti in major galleries. New York City's Metropolitan Transit Authority responded with dogs, barbed-wire fences, paint-removing acid baths, and undercover police squads. Grandmaster Flash Grandmaster Flash The beginnings of the dancing, rapping, and deejaying components of hip-hop were bound together by the shared environment in which these art forms evolved. The first major hip-hop deejay was DJ Kool Herc (Clive Campbell), an 18-year-old immigrant who introduced the huge sound systems of his native Jamaica to inner-city parties. Using two turntables, he melded percussive fragments from older records with popular dance songs to create a continuous flow of music. Kool Herc and other pioneering hip-hop deejays such as Grand Wizard Theodore, Afrika Bambaataa, and Grandmaster Flash isolated and extended the break beat (the part of a dance record where all sounds but the drums drop out), stimulating improvisational dancing. Contests developed in which the best dancers created break dancing, a style with a repertoire of acrobatic and occasionally airborne moves, including gravity-defying headspins and backspins. Britannica Quiz Hip-Hop Quiz In the meantime, deejays developed new techniques for turntable manipulation. Needle dropping, created by Grandmaster Flash, prolonged short drum breaks by playing two copies of a record simultaneously and moving the needle on one turntable back to the start of the break while the other played. Sliding the record back and forth underneath the needle created the rhythmic effect called "scratching." Kool Herc was widely credited as the father of modern rapping for his spoken interjections over records, but among the wide variety of oratorical precedents cited for MCing are the epic histories of West African griots, talking blues songs, jailhouse toasts (long rhyming poems recounting outlandish deeds and misdeeds), and the dozens (the ritualized word game based on exchanging insults, usually about members of the opponent's family). Other influences cited include the hipster-jive announcing styles of 1950s rhythm-and-blues deejays such as Jocko Henderson; the Black power poetry of Amiri Baraka, Gil Scott-Heron, and the Last Poets; rapping sections in recordings by Isaac Hayes and George Clinton; and the Jamaican style of rhythmized speech known as toasting. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five Rap first came to national prominence in the United States with the release of the Sugarhill Gang's song "Rapper's Delight" (1979) on the independent African American-owned label Sugar Hill. Within weeks of its release, it had become a chart-topping phenomenon and given its name to a new genre of pop music. The major pioneers of rapping were Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, Kurtis Blow, and the Cold Crush Brothers, whose Grandmaster Caz is controversially considered by some to be the true author of some of the strongest lyrics in "Rapper's Delight." These early MCs and deejays constituted rap's old school. The new school Janet Jackson and LL Cool J Janet Jackson and LL Cool J In the mid-1980s the next wave of rappers, the new school, came to prominence. At the forefront was Run-D.M.C., a trio of middle-class African Americans who fused rap with hard rock, defined a new style of hip dress, and became staples on as they brought rap to a mainstream audience. Run-D.M.C. recorded for Profile, one of several new labels that took advantage of the growing market for rap music. Def Jam featured three important innovators: LL Cool J, rap's first romantic superstar; the Beastie Boys, a white trio who broadened rap's audience and popularized digital sampling (composing with music and sounds electronically extracted from other recordings); and Public Enemy, who invested rap with radical Black political ideology, building on the social consciousness of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five's "The Message" (1982). Rap's classical period (1979-93) also included significant contributions from De La Soul—whose debut album on Tommy Boy, 3 Feet High and Rising (1989), pointed in a new and more playful direction—and female rappers such as Queen Latifah and Salt-n-Pepa, who offered an alternative to rap's predominantly male, often misogynistic viewpoint. Hip-hop artists from places other than New York City began to make their mark, including DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince (Will Smith), from Philadelphia; the provocative 2 Live Crew, from Miami; and M.C. Hammer, from Oakland, California, who experienced short-lived but massive crossover success with a pop audience. Snoop Dogg Snoop Dogg The most significant response to New York hip-hop, though, came from Los Angeles, beginning in 1989 with N.W.A.'s dynamic album Straight Outta Compton. N.W.A. (*****z With Attitude) and former members of that group—Ice Cube, Eazy E, and Dr. Dre—led the way as West Coast rap grew in prominence in the early 1990s. Their graphic, frequently violent tales of real life in the inner city, as well as those of Los Angeles rappers such as Ice-T (remembered for his 1992 single "Cop Killer") and Snoop Dogg and of East Coast counterparts such as Schoolly D, gave rise to the genre known as gangsta rap. As the Los Angeles-based label Death Row Records built an empire around Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, and the charismatic, complicated rapper-actor Tupac Shakur, it also entered into a rivalry with New York City's Bad Boy Records. This developed into a media-fueled hostility between East Coast and West Coast rappers, which culminated in the still-unsolved murders of Shakur and the wildly gifted MC known as the Notorious B.I.G. Sean "Diddy" Combs Sean "Diddy" Combs By the late 1990s hip-hop was artistically dominated by the Wu-Tang Clan, from New York City's Staten Island, whose combination of street credibility, neo-Islamic mysticism, and kung fu lore made them one of the most complex groups in the history of rap; by Diddy (also known by a variety of other names, including Sean "Puffy" Combs and Puff Daddy), performer, producer, and president of Bad Boy Records, who was responsible for a series of innovative music videos; and by the Fugees, who mixed pop music hooks with politics and launched the solo careers of Wyclef Jean and Lauryn Hill. Although long believed to be popular primarily with urban African American males, hip-hop became the best-selling genre of popular music in the United States in the late 1990s (at least partly by feeding the appetite of some white suburbanites for vicarious thrills). Its impact was global, with formidable audiences and artist pools in cities such as Paris, Tokyo, Sydney, Cape Town, London, and Bristol, England (where the spin-off trip-hop originated). It also generated huge sales of products in the fashion, liquor, electronics, and automobile industries that were popularized by hip-hop artists on cable television stations such as MTV and The Box and in hip-hop-oriented magazines such as The Source and Vibe. A canny blend of entrepreneurship and aesthetics, hip-hop was the wellspring of several staple techniques of modern pop music, including digital drumming and sampling (which introduced rap listeners to the music of a previous generation of performers, including Chic, Parliament-Funkadelic, and James Brown, while at the same time creating copyright controversies). Greg Tate Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

What are the benefits of chess?

Health Conditions Featured Breast Cancer IBD Migraine Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 2 Diabetes Sponsored Topics Articles Acid Reflux ADHD Allergies Alzheimer's & Dementia Bipolar Disorder Cancer Crohn's Disease Chronic Pain Cold & Flu COPD Depression Fibromyalgia Heart Disease High Cholesterol HIV Hypertension IPF Osteoarthritis Psoriasis Skin Disorders and Care STDs Discover Wellness Topics Nutrition Fitness Skin Care Sexual Health Women's Health Mental Well-Being Sleep Original Series Fresh Food Fast Diagnosis Diaries You're Not Alone Present Tense Video Series Youth in Focus Healthy Harvest No More Silence Future of Health Plan Health Challenges Mindful Eating Sugar Savvy Move Your Body Gut Health Mood Foods Align Your Spine Find Care Primary Care Mental Health OB-GYN Dermatologists Neurologists Cardiologists Orthopedists Lifestyle Quizzes Weight Management Am I Depressed? A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Tools & Resources Health News Find a Diet Find Healthy Snacks Drugs A-Z Health A-Z Connect Find Your Bezzy Community Breast Cancer Inflammatory Bowel Disease Psoriatic Arthritis Migraine Multiple Sclerosis Psoriasis Follow us on social media Shop Products by Condition Insomnia Stress Relief Back Pain Neck Pain Sleep Apnea Hot Sleepers Allergies Pain Relief Product Reviews Vitamins & Supplements Sleep Mental Health Nutrition Gift Guides CBD Men's Health Women's Health SUBSCRIBE The 9 Best Benefits of Playing Chess Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT — By Rebecca Joy Stanborough, MFA on October 19, 2020 Develops perspective Improves memory Deepens focus Elevates creativity Boosts planning skills Increases self-awareness Protects against dementia Helps ADHD Reduces panic attack symptoms Benefits for kids Potential downsides Takeaway Share on Pinterest Credit Image: kali9/Getty Image The game of chess is loved all over the world. From Amsterdam to Zhengzhou, people gather in living rooms, pubs, plazas, and libraries to match wits over the cherished checkered board. Why is it that people are willing to devote such time to the game? It's undoubtedly the fact that chess involves an intense intellectual challenge that's very good for the health of your mind. Keep reading to learn what we know about the benefits of playing chess. Chess develops the ability to see from someone else's perspective Skilled chess players learn to anticipate an opponent's next moves. To predict what another person will do next, a player must develop the ability to adopt another person's perspective and infer what action they are likely to take. Behavioral scientists call this this ability to see from another viewpoint the "theory of mind." It's an ability that is essential to exercising empathy and building healthy social relationships. A 2019 studyTrusted Source found that chess develops this perspective-taking ability in children who practice the game. FEATURED Diabetes-Friendly Chicken Recipe Follow along as a registered dietitian prepares a delicious diabetes friendly air fried chicken cutlet! Stay until the end for the recipe card. WATCH NOW Chess improves memory It might not be surprising to learn that expert chess players have strong memory skills. After all, the game involves memorizing numerous combinations of moves and their potential outcomes. It's also interesting to note that experienced chess players show higher performance related to a particular kind of recollection: auditory memory. This is the ability to remember what you've learned through hearing. In one experiment, researchersTrusted Source compared the recall ability of expert chess players to that of people with no chess-playing experience. They found that the chess players were significantly better at recalling lists of words they'd heard than people who had never played chess. Skilled chess players also have a better than average ability to remember and quickly recognize visual patterns, which researchersTrusted Source think comes from memorizing complex chess positions. Chess enables you to enter a flow state Flow is a deeply rewarding sense of total involvement, in which you're operating at a peak performance level in a challenging task. Athletes, artists, and performers often describe entering a kind of time warp, where they are so wholly focused on the task at hand that their awareness of anything beyond the performance seems to disappear. ResearchersTrusted Source who study brain activity noted that theta waves are heightened in electroencephalograms (EEGs) taken when people are in a state of flow. Studies have shown the same high levels of theta waves in brain scans of experienced chess players during increasingly difficult chess matches. Chess elevates your creativity Researchers at a school in India tested the creative thinking skills of two groups of students. One group was trained in chess playing, and the other was not. The tests asked students to come up with alternate uses for common items and to interpret patterns and meaning in abstract forms. Students who played chess scored higher on tests. Researchers concluded that chess increased the students' ability to exercise divergent and creative thinking. Chess leads to better planning skills Chess games are known for long periods of silent contemplation, during which players consider each move. Players spend time anticipating their opponents' responses and attempting to predict every eventuality. That habit of mind — careful contemplation and planning — is one of the cognitive health benefits of playing chess. Behavioral scientistsTrusted Source gave two groups of people the Tower of London test — a cognitive functioning test involving pegs and beads — and measured their planning skills. The group that regularly played chess demonstrated significantly better planning skills than the group that did not play chess. Also, people in the chess group spent a lot more time making decisions during the test. Chess can make therapy more effective Some counselors and therapists play chess with clients as a means of increasing self-awareness and building more effective therapeutic relationships. Considered a creative therapy strategy, chess allows you to see your reactions to stress and to challenges as they arise in the course of a match. Your therapist is present to help you evaluate your responses and learn more about why you respond to problems the way you do. Chess may offer protection against the development of dementia In a 2019 research review, scientists found that the complex mental flexibility chess demands could help protect older people from dementia. Researchers found evidence that the game, which challenges memory, calculation, visual-spatial skills, and critical thinking abilities, may help reduce cognitive decline and postpone the effects of dementia as you age. Chess can improve the symptoms of ADHD In a 2016 study involving 100 school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, researchers included regular chess playing in a multi-faceted treatment approach. Students who participated in this treatment method experienced a 41 percent decrease in both inattentiveness and over-activity following the course of treatment. Electronic chess may help stave off a panic attack There haven't been any large-scale studies to support the use of chess apps to help reduce panic attack symptoms. In one 2017 case study, an individual who experienced panic attacks was able to use a chess app on a phone to increase the sense of calm and keep a panic attack from progressing. The key to success was in finding just the right level of challenge to occupy his attention and distract from unpleasant feelings. For this user, difficulty levels 2 to 4 provided just the right amount of engagement. Does chess have special benefits for kids? StudiesTrusted Source show that chess enhances the development of these abilities in children: problem-solving skills social and relationship-building skills thinking skills Want to inspire a student to try chess? The films Magnus, Brooklyn Castle, and The Queen of Katwe all feature young people rising to greatness in the world of competitive chess. Are there any downsides to playing chess? As with any hobby or activity, there may be a few drawbacks to playing chess. Here are some things to know if you're thinking about chess as a pastime. Playing chess can be stressful Competitive chess players feel a great deal of anxiety about their performance during matches. Some have even described the game as mental torture.Trusted Source Stress over competitive rankings or performance may even interfere with healthy sleep. ResearchersTrusted Source have analyzed the heart rate variability in chess players who were engaged in solving difficult chess problems. Heart rate variability is an indicator of increased sympathetic nervous system activity and stress. In experienced, skilled players, heart rate variability didn't change even when the problems became more difficult — but less experienced players had a drop in heart rate variability. Researchers think this change is related to increased stress from the cognitive challenge of the chess problems. Playing chess may not boost test performance very much If you're one of the many parents and educators who train students in chess in the hopes that the game will improve performance on standardized tests that feature math and problem-solving, you may be disappointed in the gains. Multiple studiesTrusted Source have shown that while chess playing does improve cognitive, memory, and math skills, it doesn't necessarily translate into higher test scores. Research has produced mixed results on the effects of playing chess on test scores. Becoming a chess expert requires a significant time investment You have to practice, deliberatelyTrusted Source, and often alone, in order to reap the benefits of playing chess. Players who excel at the game, and who experience the mental gains that the game can stimulate, invest hours of study over the course of years. Although there are prodigies, most people take many years to master the game. Takeaway Chess has many cognitive benefits, including the ability to improve your: intelligence empathy memory planning and problem-solving skills creative abilities Chess can also help with the symptoms or severity of several health conditions, including dementia, ADHD, and panic attacks. In addition, playing this challenging game can help you find a sense of flow or improve the effectiveness of your therapy sessions. If you're considering chess as a hobby, you should know that it can be time-consuming and stressful, especially if you plan to master the game or compete in tournaments. Whether these drawbacks outweigh the potential cognitive health benefits is something you'll have to determine for yourself. It's your move. Last medically reviewed on October 19, 2020 How we reviewed this article: SOURCES HISTORY Share this article READ THIS NEXT Benefits of Reading Books: How It Can Positively Affect Your Life Medically reviewed by Heidi Moawad, M.D. Reading books benefits both your physical and mental health, and those benefits can last a lifetime. They begin in early childhood and continue... READ MORE Sudoku or Crosswords May Help Keep Your Brain 10 Years Younger According a recent study, the more people over 50 engage in games such as Sudoku and crossword puzzles, the better their brains function. READ MORE 13 Brain Exercises to Help Keep You Mentally Sharp Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD If you're looking for ways to improve your memory, focus, concentration, or other cognitive skills, there are many brain exercises to try. Learn which... READ MORE 25 Ways to Improve Your Memory Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD Exercising your brain and taking care of your body can help you stay sharp into old age. Our 25 tips will show you how to do that. READ MORE 10 Games and Puzzles to Exercise Your Brain 10 easy-to-learn games and puzzles that will help you stave off memory loss, cognitive decline, and help keep your brain healthy. READ MORE What's Resilience? Benefits and Tips for 'Bouncing Back' After Hardship Resilience describes your ability to bounce back from life's difficulties. Here's how this skill can benefit your mental health and tips to boost it. READ MORE The Top 9 Online Psychiatry Services for 2023 If you're considering meeting with a psychiatrist but prefer remote visits, online psychiatry may be right for you. Here are our top picks for online... READ MORE Therapy for Every Budget: How to Access It Medically reviewed by Karin Gepp, PsyD Finding a therapist is a huge step in caring for your mental health. To help get you started, here's a list of affordable mental health care options. READ MORE Get our wellness newsletter Filter out the noise and nurture your inbox with health and wellness advice that's inclusive and rooted in medical expertise. SIGN UP Your privacy is important to us About Us Contact Us Terms of Use Privacy Policy Privacy Settings Advertising Policy Health Topics Medical Affairs Content Integrity Newsletters Do Not Sell My Info © 2005-2022 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information. AboutCareersAdvertise with us OUR BRANDS Healthline Medical News Today Greatist Psych Central

Does the dunning Krueger effect matter?

Health Conditions Featured Breast Cancer IBD Migraine Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 2 Diabetes Sponsored Topics Articles Acid Reflux ADHD Allergies Alzheimer's & Dementia Bipolar Disorder Cancer Crohn's Disease Chronic Pain Cold & Flu COPD Depression Fibromyalgia Heart Disease High Cholesterol HIV Hypertension IPF Osteoarthritis Psoriasis Skin Disorders and Care STDs Discover Wellness Topics Nutrition Fitness Skin Care Sexual Health Women's Health Mental Well-Being Sleep Original Series Fresh Food Fast Diagnosis Diaries You're Not Alone Present Tense Video Series Youth in Focus Healthy Harvest No More Silence Future of Health Plan Health Challenges Mindful Eating Sugar Savvy Move Your Body Gut Health Mood Foods Align Your Spine Find Care Primary Care Mental Health OB-GYN Dermatologists Neurologists Cardiologists Orthopedists Lifestyle Quizzes Weight Management Am I Depressed? A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Tools & Resources Health News Find a Diet Find Healthy Snacks Drugs A-Z Health A-Z Connect Find Your Bezzy Community Breast Cancer Inflammatory Bowel Disease Psoriatic Arthritis Migraine Multiple Sclerosis Psoriasis Follow us on social media Shop Products by Condition Insomnia Stress Relief Back Pain Neck Pain Sleep Apnea Hot Sleepers Allergies Pain Relief Product Reviews Vitamins & Supplements Sleep Mental Health Nutrition Gift Guides CBD Men's Health Women's Health SUBSCRIBE The Dunning-Kruger Effect Explained Medically reviewed by Lori Lawrenz, PsyD — By Carly Vandergriendt — Updated on March 11, 2022 Definition Research Is it real? Causes Impact Who is affected? Overcoming Takeaway person talking with confidence due to dunning kruger effect Share on Pinterest Morsa Images/ Images Named after psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger, the Dunning-Kruger effect is a type of cognitive bias that causes people to overestimate their knowledge or ability, particularly in areas with which they have little to no experience. In psychology, cognitive bias refers to unfounded beliefs we may have, often without realizing it. Keep reading to find out what the research says about the Dunning-Kruger effect, how to recognize it, and how to guard against it. Definition of the Dunning-Kruger effect The Dunning-Kruger effect is when a person does not have skills or ability in a specific area but sees themselves as fully equipped to give opinions or carry out tasks in that field, even though objective measures or people around them may disagree. They are unawareTrusted Source that they do not have the necessary capabilities. It also suggests that people with less competence in a given area are more likely to unknowingly overestimate their competence, while high performers often have a tendency to underestimate their skills and knowledge. Experts have applied this concept to many aspects of life, from the abilityTrusted Source to recognize faces to influencing political decisions without fully understanding the issues. FEATURED Diabetes-Friendly Chicken Recipe Follow along as a registered dietitian prepares a delicious diabetes friendly air fried chicken cutlet! Stay until the end for the recipe card. WATCH NOW What does the research say? Dunning and Kruger's original research, published in 1999, developed a common theme in psychological literature — that people's perception of their own skill often does not matchTrusted Source reality. Their research involved four studies assessing participants' actual and perceived abilities in humor, logical reasoning, and English grammar. In the grammar study, 84 undergraduates completed a knowledge test on American Standard Written English, then rated their own grammar ability and test performance. Those who scored the lowest on the test (10th percentile) tended to drastically overestimate both their perceived grammar ability (67th percentile) and test score (61st percentile). In contrast, those who scored highest tended to underestimate their ability and test score. In a 2008 studyTrusted Source, researchers asked students and others to assess their performance immediately after taking various tests. The results replicated those of Dunning and Kruger. The overall results showed, on average, that: People in the lower quarter in terms of performance expected to see a result of 60 percent, but they scored 38.4 percent. People in the middle half expected to score 72.6 percent and scored 61.7 percent. People in the upper quarter expected to score 75.6 percent and scored 84.1 percent. The greatest overestimation was in the lower 25 percent of the class, and the greatest underestimation was in the top 25 percent. Researchers have continued to investigate the Dunning-Kruger effect and why it happens. Is the Dunning-Kruger effect real? Since the original study was published, various studies have produced similar results. But in recent years, some researchers have called into question the statistical model that Dunning and Kruger used. There are also criticisms that people are overusing the theory when it is not really relevant. Some people say that, statistically, the argument does not hold up, and chance played a greater role than Dunning and Kruger allowed for. They argue that the theory is popular simply because people like to find patterns to explain why things happen. Causes A number of psychologists have been looking into why people sometimes think they can do more or less than they actually can. One possible reasonTrusted Source is the lack of skill in itself. In other words, people don't know what they don't know. The second possible reason relates to a lack of insight. People are unable to see clearly what they can and cannot do because they don't have the understanding they need to do this. This insight is known as metacognition, and it relates to knowing about knowledge. If a person consistently overestimates their ability, they may also be more likely to reject feedback, and this can play a role in continued underperformance. If a student, for example, accepts and acts on feedback after scoring low on a test, they may do better next time. However, those who already feel they know enough may disregard feedback because they don't see the need. This prevents them from learning and progressing as much as they could. In a 2021 studyTrusted Source, researchers used electroencephalograms (EEGs), which measure brain activity, to compare the time it takes for a person to assess themselves as high or low performers. The results suggested that to reach either decision, the person uses different thought and memory processes. Taking time to remember facts and events may produce a more accurate result than basing self-assessment on snap decisions and intuition, according to the researchers. Impact of the Dunning-Kruger effect Dunning and Kruger investigated the performance of students to test their theory, and other researchers have found similar results in the academic field. Here are some other areas where researchers have found significant results. In medicine and medical training A 2020 articleTrusted Source discusses the impact of the Dunning-Kruger effect in graduate medical students. Drawing on previous studies, the author notes physicians with lower competency levels tended to rate themselves higher than their performance suggested. Those who scored in the lowest 25 percent in peer assessments rated themselves 30 to 40 percentTrusted Source higher than others in their group. Regarding feedback, those with lower competency levels were also more likely to reject feedback or see it as inaccurate or unhelpful. As in other fields, awareness of their own skills and knowledge gaps is essential for healthcare professionals. Recognizing their own weaknesses will prompt them to seek professional development that will help them maintain their clinical expertise. It can also help boost self-confidence in those who might rate their skills as lower than they really are. Business The Dunning-Kruger theory has proved popular in management research and development. At work, it can lead to the following: companies recruiting people who seem confident but have difficulty fulfilling their job role people with limited skills and knowledge gaining promotions, while others with more expertise do not difficulty responding constructively to feedback, so that performance does not improve despite guidance the sharing and promotion of incorrect information This can lead to tension and dissatisfaction in the workplace and with clients. It could also: lead to errors in decision making affect the prospects and performances of people reporting to a manager impact the effectiveness of the overall workforce Politics A 2013 study asked people who identified with political parties to rate their knowledge of various social policies. Results showed that, while people expressed confidence in their own political expertise, their explanations of specific policies and ideas suggested their knowledge and understanding were limited. The Dunning-Kruger effect could at least partially explain this. A 2017 study noted that people who analyze the least and could most benefit from questioning their beliefs also tend to have the most confidence that they are right. This is one reason political debate often seems futile, said the authors. The author of a 2018 article further argues that people with low levels of political expertise are also more likely to align themselves with a political party. This increases their political confidence and sense of political identity. However, it effectively also allows that party to make their decisions for them. Aligning closely with a party can prevent people from thinking critically about the views they express. Driving Logically, only half of all drivers can be better than average. But in a 2013 studyTrusted Source, 673 out of 909 motorists described themselves as "better than average" drivers. The researchers found that individual drivers tended to use their own criteria for what it means to be a "good" driver. For example, a person may believe that their ability to run a red light without causing harm makes them a good driver. This becomes significant if a person who believes they are an exceptional driver uses this belief as a license to take risks on the road. In the United States, over 5.5 millionTrusted Source accidents and over 30,000 deaths result from risky driving every year. Nurturing a more realistic view of individual driving abilities may help reduce this number. Vaccines In a survey, researchers asked 1,310 adults in the United States various questions to investigate attitudes about the link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Over one-third of the participants thought they knew as much or more than doctors and scientists about what causes autism. Those with low levels of knowledge showed particular confidence. These findings suggest that the Dunning-Kruger effect may play into issues such as the decision to vaccinate children and to encourage or discourage others to do so. Who is affected? Anyone can be susceptible to the Dunning-Kruger effect. It does not reflect low intelligence, but rather a lack of insight and reflection on our own abilities. A person who is very knowledgeable in a field but lacks insight into their own performance can easily overestimate or underestimate their own ability. A 2021 study found that those who scored high on intellectual humility were less likely to overestimate their performance in two tests. Intellectual humility is being able to accept that we may not be right about our ideas and attitudes and being open to questioning and revising them. Reflecting on our own experience and ability and seeking feedback from others can help anyone, regardless of their educational level, form a more accurate picture of what they know and what they don't know. Overcoming the Dunning-Kruger effect The Dunning-Kruger effect can cause us to over- or underestimate our abilities. This can affect a person's progress and confidence in various fields. Challenging the effect in our own lives may help us work, study, and discuss issues with those around us more effectively. Here are some tips that may help overcome the Dunning-Kruger effect: Take time to reflect. Some people feel more confident when they make decisions quickly, but snap decisions can lead to errors of judgment. Reflecting on where we went wrong last time can also help us move forward. See learning as a way forward. If you are afraid to ask questions in case it reveals inadequacies, remember that no one knows everything. Asking the question or asking for help can enable you to move forward. Challenge your own beliefs. Are there things about yourself or the world that you have always believed and never questioned? As the world changes, revisiting our beliefs can help us keep up with those changes. Change your reasoning. Do you apply the same logic to every question or problem you encounter? Trying new approaches can help you break out of unhelpful patterns. Learn from feedback. Many people feel threatened by feedback, but feedback can help us progress or improve. If you are unsure if feedback is fair, take time to reflect on your own actions and performance before deciding the other person is wrong. Teachers can helpTrusted Source by focusing not only on what people learn but how they learn it. By fostering a view of intelligence as malleable, they can show students that low performance can be changed through the constructive use of reflection and feedback. Takeaway The Dunning-Kruger effect is a type of cognitive bias that suggests people are not always the best evaluators of their own performance. Everyone is prone to this effect, but curiosity, openness, and a lifelong commitment to learning can help minimize its effect. Last medically reviewed on March 11, 2022 How we reviewed this article: SOURCES HISTORY Share this article READ THIS NEXT What Are Cognitive Distortions and How Can You Change These Thinking Patterns? Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD Cognitive distortions, or distorted thinking, causes people to view reality in inaccurate, often negative, ways. Find out how to identify them and how... READ MORE What Is a Self-Serving Bias and What Are Some Examples of It? Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD A self-serving bias is a tendency to attribute positive effects to ourselves and negative effects to external factors. Remember that time you credited... READ MORE What Is the Halo Effect? Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD The halo effect is a psychology term that describes giving positive attributes to a person based on a first impression, whether or not they deserve... READ MORE Is Your Personality Healthy? Taking This Test Will Tell You Researchers say they've developed a new test that can be taken online that will determine whether your personality is a healthy one. READ MORE 10 Defense Mechanisms: What Are They and How They Help Us Cope Medically reviewed by Karin Gepp, PsyD Defense mechanisms are subconscious ways we deal with strong or unpleasant emotions. Learn common examples and when to seek help for unhealthy ones. READ MORE What's Resilience? Benefits and Tips for 'Bouncing Back' After Hardship Resilience describes your ability to bounce back from life's difficulties. Here's how this skill can benefit your mental health and tips to boost it. READ MORE The Top 9 Online Psychiatry Services for 2023 If you're considering meeting with a psychiatrist but prefer remote visits, online psychiatry may be right for you. Here are our top picks for online... READ MORE Therapy for Every Budget: How to Access It Medically reviewed by Karin Gepp, PsyD Finding a therapist is a huge step in caring for your mental health. To help get you started, here's a list of affordable mental health care options. READ MORE Get our wellness newsletter Filter out the noise and nurture your inbox with health and wellness advice that's inclusive and rooted in medical expertise. SIGN UP Your privacy is important to us About Us Contact Us Terms of Use Privacy Policy Privacy Settings Advertising Policy Health Topics Medical Affairs Content Integrity Newsletters Do Not Sell My Info © 2005-2022 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information. AboutCareersAdvertise with us OUR BRANDS Healthline Medical News Today Greatist Psych Central (Healthline)

How do you talk about feelings?

Health Conditions Featured Breast Cancer IBD Migraine Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 2 Diabetes Sponsored Topics Articles Acid Reflux ADHD Allergies Alzheimer's & Dementia Bipolar Disorder Cancer Crohn's Disease Chronic Pain Cold & Flu COPD Depression Fibromyalgia Heart Disease High Cholesterol HIV Hypertension IPF Osteoarthritis Psoriasis Skin Disorders and Care STDs Discover Wellness Topics Nutrition Fitness Skin Care Sexual Health Women's Health Mental Well-Being Sleep Original Series Fresh Food Fast Diagnosis Diaries You're Not Alone Present Tense Video Series Youth in Focus Healthy Harvest No More Silence Future of Health Plan Health Challenges Mindful Eating Sugar Savvy Move Your Body Gut Health Mood Foods Align Your Spine Find Care Primary Care Mental Health OB-GYN Dermatologists Neurologists Cardiologists Orthopedists Lifestyle Quizzes Weight Management Am I Depressed? A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Tools & Resources Health News Find a Diet Find Healthy Snacks Drugs A-Z Health A-Z Connect Find Your Bezzy Community Breast Cancer Inflammatory Bowel Disease Psoriatic Arthritis Migraine Multiple Sclerosis Psoriasis Follow us on social media Shop Products by Condition Insomnia Stress Relief Back Pain Neck Pain Sleep Apnea Hot Sleepers Allergies Pain Relief Product Reviews Vitamins & Supplements Sleep Mental Health Nutrition Gift Guides CBD Men's Health Women's Health SUBSCRIBE Big Feels and How to Talk About Them Medically reviewed by Marney A. White, PhD, MS, Psychology — By Crystal Raypole — Updated on May 25, 2022 Enjoyment Sadness Fear Anger Disgust Putting it all together You can talk about your emotions with practice, even if it feels uncomfortable at first. Emotions are an essential part of who you are, but they can be messy, complicated, and downright confusing at times. Knowing how to name your emotions and talk about them — with both yourself and others — is a key part of developing emotional health. You don't have to navigate the process of identifying your emotions alone. Paul Ekman, a psychologist and leading researcher on emotions, surveyed more than 100 scientists and used their input to develop what's known as the Atlas of Emotions. This online interactive tool breaks down emotions into five main categories: anger fear sadness disgust enjoyment Keep in mind that this is just one way of categorizing emotions. For example, a 2017 study suggests there are 27 categories of emotion. But Ekman's concept of five main types of emotion offers a good framework for breaking down the complexity of all the feels. Here's a look at what each of these five categories involves. 1. Enjoyment People generally like to feel happy, calm, and good. You might express these feelings by smiling, laughing, or indulging yourself. You might feel enjoyment when: You feel close and connected to people you care about. You feel safe and secure. You're doing something that triggers sensory pleasure. You're absorbed in an activity. You feel relaxed and at peace. How to talk about it Some words you can use to describe different kinds of enjoyment include: happiness love relief contentment amusement joy pride excitement peace satisfaction If enjoyment and its related feelings seem out of reach, try to take a look at how other emotions or feelings may be getting in the way, such as: trouble focusing on what's happening in the present worry stress a low or anxious mood 2. Sadness Everyone feels sad from time to time. This emotion might relate to a specific event, such as a loss or rejection. But in other cases, you might have no idea why you feel sad. How to talk about it When you're sad, you might describe yourself as feeling: lonely heartbroken gloomy disappointed hopeless grieved unhappy lost troubled resigned miserable Sadness can be hard to shake, but depending on your situation, these tips might help: Mourn. Mourning is a typical part of grief. Whether you're trying to recover from a loss, breakup, change, or failure to reach a goal, acknowledging your loss can help you accept and work through it. Everyone grieves in their own way, so do what feels right to you. It might help to talk about the pain you're in, but it also might help to simply sit with your feelings for a while or express them creatively. Do something meaningful. Doing something to help others or give back to society can help you feel more connected with other people. If you've recently lost someone you love, consider finishing a project they cared about or donating your time to a cause they supported. Reach out for support. This is easier said than done when you're at a low point. Try to remember the people in your life who care for you and likely want to help you. The pain of heartache does ease with time, even if you can't imagine it at the moment. It may help to talk with a therapist if your sadness lingers or begins to have a significant impact on daily life and makes it hard to work, go to school, or maintain your relationships. 3. Fear Fear happens when you sense any type of threat. Depending on that perceived threat, fear can range from mild to severe. Keep in mind that the level of fear you feel doesn't always match up with the intensity of the threat. For example, if you live with anxiety, you might feel fear around situations that don't actually pose much of a threat — though that doesn't make the fear any less real. How to talk about it Fear can make you feel: worried doubtful nervous anxious terrified panicked horrified desperate confused stressed Fear is a totally normal emotion — and one that likely kept your ancestors from being eaten alive. There are things you can do to manage this feeling: Confront fear instead of avoiding it. If you're afraid of something, whether it's a serious discussion, meeting new people, or driving, it's natural to want to stay away from the source of your fear. But this can often make your fear worse. Instead, try to face your fear safely. For example, if you develop a fear of driving, get back in your car and drive again right away. Stick close to home at first if it helps, but don't avoid it. Distract yourself from your fear. Sometimes fear can become so overwhelming that it's hard to think about anything else. But ruminating, or letting the same thoughts play out over and over again, can have a negative impact on your emotional state. It can also make fear worse. If you feel yourself fixating on a worry or source of stress, try to do something distracting. Listen to an audiobook or podcast, cook with a new recipe, or go for a walk or jog with energizing music. Consider the fear logically. Take a moment to think about your fear. Is there anything you can do about it? Can it actually harm you? What's the worst thing that could happen if your fear came true? What would you do in that scenario? Knowing how you would deal with your fear can help you feel less afraid. It's important to not get discouraged if these tips seem impossible or overwhelming — they can be hard to accomplish on your own. Consider working with a therapist, who can help you navigate mental health issues around fear, such as: panic attacks phobias anxiety 4. Anger Anger usually happens when you experience some type of injustice. This experience can make you feel threatened, trapped, and unable to defend yourself. Many people think of anger as a negative thing, but it's a normal emotion that can help you know when a situation has become toxic. How to talk about it Words you might use when you feel angry include: annoyed frustrated peeved contrary bitter infuriated irritated mad cheated vengeful insulted There are a lot of ways to deal with anger, many of which can cause problems for you and those around you. The next time you find yourself in a huff, try these tips for managing anger more productively: Take a break. When you feel frustrated, putting some distance between yourself and the upsetting situation can help you avoid in-the-moment reactions or angry outbursts. Try taking a walk or listening to a calming song. While you're away, take a few minutes to consider what's causing your anger. Does the situation have another perspective? Can you do anything to make it better? Express your anger constructively. You might avoid talking about your anger to help prevent conflict. Internalizing can seem like a safe strategy, but your anger can fester, and you may end up holding a grudge. This can affect your interpersonal relationships as well as your emotional well-being. Instead, take time to cool off if you need it, and then try expressing your feelings calmly and respectfully. Focus on finding a solution. Anger is often difficult to deal with because it makes you feel helpless. Working to solve the problem that's causing your anger can help relieve this frustration. You may not be able to fix every situation that makes you angry, but you can usually bring about some improvement. Ask other people involved what they think and work together. You can also try asking your loved ones for their input. Different perspectives can help you consider solutions you may not have seen yourself. Everyone gets angry from time to time. But if you feel like you have anger issues, a therapist can help you develop effective tools for dealing with these emotions. FEATURED Diabetes-Friendly Chicken Recipe Follow along as a registered dietitian prepares a delicious diabetes friendly air fried chicken cutlet! Stay until the end for the recipe card. WATCH NOW 5. Disgust You typically experience disgust as a reaction to unpleasant or unwanted situations. Like anger, feelings of disgust can help protect you from things you want to avoid. It can also pose problems if it leads you to dislike certain people, including yourself, or situations that aren't necessarily bad for you. How to talk about it Disgust might cause you to feel: dislike revulsion loathing disapproving offended horrified uncomfortable nauseated disturbed withdrawn aversion Disgust can happen as a natural response to something you dislike. In some situations, you might want to work through or overcome your disgust. These strategies can help: Practice compassion. It's common to feel uncomfortable when facing things you fear or don't understand. Many people dislike being around sick people, for example. If you feel disturbed when thinking about sick people, try spending some time with an unwell friend or loved one, or offering to help them out. It's important to take steps to protect your own health, so first, make sure their illness is not contagious. Focus on the behavior, not the person. If someone you care about does something that offends or disgusts you, you may disapprove and react by withdrawing, pushing them away, or getting angry. Instead, try talking with that person. For example, if your sister smokes, avoid coughing loudly or making pointed comments about the smell of tobacco. Instead, tell her that cigarette smoke makes you feel sick and you're concerned for her health. Offer to help her quit or work with her on finding support. Expose yourself slowly. Some things may turn your stomach no matter what. Maybe you can't stand any type of creepy-crawly creature but wish you could try gardening. To get over your disgust for worms, you might start by reading about them and looking at pictures of them. If you worry about them getting on your hands, you could try wearing gardening gloves. If you don't like watching them move, you could try watching short video clips about worms to get used to them before seeing them in real life. If you feel strong dislike toward a group of people, a specific person, or yourself, consider talking with a therapist about your feelings (noticing a theme here?). Even if you are not sure exactly what's behind your disgust, a therapist can help you work through the emotion and explore positive ways of coping with it. Putting it all together Emotions can be complicated. Some might feel intense, while others seem mild in comparison. You might feel conflicting emotions at any given time. But emotions can serve a purpose, even when they're negative. Instead of trying to change the emotions you experience, consider how you react to them. It's usually the reactions that create challenges, not the emotions themselves. Last medically reviewed on May 25, 2022 How we reviewed this article: SOURCES HISTORY Share this article READ THIS NEXT Emotional Signs of Too Much Stress Medically reviewed by Karin Gepp, PsyD Emotional stress can cause issues ranging from depression and anxiety to addition and anger. In many cases, managing your stress will resolve your... READ MORE Emotional Exhaustion: What It Is and How to Treat It Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD Emotional exhaustion often feels like you have no power or control over what happens in your life. Lack of energy, poor sleep, and decreased... READ MORE Mood Journal 101: How to Get Started on Controlling Your Emotions Ever feel anxious, depressed, or just plain bad without knowing exactly why? One useful tool to get to the root of lingering negative feelings — and... READ MORE What Part of the Brain Controls Emotions? Medically reviewed by Sachin S. Kapur, MD, MS What part of the brain controls emotions? We'll break down the origins of basic human emotions, including anger, fear, happiness, and love. You'll... READ MORE What to Know About Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs) Medically reviewed by Kendra Kubala, PsyD If you're concerned about your habitual self-grooming behaviors, help is available. READ MORE Creating and Maintaining Boundaries During Holidays Healthline speaks with mental health experts about the importance of setting boundaries and how. READ MORE What Causes Nervous Laughter? Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD Nervous laughter is not uncommon, and often happens in situations that seem inappropriate. We'll delve into why this happens and how to cope. READ MORE Queen Elizabeth's Cause of Death Due to Old Age: What that Means After Queen Elizabeth II died in early September, the National Records of Scotland released an extract from her death certificate listing her cause of... READ MORE Habits Matter More Than You Might Think — These Tips Can Help the Good Ones Stick Medically reviewed by Joslyn Jelinek, LCSW Habits often happen unconsciously, but they can have a big impact on your everyday life. Explore types of habits and tips to create new ones here. READ MORE Get our wellness newsletter Filter out the noise and nurture your inbox with health and wellness advice that's inclusive and rooted in medical expertise. SIGN UP Your privacy is important to us About Us Contact Us Terms of Use Privacy Policy Privacy Settings Advertising Policy Health Topics Medical Affairs Content Integrity Newsletters Do Not Sell My Info © 2005-2022 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. All rights reserved. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information. AboutCareersAdvertise with us OUR BRANDS Healthline Medical News Today Greatist Psych Central (Healthline)

Pros and cons with cryptocurrency and investments

INVESTING CRYPTOCURRENCY Cryptocurrency Explained With Pros and Cons for Investment Learn what you need to know before you invest in a virtual currency By JAKE FRANKENFIELD Updated September 26, 2022 Reviewed by CIERRA MURRY Fact checked by SUZANNE KVILHAUG Cryptocurrency Investopedia / Tara Anand What Is Cryptocurrency? A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. Many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on blockchain technology—a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers. A defining feature of cryptocurrencies is that they are generally not issued by any central authority, rendering them theoretically immune to government interference or manipulation. KEY TAKEAWAYS A cryptocurrency is a form of digital asset based on a network that is distributed across a large number of computers. This decentralized structure allows them to exist outside the control of governments and central authorities. Some experts believe that blockchain and related technology will disrupt many industries, including finance and law. The advantages of cryptocurrencies include cheaper and faster money transfers and decentralized systems that do not collapse at a single point of failure. The disadvantages of cryptocurrencies include their price volatility, high energy consumption for mining activities, and use in criminal activities. Watch Now: What Is Cryptocurrency? Understanding Cryptocurrencies Cryptocurrencies are digital or virtual currencies underpinned by cryptographic systems. They enable secure online payments without the use of third-party intermediaries. "Crypto" refers to the various encryption algorithms and cryptographic techniques that safeguard these entries, such as elliptical curve encryption, public-private key pairs, and hashing functions. Cryptocurrencies can be mined or purchased from cryptocurrency exchanges. Not all e-commerce sites allow purchases using cryptocurrencies. In fact, cryptocurrencies, even popular ones like Bitcoin, are hardly used for retail transactions. However, the skyrocketing value of cryptocurrencies has made them popular as trading instruments. To a limited extent, they are also used for cross-border transfers. Blockchain Central to the appeal and functionality of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is blockchain technology. As its name indicates, blockchain is essentially a set of connected blocks or an online ledger. Each block contains a set of transactions that have been independently verified by each member of the network. Every new block generated must be verified by each node before being confirmed, making it almost impossible to forge transaction histories. 1 The contents of the online ledger must be agreed upon by the entire network of an individual node, or computer maintaining a copy of the ledger. Experts say that blockchain technology can serve multiple industries, such as supply chains, and processes such as online voting and crowdfunding. Financial institutions such as JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM) are testing the use of blockchain technology to lower transaction costs by streamlining payment processing. 2 Investopedia / Ellen Lindner Types of Cryptocurrency Bitcoin is the most popular and valuable cryptocurrency. An anonymous person called Satoshi Nakamoto invented it and introduced it to the world via a white paper in 2008. There are thousands of cryptocurrencies present in the market today. Each cryptocurrency claims to have a different function and specification. For example, Ethereum's ether markets itself as gas for the underlying smart contract platform. Ripple's XRP is used by banks to facilitate transfers between different geographies. Bitcoin, which was made available to the public in 2009, remains the most widely traded and covered cryptocurrency. As of May 2022, there were over 19 million bitcoins in circulation with a total market cap of around $576 billion. Only 21 million bitcoins will ever exist. 3 In the wake of Bitcoin's success, many other cryptocurrencies, known as "altcoins," have been launched. Some of these are clones or forks of Bitcoin, while others are new currencies that were built from scratch. They include Solana, Litecoin, Ethereum, Cardano, and EOS. By November 2021, the aggregate value of all the cryptocurrencies in existence had reached over $2.1 trillion—Bitcoin represented approximately 41% of that total value. 4 Are Cryptocurrencies Legal? Fiat currencies derive their authority from the government or monetary authorities. For example, each dollar bill is backstopped by the Federal Reserve. But cryptocurrencies are not backed by any public or private entities. Therefore, it has been difficult to make a case for their legal status in different financial jurisdictions throughout the world. It doesn't help matters that cryptocurrencies have largely functioned outside most existing financial infrastructure. The legal status of cryptocurrencies has implications for their use in daily transactions and trading. In June 2019, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommended that wire transfers of cryptocurrencies should be subject to the requirements of its Travel Rule, which requires AML compliance. 5 As of May 2022, El Salvador and the Central African Republic were the only countries in the world to accept Bitcoin as legal tender for monetary transactions. 6 In the rest of the world, cryptocurrency regulation varies by jurisdiction. Japan's Payment Services Act defines Bitcoin as legal property. 7 Cryptocurrency exchanges operating in the country are subject to collect information about the customer and details relating to the wire transfer. China has banned cryptocurrency exchanges and mining within its borders. India was reported to be formulating a framework for cryptocurrencies in December. 8 Cryptocurrencies are legal in the European Union. Derivatives and other products that use cryptocurrencies will need to qualify as "financial instruments." In June 2021, the European Commission released the Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation that sets safeguards for regulation and establishes rules for companies or vendors providing financial services using cryptocurrencies. 9 Within the United States, the biggest and most sophisticated financial market in the world, crypto derivatives such as Bitcoin futures are available on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In the past, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) took the stance that Bitcoin and Ethereum were not securities; however, in September 2022, SEC Chair Gary Gensler stated he believes cryptocurrencies are securities. This stance implies that cryptocurrency's legal status may become subject to regulation. 10 Although cryptocurrencies are considered a form of money, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) treats them as a financial asset or property. And, as with most other investments, if you reap capital gains in selling or trading cryptocurrencies, the government wants a piece of the profits. On May 20, 2021, the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced a proposal that would require taxpayers to report any cryptocurrency transaction of and above $10,000 to the IRS. 11 How exactly the IRS would tax proceeds—as capital gains or ordinary income—depends on how long the taxpayer held the cryptocurrency. 12 Are Cryptocurrencies Safe Investments? Cryptocurrencies have attracted a reputation as unstable investments, due to high investor losses as a result of scams, hacks, and bugs. Although the underlying cryptography is generally secure, the technical complexity of using and storing crypto assets can be a major hazard to new users. In addition to the market risks associated with speculative assets, cryptocurrency investors should be aware of the following risks: User risk: Unlike traditional finance, there is no way to reverse or cancel a cryptocurrency transaction after it has already been sent. By some estimates, about a fifth of all bitcoins are now inaccessible due to lost passwords or incorrect sending addresses. 13 Regulatory risks: The regulatory status of some cryptocurrencies is still unclear, with many governments seeking to regulate them as securities, currencies, or both. A sudden regulatory crackdown could make it difficult to sell cryptocurrencies, or cause a market-wide price drop. Counterparty risks: Many investors and merchants rely on exchanges or other custodians to store their cryptocurrency. Theft or loss by one of these third parties could result in the loss of one's entire investment. Management risks: Due to the lack of coherent regulations, there are few protections against deceptive or unethical management practices. Many investors have lost large sums to management teams that failed to deliver a product. Programming risks: Many investment and lending platforms use automated smart contracts to control the movement of user deposits. An investor using one of these platforms assumes the risk that a bug or exploit in these programs could cause them to lose their investment. Market Manipulation: Market manipulation remains a substantial problem in the cryptocurrency space, and some exchanges have been accused of manipulating prices or trading against their customers. Despite these risks, cryptocurrencies have seen a major leap in prices, with the total market capitalization rising to over $1 trillion. 14 Despite the speculative nature of the asset, some have been able to create substantial fortunes by taking on the risk of investing in early-stage cryptocurrencies. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrencies were introduced with the intent to revolutionize financial infrastructure. As with every revolution, however, there are tradeoffs involved. At the current stage of development for cryptocurrencies, there are many differences between the theoretical ideal of a decentralized system with cryptocurrencies and its practical implementation. Some advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrencies are as follows. Advantages Cryptocurrencies represent a new, decentralized paradigm for money. In this system, centralized intermediaries, such as banks and monetary institutions, are not necessary to enforce trust and police transactions between two parties. Thus, a system with cryptocurrencies eliminates the possibility of a single point of failure, such as a large bank, setting off a cascade of crises around the world, such as the one that was triggered in 2008 by the failure of institutions in the United States. Cryptocurrencies promise to make it easier to transfer funds directly between two parties, without the need for a trusted third party like a bank or a credit card company. Such decentralized transfers are secured by the use of public keys and private keys and different forms of incentive systems, such as proof of work or proof of stake. 15 Because they do not use third-party intermediaries, cryptocurrency transfers between two transacting parties are faster as compared to standard money transfers. Flash loans in decentralized finance are a good example of such decentralized transfers. These loans, which are processed without backing collateral, can be executed within seconds and are used in trading. 16 Cryptocurrency investments can generate profits. Cryptocurrency markets have skyrocketed in value over the past decade, at one point reaching almost $2 trillion. As of May 2022, Bitcoin was valued at more than $550 billion in crypto markets. 17 The remittance economy is testing one of cryptocurrency's most prominent use cases. Currently, cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin serve as intermediate currencies to streamline money transfers across borders. Thus, a fiat currency is converted to Bitcoin (or another cryptocurrency), transferred across borders, and, subsequently, converted to the destination fiat currency. This method streamlines the money transfer process and makes it cheaper. Disadvantages Though they claim to be an anonymous form of transaction, cryptocurrencies are actually pseudonymous. They leave a digital trail that agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) can decipher. This opens up possibilities of governments or federal authorities tracking the financial transactions of ordinary citizens. 18 Cryptocurrencies have become a popular tool with criminals for nefarious activities such as money laundering and illicit purchases. The case of Dread Pirate Roberts, who ran a marketplace to sell drugs on the dark web, is already well known. Cryptocurrencies have also become a favorite of hackers who use them for ransomware activities. 19 In theory, cryptocurrencies are meant to be decentralized, their wealth distributed between many parties on a blockchain. In reality, ownership is highly concentrated. For example, an MIT study found that just 11,000 investors held roughly 45% of Bitcoin's surging value. 20 One of the conceits of cryptocurrencies is that anyone can mine them using a computer with an Internet connection. However, mining popular cryptocurrencies requires considerable energy, sometimes as much energy as entire countries consume. The expensive energy costs coupled with the unpredictability of mining have concentrated mining among large firms whose revenues running into the billions of dollars. According to an MIT study, 10% of miners account for 90% of its mining capacity. 20 Though cryptocurrency blockchains are highly secure, other crypto repositories, such as exchanges and wallets, can be hacked. Many cryptocurrency exchanges and wallets have been hacked over the years, sometimes resulting in millions of dollars worth of "coins" stolen. 21 Cryptocurrencies traded in public markets suffer from price volatility. Bitcoin has experienced rapid surges and crashes in its value, climbing to as high as $17,738 in December 2017 before dropping to $7,575 in the following months. 3 Some economists thus consider cryptocurrencies to be a short-lived fad or speculative bubble. $576 billion Total market cap of Bitcoin, as of May 2022. How Do You Buy Cryptocurrencies? Any investor can purchase cryptocurrency from popular crypto exchanges such as Coinbase, apps such as Cash App, or through brokers. Another popular way to invest in cryptocurrencies is through financial derivatives, such as CME's Bitcoin futures, or through other instruments, such as Bitcoin trusts and Bitcoin ETFs. What Is the Point of Cryptocurrency? Cryptocurrencies are a new paradigm for money. Their promise is to streamline existing financial architecture to make it faster and cheaper. Their technology and architecture decentralize existing monetary systems and make it possible for transacting parties to exchange value and money independently of intermediary institutions such as banks. Can You Generate Cryptocurrency? Cryptocurrencies are generated by mining. For example, Bitcoin is generated using Bitcoin mining. The process involves downloading software that contains a partial or full history of transactions that have occurred in its network. Though anyone with a computer and an Internet connection can mine cryptocurrency, the energy- and resource-intensive nature of mining means that large firms dominate the industry. What Are the Most Popular Cryptocurrencies? Bitcoin is by far the most popular cryptocurrency followed by other cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum, Binance Coin, Solana, and Cardano. Are Cryptocurrencies Securities? In the past, the SEC has said that Bitcoin and Ethereum, the top two cryptocurrencies by market cap, were not securities. In September 2022, SEC Chair Gary Gensler stated he believes cryptocurrencies are securities and has asked SEC staff to begin working with crypto developers to register their crypto. However, he also clarified that he did not speak on behalf of the SEC; he was only speaking for himself. He encouraged those starting in the crypto space to register their crypto in the spirit of getting ahead because "It's far less costly to do so from the outset." 10 The Bottom Line Cryptocurrencies are digital assets that are secured by cryptography. As a relatively new technology, they are highly speculative, and it is important to understand the risks involved before making an investment. Investing in cryptocurrencies and other initial coin offerings ("ICOs") is highly risky and speculative, and this article is not a recommendation by Investopedia or the writer to invest in cryptocurrencies or other ICOs. Because each individual's situation is unique, a qualified professional should always be consulted before making any financial decisions. Investopedia makes no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or timeliness of the information contained herein. SPONSORED You Can Build Wealth with Alternative Investments Unlike traditional investments, which are often tied to the ups and downs of the stock market, Fundrise offers the opportunity to invest in real estate and other alternative assets, which can provide steady returns even when the market is down. With Fundrise, you can feel confident in your chance to weather any economic storm. Diversify your portfolio with Fundrise today. ARTICLE SOURCES Take the Next Step to Invest Advertiser Disclosure Related Terms Blockchain Facts: What Is It, How It Works, and How It Can Be Used A blockchain is a digitally distributed, decentralized, public ledger that exists across a network. It is most noteworthy in its use with cryptocurrencies and NFTs. more What Is Ether (ETH)? Definition, How It Works, Vs. Bitcoin Ether is the native cryptocurrency for the Ethereum blockchain and network. It is used to pay transaction fees and as collateral by network validators. more Who Is Satoshi Nakamoto? Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the creator(s) of Bitcoin. Learn more about this unknown developer and who it might be. more What Is Ethereum and How Does It Work? Ethereum is a blockchain-based software platform with the native coin, ether. Ethereum smart contracts support a variety of distributed apps across the crypto ecosystem. more What Is Gwei? The Cryptocurrency Explained Gwei is a denomination of the cryptocurrency ether (ETH), used on the Ethereum network. Learn what it is and how it is used in ETH transactions. more Private Currency A private currency is a limited and non-legal tender issued by a private firm or group as an alternative to a national or fiat currency. more Related Articles 10 Important Cryptocurrencies Other Than Bitcoin ALTCOINS 10 Important Cryptocurrencies Other Than Bitcoin CRYPTOCURRENCY Top Cryptocurrency Myths Bitcoin vs. Ethereum image BITCOIN Bitcoin vs. Ethereum: What's the Difference? Crypto PRACTICE MANAGEMENT When Clients Ask About Crypto BITCOIN What Will Happen to Bitcoin in the Next Decade? BITCOIN Can Crypto Be Hacked? Facebook Instagram LinkedIn Newsletter Twitter TRUSTe About Us Terms of Use Dictionary Editorial Policy Advertise News Privacy Policy Contact Us Careers Do Not Sell My Personal Information Investopedia is part of the Dotdash Meredith publishing family. Ad (Investopedia)

Why does my birthday matter?

Judith Fein Judith Fein Life Is a Trip Why Your Birthday Matters Your birthday is a lot more than you think it is. Posted June 15, 2018 Reviewed by Ekua Hagan Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail Big deal. A birthday. The day you slid down the birth canal and took your first breath on your own. You and seven billion other living people had that experience. If I had any mathematical or statistical aptitude, I would probably divide that number by 365 to estimate how many people in the world might have the same birthday as mine. That's how I always looked at birthdays, but last week, all of that changed. article continues after advertisement It started when my husband Paul and I got an invitation to El Monte Sagrado resort in Taos, New Mexico, for a new farm-to-table alfresco dining experience they will be offering on the last Wednesday of every month through September. Sure, I thought, why not? It was the day before my birthday, and when I casually mentioned that to the woman who invited us, she said they would add in a spa treatment for me. Dinner in the lap of the sacred mountain, and someone ministering to the muscles, tendons, and ligaments that have carried me this far—it sounded perfect. Several staff members at El Monte Sagrado confided that they wanted to change the image some people had of a resort that was a little formal and exclusive. The idea of the dinner was that people who didn't know each other would meet, mingle, enjoy each others' company, and then dine on gourmet food prepared by executive chef Cristina Martinez and served family style. The staff was so friendly, and the atmosphere so relaxed, that everyone bonded right away. Long tables were beautifully set on the grass lawn, and the event began with cocktails and hors d'ouevres at 5:30, proceeded to a three-course dinner with wines from Vivac winery (the owners participated in the dinner), and then, to my dazzled surprise, everyone lit sparklers and sang happy birthday to me over dessert. paul ross with permission Source: paul ross with permission The next day, on my actual birthday, I showed up at the spa, and the receptionist wished me a happy birthday. Then I was introduced to Melissa, a tall, handsome, Hispano-Indian woman with braids that cascaded down her back to her waist. She gave me the staurolite treatment, which involved the use of sacred garnet and mica stones that are found in Taos; if you look at them, you see what is called a "fairy cross." article continues after advertisement First I was vigorously dry brushed, then slathered with turquoise mud and wrapped up like the filling in a warm burrito. Next came a hydrating mask and massage. I said to Melissa that she had great power in her hands. She replied that she was afraid to cut her hair because she would lose her power. I laughed and said that sounded like Samson in the Hebrew Bible. She didn't know about Samson, but she knew what her native elders told her: you must cut your hair on a full moon to make it thicker and facilitate faster growth. Something about that little bit of information spoke to my soul. I felt nourished inside and out. For lunch, our Taos friends Susy and John said they'd like to treat me to a birthday meal. I was a little nonplussed at all the birthday fuss, but happily agreed. We dined on the patio at The Trading Post restaurant. The menu was Italian based, and with the red-and-white checked tablecloth, we felt as though we were in Europe. When it was time for dessert, a foot-high Napoleon arrived with a candle and everyone sang happy birthday to me. An hour later, we were given a private tour of the new Larry Bell Hocus, Focus, and 12 exhibit at the Harwood Museum (through October 7). Larry has lived in Taos since l973, but he's known as a Southern California cutting-edge artist because he also lives and works there. The Harwood has what is probably the world's largest collection of Larry Bell pieces, and on my birthday his ex-wife and daughter accompanied us as we viewed the current show. article continues after advertisement As I understand it, Larry makes glass sculptures by putting pieces of glass in a vacuum with a metal material that vaporizes and coats everything in its path when it melts. The Harwood show is almost all vacuum depositions on paper that Larry made over five decades. It also includes "fractions"—small jewel-like pieces that are fashioned from parts of his works that failed. What a visual paean to failure! And one room has 12-string guitars that Larry collects and abstracted lush, female forms that have pendulous breasts and broad hips and are inspired by the musical instruments. When we saw the larger pieces, which are all about light and surfaces, we understood that Larry works with illusions created from mirror-like glass that emanated from the Los Alamos junkyard. Paul and I sat in chairs facing each other, and we watched each others' faces morph and meld with our own. The pieces seem to have corners and sides and angles, but it's all an illusion. What intrigued me most was an enigmatic book that Larry made in 1975. He invented a visual code where each image (i.e. a man running) represented a letter or a space. He turned the alphabet into 26 pictures and 10 photos, which he explained was an "animated discourse." I would have stood staring at it for an hour, but I was told there was a surprise waiting for us—we had a private viewing with us, Larry's ex-wife and daughter, and Larry himself, in his studio. article continues after advertisement Larry is an unassuming, witty, thoroughly unpretentious man whose studio is ringed with 12-string guitars, which he considers as sculptures that sing. He told us that he had hearing loss and never knew it, which is part of the reason he was a bad guitarist. In fact, once he was working at the Unicorn club in Los Angeles where Lenny Bruce was performing. The brilliant, unhinged comedian finished the show, and no one would leave before his next show. They didn't know what to do. So Larry got onstage to play guitar, and the place emptied out. When we asked Larry if we could see the vacuum chamber he uses, he led us to a huge machine that looked like something out of a retro sci-fi movie. "The equipment does a process that makes my eyes feel good," Larry said with a smile. paul ross, with permission Source: paul ross, with permission And then Larry told us about his process—which involves three elements: spontaneity, intuition, and improvisation. He works very fast for this reason. "Those three tools are workable for anyone in life," he mused. I left Larry's studio feeling, once again, that I had been nourished, and that it had been a great birthday, but it was not over. Paul arranged a surprise, romantic dinner at Lambert's restaurant, on their outdoor patio. We feasted on beet salad with goat cheese, thick pea soup, and panko coated chicken with spicy barley and greens. Then, just when I was getting ready to leave, the waiter arrived with an offer: I could have any dessert I wanted since it was my birthday. I opted for thick, rich, rice pudding with cardamom and pistachio. Back at El Monte Sagrado, I turned on my iPhone for the first time. I quickly checked email, and then briskly looked at Facebook. I thought I was hallucinating. Hundreds and hundreds of texts, emojis, videos, icons, hearts, and messages that ranged from short and sweet to elaborate, funny, wacky, and risqué to mild and wild. How did anyone, let alone everyone, know it was my birthday? And it wasn't even a special dreaded birthday with round numbers. The answer: Facebook. There, I've said it. Something good about Facebook. All your friends are notified of birthdays, and they can choose to post on your timeline. I read each one, appreciated each one, was surprised by each one. It was fun. A birthday could be fun. So that was the end of my birthday celebration, but it wasn't. Paul suggested that we drive into Indian country, and for the next days we had one powerful, meaningful, moving experience after another. It began at the fabulous Indian Trails Trading Post in Grants, where Freeman, the owner, took us through his museum, told us stories about his life as a miner, trapper, and man who housed a famous lawman/outlaw. Then he saw us hovering over two antique pawn bolo ties, trying to decide which one was best for Paul. When we finally decided, Freeman made a decision too: he gave it to Paul. Gave it. Even Paul was getting gifts for my birthday. paul ross, with permission Source: paul ross, with permission We headed to a once-a-month Navajo rug auction, a native flea market where we had a deep, long, lucky-to-be-alive convo with natives from Zuni, attended a local festival, saw low-riders' works of art, drove the back way to Acoma Pueblo and hung with a mother and son pottery duo and a woman who sells teeny, tiny pots, and ended up eating hollow hearts at a great Chinese restaurant. But that is for another story. paul ross, with permission Source: paul ross, with permission paul ross, with permission Source: paul ross, with permission The reason I am writing this is that I am l00 percent convinced that this most unusual and unexpected sequence of birthday delights came to someone who pooh-poohed the meaning of birthdays, and who learned that it is important to feel cared about, appreciated, and even celebrated. Yes, people who like you or care about you or even love you need an opportunity to express it, and you need to hear and feel it. A birthday isn't just the day you slid through the birth canal. It is also the day you came into the world, began your lifelong engagement with the world, and, every year on that day, you get feedback from those you have engaged with. Bless birthdays. (Psychology Today)

Battle of Little Bighorn

1876 Sioux victory over army troops led by George Custer In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died Sioux forces led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull surrounded and defeated Custer and his troops (Quizlet) Battle of the Little Bighorn United States history Actions Alternate titles: Custer's Last Stand By Gregory J.W. Urwin Article History Table of Contents Top Questions Where was the Battle of the Little Bighorn fought? Why did the Battle of the Little Bighorn happen? Why is the Battle of the Little Bighorn significant? Who fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn? How many people died in the Battle of the Little Bighorn? Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of the Little Bighorn, also called Custer's Last Stand, (June 25, 1876), battle at the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, U.S., between federal troops led by Lieut. Col. George A. Custer and Northern Plains Indians (Lakota [Teton or Western Sioux] and Northern Cheyenne) led by Sitting Bull. Custer and all the men under his immediate command were slain. There were about 50 known deaths among Sitting Bull's followers. Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of the Little Bighorn See all media Date: June 25, 1876 Location: Montana United States Participants: Cheyenne Sioux United States Context: Second Treaty of Fort Laramie Black Hills War Plains Wars Key People: Crazy Horse George Armstrong Custer Gall Sitting Bull See all related content → Events leading up to the confrontation were typical of the irresolute and confusing policy of the U.S. government toward Native Americans. Although the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), in effect, had guaranteed to the Lakota and Dakota (Yankton) Sioux as well as the Arapaho Indians exclusive possession of the Dakota territory west of the Missouri River, white miners in search of gold were settling in lands sacred especially to the Lakota. Unwilling to remove the settlers and unable to persuade the Lakota to sell the territory, the U.S. government issued an order to the Indian agencies that all Indians return to the designated reservations by January 31, 1876, or be deemed hostile. The improbability of getting that message to the hunters, coupled with its rejection by many of the Plains Indians, made confrontation inevitable. PLAINS WARS EVENTS Black Kettle Sand Creek Massacre November 29, 1864 Satanta Red River Indian War 1874 - 1875 Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of the Little Bighorn June 25, 1876 1 2 Sitting Bull Sitting Bull In defiance of the government's threats, bands of Lakota and Northern Cheyenne Indians (along with a smaller number of Arapaho) who had refused to be confined by reservation boundaries came together under the leadership of Sitting Bull, a charismatic Lakota who called for resistance to U.S. expansion. With the arrival of spring 1876 and the start of the hunting seasons, many more Indians left their reservations to join Sitting Bull, whose growing numbers of followers were camped on the Little Bighorn River (a branch of the Bighorn River) in southern Montana Territory at the end of June. Earlier in the spring, many of those Native Americans had congregated to celebrate the annual Sun Dance ceremony, at which Sitting Bull experienced a prophetic vision of soldiers toppling upside down in his camp, which he interpreted as a harbinger of a great victory for his people. George Armstrong Custer George Armstrong Custer That spring, under the orders of Lieut. Gen. Philip Sheridan, three army columns converged on Lakota country in an attempt to corral the rebellious bands. Moving east, from Fort Ellis (near Bozeman, Montana), was a column led by Col. John Gibbon. From the south and Fort Fetterman in Wyoming Territory came a column under the command of Gen. George Cook. On May 17 Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Terry headed west from Fort Abraham Lincoln in charge of the Dakota Column, the bulk of which constituted Custer's 7th Cavalry. On June 22 Terry sent Custer and the 7th Cavalry in pursuit of Sitting Bull's trail, which led into the Little Bighorn Valley. Terry's plan was for Custer to attack the Lakota and Cheyenne from the south, forcing them toward a smaller force that he intended to deploy farther upstream on the Little Bighorn River. By the morning of June 25, Custer's scouts had discovered the location of Sitting Bull's village. Custer intended to move the 7th Cavalry to a position that would allow his force to attack the village at dawn the next day. When some stray Indian warriors sighted a few 7th Cavalrymen, Custer assumed that they would rush to warn their village, causing the residents to scatter. Custer chose to attack immediately. At noon on June 25, in an attempt to prevent Sitting Bull's followers from escaping, he split his regiment into three battalions. He sent three companies under the command of Maj. Marcus A. Reno to charge straight into the village, dispatched three companies under Capt. Frederick W. Benteen to the south to cut off the flight of any Indians in that direction, and took five companies under his personal command to attack the village from the north. That tactic proved to be disastrous. In fragmenting his regiment, Custer had left its three main components unable to provide each other support. George Custer and Crazy Horse George Custer and Crazy Horse As the Battle of the Little Bighorn unfolded, Custer and the 7th Cavalry fell victim to a series of surprises, not the least of which was the number of warriors that they encountered. Army intelligence had estimated Sitting Bull's force at 800 fighting men; in fact, some 2,000 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors took part in the battle. Many of them were armed with superior repeating rifles, and all of them were quick to defend their families. Native American accounts of the battle are especially laudatory of the courageous actions of Crazy Horse, leader of the Oglala band of Lakota. Other Indian leaders displayed equal courage and tactical skill. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of the Little Bighorn Find out why George Custer failed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn Find out why George Custer failed at the Battle of the Little BighornSee all videos for this article Cut off by the Indians, all 210 of the soldiers who had followed Custer toward the northern reaches of the village were killed in a desperate fight that may have lasted nearly two hours and culminated in the defense of high ground beyond the village that became known as "Custer's Last Stand." The details of the movements of the components of Custer's contingent have been much hypothesized. Reconstructions of their actions have been formulated using both the accounts of Native American eyewitnesses and sophisticated analysis of archaeological evidence (cartridge cases, bullets, arrowheads, gun fragments, buttons, human bones, etc.), Ultimately, however, much of the understanding of this most famous portion of the battle is the product of conjecture, and the popular perception of it remains shrouded in myth. Atop a hill on the other end of the valley, Reno's battalion, which had been reinforced by Benteen's contingent, held out against a prolonged assault until the next evening, when the Indians broke off their attack and departed. Only a single badly wounded horse remained from Custer's annihilated battalion (the victorious Lakota and Cheyenne had captured 80 to 90 of the battalion's mounts). That horse, Comanche, managed to survive, and for many years it would appear in 7th Cavalry parades, saddled but riderless. Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, Montana Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, Montana The outcome of the battle, though it proved to be the height of Indian power, so stunned and enraged white Americans that government troops flooded the area, forcing the Indians to surrender. Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (1946) and Indian Memorial (2003) commemorate the battle. Gregory J.W. Urwin Gregory J.W. Urwin The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Fort Apache Table of Contents Home Entertainment & Pop Culture Movies Fort Apache film by Ford [1948] Actions By Lee Pfeiffer Article History Table of Contents Fort Apache Fort Apache Fort Apache, American western film, released in 1948, that was the first, and widely considered the best, of director John Ford's "cavalry trilogy." Inspired by the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), the film was unique for its time in portraying Native Americans sympathetically as victims of the U.S. government. Lieut. Col. Owen Thursday (played by Henry Fonda and modeled on George Armstrong Custer) is ordered to take command at Fort Apache, a remote military outpost located in Apache territory in Arizona. The widowed Thursday is accompanied by his teenaged daughter, Philadelphia (Shirley Temple). Upon his arrival, Thursday's strict uncompromising methods alienate the soldiers. Thursday has an especially thorny relationship with his second-in-command, Capt. Kirby York (John Wayne), who fails to convince Thursday that his "by-the-book" style is impractical at the fort, where officers must constantly improvise their strategies. Faced with an increasingly violent Apache insurrection—which is caused in part by the actions of a corrupt U.S. government agent—Thursday authorizes York to initiate a peace treaty with the Apache chief Cochise (Miguel Inclan). However, when Thursday intentionally breaks the treaty, Cochise launches a major attack. Ignoring York's strategy suggestions, Thursday leads an ill-advised charge in which he and many of his men are killed. Although it is clear to York that Thursday's arrogance and unbending nature caused the massacre, the U.S. government proclaims Thursday to be a martyr and a role model for other army officers. Britannica Quiz Oscar-Worthy Movie Trivia Despite Wayne's star power, Fort Apache was Fonda's film. He gave a strong performance as the stubborn Thursday, imbuing the flawed character with a degree of humanity. A critical and commercial success, Fort Apache offered plenty of entertainment—the action sequences are especially notable—while at the same time raising questions about heroism and legends. The other films in Ford's calvary trilogy are She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949) and Rio Grande (1950). Production notes and credits Studio: RKO Radio Pictures Director: John Ford Producers: Merian C. Cooper and John Ford Writer: Frank S. Nugent Music: Richard Hageman Running time: 125 minutes Cast John Wayne (Capt. Kirby York) Henry Fonda (Lieut. Col. Owen Thursday) Shirley Temple (Philadelphia Thursday) Pedro Armendáriz (Sergeant Beaufort) Ward Bond (Sgt. Maj. Michael O'Rourke) Lee Pfeiffer Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Great Molasses Flood

1919 disaster when a tank exploded and sent a wave of molasses and killed 21 people in Boston (Quizlet) Great Molasses Flood disaster, Boston, Massachusetts, United States [1919] Actions By Amy Tikkanen Article History Table of Contents Great Molasses Flood, disaster in Boston that occurred after a storage tank collapsed on January 15, 1919, sending more than two million gallons (eight million litres) of molasses flowing through the city's North End. The deluge caused extensive damage and killed 21 people. Great Molasses Flood Great Molasses Flood See all media Date: January 15, 1919 Location: Boston Massachusetts United States See all related content → The tank was built in 1915 along Boston's waterfront on Commercial Street, opposite Copp's Hill. It was operated by the Purity Distilling Company, a subsidiary of United States Industrial Alcohol (USIA). At the time, industrial alcohol—then made from fermented molasses—was highly profitable; it was used to make munitions and other weaponry for World War I (1914-18). The tank's immense size reflected the demand: it measured more than 50 feet (15 metres) high and 90 feet (27 metres) in diameter and could hold up to 2.5 million gallons (9.5 million litres) of molasses. Built quickly, the tank was problematic from the start, leaking and often emitting rumbling noises. Nevertheless, it continued to be used, and after the war's conclusion USIA focused on producing grain alcohol, which was in high demand as prohibition neared passage. At approximately 12:30 PM on January 15, 1919, the tank burst, releasing a deluge of "sweet, sticky death." According to reports, the resulting wave of molasses was 15 to 40 feet (5 to 12 metres) high and some 160 feet (49 metres) wide. Traveling at approximately 35 miles (56 km) per hour, it destroyed several city blocks, leveling buildings and damaging automobiles. Although help arrived quickly, the hardening molasses made rescue efforts difficult. In the end, 21 people were killed, many of whom were suffocated by the syrup, and approximately 150 were injured. In addition, the Boston Post noted that a number of horses had "died like so many flies on sticky fly paper." Clean-up efforts lasted for weeks, and Boston reportedly continued to smell like molasses for years afterward. Numerous lawsuits were filed in the wake of the disaster. While victims alleged that the tank was not safe, USIA claimed that it had been sabotaged by "evilly disposed persons." In 1925, however, it was ruled that the tank was unsound, and USIA was ordered to pay damages. In addition, the disaster resulted in stricter construction codes being adopted by states across the country. For years, questions were raised over how such a seemingly benign substance could have caused so many deaths. In 2016, researchers released a study that placed the blame on cold temperatures. While warm weather would have caused the molasses to be less viscous, the winter temperatures made the syrup markedly thicker, severely impeding rescuers. Amy Tikkanen flood Table of Contents Home Science Earth Science, Geologic Time & Fossils Earth Sciences flood Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Nov 18, 2022 Article History Table of Contents flood, high-water stage in which water overflows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land, such as a river inundating its floodplain. The effects of floods on human well-being range from unqualified blessings to catastrophes. The regular seasonal spring floods of the Nile River prior to construction of the Aswān High Dam, for example, were depended upon to provide moisture and soil enrichment for the fertile floodplains of its delta. The uncontrolled floods of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and the Huang He in China, however, have repeatedly wrought disaster when these rivers habitually rechart their courses. Uncontrollable floods likely to cause considerable damage commonly result from excessive rainfall over brief periods of time, as, for example, the floods of Paris (1658 and 1910), of Warsaw (1861 and 1964), of Frankfurt am Main (1854 and 1930), and of Rome (1530 and 1557). Potentially disastrous floods may, however, also result from ice jams during the spring rise, as with the Danube River (1342, 1402, 1501, and 1830) and the Neva River (in Russia, 1824); from storm surges such as those of 1099 and 1953 that flooded the coasts of England, Belgium, and the Netherlands; and from tsunamis, the mountainous sea waves caused by earthquakes, as in Lisbon (1755) and Hawaii (Hilo, 1946). A flooded street in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, June 2008. flood See all media Related Topics: Yangtze River floods Australian floods 100-year flood flash flood black flood See all related content → Floods can be measured for height, peak discharge, area inundated, and volume of flow. These factors are important to judicious land use, construction of bridges and dams, and prediction and control of floods. Common measures of flood control include the improvement of channels, the construction of protective levees and storage reservoirs, and, indirectly, the implementation of programs of soil and forest conservation to retard and absorb runoff from storms. Britannica Quiz Water and its Varying Forms The discharge volume of an individual stream is often highly variable from month to month and year to year. A particularly striking example of this variability is the flash flood, a sudden, unexpected torrent of muddy and turbulent water rushing down a canyon or gulch. It is uncommon, of relatively brief duration, and generally the result of summer thunderstorms or the rapid melting of snow and ice in mountains. A flash flood can take place in a single tributary while the rest of the drainage basin remains dry. The suddenness of its occurrence causes a flash flood to be extremely dangerous. A flood of such magnitude that it might be expected to occur only once in 100 years is called a 100-year flood. The magnitudes of 100-, 500-, and 1,000-year floods are calculated by extrapolating existing records of stream flow, and the results are used in the design engineering of many water resources projects, including dams and reservoirs, and other structures that may be affected by catastrophic floods. This article was most recently revised and updated by John P. Rafferty. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

Nostradamus

fortune teller; (1503-66) French physician and astrologer who wrote a book of rhymed prophecies (Quizlet) Nostradamus French astrologer Actions Alternate titles: Michel de Nostredame, Michel de Notredame By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Dec 13, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Top Questions Who is Nostradamus? When was Nostradamus's Centuries published? Whose court was Nostradamus invited to? Know about the prophecies of Nostradamus Know about the prophecies of NostradamusSee all videos for this article Nostradamus, also called Michel de Notredame or Nostredame, (born December 14, 1503, Saint-Rémy, France—died July 1/2, 1566, Salon), French astrologer and physician, the most widely read seer of the Renaissance. Nostradamus Nostradamus See all media Born: December 14, 1503 France Died: July 1, 1566 or July 2, 1566 France See all related content → Determine whether Nostradamus predicted the French Revolution, rise of Adolf Hitler, and September 11 attacks Determine whether Nostradamus predicted the French Revolution, rise of Adolf Hitler, and September 11 attacksSee all videos for this article Nostradamus began his medical practice in Agen sometime in the 1530s, despite not only never having taken a medical degree but also apparently having been expelled from medical school. In 1544 he moved to Salon, where he gained renown for his innovative medical treatments during outbreaks of the plague at Aix and Lyon in 1546-47. He began making prophecies about 1547, which he published in 1555 in a book entitled Centuries. The work consisted of rhymed quatrains grouped in hundreds, each set of 100 called a century. Astrology was then at a peak, and an enlarged second edition, dedicated to the French king, appeared in 1558. Britannica Quiz Science: Fact or Fiction? Some of his prophecies appeared to be fulfilled, and his fame became so widespread that he was invited to the court of Catherine de Médicis, queen consort of Henry II of France, where he cast the horoscopes of her children. He was appointed physician-in-ordinary by Charles IX in 1564. Nostradamus's prophecies were the subject of many commentaries; contrary to popular belief, however, they were never condemned by the Congregation of the Index, the body set up by the Roman Catholic Church for the examination of books and manuscripts. Because of their cryptic style and content, the prophecies continued to create much controversy. Some of them are thought by believers to have foretold actual historical events that occurred since Nostradamus's time, including certain details of the French Revolution of the 18th century. Others, having no apparent meaning, are said by some to foretell events that have not yet occurred. This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. occultism Table of Contents Home Philosophy & Religion Religious Beliefs occultism Actions By Robert Andrew Gilbert Article History Table of Contents Summary Read a brief summary of this topic occultism, various theories and practices involving a belief in and knowledge or use of supernatural forces or beings. Such beliefs and practices—principally magical or divinatory—have occurred in all human societies throughout recorded history, with considerable variations both in their nature and in the attitude of societies toward them. In the West the term occultism has acquired intellectually and morally pejorative overtones that do not obtain in other societies where the practices and beliefs concerned do not run counter to the prevailing worldview. Henry Gillard Glindoni: John Dee Performing an Experiment Before Queen Elizabeth I Henry Gillard Glindoni: John Dee Performing an Experiment Before Queen Elizabeth I See all media Key People: Zarathushtra J.F.C. Fuller Robert Fludd Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim Aleister Crowley Related Topics: witchcraft magic alchemy divination astrology See all related content → Occult practices centre on the presumed ability of the practitioner to manipulate natural laws for personal benefit or on behalf of another; such practices tend to be regarded as evil only when they also involve the breaking of moral laws. Some anthropologists have argued that it is not possible to make a clear-cut distinction between magic—a principal component of occultism—and religion, and this may well be true of the religious systems of some nonliterate societies. The argument does not hold, however, for any of the major religions, which regard both natural and moral law as immutable. The Western tradition of occultism, as popularly conceived, is of an ancient "secret philosophy" underlying all occult practices. This secret philosophy derives ultimately from Hellenistic magic and alchemy on the one hand and from Jewish mysticism on the other. The principal Hellenistic source is the Corpus Hermeticum, the texts associated with Hermes Trismegistos, which are concerned with astrology and other occult sciences and with spiritual regeneration. Kabbala Kabbala The Jewish element is supplied by the Kabbala (the doctrine of a secret mystical interpretation of the Torah), which had been familiar to scholars in Europe since the Middle Ages and which was linked with the Hermetic texts during the Renaissance. The resulting Hermetic-Kabbalistic tradition, known as Hermetism, incorporated both theory and magical practice, with the latter presented as natural, and thus good, magic, in contrast to the evil magic of sorcery or witchcraft. Alchemy was also absorbed into the body of Hermetism, and this link was strengthened in the early 17th century with the appearance of Rosicrucianism, an alleged secret brotherhood that utilized alchemical symbolism and taught secret wisdom to its followers, creating a spiritual alchemy that survived the rise of empirical science and enabled Hermetism to pass unscathed into the period of the Enlightenment. Freemasons Freemasons During the 18th century the tradition was taken up by esoterically inclined Freemasons who could not find an occult philosophy within Freemasonry. These enthusiasts persisted, both as individual students of Hermetism and, in continental Europe, as groups of occult practitioners, into the 19th century, when the growth of religious skepticism led to an increased rejection of orthodox religion by the educated and a consequent search for salvation by other means—including occultism. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now But those interested turned to new forms of occultism rather than to the Hermetic tradition: on the one hand to spiritualism, the practice of alleged regular communication between the living and the spirits of the dead through a living "medium," and on the other hand to theosophy, a blend of Western occultism and Eastern mysticism that proved to be a most effective propagator of occultism but whose influence had declined markedly by the late 20th century. Indeed, despite the 19th-century revival, occult ideas have failed to gain acceptance in academic circles, although they have occasionally influenced the work of major artists, such as the poet William Butler Yeats and the painter Wassily Kandinsky, and occultism in Europe and North America seems destined to remain the province of popular culture. Robert Andrew Gilbert Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

What are the types of generations?

Traditionalists baby boomers generation X millennials generation Z (Quizlet) SKIP TO CONTENT Parents Ad RAISING KIDS BETTER PARENTING PARENTING STYLE A Year-by-Year Guide to Different Generations and Their Parenting Styles From Boomers to Gen Z, experts break down America's generational timeline, offer insight into who's who, and take a look at how parenting has evolved throughout the years. By Sarah Cottrell Updated on December 28, 2022 Share Tweet Pin Email When millennials stepped into parenthood (aka became known as parennials) and Gen Z so eloquently introduced the "OK, Boomer" phenomenon to show their distaste for their grandparents' generation, there seemed to be more generational labels being thrown around than ever before. But what exactly do all these labels mean? If a slew of new phrases weren't confusing enough to keep up with, the exact timeline of generations isn't that easy to decipher either. While there is some consensus among social scientists about the general periods of time associated with each generation, there is no clear-cut line defining when one generation ends and another begins. In other words, a quick Google search may give you a dozen different sets of dates. Still, knowing the approximate dates and events that characterize each generation can help us all understand a bit more about ourselves as parents and our children, and also why grandparents will forever be scratching their heads about "kids these days"—no matter what year it is. So we reached out to experts to get an accurate timeline of generations. Here's the breakdown of what's what and who's who. EMMA INNOCENTI/GETTY IMAGES How the Snowplow Parenting Trend Affects Kids Generation Names and Dates "A generation is a group of people born at roughly the same time, usually within a 20-year time interval," says Deborah Carr, professor and chair of the sociology department of Boston University and author of Golden Years? Social Inequalities in Later Life. "But generations take on special meaning because their members tend to experience critical life events and transitions at particular historical moments, and these moments define their lives." Many experts, including Carr, agree that the most reliable and well-known generation timeline was identified by authors Neil Howe and William Strauss. However, the latest generational designations come from the Pew Research Center, a "nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes, and trends shaping the world." Here's a look at the timeline of American generations since 1900 and how each generation's major events shaped kids and parents. The Greatest Generation (GI Generation): Born 1901-1924 Who is Gen GI? This generation lived through the Great Depression and then went off to fight in WWII. Notably, they popularized jazz and swing music but don't be fooled by the wild provocations of the music of the times. Who are GI parents? For GI Generation parents who lived through the Great Depression, raising a family put a premium on traits like hard work and grit. The Silent Generation: Born 1928-1945 Who are the Silent? They famously got their name for being so conformist that they were silent through the MacCarthy era when the fear of Communism swept the country. Who are the Silent parents? The parenting style of the day was similar to that of their parents; kids were expected to earn their way through life using a strong work ethic. Baby Boom Generation: Born 1946-1964 Who are Boomers? Gen Z may think of Baby Boomers as their out-of-touch grandparents ("OK, Boomer"), but they had a wild youth we often don't talk about. Boomers are so named after their parents came home from WWII, and the American population exploded. Baby Boomers defied their parents, protested the Vietnam War, and created the "Summer of Love." Who are Boomer parents? Boomer parents notably redefined parenting by being the first generation to look at their kids' perspective of growing up, and they started the concept of having family meetings. Millennial Dads vs. Boomer Dads: Viral Video Demonstrates the Difference Between Generations Generation X: Born 1965-1980 Who are Gen Xers? So often dismissed as the slacker generation, Generation X lived through the AIDS epidemic, MTV culture, and a shifting cultural landscape that would give rise to LGBTQ+ rights. Who are Gen X parents? Generation X parents were famously the first to use helicopter parenting styles. Unlike their Boomer parents, who famously let their kids stay outside until the streetlights came on, Generation X parents have a tendency to be far more involved with their children's social and educational development. Millennial Generation or Generation Y: Born 1981-1996 Who are Millennials? Millennials lived through 9/11, remember when Amazon only sold books, and are also the first generation to know a childhood both with and without the Internet, which now plays a significant role in their personal lives. While Boomers may accuse Millennials of being self-centered and entitled due to their excessive use of technology, this generation has proven to actually be incredibly community-oriented and environmentally conscious, which are traits that are being picked up by their children in the next generation. What Is Free Range Parenting, and Why Is It Controversial? Who are Millennial parents (or parennials)? "Millennial parents are doing lots of things well, and arguably better than prior generations. They're open-minded. They're raising their kids in diverse family forms," says Carr. "They are more likely than prior generations to allow their children to freely express who they are, and are leading the movement in helping gender non-conforming kids to be happy with who they are. Some millennial parents, who were 'helicoptered over' in their youth, are taking on a freer approach to parenting, allowing their children to explore and create without constant structure or supervision." Generation Z or iGen: Born 1997-2010 Who is Gen Z? While still "youngsters" and not old enough to have made their mark as a generation, Generation Z kids are the first to be born into a world where they know nothing else besides being constantly connected to one another, albeit through phones, screens, and tablets. What My Gen Z Kids Taught Me About Social Media So, Who's Next? In 2019, Adage identified kids born after 2010 as part of Generation Alpha. Generation Alpha is the first generation of kids who will never know a time when social media didn't exist, and they are far more technically savvy than any generation previously, which is a powerful tool that can change humanity in myriad positive ways. The Rise of the 'One-and-Done' Family It may be too soon to peg the Alphas as this or that based on how little we know about them so far. However, there are a few things we know about them: They're some of the first generation born into the COVID-19 pandemic, they're more diverse than any other generation, and they're more likely to be in a single-parent household. Like the generations that came before them, every passing year will shape the cultural perception of who they are. In the meantime, as parents, we get the pride and honor to help guide them to making the best choices possible. Was this page helpful? Related Articles Who Is Generation Alpha? My Marriage Was Dead After Having Kids—How We Fixed It Millennial Parents Are Raising Their Kids Without Religion What Kids Raised by Helicopter Parents Are Like as Adults 6 Qualities That Make a Great Parent Authoritative Parenting: The Pros and Cons, According to a Child Psychologist Gen Z Understands First-Hand the Importance of Mental Health and It Will Make Them Great Parents 'Hocus Pocus' Is a Reminder of a Different Childhood—One I Hope to Share With My Kids Middle Child Syndrome: Everything You Need to Know What's Your Parenting Style? 90s Shows for Black Millennial Parents To Revisit With Their Gen Z Kids Quiet Firing Can Upend Family Finances for Black Breadwinners 18 Books by Native Authors To Read With Your Kids Things to Be Thankful For: An A to Z Guide to Thanksgiving Gratitude 4 Things I've Learned About Gentle Parenting as a Black Mother Why Quiet Quitting Is the Trend Parents Need To Know Parents NEWSLETTERS Follow Us STARTING A FAMILY PREGNANCY BABIES RAISING KIDS FAMILY LIFE STAYING HEALTHY NEWS & TRENDS YOUR VILLAGE About Us Expert Review Board Editorial Guidelines Product Review Guidelines Diversity Pledge Privacy Policy Careers Terms of Use Contact Advertise Do Not Sell My Personal Information Parents is part of the Dotdash Meredith publishing family.

Ginseng side effects

headache, GI distress, hypertension, hypoglycemia, breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities (Quizlet) ginseng noun gin·​seng ˈjin-ˌseŋ -ˌsiŋ 1 a : a Chinese perennial herb (Panax ginseng synonym P. schinseng of the family Araliaceae, the ginseng family) having five leaflets on each leaf, scarlet berries, and an aromatic root used in herbal medicine especially in eastern Asia b : any of several plants related to ginseng especially : a North American herb (P. quinquefolius) 2 : the root of a ginseng (Merriam Webster) By Arlene Semeco, MS, RD — Medically reviewed by Amy Richter, RD, Nutrition — Updated on October 17, 2022 Reduces inflammation Benefits brain function Improves erectile dysfunction Boosts immunity Protects against cancer Fights fatigue Lowers blood sugar How to use Safety Bottom line Ginseng is an herb that is rich in antioxidants. Research suggests that it may offer benefits for brain health, immune function, blood sugar control, and more. Ginseng has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. This slow-growing, short plant with fleshy roots can be classified three ways, depending on how long it is grown: fresh, white, or red. Fresh ginseng is harvested before 4 years, while white ginseng is harvested between 4-6 years, and red ginseng is harvested after 6 or more years (1Trusted Source). There are many varieties of this herb, but the most popular are American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng). American and Asian ginseng vary in their concentration of active compounds and effects on the body. According to some older research, it is believed that American ginseng works as a relaxing agent, whereas the Asian variety has an invigorating effect (2Trusted Source). Ginseng contains two significant compounds: ginsenosides and gintonin. These compounds complement one another to provide health benefits (3Trusted Source). Here are 7 evidence-based health benefits of ginseng. 1. Contains antioxidants that may reduce inflammation fresh ginseng on a cutting board Share on Pinterest Image credit: John/Adobe Stock Ginseng has beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (4Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source, 6Trusted Source). Some test-tube studies have shown that ginseng extracts and ginsenoside compounds could inhibit inflammation and reduce oxidative damage to cells, which can contribute to chronic disease (4Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source, 6Trusted Source). The results are promising in humans, as well. One study in 12 active males found that short-term supplementation with American ginseng extract reduced exercise-induced muscle damage and decreased markers of inflammation compared to a placebo (7Trusted Source). A larger study in 2014 followed 71 postmenopausal females who took 3 grams (g) of red ginseng or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. Antioxidant activity and oxidative stress markers were then measured (8Trusted Source). Researchers concluded that red ginseng may help reduce oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities (8Trusted Source). SUMMARY Ginseng has been shown to help reduce inflammatory markers and help protect against oxidative stress. 2. May benefit brain function Ginseng could help improve brain functions like memory, behavior, and mood (9Trusted Source, 10Trusted Source). Some test-tube and animal studies show that components in ginseng, like ginsenosides and compound K, could protect the brain against damage caused by free radicals (11Trusted Source, 12Trusted Source). Interestingly, one study in 6,422 older adults found that regular consumption of ginseng for at least 5 years was associated with improved cognitive function later in life (13Trusted Source). Another small study showed that taking 200 milligrams (mg) of American ginseng significantly improved working memory after 3 hours, compared to a placebo (14Trusted Source). According to one review, ginseng could also help ease stress and may offer benefits for depression and anxiety (10Trusted Source). What's more, other studies found positive effects on brain function in people with Alzheimer's disease (15Trusted Source). SUMMARY Ginseng has been shown to improve memory and suppress stress. While more research is needed, it may also be beneficial against cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and anxiety. Some research suggests that ginseng may be a useful alternative for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) (16Trusted Source). According to some older research, certain compounds found in ginseng may protect against oxidative stress in the blood vessels and tissues of the penis to help restore normal function (17Trusted Source). Additionally, studies have shown that ginseng may promote the production of nitric oxide, a compound that improves muscle relaxation in the penis and increases blood circulation (6Trusted Source, 18Trusted Source). Still, research on the effects of ginseng on ED has turned up mixed results and more high quality studies are needed. In fact, one review of nine studies found that ginseng could improve self-reported ability to have intercourse in males (19Trusted Source). However, researchers also noted that ginseng had little to no effect on ED or satisfaction with intercourse compared to a placebo (19Trusted Source). SUMMARY Ginseng may improve symptoms of erectile dysfunction by decreasing oxidative stress in tissues and enhancing blood flow in penile muscles. However, more research is needed. 4. May boost the immune system According to one review, ginseng possesses potent anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties and may enhance the function of the immune system (20Trusted Source). Interestingly, one animal study found that black red ginseng extract increased the number of immune cells and enhanced antioxidant levels in the liver (21Trusted Source). Similarly, another study in 100 people showed that taking 2 g of Korean red ginseng per day for 8 weeks significantly increased levels of immune cells compared to a placebo (22Trusted Source). However, more studies in humans are needed to understand the potential effects of ginseng on immune function. SUMMARY Ginseng can boost immune function and may increase levels of immune cells. However, more research is needed. 5. May have potential benefits against cancer Ginseng may be helpful in reducing the risk of certain cancers (23Trusted Source, 24Trusted Source). Ginsenosides in this herb have been shown to help reduce inflammation and provide antioxidant protection (25Trusted Source, 26Trusted Source). The cell cycle is the process by which cells normally grow and divide. Ginsenosides could benefit this cycle by preventing abnormal cell production and growth (25Trusted Source, 26Trusted Source). A review of several studies concluded that people who take ginseng may have a a 16% lower risk of developing cancer (26Trusted Source). Ginseng may also help improve the health of people undergoing chemotherapy and could reduce side effects and enhance the effect of some cancer treatments (25Trusted Source). However, while studies on the role of ginseng in cancer prevention show some benefits, they remain inconclusive (27Trusted Source). SUMMARY Ginsenosides in ginseng seem to regulate inflammation, provide antioxidant protection, and maintain the health of cells, which could help decrease the risk of certain kinds of cancer. Nevertheless, more research is needed. 6. May fight tiredness and increase energy levels Ginseng has been shown to help ease fatigue and increase energy levels. Various animal studies have linked some components in ginseng, like polysaccharides and oligopeptides, with lower oxidative stress and higher energy production in cells, which could help decrease fatigue (28Trusted Source, 29Trusted Source). One review of 10 studies concluded that ginseng could significantly improve symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome compared to a placebo, even after just 15 days (30). Another review showed that taking American or Asian ginseng could decrease symptoms of cancer-related fatigue when taken in doses of 2,000 mg or 3,000 mg per day, respectively (31Trusted Source). Furthermore, a review of over 155 studies suggested that ginseng supplements may not only help reduce fatigue but could also enhance physical performance (32Trusted Source). SUMMARY Ginseng may help fight fatigue and enhance physical performance by lowering oxidative damage and increasing energy production in cells. 7. Could lower blood sugar Ginseng seems to be beneficial in the control of blood sugar levels in people both with and without diabetes (33Trusted Source). American and Asian ginseng have been shown to improve pancreatic cell function, boost insulin production, and enhance the uptake of blood sugar in tissues (33Trusted Source). Moreover, studies show that ginseng extracts help by providing antioxidant protection that can help reduce free radicals in the cells of those with diabetes (34Trusted Source). One review of eight studies found that ginseng supplementation could decrease fasting blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes (35Trusted Source). Another 8-week study showed that taking 3 g per day of American ginseng significantly reduced fasting blood sugar levels and improved hemoglobin A1c, a marker of long-term blood sugar control, compared to a placebo in people with type 2 diabetes (36Trusted Source). It seems that fermented red ginseng could be even more effective at blood sugar control. Fermented ginseng is produced with the help of live bacteria that transform the ginsenosides into a more easily absorbed and potent form (37Trusted Source). In fact, a 2014 study demonstrated that taking 2.7 g of fermented red ginseng per day was effective at lowering blood sugar and increasing insulin levels after a test meal, compared to a placebo (38Trusted Source). SUMMARY Ginseng, particularly fermented red ginseng, may help increase insulin production, enhance blood sugar uptake in cells, and provide antioxidant protection. Easy to add to your diet Ginseng root can be consumed in many ways. It can be eaten raw or you can lightly steam it to soften it. It can also be stewed in water to make a tea. To do this, just add hot water to freshly sliced ginseng and let it steep for several minutes. Ginseng can be added to various recipes like soups and stir-fried dishes, too. Additionally, the extract can be found in powder, tablet, capsule, and oil forms. How much you should take depends on the condition you want to improve. Overall, daily doses of 1-2 g of raw ginseng root or 200-400 mg of extract are suggested. It's best to start with lower doses and increase over time. Look for a standard ginseng extract that contains 2-3% total ginsenosides, and consume it before meals to increase absorption and get the full benefits. SUMMARY Ginseng can be eaten raw, made into tea or added to various dishes. It can also be consumed as a powder, capsule, or oil. Safety and potential side effects According to research, ginseng appears to be safe and should not produce any serious adverse effects (39Trusted Source, 40Trusted Source). However, people taking diabetes medications should monitor their blood sugar levels closely when using ginseng to ensure these levels do not go too low. Additionally, ginseng may reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs (41Trusted Source). For these reasons, it's best to talk to a doctor before supplementing with it. Note that due to the lack of safety studies, ginseng is not recommended for children or people who are pregnant or breastfeeding (42Trusted Source). Lastly, there is evidence suggesting that the extended use of ginseng could decrease its effectiveness in the body. To maximize its benefits, you should take ginseng in 2-3-week cycles with a one or two week break in between (43Trusted Source). SUMMARY While ginseng appears to be safe, people taking certain medications should pay attention to possible drug interactions. The bottom line Ginseng is an herbal supplement that has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine. It is commonly touted for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It could also help regulate blood sugar levels and have benefits for certain types of cancer. What's more, ginseng may strengthen the immune system, enhance brain function, reduce fatigue, and improve symptoms of erectile dysfunction. Ginseng can be consumed raw or lightly steamed. It can also easily be added to your diet as a supplement and is available in extract, capsule, or powder form. Whether you want to improve a certain condition or simply give your health a boost, ginseng may be worth a try. (Healthline)

Is flirting risky?

Why Flirting Can Be So Risky The danger of even considering attractive alternatives. Posted July 28, 2022 Reviewed by Jessica Schrader We often think of flirting as something you do, but it's also important to look at the impact of others flirting with you. When an attractive person flirts with you, it's noticeable and it can make you see your own partner as less attractive. Being flirted with also increased participants' desire for other partners. Being the object of someone else's affection can threaten your own relationship. You love your partner. You would never dream of cheating on them. While you may not be looking for another partner, others may be looking for you. That's especially true online. If you spend any time on the internet, especially on social media, you have likely received some type of unsolicited attention. It could be a random comment, a like on a post from two years ago, or even a direct message. These interactions are often innocent, but on occasion, the messages you receive can become flirty and even suggestive. You may chat with this other person, oblivious to their intentions. More often you'll realize what they're doing and dutifully ignore or rebuke their advances, while reminding them that you're in a happy relationship. Harmless, right? Maybe not. Chatting like this by itself likely isn't cheating. Even when it's unsolicited, simply being flirted with (i.e., the object of someone else's interest) online may have consequences for your real-life relationship. Dr. Gurit Birnbaum of Reichman University's Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology examined the impact of unsolicited online flirting in two studies recently published in Personal Relationships. In the first study, participants had the opportunity to chat online with another participant of the opposite gender who was very attractive (based on a picture the participant saw). In reality, the attractive participant was part of the experiment (i.e., a confederate) who gave scripted lines based on which condition the participant was randomly assigned to. For half of the participants, the confederate was very flirty (e.g., complimenting them "You are beautiful both inside and out," and suggesting they should hang out "We should go there together!"). The other half of the participants simply chatted without any flirtation. Study 1: What They Found The results showed that participants in the flirty condition recognized that the other participant (i.e., confederate) was flirting with them. Here's where it gets interesting: After being flirted with, when participants answered questions like "To what extent do you think that your current romantic partner is attractive?" they perceived their own partner as less attractive. Not only that, they had less positive feelings (e.g., thinking their partner was charming, fabulous, etc.) toward their current partner. In other words, simply receiving unsolicited flirtation seems to undermine how they view their own partner. But that wasn't all. In the second study, a new set of participants were randomly assigned to the same two conditions (a flirtatious chat vs. a non-flirty chat). This time the researcher wanted to see how unsolicited flirtation impacted sexual fantasies (e.g., "Think of a sexual fantasy that involved the current partner, adding that the fantasy might involve other people as well or the current partner only") and how they felt about it (e.g., "I feel a great deal of sexual desire for people other than my current partner who appeared in my fantasy"). Study 2: What They Found The results indicated that once again, participants realized when the other participant was flirting with them. And, as before, there were consequences. This time, those who experienced flirting reported being more attracted to the confederate. In addition, they reported more desire for alternative partners in their fantasy, along with less desire for their current partner. Independent coders who reviewed the written fantasies also found that participants in the flirtation condition expressed more sexual desire for alternate partners, and less for their own partner. Additional analyses in Study 2 showed that much of the increased desire for alternate partners was due to finding the attractive confederate more appealing. In sum, when you get flirted with, you find others more attractive, and your own partner less so. Take-Home Message So, what's going on? In our everyday life, we are able to avoid interactions with other potential partners and reduce temptation. In these studies, the flirtation was unsolicited, but the temptation is nearly unavoidable (i.e., you can't unsee what the other person says). Despite trying to ignore or devalue alternatives, when someone actively courts us, it can make us think differently. This newfound attention can increase our perception of our own attractiveness and make us more aware of other potential romantic partners, both of which can undermine how we view our current relationship. Because any flirtation like this (solicited or not) impacts your relationship, it seems reasonable to consider limiting contexts that make flirtation more likely, especially online. Your real-life relationship may depend on it. (Psychology Today)

Are carbonated beverages bad for bones?

By the way, doctor: Does carbonated water harm bones? April 16, 2019 ARCHIVED CONTENT: As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date each article was posted or last reviewed. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. Q. I've heard that club soda, seltzer water, and sparkling mineral waters rob the bones of calcium. Is this true? A. Warnings about the harmful effects of carbonated beverages on bone emerge from time to time. The theory is that the phosphoric acid (phosphate) used to enhance flavor in some carbonated beverages can interfere with calcium absorption and result in the loss of calcium from bone. Fortunately, there's no good evidence that a high phosphate intake affects bone metabolism or bone density. Still, carbonated beverages have long been associated with low bone density and fractures in adolescent girls. To investigate this association in adults, researchers at Tufts University examined data from 2,500 women and men (ages 49 to 69) involved in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. They assessed dietary intake and measured bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine and hip. Non-cola carbonated drinks were not associated with low BMD, but cola intake was associated with lower BMD at the hip (though not the spine) in the women, but not in the men. The more cola a woman drank, the lower her BMD. Women who drank more cola didn't drink less milk, but they did have a lower intake of calcium. In 2005, the British Journal of Nutrition published the results of a small clinical trial comparing healthy postmenopausal women who drank about one quart of noncarbonated mineral water daily with those who drank the same amount of carbonated mineral water. After eight weeks, blood and urine tests for bone turnover showed no difference between the two groups. It looks as though drinking seltzer water doesn't contribute to osteoporosis or increase fracture risk in women. The authors of the cola study suggested that the caffeine in the colas may account for the cola-drinkers' lower BMD. Other studies have also reported an association between caffeine and lower BMD. In some cases, soft drinks displace calcium-rich beverages, such as milk, and experts think that this, rather than any direct effect of soft drinks on bone, may explain the effect on BMD in adolescent girls. So feel free to enjoy seltzer water without worrying, but don't overdo the caffeinated beverages, whether carbonated or not. And if you suspect that by drinking seltzer water, coffee, colas, or other soft drinks you may be reducing your intake of healthy beverages — such as calcium and vitamin D fortified juices and milk. So make sure you get enough calcium through other dietary sources and consider a daily vitamin D supplement. Disclaimer: As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. (Harvard Medical School)

Are carbonate dbeverages rly bad?

Skip to content At the Forefront - UChicago Medicine Search Menu COVID-19 vaccinations and visitor restrictions Close alert bar APPOINTMENTS MYCHART Are sparkling water and hard seltzer bad for you? June 11, 2021 Written By Lori Welstead, MS, RD, LDN, and Courtney Schuchmann, MS, RD, LDN Share with facebook Share with twitter Share with linkedin Play Video Move over, soda and beer. Hard seltzers and carbonated water drinks — including sparkling, seltzer, fizzy and mineral waters — are all the rage right now. It's a multibillion-dollar industry. But are these beverages good for you? Is sparkling water healthy? Is hard seltzer healthy? Carbonated water is a healthier alternative to soda, juice or sports drinks like Gatorade. Hard seltzers tend to have fewer calories than beer. But not all carbonated water drinks are created equal. Some contain added sugars or artificial sweeteners, which can add calories, harm teeth and trigger some health conditions. Can sparkling water help you lose weight? Yes. For people watching their weight, hydration is key. Sparkling water provides true hydration, and it's a much better option than drinking regular soda or even diet soda, which doesn't provide adequate hydration. If a person's not hydrated, they may always feel hungry because the body can't tell the difference between hunger and thirst. But people who are watching their weight should be careful which type of carbonated water they drink. Tonic water, for example, has about 15 grams of sugar in a serving — that's about a third as much as a regular soda. So drinking a lot of tonic water is not the best option. Instead, drink club soda or sparkling water with no added sugar. Can carbonated water trigger the "hunger hormone" ghrelin? Probably not. There was a small animal study that found consuming only carbonated water caused an increase in ghrelin. More studies need to be performed. In some studies, carbonated water improved satiety, or the feeling of fullness. That could be a benefit for people who constantly feel hungry. Carbonated water improves digestion and helps constipation, so that empties the stomach and could possibly make someone feel hungry. Is sparkling water a good alternative for people trying to kick a soda habit? Absolutely. Club soda or sparkling water will hydrate people better than regular soda, as long as the drink doesn't have added sugar. What should people look for on carbonated water labels? Is artificially flavored sparkling water bad for you? Make sure it's zero calories and zero sugar. Avoid drinks with high fructose corn syrup and regular sugar. With flavored carbonated waters, artificial flavoring is OK, but it is recommended to limit excessive artificial sweeteners, like aspartame or Splenda. Again, these may be superior to regular soda, but more studies need to be done on these sweeteners. People should also be mindful of sodium. If each can of carbonated water has 100 or 200 milligrams of sodium, that can add up. Some carbonated waters are made with carbonic acid to create the carbonation, but that shouldn't have a detrimental effect. Even if carbonated water is a little bit acidic, it shouldn't have an effect on the dental enamel. Does drinking sparkling water cause gas and bloating? Some patients find carbonated water improves their digestion and reduces indigestion. For some people, though, excessive intake can induce gas and bloating, making them uncomfortable. Patients with acid reflux, gastroesophgeal reflux disease (GERD), or gas who are drinking mostly carbonated water should switch to non-carbonated beverages, like plain water. More studies are needed on the impact on people with acid reflux, GERD and heartburn, because sugar can really impact GERD. Using straws to drink carbonated water can increase gas and bloating. Can carbonated water help people who have trouble swallowing? Some small studies showed carbonated water helped people clear their throat and swallow better. Three million Americans have dysphagia or trouble swallowing. This could be beneficial for some of those patients, but consult your doctor first. Can sparkling water cause bone density loss? Sparkling water has no negative effect on bone health. The only drinks that cause bone loss are dark colas, which have phosphoric acid that leads to losing calcium in your bones. Sparkling mineral water has calcium in it, which can improve bone health. And the carbonated mineral waters with magnesium and calcium may have bone-boosting benefits. Can you make carbonated water yourself? Yes. There are machines people can buy that add carbonation to water. As long as people don't add sugar, it's fine. Is hard seltzer bad for you? Hard seltzers contain alcohol and should be consumed in moderation, which is one drink per day for women and one to two drinks per day for men. Consuming larger volumes of alcohol can have adverse health consequences. However, if you choose to drink alcohol in moderation, hard seltzers can be a good way to reduce your overall calorie intake compared to other alcoholic beverage options. Are hard seltzers better for you than beer? Hard seltzers can be lower in calories and carbohydrates than most beer. There are some light and low-carb beers that may have the same or fewer calories and carbohydrates than some brands of hard seltzer. The number of calories is affected by the percentage of alcohol in the seltzer, but most standard hard seltzers and light beers have a similar percentage of alcohol. Thus, a hard seltzer that is lower in calories and carbs than a beer is better. Are hard seltzers hydrating? Alcohol in general acts as a diuretic and therefore can contribute to dehydration. Hard seltzers contain water, so there is some hydrating component at play, but they also contain alcohol, which can cause increased urination, contributing to dehydration. Hard seltzers should not be a primary form of hydration. How do I choose a healthier hard seltzer? Choose a hard seltzer that is lower in calories. Most run 90 to 110 calories per beverage. Check the grams of sugar and total carbohydrates. Every brand varies when it comes to carbohydrate content. Choose a lower sugar option, which typically results in a lower calorie product. Health and Wellness Related Articles Andrea King, PhD, and Mary Baim How to quit smoking after 60 years A child being buckled into a car seat. Preventing unintentional injuries in children Senior woman with a hearing aid behind the ear communicates with her daughter and granddaughter via video communication via a smartphone. Is an over-the-counter hearing aid or a cochlear implant right for you? 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selective hearing

hearing only what you want to hear The ability to focus on only auditory stimuli from among all sensory input (Quizlet) Health Conditions Featured Breast Cancer IBD Migraine Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 2 Diabetes Sponsored Topics Articles Acid Reflux ADHD Allergies Alzheimer's & Dementia Bipolar Disorder Cancer Crohn's Disease Chronic Pain Cold & Flu COPD Depression Fibromyalgia Heart Disease High Cholesterol HIV Hypertension IPF Osteoarthritis Psoriasis Skin Disorders and Care STDs Discover Wellness Topics Nutrition Fitness Skin Care Sexual Health Women's Health Mental Well-Being Sleep Original Series Fresh Food Fast Diagnosis Diaries You're Not Alone Present Tense Video Series Youth in Focus Healthy Harvest No More Silence Future of Health Plan Health Challenges Mindful Eating Sugar Savvy Move Your Body Gut Health Mood Foods Align Your Spine Find Care Primary Care Mental Health OB-GYN Dermatologists Neurologists Cardiologists Orthopedists Lifestyle Quizzes Weight Management Am I Depressed? A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Tools & Resources Health News Find a Diet Find Healthy Snacks Drugs A-Z Health A-Z Connect Find Your Bezzy Community Breast Cancer Inflammatory Bowel Disease Psoriatic Arthritis Migraine Multiple Sclerosis Psoriasis Follow us on social media Shop Products by Condition Insomnia Stress Relief Back Pain Neck Pain Sleep Apnea Hot Sleepers Allergies Pain Relief Product Reviews Vitamins & Supplements Sleep Mental Health Nutrition Gift Guides CBD Men's Health Women's Health SUBSCRIBE Selective Hearing: Fact or Fiction? Medically reviewed by Sara Minnis, M.S., CCC-SLP — By Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D. — Updated on April 5, 2018 Symptoms Significance Treatment Takeaway What is selective hearing? You're probably familiar with the phrase "selective hearing" in reference to people only hearing what they want to hear. While it's often used in a joking sense, selective hearing is an experience that researchers are only just starting to understand. Selective hearing is the ability to listen to a single speaker while in a crowded or loud environment. You might also hear it referred to as "selective auditory attention" or the "cocktail party effect." How does it work? Selective hearing involves many factors, including your goals, vision, and brain activity patterns. Goals Your brain chooses what to listen to based on what you're trying to do. For example, imagine that someone started talking to you while you were trying to finish watching an episode of a TV show. Chances are good that you didn't hear much of what they said to you. Your brain prioritized the sound of the TV over that person's voice because your goal was to finish watching the show. A 2008 studyTrusted Source put this concept to the test by asking participants to pay attention to sounds in one ear but not in the other. The investigators then played different pitches in each ear at the same time and asked the participants to note any changes in pitch in the ear they were asked to focus on. MRI scans of the participants' brains showed that they heard the sounds in each ear. However, when they were detecting changes in the specified ear, they ignored the sound in the other ear. Vision Visual cues are also an important part of selective hearing. For example, a 2013 studyTrusted Source involved playing audio of a man and woman talking at the same time. Participants were asked to pay attention to either the female or the male speaker. They had a much easier time focusing on only the male or the female voice when watching a video of the speakers along with the audio. Based on these results, being able to see someone while they're talking might help you listen more effectively. Brain activity A 2012 studyTrusted Source found that the presentation of sounds within your brain doesn't reflect all of the sounds in your environment but, rather, what you want or need to hear. These results are similar to those of the 2008 study discussed above. However, the investigators also found that they could use the patterns of brain activity they observed to predict which speaker or words someone was listening to. Investigators used about 90 electrodes per person to monitor the brain activity of people undergoing surgery for epilepsy. Participants were asked to listen to two different samples of speech at the same time. Each sample contained a different speaker and phrase. They were then asked to pick out which words were said by one of the two speakers. Using information about brain activity patterns from the electrodes as well as a decoding process, the investigators reconstructed what the participants heard. The brain activity patterns suggested that the participants only paid attention to the speaker they were asked to focus on. In addition, the investigators were able to use these brain activity patterns to predict which speaker the participant listened to and determine whether they paid attention to the wrong speaker at any point. FEATURED Diabetes-Friendly Chicken Recipe Follow along as a registered dietitian prepares a delicious diabetes friendly air fried chicken cutlet! Stay until the end for the recipe card. WATCH NOW Why is it important? While the recent research surrounding selective hearing is interesting, it also has several real-world applications. The predictive and decoding technology from the 2012 studyTrusted Source discussed above may help researchers better understand the effects of aging and certain conditions on hearing function. In addition, people with hearing lossTrusted Source, ADHDTrusted Source, auditory processing deficits, and autism seem to have trouble with selective hearing. The decoding technology could help researchers understand what people with these conditions are actually hearing and processing. Knowing this information could be crucial for developing new treatments. How to be a better listener Some people seek out treatment for selective hearing. However, it's a phenomenon that affects nearly everyone. There are a few things you can do to improve your listening skills, such as: Pay attention. When you're talking to someone, try to pay attention to more than just their words. Try to take in visual cues from their facial expressions or body language while they're talking. Summarize. At the end of a conversation, try briefly summarizing the main points to make sure you clearly understood everything. Ask questions. Don't be afraid to ask the other person a question about something they've said that's unclear. Taking a few seconds to ask them to elaborate is usually less bothersome than a potential misunderstanding down the line. Mind your own biases. While it's easier said than done, try to be aware of your own biases and judgments about people when you're talking to them. Preconceived notions can impact the way your brain processes a conversation. The bottom line Selective hearing is your ability to focus on and single out a particular sound or conversation. While recent studies have uncovered new information about how selective hearing works, more studies are needed to fully understand why it happens and what it could mean for certain health conditions that affect hearing. Last medically reviewed on April 5, 2018 How we reviewed this article: SOURCES HISTORY Share this article READ THIS NEXT What You Should Know About Age-Related Hearing Loss Medically reviewed by Justin Choi, MD READ MORE Hearing Loss on One Side Medically reviewed by Judith Marcin, M.D. Hearing loss on one side can be caused by reversible problems, like wax or fluid buildup, and irreversible sensorineural or mechanical problems in the... READ MORE How to Stop and Prevent Your Ears from Ringing After a Concert Medically reviewed by Justin Choi, MD Tinnitus, or temporary ringing in your ears, after a concert is common. Learn how to counter the muffled ringing and prevent it from happening again. READ MORE The Connection Between Type 2 Diabetes and Hearing Loss Medically reviewed by Peggy Pletcher, M.S., R.D., L.D., CDE Having diabetes may increase your risk of developing hearing loss. Learn why this happens and how you can prevent it. READ MORE Interactive Quiz: What's Your Self-Care Style? Everyone self cares differently. What works for you? READ MORE Struggling to Find the Perfect Gift? This Quiz Will Help You Zero In Take our 7-question quiz to find the perfect holiday gift. READ MORE The 14 Best Natural and Eco-Friendly Cleaning Products Medically reviewed by Dominique Fontaine, BSN, RN, HNB-BC, HWNC-BC To help you choose the safest and most effective nontoxic cleaning products, we've put together recommendations of 14 products that fit the bill. READ MORE How to Increase Your Height: Is There Anything I Can Do? Medically reviewed by Stacy Sampson, D.O. Your genetics play the most important role in how tall you are. But there are certain factors you can control that may help increase your height or... READ MORE Get our wellness newsletter Filter out the noise and nurture your inbox with health and wellness advice that's inclusive and rooted in medical expertise. 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Cheetah

the fastest land animal on earth (Encyclopedia Britannica) cheetah mammal Actions Alternate titles: Acinonyx jubatus, hunting leopard By Warren Johnson Article History Table of Contents Top Questions Where are cheetahs found in the wild? What do cheetahs eat? What is the gestation period in a cheetah? What is the lifespan of a cheetah? How fast can a cheetah run? Summary Read a brief summary of this topic cheetah, (Acinonyx jubatus), one of the world's most-recognizable cats, known especially for its speed. Cheetahs' sprints have been measured at a maximum of 114 km (71 miles) per hour, and they routinely reach velocities of 80-100 km per hour while pursuing prey. Nearly all the cheetahs remaining in the wild live in Africa. cheetah cheetah See all media Related Topics: king cheetah Acinonyx See all related content → cheetah cheetah Cheetahs are covered almost entirely with small black spots on a background of pale yellow and have a white underbelly. Their faces are distinguished by prominent black lines that curve from the inner corner of each eye to the outer corners of the mouth, like a well-worn trail of inky tears. Cheetahs have a long, slender body measuring 1.2 metres (4 feet), with a long tail (65-85 cm [2-3 feet]) that generally ends in a white tuft. They are about 75 cm tall at the shoulder. Weight ranges from 34 to 54 kg (75 to 119 pounds), males being slightly larger than females. Natural history Cheetahs have evolved many adaptations that enhance their ability to sprint. Their legs are proportionally longer than those of other big cats; an elongated spine increases stride length at high speeds; they have unretractable claws, special paw pads for extra traction, and a long tail for balance. Internally, the liver, adrenal glands, lungs, bronchi, nasal passages, and heart are all large to allow intense physiological activity. During a chase, cheetahs take about 31/2 strides per second and 60 to 150 breaths per minute. Chases are usually limited to sprints of less than 200-300 metres, however, because the increased physiological activity associated with running creates heat faster than it can be released through evaporative cooling (sweating through their paws and panting). Unlike most carnivores, cheetahs are active mainly during the day, hunting in the early morning and late afternoon. A cheetah eats a variety of small animals, including game birds, rabbits, small antelopes (including the springbok, impala, and gazelle), young warthogs, and larger antelopes (such as the kudu, hartebeest, oryx, and roan). Prey is generally consumed quickly to avoid losing it to competitors such as lions, leopards, jackals, and hyenas. Britannica Quiz Name That Animal! cheetah cheetah Cheetahs inhabit a wide variety of habitats, including the dry, open country and grasslands where they are most often seen, as well as areas of denser vegetation and rocky upland terrain. Groups consist of a mother and her young or of coalitions made up of two or three males that are often brothers. Adult males and females rarely meet except to mate. Male coalitions live and hunt together for life and occupy an area that may overlap the range of several adult females. Female home ranges are generally much larger than those of male coalitions. cheetah cub cheetah cub Following a gestation period of three months, the female gives birth to two to eight cubs, usually in an isolated spot hidden in the cover of tall grass or thicker vegetation. At birth, cubs weigh about 250 to 300 grams (slightly more than half a pound). Their fur is dark and includes a thick yellowish gray mane along the back, a trait that presumably offers better camouflage and increased protection from high temperatures during the day and low temperatures at night during the first few months of life. Mortality among young cubs can be as high as 90 percent in the wild, often because of other predators. The mother leaves her offspring when they are 16-24 months old. Young males are chased away by the resident male coalition, traveling several hundred kilometres before establishing residence and becoming sexually active at 21/2 to 3 years of age. Female offspring will generally inhabit the same vicinity as their mother. Life expectancy of cheetahs is about 7 years in the wild and generally from 8 to 12 years in captivity. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Status and taxonomy group of cheetahs group of cheetahs The cheetah has lived in association with humans since at least 3000 BCE, when the Sumerians depicted a leashed cheetah with a hood on its head on an official seal. During this period in Egypt, the cheetah was revered as a symbol of royalty in the form of the cat goddess Mafdet. Cheetahs were kept as pets by many famous historical figures, such as Genghis Khan, Charlemagne, and Akbar the Great of India (who had more than 9,000 in his stable). These cats were also used for sport. Trained and tame, they were typically hooded and carried on horseback or in a cart, then dehooded and released near their quarry. In spite of the large numbers of cheetahs kept in captivity by royalty during the 14th-16th centuries, almost all were captured from the wild because there was essentially no captive breeding. Because of this continuous drain on wild Asiatic populations, cheetahs from Africa were being imported into India and Iran during the early 1900s. cheetah cheetah Learn about the efforts of AfriCat Foundation to protect the cheetahs in Namibia Learn about the efforts of AfriCat Foundation to protect the cheetahs in NamibiaSee all videos for this article In 1900 an estimated 100,000 cheetahs were found in habitats throughout continental Africa and from the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula to India. Today cheetahs have been extirpated from a large portion of this area. In Asia they are nearly extinct, with the largest confirmed population (a few dozen) inhabiting northeastern Iran. In Africa there are an estimated 9,000 to 12,000 cheetahs, with the largest populations existing in Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe in Southern Africa and Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa. Smaller, more isolated populations exist in other countries, including South Africa, Congo (Kinshasa), Zambia, Somalia, Ethiopia, Mali, Niger, Cameroon, Chad, and the Central African Republic. All populations are threatened, even within protected areas, because of increased competition from large predators such as lions and hyenas. Outside of reserves, humans pose a threat in several forms, including habitat loss, poaching, and indiscriminate trapping and shooting to protect livestock. cheetah running cheetah running The cheetah was common throughout North America, Europe, and Asia until the end of the last ice age, about 11,700 years ago—a time coincident to when large numbers of mammals disappeared throughout the Northern Hemisphere. All North American and European cheetahs and most of those in Asia vanished. About this time the cheetah populations seem to have experienced what may have been the first and most severe of a series of size reductions (demographic bottlenecks). Modern cheetahs retain evidence of this historic event in their DNA. There is a very high level of genetic similarity in all but the most rapidly evolving parts of the cheetah's genome, which makes all of today's individuals appear highly inbred. This condition has been linked with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases (such as feline infectious peritonitis, or FIP), increased infant mortality, and high levels of abnormal sperm. No evidence, however, links low levels of genetic variation with reduced fitness in wild populations. Early taxonomists interpreted the numerous specialized traits of cheetahs as evidence that they diverged from the other cat species early in the evolutionary history of the cat family (Felidae). The cheetah was therefore granted unique taxonomic status, and since the early 1900s it has been classified as the only species of genus Acinonyx. Cheetahs are often divided into five subspecies: A. jubatus jubatus in Southern Africa, A. jubatus fearsoni (including A. jubatus velox and A. jubatus raineyi) from eastern Africa, A. jubatus soemmeringii from Nigeria to Somalia, A. jubatus hecki from northwestern Africa, and A. jubatus venaticus from Arabia to central India. The king cheetah, once thought to be a distinct subspecies, is a Southern African form that has a "blotchy" coat pattern presumably from a rare recessive genetic mutation. Numerous molecular genetic studies suggest that the cheetah shares a common ancestor with the puma and jaguarundi, from which it diverged six to eight million years ago, probably in North America. Fossils attributable to cheetahlike species dating from two to three million years ago have been found in North America in what is now Texas, Nevada, and Wyoming. Warren Johnson Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information.

What is gin sing?

Ginseng Written by R. Morgan Griffin Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD on September 26, 2020 IN THIS ARTICLE What Is Ginseng? Ginseng Health Benefits Ginseng Dosage Ginseng Uses Ginseng in Food Ginseng Risks What Is Ginseng? Ginseng is a plant. Different varieties of ginseng root have been used as treatments in Asia and North America for centuries. Ginseng is one of the most popular herbal medicines in the world. Ginseng has also been studied as a way to improve mood and boost endurance as well as treat: Cancer Heart disease Fatigue Erectile dysfunction Hepatitis C High blood pressure Menopausal symptoms While some of these uses are promising, the evidence isn't conclusive. Ginseng Dosage Standard doses of ginseng haven't been established for any condition. Quality and active ingredients in supplements may vary widely from maker to maker. This makes it hard to establish a standard dose. Always buy ginseng from a trustworthy company. Because it's an expensive root, there's a risk that disreputable manufacturers might sell ginseng with other things added in or include less than advertised on the bottle. Ginseng Uses You can get ginseng as a dietary supplement in the form of tea, dried herbs, powder, or capsules. Ginseng in Food There are no natural food sources of ginseng. Ginseng is sometimes added to energy drinks and foods. (WebMD)

How do I get good at chess?

Log In Articles How To Be Good At Chess How To Be Good At Chess CHESScom CHESScom Updated: Feb 4, 2019, 5:24 AM | 97 | For Beginners English‎ Millions of people around the world play chess regularly—but how do you become good at chess? Define what "good" means Practice lots of puzzles Review your games Create a study plan Be patient 1. Define what "good at chess" means. To some people, being "good" means they can beat the average chess player. If that is your definition, then being rated between 1200-1400 is good enough. At that level you will beat most people who just casually know how to play. To other people, being "good" means winning against other chess players who have been playing for several years. That might mean getting up to a 1600+ rating. Still, to other people that might mean "never really losing" or "beating almost everyone I play." The reality is...that's impossible! Because unless you are Magnus Carlsen, you are going to both win AND lose a lot of chess games. So set a reasonable goal and work towards it! 2. Practice lots of tactics puzzles One of the best things you can do to get good at chess is improve your vision of the chessboard. If you can see what is going on and spot the mistakes in your opponent's play, you have a much better chance of winning. You can improve your tactical abilities with our Tactics Trainer. 3. Always review your games with computer analysis. It's very hard to get good if you just play chess without reviewing your games. Mastering chess requires that you use your games as a teaching tool, to see where you got it right and got it wrong. Chess.com offers automated computer analysis that can give you the insights into how you played. Just click on "Computer Analysis" after any game. 4. Create a study plan. You always improve your chances of winning if you have a plan and stick to it. You can create your own chess study plan and schedule, or you can use one of Chess.com's free study plans. 5. Be patient. Getting good at chess doesn't happen overnight. Chess is a deep game that requires many years of study and play. Don't let yourself get frustrated by mistakes and losses—they are a necessary ingredient in getting better! For most people, getting "good at chess" is a lifelong pursuit. And the definition of "good" just keeps getting higher and higher as you get better. So enjoy the game at whatever level you play. If you are looking to find an online chess home to help you "get good," sign up at Chess.com today. Sign Up - It's Free! More from CHESScom Chess.com Reaches 100 Million Members! Chess.com Reaches 100 Million Members! Chess Played Quick 2022 Holiday Special Edition: All The Information Chess Played Quick 2022 Holiday Special Edition: All The Information Remove Ads Articles For Beginners Strategy Tactics Scholastics Opening Theory Middlegame Endgames Amazing Games Chess Players Fun & Trivia Other Chess.com Help Authors Study Plans Curriculum for Kids Remove Ads Help Chess Terms About Jobs Developers User Agreement Privacy Fair Play Community Chess.com © 2022 Support us The Guardian - Back to homeThe Guardian: news website of the year News Opinion Sport Culture Lifestyle Anya Taylor-Joy as Beth Harmon in the Netflix series The Queen's Gambit. Show caption Chess How to get good at chess You don't have to be a polymath like Beth Harmon in The Queen's Gambit to improve your game Stephen Moss Sat 14 Nov 2020 01.56 EST Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare via Email The first thing to say about chess is that we are not all natural geniuses like Beth Harmon, the star of The Queen's Gambit, who is taught the game by grumpy but lovable janitor Mr Shaibel at the age of nine and is very soon beating him. The daughter of a maths PhD, she sees the patterns and movement in chess immediately, can visualise effortlessly - being able to memorise moves and play without a board is the sign of chess mastery - and sees whole games on the ceiling of her orphanage dormitory. She is a prodigy, just like world champion Bobby Fischer, on whom Walter Tevis based the novel from which the TV series is drawn. We are mere mortals. So how do we get good? First, by loving chess. "You can only get good at chess if you love the game," Fischer said. You need to be endlessly fascinated by it and see its infinite potential. Be willing to embrace the complexity; enjoy the adventure. Every game should be an education and teach us something. Losing doesn't matter. Garry Kasparov, another former world champion, likes to say you learn far more from your defeats than your victories. Eventually you will start winning, but there will be a lot of losses on the way. Play people who are better than you, and be prepared to lose. Then you will learn. If you are a beginner, don't feel the need to set out all the pieces at once. Start with the pawns, and then add the pieces. Understand the potential of each piece - the way a pair of bishops can dominate the board, how the rooks can sweep up pawns in an endgame, why the queen and a knight can work together so harmoniously. Find a good teacher - your own Mr Shaibel, but without the communication issues. Once you have established the basics, start using computers and online resources to play and to help you analyse games. lichess.org, chess.com and chess24.com are great sites for playing and learning. chessbomb.com is a brilliant resource for watching top tournaments. chessgames.com is a wonderful database of games. chesspuzzle.net is a great practice program. decodechess.com attempts to explain chess moves in layperson's language. There are also plenty of sophisticated, all-purpose programs, usually called chess engines, such as Fritz and HIARCs that, for around £50, help you deconstruct your games and take you deeply into positions. But don't let the computer do all the work. You need to engage your own brain on the analysis. And don't endlessly play against the computer. Find human opponents, either online or, when the pandemic is over, in person. Bobby Fischer was stripped of his world title in 1975 after he refused to defend the title due to a row over the format. Photograph: RFS/AP Study the games of great masters of the past. Find a player you like and follow their careers. Fischer is a great starting point - his play is clear and comprehensible, and beautifully described in his famous book My 60 Memorable Games. Morphy (Harmon's favourite), Alekhine, Capablanca, Tal, Korchnoi and Shirov are other legendary figures with whom the aspiring player might identify. They also have fascinating life stories, and chess is about hot human emotions as well as cold calculation. Modern grandmaster chess, which is based heavily on a deep knowledge of opening theory, is more abstruse and may be best avoided until you have acquired deep expertise. The current crop of leading grandmasters are also, if we are brutally honest, a bit lacking in personality compared with the giants of the past. Children will often find their school has a chess club, and that club may even have links with Chess in Schools and Communities, which supplies expert tutors to schools. Provision tends to be much better at primary than secondary level, and after 11 children will probably be left to their own devices if they want to carry on playing. If a player is really serious, she or he should join their local chess club. There is likely to be one meeting nearby, or there will be once the Covid crisis is over. At the moment, clubs are not meeting and there is very little over-the-board chess being played. Players are keeping their brains active online, where you can meet players from all over the world. That is fun, but be aware that some players are likely to be cheating - using chess engines to help them, making it hard for you to assess how good your play is. And you also get some abuse online from players who want to trash-talk. You are also likely to be playing at very fast time controls - so-called blitz chess - and that is no way to learn to really think about chess. If you want to start playing over-the-board tournaments (when they resume), you will need to join the chess federation in your respective country. After you've played the requisite number of official games, you will get a rating - a bit like a handicap in golf - and can then start being paired with players of your own strength in matches. But until then, the key is to keep enjoying chess and searching for the elusive "truth" in a position. If you see a good move, look for a better one. You can always dig a little deeper in the pursuit of something remarkable and counterintuitive. Beauty and truth: the essence of chess. Stephen Moss is the author of The Rookie: An Odyssey through Chess (and Life), published by Bloomsbury Topics Chess NetflixTelevisionfeatures Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare via EmailShare on LinkedInShare on WhatsAppShare on Messenger View on theguardian.com About us Contact us Complaints and corrections Securedrop Work for us Privacy settings Privacy policy Cookie policy Terms & conditions Help All topics All writers Modern Slavery Act Digital newspaper archive Facebook Twitter Advertise with us Search jobs Patrons Discount Codes Support the Guardian Support us Back to top © 2022 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved.

JK Rowling

Author of the Harry Potter book series (Quizlet) J.K. Rowling British author Actions Alternate titles: Joanne Kathleen Rowling, Robert Galbraith By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Nov 30, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What is J.K. Rowling famous for? What did J.K. Rowling write? How did J.K. Rowling become famous? What is J.K. Rowling's real name? J.K. Rowling, in full Joanne Kathleen Rowling, pen name of Joanne Rowling, (born July 31, 1965, Yate, near Bristol, England), British author, creator of the popular and critically acclaimed Harry Potter series, about a young sorcerer in training. J.K. Rowling J.K. Rowling See all media Born: July 31, 1965 (age 57) England Awards And Honors: Costa Book Awards (1999) Notable Works: "Career of Evil" "Fantastic Beasts & Where to Find Them" "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child" "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" "Lethal White" "Quidditch Through the Ages" "The Casual Vacancy" "The Christmas Pig" "The Cuckoo's Calling" "The Ickabog" "The Tales of Beedle the Bard" "Troubled Blood" ... (Show more) See all related content → After graduating from the University of Exeter in 1986, Rowling began working for Amnesty International in London, where she started to write the Harry Potter adventures. In the early 1990s she traveled to Portugal to teach English as a foreign language, but, after a brief marriage and the birth of her daughter, she returned to the United Kingdom, settling in Edinburgh. Living on public assistance between stints as a French teacher, she continued to write. Britannica Quiz Literary Favorites: Fact or Fiction? J.K. Rowling J.K. Rowling J.K. Rowling J.K. Rowling The first book in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (1997; also published as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone), was released under the name J.K. Rowling. (Her publisher recommended a gender-neutral pen name; born Joanne Rowling, she used J.K., adding the middle name Kathleen.) The book was an immediate success, appealing to both children, who were its intended audience, and adults. Featuring vivid descriptions and an imaginative story line, it followed the adventures of the unlikely hero Harry Potter, a lonely orphan who discovers that he is actually a wizard and enrolls in the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The book received numerous awards, including the British Book Award. Succeeding volumes—Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000), Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003), and Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)—also were best sellers, available in more than 200 countries and some 60 languages. The seventh and final novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released in 2007. The Harry Potter series sparked great enthusiasm among children and was credited with generating a new interest in reading. Film versions of the books were released in 2001-11 and became some of the top-grossing movies in the world. In addition, Rowling wrote the companion volumes Fantastic Beasts & Where to Find Them (2001), which was adapted into a film series (2016, 2018) that featured screenplays by Rowling; Quidditch Through the Ages (2001); and The Tales of Beedle the Bard (2008)—all of which originated as books read by Harry Potter and his friends within the fictional world of the series. Proceeds from their sales were donated to charity. She later cowrote a story that became the basis for the play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, which premiered in 2016 and was a critical and commercial success, winning an unprecedented nine Olivier Awards, including best new play. In the production, Harry is a husband and father but is still struggling with his past, while his son Albus must contend with his father's legacy. A book version of the script, which was advertised as the eighth story in the Harry Potter series, was published in 2016. Two years later the play transferred to Broadway, and in 2018 it won six Tony Awards, including best new play. Rowling made her first foray into adult fiction with The Casual Vacancy (2012; TV miniseries 2015), a contemporary social satire set in a small English town. In 2013 it was revealed that the author had penned the crime novel The Cuckoo's Calling, using the pseudonym Robert Galbraith. The Silkworm—the second book in the series, which centred on the detective Cormoran Strike, a down-on-his-luck war veteran—was released in 2014. Later installments included Career of Evil (2015), Lethal White (2018), Troubled Blood (2020), and The Ink Black Heart (2022). A television series based on the books premiered in the United Kingdom in 2017 and in the United States the following year. In May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Rowling began serializing a new children's book, The Ickabog, for free online; it was published in November. She described the fairy tale, which was unrelated to Harry Potter, as an exploration of "truth and the abuse of power." She later published The Christmas Pig (2021), about a boy who loses his favourite toy and then embarks on a fantastical quest to find it. Rowling was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2001. In 2009 she was named a chevalier of the French Legion of Honour. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire Table of Contents The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire British order of knighthood Actions Alternate titles: C.B.E., D.B.E., G.B.E., K.B.E., M.B.E., O.B.E. By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, British order of knighthood instituted in 1917 by King George V to reward both civilian and military wartime service, although currently the honour is bestowed for meritorious service to the government in peace as well as for gallantry in wartime. In 1918 a separate military division of the order was created. Date: 1917 - present See all related content → The five classes of both civil and military divisions, listed in descending order and conferred on men and women equally, are Knight and Dame Grand Cross (GBE), Knight and Dame Commander (KBE and DBE, respectively), Commander (CBE), Officer (OBE), and Member (MBE). Conferment of the two highest classes entails admission into knighthood, if the candidate is not already a knight or dame, and the right to the title of "Sir" or "Dame" as appropriate. (Knights and Dames Grand Cross, together with Knights of the Garter and of the Thistle, may be granted the use of supporters with their arms.) Appointments are usually made on the recommendation of the British Secretary of State for Defence and the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. The officers of the order are Prelate (the Lord Bishop of London), King of Arms, Registrar, Secretary, Dean (Dean of St. Paul's), and Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod. The chapel of the order is in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. The insignia bear likenesses of King George V and Queen Mary, together with the motto "For God and the Empire." Associated with this order is the British Empire Medal (BEM) instituted by George V. This award for meritorious service is given to both civilians and military personnel who are not eligible for admission into any of the five classes of the order. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

late adulthood

65 years and older (some break out subcategories such as the young-old, old-old, and very old based on differences in functioning)

How bad is swallowing gum?

If you swallow gum, it's true that your body can't digest it. But the gum doesn't stay in your stomach. It moves relatively intact through your digestive system and is excreted in your stool. (Mayoclinic) Gum will usually pass through your system completely in less than seven days.May 29, 2018 (Healthline)

falsifiable

capable of being disproved stated in such clear, precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it able to be disproven by experimental results, shown to be incorrect

Is flirting good for mental health?

Why Flirting Is Good for Your Mental Health By Barbara Field Updated on September 20, 2021 Medically reviewed by Margaret Seide, MD Fact checked by Aaron Johnson Portrait of smiling young woman talking to her boyfriend in a restaurant Westend61 Table of Contents Health Benefits of Flirting Do We Accurately Detect Flirting? Flirting When Socially Anxious How to Flirt Successfully Indulging in flirting is actually good for you. Flirting can be defined as engaging someone for amorous intent or just playfully for amusement. You might flirt via text with emojis and inside jokes. In person, you might flirt when you are with a group of friends in a bar or restaurant and you notice someone attractive across the room. It's a behavior and form of communication, often involving body language, in which someone is showing interest in someone else. Health Benefits of Flirting Boosts Self-Esteem and Confidence Sometimes we have to deal with toxic people who put us down in our work or home life. Other times, we are our own worst enemies when it comes to being self-critical. Maybe our careers aren't advancing as quickly as our friend's career, especially noticeable after they just mentioned they were promoted. Or we gained weight recently and aren't happy about it. This negatively affects our self-esteem. During periods of high or prolonged stress, we can sometimes become even more vulnerable. Flirting may be one way to raise your self-esteem. When you flirt with others and they respond, or they flirt directly with you, you can't help but feel wanted and worthy of this other person's attention.1 While ideally, we should shore ourselves up and find confidence within ourselves, we are all human. There's nothing wrong with a little fun attention that makes us feel more like we are the charming creatures that we really are. There's nothing wrong with adding to our confidence. Reduces Stress A study, published in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, found people appreciated casual flirtations at work with their colleagues. This took the form of light flirtation and banter among peers. Flirting in fact relieved stress and job tension.2 Researchers were careful to point out this was different from sexual harassment. Also, the employees didn't enjoy flirtations from managers and supervisors, just peers. So, joking with your work buddy and turning on the innocuous flirting can be a stress buster. Improves Your Communication Skills Communication is an important skill in building relationships. While you focus on how to create a stimulating conversation and find a way to make that stranger or friend laugh, you're improving your social skills. In fact, having good communication skills is an important cornerstone in relationships, especially when meeting with conflicts.3 Often unappreciated in social situations, for example, is the value of being a good listener. When we are flirting because we'd like to embark on a new relationship or even just to enjoy the evening, the stakes aren't as high as when we are already in a relationship. By getting better at actively listening to another person—that means not thinking ahead to the next thing we want to say—we are honing part of our communication skills for when we do become a partner in a relationship.3 Helps You Feel Sexier Flirting creates positive energy, especially when attraction is there on both sides. Both people take pleasure in the situation. It adds a spark to the status quo of everyday conversation. When two people go back and forth with clever repartee, not only is the novelty of the situation exciting, but it spices up the time spent together. The element of sex might hang in the air for both parties, especially if you are both interested in pursuing a relationship as a result of the flirting. Do We Accurately Detect Flirting? Flirting is subtle and often dismissed. In a study at the University of Kansas involving 52 pairs of single straight college students, an overwhelming 84% accurately knew when their partner was not flirting with them.4 The participants were accurate, however, only 28% of the time in perceiving correctly that their partners were flirting with them. There was a marked division between men and women, too. Men perceived correctly that women were flirting with them 36% of the time, but women detected flirting from men correctly only 18% of the time.4 Women might attribute a guy's smiling at her to being just friendly, for example. Flirting is therefore not obvious and to be more effective, you might want to be more direct and intentional to let the other person know you are interested.1 3 Ways Socially Anxious People Can Approach Flirting People with social anxiety might find flirting troublesome. Excessively shy or socially anxious people may prefer to withdraw into themselves due to intense discomfort. Or they might want to avoid any flirtatious behavior.5 There are three things you can do with your body language to create a more commanding and confident impression if you do decide to try flirting:1 Focus on your posture and arms. Stand up straight and be sure your arms are not crossed in front of you in a defensive gesture. Focus on what you're saying and doing. Get rid of any tapping, drumming on the bar with your fingers, and other signs of nervous fidgeting. Slow down. When we're anxious, we tend to speed up, i.e. walk too fast or speak too quickly. You'll appear more confident and in control if you take actions more slowly. How Social Anxiety Affects Dating and Intimate Relationships How to Flirt Successfully You don't need to overact or exaggerate by staring a ridiculously long time at someone, batting your eyelashes like a cartoon character or laughing too loudly, for example. But because there is sometimes a lack of clarity regarding whether or not you are flirting, here are ways to flirt successfully based on scientific studies. Use Facial Expressions According to research from The Journal of Sex Research, based on an updated Facial Action Coding System, most heterosexual men recognized women's facial expressions with these four components as representing the act of flirting.6 Head turned to the side Chin tilted down slightly A slight smile Eyes gazing at the man Men use eye contact, too, when they're flirting, but their body language might give more cues on how to recognize flirtatious behavior. Use Body Language While creating the special magic in the form of a connection between two people can include meaningful conversation and attentive listening, the non-verbal cues as evidenced by body language are also noteworthy. When people are flirting, they exhibit lots of body language. Besides the facial expressions mentioned above for women, they might additionally run their fingers through their hair, put their hands near their mouths, lean in and nod a lot. Men might push their chest out a bit, take up space and move closer to their target of interest. Both men and women may mirror the other, reach out with subtle touch and point their feet in the direction of the person they are interested in getting to know better.1 A Word From Verywell Flirting generates positivity and is great for well-being. It allows a person to show interest through small gestures and enables the other to decide if they want to reciprocate. Flirting can be a sign of friendship or entertainment. It can be a way to bond and the first step in getting to know someone. Flirting may eventually turn a stranger or friend into a future love interest. Is Flirting Cheating? 6 Sources By Barbara Field Barbara is a writer and speaker who is passionate about mental health, overall wellness, and women's issues. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Review Board Share Feedback Related Articles first date dinner eating pasta How to Date Without Using Apps Joyous woman in front of wall Types of Nonverbal Communication Couple flirting on train Is Flirting Cheating? Close-up portrait of a freckled girl kissing her boyfriend while they are on an outdoor date. Wheat field. People lifestyle concept What Is Consent? upset while texting Here's Why Arguing Over Text (aka 'Fexting') Hurts Your Relationship Man and woman having conversation on a couch Understanding Body Language and Facial Expressions Businesswoman explaining to coworkers at meeting 10 Tips for Improving Your Nonverbal Communication Man listening attentively What Is Active Listening? friends talking at an outdoor gathering How to Be More Outgoing Group therapy What Is Gestalt Therapy? Start of a conversation How to Start a Conversation woman lying in bed looking at her phone smiling on facetime How Long-Distance Relationships Affect Your Mental Health Verywell Mind Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox SIGN UP Mental Health A-Z Self-Improvement Psychology News Voices The Verywell Mind Podcast Meet Our Review Board About Us Editorial Process Diversity Pledge Privacy Policy In the News Advertise Terms of Use Careers Contact Do Not Sell My Personal Information Crisis Support Follow Us instagram tiktok facebook flipboard Verywell Health Verywell Fit Verywell Family Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Ⓒ 2022 Dotdash Media, Inc. — All rights reserved Verywell Mind is part of the Dotdash Meredith publishing family.

Catherine the Great

Catherine the Great empress of Russia Actions Alternate titles: Catherine II, Sophie Friederike Auguste, Prinzessin von Anhalt-Zerbst, Yekaterina Alekseyevna, Yekaterina Velikaya By Zoé Oldenbourg-Idalie Last Updated: Nov 13, 2022 Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What is Catherine the Great known for? How did Catherine the Great come into power? What was the Instruction of Catherine the Great? How did Catherine the Great die? Summary Read a brief summary of this topic Discover the life and reign of Catherine the Great of Russia Discover the life and reign of Catherine the Great of RussiaSee all videos for this article Catherine the Great, Russian Yekaterina Velikaya, also called Catherine II, Russian in full Yekaterina Alekseyevna, original name Sophie Friederike Auguste, Prinzessin von Anhalt-Zerbst, (born April 21 [May 2, New Style], 1729, Stettin, Prussia [now Szczecin, Poland]—died November 6 [November 17], 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia), German-born empress of Russia (1762-96) who led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe, carrying on the work begun by Peter the Great. With her ministers she reorganized the administration and law of the Russian Empire and extended Russian territory, adding Crimea and much of Poland. Catherine II Catherine II See all media Born: May 2, 1729 Szczecin Poland Died: November 17, 1796 (aged 67) Pushkin Russia Title / Office: empress (1762-1796), Russian Empire Notable Works: "Instruction of Catherine the Great" House / Dynasty: Romanov dynasty See all related content → Early life Sophie Friederike Auguste, Prinzessin (princess) von Anhalt-Zerbst, was the daughter of an obscure German prince, Christian August von Anhalt-Zerbst, but she was related through her mother to the dukes of Holstein. At age 14 she was chosen to be the wife of Karl Ulrich, duke of Holstein-Gottorp, grandson of Peter the Great and heir to the throne of Russia as the grand duke Peter. In 1744 Catherine arrived in Russia, assumed the title of Grand Duchess Catherine Alekseyevna, and married her young cousin the following year. The marriage was a complete failure; the following 18 years were filled with disappointment and humiliation for her. Elizabeth, empress of Russia Elizabeth, empress of Russia What Pop Culture Got Wrong About Catherine the Great What Pop Culture Got Wrong About Catherine the GreatSee all videos for this article Russia at the time was ruled by Peter the Great's daughter, the empress Elizabeth, whose 20-year reign greatly stabilized the monarchy. Devoted to much pleasure and luxury and greatly desirous of giving her court the brilliancy of a European court, Elizabeth prepared the way for Catherine. Catherine, however, would not have become empress if her husband had been at all normal. He was extremely neurotic, rebellious, obstinate, perhaps impotent, nearly alcoholic, and, most seriously, a fanatical worshipper of Frederick II of Prussia, the foe of the empress Elizabeth. Catherine, by contrast, was clearheaded and ambitious. Her intelligence, flexibility of character, and love of Russia gained her much support. Britannica Quiz Women in Power Quiz She was humiliated, bored, and regarded with suspicion while at court, but she found comfort in reading extensively and in preparing herself for her future role as sovereign. Although a woman of little beauty, Catherine possessed considerable charm, a lively intelligence, and extraordinary energy. During her husband's lifetime alone, she had at least three lovers; if her hints are to be believed, none of her three children, not even the heir apparent Paul, was fathered by her husband. Her true passion, however, was ambition; since Peter was incapable of ruling, she saw quite early the possibility of eliminating him and governing Russia herself. Grigory Grigoryevich, Count Orlov Grigory Grigoryevich, Count Orlov The empress Elizabeth died on December 25, 1761 (January 5, 1762, New Style), while Russia, allied with Austria and France, was engaged in the Seven Years' War against Prussia. Shortly after Elizabeth's death, Peter, now emperor, ended Russia's participation in the war and concluded an alliance with Frederick II of Prussia. He made no attempt to hide his hatred of Russia and his love of his native Germany; discrediting himself endlessly by his foolish actions, he also prepared to rid himself of his wife. Catherine had only to strike: she had the support of the army, especially the regiments at St. Petersburg, where Grigory Orlov, her lover, was stationed; the court; and public opinion in both capitals (Moscow and St. Petersburg). She was also supported by the "enlightened" elements of aristocratic society, since she was known for her liberal opinions and admired as one of the most cultivated persons in Russia. On June 28 (July 9, New Style), 1762, she led the regiments that had rallied to her cause into St. Petersburg and had herself proclaimed empress and autocrat in the Kazan Cathedral. Peter III abdicated and was assassinated eight days later. Although Catherine probably did not order the murder of Peter, it was committed by her supporters, and public opinion held her responsible. In September 1762, she was crowned with great ceremony in Moscow, the ancient capital of the tsars, and began a reign that was to span 34 years as empress of Russia under the title of Catherine II. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now First years as empress Despite Catherine's personal weaknesses, she was above all a ruler. Truly dedicated to her adopted country, she intended to make Russia a prosperous and powerful state. Since her early days in Russia she had dreamed of establishing a reign of order and justice, of spreading education, creating a court to rival Versailles, and developing a national culture that would be more than an imitation of French models. Her projects obviously were too numerous to carry out, even if she could have given her full attention to them. Her most pressing practical problem, however, was to replenish the state treasury, which was empty when Elizabeth died; this she did in 1762 by secularizing the property of the clergy, who owned one-third of the land and serfs in Russia. The Russian clergy was reduced to a group of state-paid functionaries, losing what little power had been left to it by the reforms of Peter the Great. Since her coup d'etat and Peter's suspicious death demanded both discretion and stability in her dealings with other nations, she continued to preserve friendly relations with Prussia, Russia's old enemy, as well as with the country's traditional allies, France and Austria. In 1764 she resolved the problem of Poland, a kingdom lacking definite boundaries and coveted by three neighbouring powers, by installing one of her old lovers, Stanisław Poniatowski, a weak man entirely devoted to her, as king of Poland. Her attempts at reform, however, were less than satisfying. A disciple of the English and French liberal philosophers, she saw very quickly that the reforms advocated by Montesquieu or Jean-Jacques Rousseau, which were difficult enough to put into practice in Europe, did not at all correspond to the realities of an anarchic and backward Russia. In 1767 she convened a commission composed of delegates from all the provinces and from all social classes (except the serfs) for the purpose of ascertaining the true wishes of her people and framing a constitution. The debates went on for months and came to nothing. Catherine's Instruction to the commission was a draft of a constitution and a code of laws. It was considered too liberal for publication in France and remained a dead letter in Russia. Expansion of Russia, 1300-1796 Expansion of Russia, 1300-1796 Frustrated in her attempts at reform, Catherine seized the pretext of war with Turkey in 1768 to change her policy; henceforth, emphasis would be placed above all on national grandeur. Since the reign of Peter the Great, the Ottoman Empire had been the traditional enemy of Russia; inevitably, the war fired the patriotism and zeal of Catherine's subjects. Although the naval victory at Çeşme in 1770 brought military glory to the empress, Turkey had not yet been defeated and continued fighting. At that point, Russia encountered unforeseen difficulties. First, a terrible plague broke out in Moscow; along with the hardships imposed by the war, it created a climate of disaffection and popular agitation. In 1773 Yemelyan Pugachov, a former officer of the Don Cossacks, pretending to be the dead emperor Peter III, incited the greatest uprising of Russian history prior to the revolution of 1917. Starting in the Ural region, the movement spread rapidly through the vast southeastern provinces, and in June 1774 Pugachov's Cossack troops prepared to march on Moscow. At this point, the war with Turkey ended in a Russian victory, and Catherine sent her crack troops to crush the rebellion. Defeated and captured, Pugachov was beheaded in 1775, but the terror and chaos he inspired were not soon forgotten. Catherine now realized that for her the people were more to be feared than pitied, and that, rather than freeing them, she must tighten their bonds. Before her accession to power, Catherine had planned to emancipate the serfs, on whom the economy of Russia, which was 95 percent agricultural, was based. The serf was the property of the master, and the fortune of a noble was evaluated not in lands but in the "souls" he owned. When confronted with the realities of power, however, Catherine saw very quickly that emancipation of the serfs would never be tolerated by the owners, whom she depended upon for support, and who would throw the country into disorder once they lost their own means of support. Reconciling herself to an unavoidable evil without much difficulty, Catherine turned her attention to organizing and strengthening a system that she herself had condemned as inhuman. She imposed serfdom on the Ukrainians who had until then been free. By distributing the so-called crown lands to her favourites and ministers, she worsened the lot of the peasants, who had enjoyed a certain autonomy. At the end of her reign, there was scarcely a free peasant left in Russia, and, because of more systematized control, the condition of the serf was worse than it had been before Catherine's rule. Thus, 95 percent of the Russian people did not in any way benefit directly from the achievements of Catherine's reign. Rather, their forced labour financed the immense expenditures required for her ever-growing economic, military, and cultural projects. In these undertakings, at least, she proved herself to be a good administrator and could claim that the blood and sweat of the people had not been wasted. Influence of Grigory Potemkin Grigory Potemkin Grigory Potemkin In 1774, the year of Russia's defeat of Turkey, Grigory Potemkin, who had distinguished himself in the war, became Catherine's lover, and a brilliant career began for this official of the minor nobility, whose intelligence and abilities were equalled only by his ambition. He was to be the only one of Catherine's favourites to play an extensive political role. Ordinarily, the empress did not mix business and pleasure; her ministers were almost always selected for their abilities. In Potemkin she found an extraordinary man whom she could love and respect and with whom she could share her power. As minister he had unlimited powers, even after the end of their liaison, which lasted only two years. Potemkin must be given part of the credit for the somewhat extravagant splendour of Catherine's reign. He had a conception of grandeur that escaped the rather pedestrian German princess, and he understood the effect it produced on the people. A great dreamer, he was avid for territories to conquer and provinces to populate; an experienced diplomat with a knowledge of Russia that Catherine had not yet acquired and as audacious as Catherine was methodical, Potemkin was treated as an equal by the empress up to the time of his death in 1791. They complemented and understood each other, and the ambitious minister expressed his respect for his sovereign through complete devotion to her interests. Russian Empire Russian Empire The annexation of Crimea from the Turks in 1783 was Potemkin's work. Through that annexation and the acquisition of the territories of the Crimean khanate, which extended from the Caucasus Mountains to the Bug River in southwestern Russia, Russia held the north shore of the Black Sea and was in a position to threaten the existence of the Ottoman Empire and to establish a foothold in the Mediterranean. Catherine also sought to renew the alliance with Austria, Turkey's neighbour and enemy, and renounced the alliance with Prussia and England, who were alarmed by Russian ambitions. Yet, during Catherine's reign, the country did not become involved in a European war, because the empress scrupulously adhered to the territorial agreements she had concluded with several western European nations. Catherine II Catherine II Catherine's glorification reached its climax in a voyage to Crimea arranged by Potemkin in 1787. In a festive Arabian Nights atmosphere, the empress crossed the country to take possession of her new provinces; the emperor of Austria, the king of Poland, and innumerable diplomats came to honour her and to enjoy the splendours of what became known as "Cleopatra's fleet" because Catherine and her court traveled partly by water. She dedicated new towns bearing her name and announced that she ultimately intended to proceed to Constantinople. Effects of the French Revolution Partitions of Poland, 1772-95 Partitions of Poland, 1772-95 Catherine, like all the crowned heads of Europe, felt seriously threatened by the French Revolution. The divine right of royalty and the aristocracy was being questioned, and Catherine, although a "friend of the Enlightenment," had no intention of relinquishing her own privileges: "I am an aristocrat, it is my profession." In 1790 the writer A.N. Radishchev, who attempted to publish a work openly critical of the abuses of serfdom, was tried, condemned to death, then pardoned and exiled. Ironically, the sentiments Radishchev expressed were very similar to Catherine's Instruction of 1767. Next, Poland, encouraged by the example of France, began agitating for a liberal constitution. In 1792, under the pretext of forestalling the threat of revolution, Catherine sent in troops and the next year annexed most of western Ukraine, while Prussia helped itself to large territories of western Poland. After the national uprising led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in 1794, Catherine wiped Poland off the map of Europe by dividing it between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1795. Catherine's last years were darkened by the execution of Louis XVI, the advance of the revolutionary armies, and the spread of radical ideas. The empress realized, moreover, that she had no suitable successor. She considered her son Paul an incompetent and unbalanced man; her grandson Alexander was too young yet to rule. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

ouija board

a board printed with letters, numbers, and other signs, to which a planchette or movable indicator points, supposedly in answer to questions from people at a seance. a board with the alphabet and other signs on it through which messages from the spirit world are supposedly communicated a board with the alphabet on it also known as a spirit board or talking board a flat board marked with the letters of the alphabet, the numbers 0-9, the words "yes", "no", "hello" (occasionally), and "goodbye", along with various symbols and graphics Sin against the First Commandment that involves conjuring up spirits in an unholy rite, disrespecting God (Quizlet) Ouija board occultism Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Ouija board, in occultism, a device ostensibly used for obtaining messages from the spirit world, usually employed by a medium during a séance. The name derives from the French and German words for "yes" (oui and ja). The Ouija board consists of an oblong piece of wood with letters of the alphabet inscribed along its longer edge in a wide half-moon. On top of this, a much smaller heart-shaped board is placed, mounted on casters, which enable it to slide freely. Ouija board. Ouija board See all media Related Topics: spiritualism See all related content → Each participant lightly places a finger on the small board, which then slides about because of the resultant pressure. The letters pointed out by the apex of the board may in some instances spell out words or even sentences. In the late 19th century, when the Ouija board was a popular pastime, it was fashionable to ascribe such happenings to discarnate spirits; more recent opinion is skeptical. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Akashic record Table of Contents Home Philosophy & Religion Spirituality Akashic record occultism Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Akashic record, in occultism, a compendium of pictorial records, or "memories," of all events, actions, thoughts, and feelings that have occurred since the beginning of time. They are said to be imprinted on Akasha, the astral light, which is described by spiritualists as a fluid ether existing beyond the range of human senses. The Akashic records are reputedly accessible to certain select individuals—e.g., a spiritualist medium who conducts a séance. Akasha allegedly transmits the waves of human willpower, thought, feeling, and imagination and is a reservoir of occult power, an ocean of unconsciousness to which all are linked, making prophecy and clairvoyance possible. Related Topics: spiritualism Akasha See all related content → Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

labyrinth

a complicated network of winding passages; a maze a complicated irregular network of passages or paths in which it is difficult to find one's way; a maze. (Quizlet) Neel Burton M.D. Hide and Seek The History and Psychology of Labyrinths The labyrinth is a Jungian archetype that has been reinvented through the ages. Posted May 20, 2021 Reviewed by Lybi Ma Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail KEY POINTS The word "Labyrinth" comes from the Greek myth of Theseus and the Minotaur. Ancient labyrinths were enclosed multicursal complexes. Medieval labyrinths were not simply ornamental but represented the spiritual path to God. Today, labyrinths are increasingly found in therapeutic settings as an aid to meditation and mindfulness. Image Taken by Neel Burton Source: Image Taken by Neel Burton The Myth of Theseus and the Minotaur In Greek myth, King Minos, to consolidate his position on the Cretan throne, asked the god Poseidon to send him a snow-white bull as a sign of divine favour. But instead of sacrificing the superb bull as he ought to have done, he decided to keep it for his stud farm. Poseidon punished Minos by making his wife Pasiphaë lust for the white bull. article continues after advertisement Pasiphaë pleaded with the master craftsman Daedalus to build her a hollow cow in which to hide out with the bull. Daedalus' cow seemed so true to life that the bull mounted it, and sometime later Pasiphaë gave birth to the Minotaur, a monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man. Pasiphaë nursed the Minotaur as a calf, but, as he grew, he became increasingly violent and even began eating people. Fearing that his subjects would rise against him, Minos sought to contain his stepson in a series of ever-stronger cages; but after he broke out of the strongest cage, he asked Daedalus to build a maze of tunnels beneath his palace. The Labyrinth, as it came to be called, was so intricate that even Daedalus, having built it, struggled to escape from it. The Labyrinth served Minos well, enabling him to intimidate and dispose of his enemies while also hiding and feeding the Minotaur—who now would eat nothing but human flesh. Minos, Minotaur aside, was a great king. Under his rule, Crete prospered and grew into a naval power. When his eldest son Androgeus came of age, he travelled to Athens to partake in the Panathenaic Games. Somehow Androgeus died or was killed, and Minos held Athens responsible for his loss. In reparation, and as the price for peace, he required that King Aegeus send him a tribute, every nine years, of seven of the noblest youths and seven of the most virtuous maidens of Athens. These unfortunates, drawn by lots, would be sent to Crete in a ship with black sails, paraded before the people, and cast into the Labyrinth. Descent into the Labyrinth When the time came for the third nine-yearly tribute to Crete, Theseus, the son and heir of King of Aegeus of Athens, volunteered to take the place of one of the fourteen unfortunates and confront the Minotaur. He sailed away in the ship with black sails, promising his ailing father that, if successful, he would return on white sails. As he was paraded through the streets of the Cretan capital, Minos' daughter Ariadne saw him and immediately fell in love with him. He and the other Athenians were locked up in a dungeon to await morning when they would be fed to the Minotaur. That evening, Ariadne begged Daedalus, until he relented, to tell her the secret of the Labyrinth. Under the cover of darkness, she ran past the guards to Theseus and slipped him a sword and a clew of crimson thread. She instructed him to tie the thread at the mouth of the Labyrinth and unfurl the clew as he went along, 'always straight, always down, and never left or right.' Before leaving, she made him promise that, if he came out alive, he would take her with him and marry her. article continues after advertisement As Theseus descended into the dark Labyrinth, the air became putrid and he began tripping over what must have been human remains. He could hear the thumping of the Minotaur, but could not locate him until he could also hear his breathing. He may never have seen him had it not been for the blood-tinged ivory of his eyes and horns. With his head down, the Minotaur made to gore him, but he leapt in Cretan style over his horns, rolled over, drew out his sword, and drove it up to where he imagined he had his heart. He then picked up what remained of the clew and wound it back up to find his way out of the Labyrinth, and into the waiting arms of Ariadne. Labyrinths of the Ancient World In the early twentieth century, the archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans working on Crete uncovered the existence of a complex civilization whose people he called the Minoans after the mythical King Minos. Minoan Crete flourished from around 3000 to 1500 BCE and came to revolve around a series of palace complexes, the largest of which was at Knossos in the north of the island. The palace at Knossos covered an area of around six acres (or three football pitches) and contained some 1,300 rooms connected by various corridors and stairways, leading Evans to speculate that the mythical Labyrinth was none other than the palace itself. Pottery and frescoes unearthed by Evans and his team featured bulls and bull-leaping, and the most common symbol on palace walls was the labrys or double axe—and it has been suggested, including by Evans himself, that "Labyrinth" might mean something like "Sanctuary of the Double Axe". Although the Labyrinth was clearly a branching, multicursal maze, it has long been represented, for example on Cretan coins, as a single-path, unicursal maze in which it is impossible to get lost. As a result, the word "labyrinth", although essentially synonymous with "maze", has come to connote unicursality, whereas the word "maze" has come to connote multicursality. article continues after advertisement In his Natural History, the naturalist Pliny the Elder (d. 79 CE) describes four ancient labyrinths—in Egypt, Crete, Lemnos, and Italy—all of which seem to have been enclosed multicursal complexes, confirming that this is the ancient, original meaning of the word "labyrinth". In the Histories, the historian Herodotus (d. 425 BCE) claims that the Egyptian labyrinth surpassed even the pyramids in scale and ambition: I myself have seen [the Egyptian labyrinth], and no words can tell its wonders: the sum of all that the Greeks have built and wrought would be a matter of less labour and cost than was this single labyrinth. The psychology of labyrinths Far from a mere folly, the labyrinth is, like the serpent, the flood, and the trinity, something of a Jungian archetype, found in prehistoric rock drawings at, for example, Pontevedra in Galicia (Spain), Val Camonica in Lombardy (Italy), and Rocky Valley in Cornwall (England). In medieval Europe, cathedrals sometimes contained a labyrinth traced out in the nave from contrasting paving stones. Those that have survived, such as the striking one in Chartres Cathedral, can still be walked today. Cathedral labyrinths were not simply ludic or ornamental but represented the spiritual path to God and provided a substitute for going on pilgrimage. Cathedral labyrinths were, therefore, unicursal, as were the first hedge mazes, which evolved from Renaissance knot gardens. article continues after advertisement As I argue in my new book, The Meaning of Myth, mazes and labyrinths are in fact spiritual tools. Multicursal mazes such as the Cretan Labyrinth may have been built not only to guard against gold diggers but also to deter or trap evil spirits, including the Minotaur. Unicursal labyrinths on the other hand may have been traced to guide rituals or dances. The circular unicursal labyrinth symbolizes the cosmos, completeness, and unity, and, by extension, the spiritual path or journey of life. More than a simple garden, it is a removed, secluded, and liminal space that serves to calm and concentrate the mind—which is why labyrinths, often simply mown into a summer field, are increasingly found in therapeutic settings such as hospitals and hospices. Labyrinths, especially single-path, unicursal ones, serve not only as a thing of beauty but also and above all as an aid to meditation and mindfulness. To walk the labyrinth is to re-enter the womb and travel inward, and to come back out is a kind of rebirth. Ariadne's crimson thread is thus an umbilical cord that ties Theseus to the world while he undertakes the hero's journey into the underworld and slays the monster. To escape the Labyrinth, Theseus simply followed the clew or clue. This revised spelling of "clew", "a ball of thread or yarn", underwent a sense shift from around 1600 in reference to Theseus and the Minotaur, giving us the modern word "clue" and, more recently, "clueless". References Plutarch, Parallel Lives, Ch 1: Theseus. Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Bk XXXVI, Ch 19. Herodotus, Histories, Bk 2, Ch 148. references Share on FacebookShare Share on TwitterTweet Share via EmailEmail advertisement About the Author Neel Burton M.D. Neel Burton, M.D., is a psychiatrist, philosopher, and writer who lives and teaches in Oxford, England. Online: neelburton.com, Facebook, Twitter Read Next Mumbai's Train Station and I'm One Step Closer to Peace The Ancient Story at the Origin of Modern Romantic Love Most Popular 4 Signs You Have an Inner Gaslighter Mode The Key to Good Intimacy 7 Signs You Are Single at Heart New Research Identifies Two Major Causes of Loneliness 6 Signs Your Self-Control Issues Come From Childhood Neglect Micro-Abandonments: How a Narcissist Gains Emotional Control Find a Therapist Get the help you need from a therapist near you-a FREE service from Psychology Today. 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chess

a game played by two people on a square board, in which each player has 16 pieces that can be moved on the board in different ways a game for two players who move their 16 pieces according to specific rules (Quizlet) Log In Articles 7 Tips To Get Better At Chess Are you looking to improve your chess skills? Make sure you are following the top-7 tips. 7 Tips To Get Better At Chess CHESScom CHESScom Updated: Mar 17, 2022, 8:47 AM | 76 | For Beginners English‎ No matter where you are in chess, you can always get better. And with the right habits and attitude, getting better at chess can be both fun and simple. To get better at chess, you will need to learn the rules, play a lot of games, review your play, practice puzzles, study the endgame, not waste time on openings, and double-check your moves. Get better at chess by practicing key skills 7 Tips to Become a Better Chess Player: Know The Rules Play Lots Of Games Learn From Your Games Practice With Chess Puzzles Study Basic Endgames Don't Waste Time Memorizing Openings Double-Check Your Moves 1. Make Sure You Know The Rules It doesn't matter if you aren't exactly sure of the rules, or if you think you already know the rules of the game. Unless you are already a serious chess player, it's a good idea to review the basic piece movements and special rules of chess. You can find the rules and basic strategies here and here. 2. Play Lots And Lots Of Chess Games You can't get better at anything without a lot of repetition, and chess is no different. Take every opportunity you can to play a chess game - whether on the go, on your computer, or at home. 3. Review And Learn From Your Games Playing without reviewing your games is not the best path to improving. Each game contains many mistakes and opportunities. In order to improve, you need to learn from both playing and reviewing! Our analysis tool can help you understand each game you play. 7 tips to improve your chess 4. Practice With Chess Puzzles Chess tactics are little bite-sized chess problems waiting to be solved. They represent real game situations where you have a chance to win. It's like playing chess, but skipping ahead to the good part where you are already winning! Try some free puzzles. 5. Study Basic Endgames Surprisingly, most chess games don't end quickly, but only after many, many moves and after most of the pieces have been traded away. This will often leave just kings and a few pieces and/or pawns. This is the "endgame," where usually the goal is to promote one of your pawns to a queen. Learning to navigate the endgame will help you win many games. You can practice some of the most common endgame drills here. 6. Don't Waste Time Memorizing Openings Many chess players make the mistake of spending time tediously memorizing sequences of chess moves (the "opening"). The problem is that most players don't know very many openings, or even if they do, the chances they play your specific lines are very small. Just learn good opening principles from the start and don't stress about memorizing a bunch of "book moves" and chess theory—that step can wait until later. 7. Double-Check Your Moves One of the most important parts of playing better chess is avoiding making bad moves. Most games are lost by blunders. So before you move one of your pieces, always double-check to make sure that your king will be safe and that you are not giving away any pieces for free. When you are ready to improve your chess game, sign up at Chess.com. It is free and easy, so what are you waiting for? Sign up - it's free! More from CHESScom Chess.com Reaches 100 Million Members! Chess.com Reaches 100 Million Members! Chess Played Quick 2022 Holiday Special Edition: All The Information Chess Played Quick 2022 Holiday Special Edition: All The Information Remove Ads Articles For Beginners Strategy Tactics Scholastics Opening Theory Middlegame Endgames Amazing Games Chess Players Fun & Trivia Other Chess.com Help Authors Study Plans Curriculum for Kids Remove Ads Help Chess Terms About Jobs Developers User Agreement Privacy Fair Play Community Chess.com © 2022 Ready to Play Chess? Play Online Play Friends vs Computer Tournaments Play Now Apple app store 10 Steps For Getting Good At Chess Fast Sort: Oldest 1 2 Last Hilddea Hilddea Sep 2, 2019 10 #1 null How do you become a strong chess player? Everyone wants to learn a secret recipe that will help getting good at chess fast! Should you work on tactics? How much time should you be spending on endgames? Do you have to play over-the-board chess? We will answer these and many more questions and will give you a simple 10-step plan outlining the most important steps you should take for getting good at chess. Step 1. Solve Tactics Daily Perhaps one of the most important steps you can take to improve your game is start solving tactics. There are few things you should keep in minds while working on tactics. First of all, you shouldn't spend the whole training session on it. Spending 15-20 minutes a day is totally sufficient. Select the problems you can solve fairly quickly. If you need to spend 30 minutes to find a single solution, the problem is too hard. Ideally, you should spend around 2-3 minutes per problem or less for finding all the crucial lines and variations. You can read this article https://thechessworld.com/articles/training-techniques/improving-your-chess-by-solving-tactics-5-tips-to-follow/ to learn how to solve tactics. That way you can solve 7-10 problems a day. It may not seem like a lot, but it will result in 70 problems/week, 300 problems/month or 4500 problems/year. That is a good foundation and will make you proficient at finding most combinations. Step 2. Play Competitive Chess Second very important step for getting good at chess is practice. The most common mistake amateur players make is assuming that playing online chess is enough. Online chess can be a temporary alternative for over the board chess. However, to fully concentrate on the game and perform at your best a real face-to-face competition is a must. Even when playing practice matches, the amount of value you gain from over-the-board games cannot be compared with online chess. There are no GMs and IMs that became who they are from online chess. They play online, but more so for fun rather than for serious training. If you want to fully benefit from your practice matches, always choose over-the-board! It's as simple as that. Step 3. Analyze All Your Losses Analyzing lost games is one the most important aspects of getting good at chess. Many amateur players prefer either not to analyze their games altogether or just to focus on analyzing the wins. Unfortunately, we cannot learn from somebody else's mistakes. We learn the best from our own. Touching a hot plate once and getting burned is 1000% more efficient than being told 100 times that touching a hot plate is dangerous. In chess it works the same way. By missing a back rank mate once or twice you'll beware and avoid future accidents. By analyzing your lost games you will understand what went wrong and will do your best to avoid this kind of things from happening in future games. It is painful to look at your losses, but it is the only way for getting good at chess. If you want to learn how to analyze games I suggest reading https://thechessworld.com/articles/training-techniques/7-most-important-factors-in-chess-position-analysis/ & https://thechessworld.com/articles/training-techniques/10-questions-to-ask-yourself-when-analyzing-your-own-games/ Step 4. Study Grandmaster Games Why is it important to study grandmaster games? From analyzing games of very strong players you learn many ideas and maneuvers which are next to impossible to discover yourself. There are couple things to keep in mind when going over the GM games. First of all, you should study well-annotated games and try understanding why the moves were played. Approach the game from an active position. Put yourself in player's shoes, identify all of the threats, come up with a plan and only then compare your findings and analysis with what happened in the game. Active learning is by far more superior technique than simply reading annotations. Make your brain work while going over grandmaster games, and it will do the same in your own games. Step 5. Use Technology Wisely Modern chess technology is amazing. There are engines that can easily beat World Champions. There is software that stores millions of chess games played starting from the 1200s. There are programs that can analyze games for you, to help figuring out what and when things went wrong. This technology is responsible for producing 12 and 13-year-old GMs, contrary to 20-30 years ago, when it would seem impossible. However, technology alone will not do you any good. It is not a substitute for hard work. Many chess players take a shortcut by analyzing their games solely with computers, bypassing human component. A computer cannot help you at understanding why those mistakes were made. It cannot show you how to avoid those in future. It is very important to analyze all of your games yourself, and only then check with an engine. Players get highly addicted to the engines because it is convenient to get the analysis without doing the heavy lifting. You don't need to think, and in a couple of seconds, you are shown the right move and the correct continuation. Players incorrectly assume part of the credit for analyzing those positions. After a while, they start thinking they can find the move but use the computer just to simplify the task. Computer won't help you in over-the-board games. You are totally on your own. Therefore, you must learn to find those moves independently. And to do that, you have to learn to analyze without a computer. Read https://thechessworld.com/articles/chess-how-tos/how-to-use-chess-programs/ to learn how to use computers to work on your game. Step 6. Get a Mentor This is a step that can tremendously accelerate your progress. If you want to start getting good at chess fast, this is something to consider. Keep in mind that chess mentor is not a chess coach. He won't give you assignments and homework. A mentor is a person you can talk to about your chess. You can tell him about your difficulties, about your successes and failures. You can tell him what works and what doesn't. You can ask him for an advice. Ideally, your mentor should be more successful at chess than you are. He doesn't have to be a Grandmaster or even a master player. But he should be more experienced and should be in a position to give you a good advice. Step 7. Follow 20/40/40 Rule If you want to start getting good, you should work on all elements of the game. Many players are making a mistake of focusing only on some elements of chess and completely forgetting about the others. That's where 20/40/40 rule comes handy. For an under 2000 rated player, it makes sense to spend 20% of the time on openings, 40% on Middlegame and 40% on Endgame. Besides that, you should play practice games, solve tactics and analyze. If you feel that one part of your game is lagging, you can dedicate a bit more time to it, but never make a mistake of neglecting the other elements! Step 8. Build a Chess Library If your goal is getting good at chess you must have a chess library. All strong chess players have a collection of resources they study and periodically consult. For example, you may face a certain Middlegame position that you've previously seen in one of our training videos. Then, you may re-watch part of the video discussing that Middlegame to remind yourself how it should be played. Similarly, you may retake some of the lessons from the 21 Day Course (assuming you already completed the course). In any case, building a library is a very important step in the career of a chess player. You should consider adding some of our great resources to your library if you haven't done so yet! Step 9. Stay Positive Staying positive is a very important step, if you want to start getting good at chess. You should not get frustrated by your failures but rather start treating them as a part of the training. It is much better to lose more games now, rather than lose a very important game later when it really matters. If you start getting negative thoughts, just say "STOP", breathe deeply and focus on achieving the results you desire! Step 10. Train Other Chess Players Training other chess players is a great way to improve your own game. By sharing your knowledge with others, explaining the concepts you start understanding it on a much higher level. Teaching others requires a thorough understanding of the subject. Possibly you will need to refresh some of the things, to formulate the ideas in a simple, easy-to-understand way. But once you do, you will get surprised at how your own chess improves. By helping other players to master the game, you will become a chess master one day! If you want to improve your chess level, you need to have a clear study plan. If you aim for a dramatic improvement at chess you need to work on all of the elements of the game in a systematic way: tactics positional play attacking skills endgame technique classical games analysis psychological preparation and much more 10 Steps For Getting Good At Chess Fasthttps://images.chesscomfiles.com/uploads/v1/blog/[email protected] 2x" width="668" height="375" /> Regards ¯ \ _ (ツ) _ / ¯ @GM_Magnus_Kingdom big thanks to the author: thechessworld Source: https://thechessworld.com/ 4 3 1 1 SeniorPatzer SeniorPatzer Sep 2, 2019 0 #2 That's a good list. ytoong ytoong Sep 2, 2019 -1 #3 Very good!!! 👏👏👏👏 rickhjh rickhjh Sep 2, 2019 1 #4 Thank you for this good and long article and advise. Brudo_the_Chess_King Brudo_the_Chess_King Sep 2, 2019 1 #5 Thanks good job writeing I know this will help me Thanks GM_Magnus_Kingdom E4orce E4orce Sep 2, 2019 -1 #6 As always, this is a great post... I really like #9 too, cuz I know from experience that being happy in the game can go a long way! q=) Marsella17 Marsella17 Sep 2, 2019 1 #7 Solved tactics really help me a lot ponz111 ponz111 Sep 2, 2019 1 #8 this is very good advice. ChessMaster567893 ChessMaster567893 Sep 4, 2019 1 #9 Can you put a copy on my notes? TunjiGold1 TunjiGold1 Sep 4, 2019 1 #10 GM_Magnus_Kingdom wrote: null How do you become a strong chess player? Everyone wants to learn a secret recipe that will help getting good at chess fast! Should you work on tactics? How much time should you be spending on endgames? Do you have to play over-the-board chess? We will answer these and many more questions and will give you a simple 10-step plan outlining the most important steps you should take for getting good at chess. Step 1. Solve Tactics Daily Perhaps one of the most important steps you can take to improve your game is start solving tactics. There are few things you should keep in minds while working on tactics. First of all, you shouldn't spend the whole training session on it. Spending 15-20 minutes a day is totally sufficient. Select the problems you can solve fairly quickly. If you need to spend 30 minutes to find a single solution, the problem is too hard. Ideally, you should spend around 2-3 minutes per problem or less for finding all the crucial lines and variations. You can read this article https://thechessworld.com/articles/training-techniques/improving-your-chess-by-solving-tactics-5-tips-to-follow/ to learn how to solve tactics. That way you can solve 7-10 problems a day. It may not seem like a lot, but it will result in 70 problems/week, 300 problems/month or 4500 problems/year. That is a good foundation and will make you proficient at finding most combinations. Step 2. Play Competitive Chess Second very important step for getting good at chess is practice. The most common mistake amateur players make is assuming that playing online chess is enough. Online chess can be a temporary alternative for over the board chess. However, to fully concentrate on the game and perform at your best a real face-to-face competition is a must. Even when playing practice matches, the amount of value you gain from over-the-board games cannot be compared with online chess. There are no GMs and IMs that became who they are from online chess. They play online, but more so for fun rather than for serious training. If you want to fully benefit from your practice matches, always choose over-the-board! It's as simple as that. Step 3. Analyze All Your Losses Analyzing lost games is one the most important aspects of getting good at chess. Many amateur players prefer either not to analyze their games altogether or just to focus on analyzing the wins. Unfortunately, we cannot learn from somebody else's mistakes. We learn the best from our own. Touching a hot plate once and getting burned is 1000% more efficient than being told 100 times that touching a hot plate is dangerous. In chess it works the same way. By missing a back rank mate once or twice you'll beware and avoid future accidents. By analyzing your lost games you will understand what went wrong and will do your best to avoid this kind of things from happening in future games. It is painful to look at your losses, but it is the only way for getting good at chess. If you want to learn how to analyze games I suggest reading https://thechessworld.com/articles/training-techniques/7-most-important-factors-in-chess-position-analysis/ & https://thechessworld.com/articles/training-techniques/10-questions-to-ask-yourself-when-analyzing-your-own-games/ Step 4. Study Grandmaster Games Why is it important to study grandmaster games? From analyzing games of very strong players you learn many ideas and maneuvers which are next to impossible to discover yourself. There are couple things to keep in mind when going over the GM games. First of all, you should study well-annotated games and try understanding why the moves were played. Approach the game from an active position. Put yourself in player's shoes, identify all of the threats, come up with a plan and only then compare your findings and analysis with what happened in the game. Active learning is by far more superior technique than simply reading annotations. Make your brain work while going over grandmaster games, and it will do the same in your own games. Step 5. Use Technology Wisely Modern chess technology is amazing. There are engines that can easily beat World Champions. There is software that stores millions of chess games played starting from the 1200s. There are programs that can analyze games for you, to help figuring out what and when things went wrong. This technology is responsible for producing 12 and 13-year-old GMs, contrary to 20-30 years ago, when it would seem impossible. However, technology alone will not do you any good. It is not a substitute for hard work. Many chess players take a shortcut by analyzing their games solely with computers, bypassing human component. A computer cannot help you at understanding why those mistakes were made. It cannot show you how to avoid those in future. It is very important to analyze all of your games yourself, and only then check with an engine. Players get highly addicted to the engines because it is convenient to get the analysis without doing the heavy lifting. You don't need to think, and in a couple of seconds, you are shown the right move and the correct continuation. Players incorrectly assume part of the credit for analyzing those positions. After a while, they start thinking they can find the move but use the computer just to simplify the task. Computer won't help you in over-the-board games. You are totally on your own. Therefore, you must learn to find those moves independently. And to do that, you have to learn to analyze without a computer. Read https://thechessworld.com/articles/chess-how-tos/how-to-use-chess-programs/ to learn how to use computers to work on your game. Step 6. Get a Mentor This is a step that can tremendously accelerate your progress. If you want to start getting good at chess fast, this is something to consider. Keep in mind that chess mentor is not a chess coach. He won't give you assignments and homework. A mentor is a person you can talk to about your chess. You can tell him about your difficulties, about your successes and failures. You can tell him what works and what doesn't. You can ask him for an advice. Ideally, your mentor should be more successful at chess than you are. He doesn't have to be a Grandmaster or even a master player. But he should be more experienced and should be in a position to give you a good advice. Step 7. Follow 20/40/40 Rule If you want to start getting good, you should work on all elements of the game. Many players are making a mistake of focusing only on some elements of chess and completely forgetting about the others. That's where 20/40/40 rule comes handy. For an under 2000 rated player, it makes sense to spend 20% of the time on openings, 40% on Middlegame and 40% on Endgame. Besides that, you should play practice games, solve tactics and analyze. If you feel that one part of your game is lagging, you can dedicate a bit more time to it, but never make a mistake of neglecting the other elements! Step 8. Build a Chess Library If your goal is getting good at chess you must have a chess library. All strong chess players have a collection of resources they study and periodically consult. For example, you may face a certain Middlegame position that you've previously seen in one of our training videos. Then, you may re-watch part of the video discussing that Middlegame to remind yourself how it should be played. Similarly, you may retake some of the lessons from the 21 Day Course (assuming you already completed the course). In any case, building a library is a very important step in the career of a chess player. You should consider adding some of our great resources to your library if you haven't done so yet! Step 9. Stay Positive Staying positive is a very important step, if you want to start getting good at chess. You should not get frustrated by your failures but rather start treating them as a part of the training. It is much better to lose more games now, rather than lose a very important game later when it really matters. If you start getting negative thoughts, just say "STOP", breathe deeply and focus on achieving the results you desire! Step 10. Train Other Chess Players Training other chess players is a great way to improve your own game. By sharing your knowledge with others, explaining the concepts you start understanding it on a much higher level. Teaching others requires a thorough understanding of the subject. Possibly you will need to refresh some of the things, to formulate the ideas in a simple, easy-to-understand way. But once you do, you will get surprised at how your own chess improves. By helping other players to master the game, you will become a chess master one day! If you want to improve your chess level, you need to have a clear study plan. If you aim for a dramatic improvement at chess you need to work on all of the elements of the game in a systematic way: tactics positional play attacking skills endgame technique classical games analysis psychological preparation and much more 10 Steps For Getting Good At Chess Fasthttps://images.chesscomfiles.com/uploads/v1/blog/[email protected] 2x" width="668" height="375" /> Regards ¯ \ _ (ツ) _ / ¯ @GM_Magnus_Kingdom big thanks to the author: thechessworld Source: https://thechessworld.com/ Thank you. All your points are valuable. TheGalaxyInvader TheGalaxyInvader Sep 4, 2019 0 #11 Thanks for the advice! Flamingchessbishop Flamingchessbishop Sep 7, 2019 0 #12 Thanks a lot Friend!!!!!!grin.png staples13 staples13 Sep 7, 2019 -2 #13 By far the best way to get good at chess fast is to play lots of blitz. Beginners too often make the mistake of playing longer time controls. You can play 10 times as many blitz games as you can rapid games, so you get exposed to 10 times as many tactics, openings, and endgames, and not surprisingly your chess skill will increase exponentially faster staples13 staples13 Sep 7, 2019 -1 #14 RupertRhine wrote: Sigh. Mr @staples again. Most anybody is advising rookies to play rapid? A little blitz. Not too much. Good advising @Magnus. But few players have the discipline to follow through, me included. Most people don't have enough hours, so want a shortcut. Well seeing as I'm rated 500 points higher than you clearly my methods of improving are far more successful than yours Egkninja Egkninja Aug 7, 2020 -1 #15 thank you so much for the article!when i read this for the first time i was horrible at chess.using this i have become a lot better and still continue to use this article to improve. chessdragonpro chessdragonpro Nov 27, 2020 1 #16 Thank you so much hellnek0 hellnek0 Sep 5, 2021 1 #17 thx for the tips StikeMannard StikeMannard Jun 24, 2022 0 #18 I do some but not all of those. Thanks for the tips and explanation. ScatteredWealth ScatteredWealth Jun 24, 2022 1 #19 Unfortunately, some people I know follow the 100/0/0 rule. tygxc tygxc Jun 25, 2022 0 #20 #19 0/60/40 makes more sense. 1 2 Last Log In or Join Remove Ads Forums Hot Topics Unanswered Most Recent Need a Chess Coach to help me achieve NM hrarray 9 min ago mate in 550 + mate in 551 Moremover 10 min ago Chess will never be solved, here's why Botlosenik 12 min ago Have you ever been a victim of the Smothered Checkmate? DavidLaszloTamas 19 min ago What accuracy % do you consider a "good" game? hrarray 20 min ago GUESS THE ELO PawnPerson1000 21 min ago How to avoid blunders ? castel1an 22 min ago Reach 1000 in rapid hrarray 22 min ago is it me or chess.com players are getting stronger? Paatszer 24 min ago I hate the threefold repetition rule Optimissed 25 min ago Forum Legend Following New Comments Locked Topic Pinned Topic Remove Ads Help Chess Terms About Jobs Developers User Agreement Privacy Fair Play Community Chess.com © 2022

flirt

behave in a way that attracts (sexual) attention; deal triflingly with; N: one (or woman) given to flirting; ADJ. flirtatious (Quizlet) behave as though attracted to or trying to attract someone, but for amusement rather than with serious intentions. "it amused him to flirt with her" experiment with or show a superficial interest in (an idea, activity, or movement) without committing oneself to it seriously. "a painter who had flirted briefly with Cubism" deliberately expose oneself to (danger or difficulty). "the need of some individuals to flirt with death" (of a bird) wave or open and shut (its wings or tail) with a quick flicking motion. "a moorhen stepped out of the reeds, flirting its white tail" move back and forth with a flicking or fluttering motion. "the lark was flirting around the site" (Online defs) The key to flirting? It's not about you Everyone's talking about having a "hot vax summer," but what if you're instead bracing for a "lukewarm return to awkward chitchat with people you find attractive?" That is to say, with bars opening, parties being a thing again and masks coming off across the country — it's a big summer for flirting, which is hard for some people, even in a normal year, mostly out of fear of rejection, says Jean Smith, author of the book Flirtology: Stop Swiping, Start Talking and Find Love. "Nobody wants to be rejected, and people will do anything they think will stop them from being rejected," says Smith, adding that this ultimately results in people doing nothing at all. A lot of behaviors are rooted in this fear of rejection. When it comes to dating and flirting, people tend to compare themselves to others to see if they're good enough or worthy enough or attractive enough, says Smith. Some of these larger issues of self-acceptance and worth are better dealt with in your own time. (Here are a couple of different Life Kit episodes that might help). But if you're looking for a few concrete tips to help you get better at flirting, look no further. Nothing corny or weirdly creepy — OK, one slightly corny thing. Remember that flirting isn't about you. One way to ease the fear of rejection is to view flirting as being more about the other person than about you. "You get a much better result if, instead of trying to get others to make us feel good, we actually concentrate on making them feel good," says Smith. This takes care of lingering self-doubt that usually presents itself as questions such as "What if they don't like me?" or "What if I'm not charming or funny enough?" Part of doing that is to avoid putting your own expectations on the other person. Jayda Shuavarnnasri is a sexuality and relationship educator who's seen a lot of flirting driven by a focus on the endgame — trying to get someone's number (more on this later) or buying someone a drink. This goal-oriented way of viewing flirting isn't that helpful. "We're so used to flirting as a means to an end," she says. Shuavarnnasri refers to the "relationship escalator" — the idea that you date someone, enter into a monogamous relationship, get married, have kids, live happily ever after, etc. But if you remove that goal, you'll hopefully instead just be looking to create a mutually pleasant experience. Instead of any preconceived goals, aim for a few minutes of pleasant conversation. That's much more manageable and can help ease the pressure of any possible rejection. Be open with your own body language. If all else fails, smile. Smith often tells people to approach others not based on how attractive you find them, but instead on their body language. Is it friendly? Is it open? These will be the people that it'll be the most fun to talk to, regardless of whether you end up clicking. It follows that you should take that advice if you're hoping to attract people: Keep your shoulders back, don't cross your arms. This is especially important if you're more introverted and don't expect to be making an approach anytime soon. The most important aspect of body language is your smile, says Michael Rivera, a dating coach at The Date Maven, a dating and matchmaking consultancy. "A happy, genuine smile has a way of lowering walls," he says. "And if you can get the person you're trying to connect with to lower their walls a little, you're already halfway there." But a happy, genuine smile can be hard to find. It can even take some practice, which is exactly what Rivera recommends to his clients. Stand in front of a mirror (preferably full body), and try smiling in different ways. This is the one corny thing I alluded to earlier, which is the usual reaction Rivera gets. But he says that after a half-dozen times, you get used to it and get more comfortable and confident with it, and "that's how you're going to start to show up." Open with a question. Don't overthink this one. Simple questions like "have you been here before?" or "how do you know so and so?" will do just fine. These are just small ways to get people to open up. You can also try gearing your questions toward their likes — "What do you recommend?" "Are there any good places to eat around here?" Let people share their likes and interests, and from there, all you have to do is listen. Test and assess. As you talk with people, take the time to check in on how they're reacting to you. Are they offering short, one-word answers? Have they stepped back? Are they looking away? Then it might be time to leave. That isn't really a bad thing — particularly if you remember that flirting isn't about hitting any preconceived personal goal, other than helping someone else have a good time. Sometimes that means bouncing out of the conversation. "There's a level of confidence to that," says Rivera. Going back to that fear of rejection for a bit, if all you're hoping to do is make someone else feel special for a bit, "you really realize you actually can't lose." Say goodbye (either for good or just for now). If you're getting the sense that it's time to go, there are a few ways to go about it. If you're with someone, a simple "Hey, it's been great chatting, but I should get back to my friends" ought to do. If you're by yourself, just go about doing whatever it is you went there to do — order your coffee or whatever. This is a relatively frictionless way to make an exit, says Rivera. Now, if you're not sure about how the conversation is going, give them an out. "Hey if you gotta go, it's OK" or "Let me know if you wanna get back to your friends," work just fine, says Shuavarnnasri. If there is something there, Smith recommends ending the conversation and coming back later. "Repeat points of contact are really powerful," she says. So you could be chatting with someone for five minutes and assess (remember!) that things are going well. After ending it and giving it some time, you can approach them again and talk about stuff you'd mentioned in that first chat. Do that a couple of more times, and if vibes are vibing, then it's time for us to talk about the number. Don't ask for their number. People have different feelings about handing out their phone number. To Shuavarnnasri, it goes back to the culture of getting something out of an interaction. "If you're a stranger I've never met, I don't feel the need to give you anything, including my personal information." If you're a stranger I've never met, I don't feel the need to give you anything, including my personal information. Jayda Shuavarnnasri So try giving your number to someone. It's a small way of upending the usual power dynamics that come with flirting, and it eases some of the tension that might come with asking for someone's number. Let people decide for themselves if they want to hit you up. Because it's really about them. (NPR) Flirting Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff Flirting is a fundamental fixture in humans' sexual repertoire, a time-honored way of signaling interest and attraction, to say nothing of mutual awareness. It is a kind of silent language spoken by men and women around the world. The Roots of Flirting The ways people communicate interest are deeply rooted in human nature. All humans come equipped with the language of flirtation, from ways of glancing to movements such as licking one's lips, to meet nature's most basic command—find a good mate and multiply. Flirting is not a trivial activity; it requires many skills: intellect, body language, creativity, empathy. At its best, flirting can be high art, whether the flirter is vying for a soul mate, manipulating a potential customer, or just being playful. The process of flirting allows a person to signal interest in small increments, and enables both parties to gauge the interest level of the other. Flirting is driven by emotions and instinct rather than by logical thought. Yet profound information is transmitted in flirting—the gestures and movements used in flirting may provide reliable clues to a person's biological and psychological health. Why do people flirt? People most often flirt to convey interest in someone and potentially build a relationship. But research has actually identified six specific reasons why people flirt: 1. Relational reasons — to turn an acquaintance or friend into a partner. 2. Exploring motive — to gauge if someone else is interested in you. 3. Fun — to have a playful, exciting interaction. 4. Instrumental reasons — to encourage someone to complete a task, such as a household chore. 5. Esteem motive — to reinforce one's own self-esteem. 6. Sex — to gain a sexual partner. How can you tell if someone is flirting with you? Flirting can be subtle and indirect, so sometimes it's hard to decipher whether or not someone is expressing interest. Clues to spot flirting are body language, such as smiling, leaning forward, and touching, and verbal cues such as compliments or references to being available. You can also ask yourself if the person's behavior is consistent over time and whether they act differently with you than they do with others. Are people good at identifying when someone is flirting with them? Flirting is inherently ambiguous, so it's understandable that people aren't perfect at perceiving subtle signs of interest. One study observed 100 heterosexual strangers engaged in conversation and found that only 38 percent of participants accurately detected when someone was flirting with them. But spending more time with the person can help hone our accuracy—or simply deciding to ask directly. Is flirting considered cheating? An occasional bout of flirting is generally not considered cheating. However, some instances might fall under the category of micro-cheating, a term to describe small actions that signal interest in someone outside of the relationship—such as obsessively checking another person's social media or sharing private information with that person. Do other animals flirt? Flirting is not restricted to humans; it has many parallels in the animal world, seen in the behavioral displays many animals engage in to signal their availability and suitability. Animal courtship varies tremendously between species, ranging from subtle movements to lavish displays. For example, penguins search for pebbles to deliver to their partner of interest. Seahorses lock their tails together for a romantic swim. Bower birds use leaves, grass, and twigs to construct elaborate nests. Why did flirting evolve? Our animal and human ancestors needed a way to quickly and safely judge the value of potential mates without risking pregnancy with every possible candidate they encountered. Flirting achieved that end, offering a relatively risk-free set of signals with which to sample the field, try out sexual wares and exchange vital information about candidates' general health and reproductive fitness. How People Flirt The alchemy of creating connection between two people can be subtle, enthralling, warm, humorous, and even thrilling. Flirting combines body language—such as smiling, laughing, and touching—along with an engaging conversation and attentive listening, which ultimately leads to a rhythmic and playful back and forth. What are examples of flirty behavior? The hallmarks of flirting are surprisingly universal. Women often smile, arch their eyebrows and widen their eyes, tuck their chin down and turn slightly to the side, toss their hair, put their hands near their mouth, and laugh. Men, for their part, often arch their back, stretch their chest, and laugh as well. Which nonverbal cues do people use to flirt? Flirting can take place without any words at all. Here are a few ways to tell that someone is interested in you—or ways that you can use to convey affection for someone else: lingering eye contact, smiling more than usual, nodding, lightly touching, touching the lips, licking the lips, and glancing at the person's body. What are the features of a flirty facial expression? There are four key components to a flirtatious facial expression, according to research that assessed heterosexual women flirting with men. They are: 1) Head turned to one side 2) Chin tilted down slightly 3) Slight smile 4) Eyes turned to the other person. How do women flirt? Although these tips may seem a bit stereotypical, research that observed women in bars and social settings bears out that the following can be successful flirting techniques for women: giving the person a short sideways glance, swaying with the music, smiling, laughing, nodding, and leaning forward toward the other person in conversation. How do men flirt? For men hoping to convey interest to a potential partner, research suggests that making eye contact and showing powerful, dominant body language can help. Men can take up space, move around, and be playful with the other people they're with. Essentially, men who make eye contact and are comfortable in their own space are more likely to catch someone else's attention. How do people flirt with strangers? A successful flirty encounter seems to happen in three stages. The first is "approach," in which one person approaches the other, often with a smile and arched eyebrows, and is warmly received. The second is "swivel and synchronize," when the two face each other and mimic the other's gestures and postures. The third is "touch," all while continuing an engaging conversation, listening attentively, and showing a sense of humor. How do married couples flirt? Although flirting is most often viewed through the lens of sexuality or a new fling, it's also important in long-term relationships. Flirting serves a key role in marriage, couples say, such as showing love, enhancing self-esteem, maintaining intimacy, and reducing tension. So it's still worth taking a moment to smile, joke, or give a loving glance to a partner in a committed relationship. How do you flirt over text? People flirt by text for many reasons: fun, relaxation, escape, connection, affection. A flirty text conversation should aim to be warm, funny, and a little thrilling. Asking creative questions, referencing inside jokes or memories, cracking a few jokes, and sending a selfie can help fuel the banter. Reaching out on social media, such as through a message or reaction on Instagram, can also lay the foundation for a flirty exchange. How can you tell if a friend is interested in you romantically? Two surprising predictors that someone may want to be more than "just friends" are having conversations about the nature and future of the relationship (strictly platonic friends don't seem to engage in those discussions) and, perhaps surprisingly, being uncomfortable when mistaken for a couple in public (platonic friends don't seem to be bothered by that). (Psychology Today)

Oceania

the group of islands in the Pacific, including Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia The region of the world centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago) (Quizlet) Oceania region, Pacific Ocean Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Top Questions What does Oceania refer to? What is the land area of Oceania? How many regions is Oceania divided into? Oceania, collective name for the islands scattered throughout most of the Pacific Ocean. The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas. A more common definition excludes the Ryukyu, Kuril, and Aleutian islands and the Japan archipelago. The most popular usage delimits Oceania further by eliminating Indonesia, Taiwan, and the Philippines, because the peoples and cultures of those islands are more closely related historically to the Asian mainland. Oceania then, in its most restricted meaning, includes more than 10,000 islands, with a total land area (excluding Australia, but including Papua New Guinea and New Zealand) of approximately 317,700 square miles (822,800 square km). Oceania has traditionally been divided into four parts: Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. As recently as 33,000 years ago no human beings lived in the region, except in Australasia. Although disagreeing on details, scientists generally support a theory that calls for a Southeast Asian origin of island peoples. By 2000 about 12 million islanders lived in Oceania (excluding Australia), and many indigenous cultures were revolutionized by intensive contact with non-Oceanic groups who had intruded from various parts of the Western world. (The arts of the region are discussed in several articles; see art and architecture, Oceanic; music and dance, Oceanic; and Oceanic literature.) Pop. (2001 est.) including Australia, 31,377,000. Britannica Quiz Oceania: Fact or Fiction? The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park Table of Contents Home Geography & Travel Nature Reserves & National Parks Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park national park, New Zealand Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Lake Matheson, New Zealand Lake Matheson, New Zealand Te Wahipounamu, New Zealand, designated a World Heritage site in 1990. Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park, park, west-central South Island, New Zealand. Established in 1953, it has an area of 273 square miles (707 square km) and has a common western boundary with Westland National Park. The park extends for about 40 miles (65 km) along the crest of the Southern Alps. At the park's widest point, the eastern boundary is 10 miles (16 km) from the main divide of the Southern Alps. Some 27 peaks rising above 10,000 feet (3,000 metres) are located within the park. Mount Cook (Maori: Aoraki), the highest point in New Zealand at 12,316 feet (3,754 metres), dominates the valleys, glaciers, and surrounding peaks. More than a third of the park is covered by permanent snow and glacial ice. The Tasman, Godley, and Murchison are the principal rivers, being the outfall of park glaciers of the same names. Trees include beech, tussock, ribbonwood, alpine scrub, tree daisies, and celery pine. There are kea (alpine parrot), rock wren, bush hawk, pipit, pigeon, fantail, warbler, and a number of other varieties of birdlife. Animal life includes the tahr (a type of wild goat), chamois, red deer, and feral cat. Mountain climbing, skiing, hunting, and walking provide recreation to visitors. Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park is part of the Te Wahipounamu (South West New Zealand) area, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1990. Britannica Quiz National Parks and Landmarks Quiz This article was most recently revised and updated by Lorraine Murray. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

Every #1 draft pick nba

All-Time NBA Draft History Recapping every NBA Draft from 1947 to 2021 NBA.com Staff Updated on June 28, 2022 9:48 AM Every Draft Pick In History: >> All-time picks sorted by draft year, franchises and college affiliation Click on the year below for all picks from a specific Draft year. 2020S 2022 | No. 1 pick — Paolo Banchero (Orlando Magic) | Full Draft 2021 | No. 1 pick — Cade Cunningham (Detroit Pistons) | Full Draft 2020 | No. 1 pick — Anthony Edwards (Minnesota Timberwolves) | Full Draft 2010S 2019 | No. 1 pick — Zion Williamson (New Orleans Pelicans) | Full Draft 2018 | No. 1 pick — Deandre Ayton (Phoenix Suns) | Full Draft 2017 | No. 1 pick — Markelle Fultz (Philadelphia 76ers) | Full Draft 2016 | No. 1 pick — Ben Simmons (Philadelphia 76ers) | Full Draft 2015 | No. 1 pick — Karl-Anthony Towns (Minnesota Timberwolves) | Full Draft 2014 | No. 1 pick — Andrew Wiggins (Cleveland Cavaliers) | Full Drafts 2013 | No. 1 pick — Anthony Bennett (Cleveland Cavaliers) | Full Draft 2012 | No. 1 pick — Anthony Davis (New Orleans Hornets) | Full Draft 2011 | No. 1 pick — Kyrie Irving (Cleveland Cavaliers) | Full Draft 2010 | No. 1 pick — John Wall (Washington Wizards) | Full Draft 2000S 2009 | No. 1 pick — Blake Griffin (LA Clippers) | Full Draft 2008 | No. 1 pick — Derrick Rose (Chicago Bulls) | Full Draft 2007 | No. 1 pick — Greg Oden (Portland Trail Blazers) | Full Draft 2006 | No. 1 pick — Andrea Bargnani (Toronto Raptors) | Full Draft 2005 | No. 1 pick — Andrew Bogut (Milwaukee Bucks) | Full Draft 2004 | No. 1 pick — Dwight Howard (Orlando Magic) | Full Draft 2003 | No. 1 pick — LeBron James (Cleveland Cavaliers) | Full Draft 2002 | No. 1 pick — Yao Ming (Houston Rockets) | Full Draft 2001 | No. 1 pick — Kwame Brown (Washington Wizards) | Full Draft 2000 | No. 1 pick — Kenyon Martin (New Jersey Nets) | Full Draft 1990S 1999 | No. 1 pick — Elton Brand (Chicago Bulls) | Full Draft 1998 | No. 1 pick — Michael Olowokandi (LA Clippers) | Full Draft 1997 | No. 1 pick — Tim Duncan (San Antonio Spurs) | Full Draft 1996 | No. 1 pick — Allen Iverson (Philadelphia 76ers) | Full Draft 1995 | No. 1 pick — Joe Smith (Golden State Warriors) | Full Draft 1994 | No. 1 pick — Glenn Robinson (Milwaukee Bucks) | Full Draft 1993 | No. 1 pick — Chris Webber (Orlando Magic) | Full Draft 1992 | No. 1 pick — Shaquille O' Neal (Orlando Magic) | Full Draft 1991 | No. 1 pick — Larry Johnson (Charlotte Hornets) | Full Draft 1990 | No. 1 pick — Derrick Coleman (New Jersey Nets) | Full Draft 1980S 1989 | No. 1 pick — Pervis Ellison (Sacramento Kings) | Full Draft 1988 | No. 1 pick — Danny Manning (LA Clippers) | Full Draft 1987 | No. 1 pick — David Robinson (San Antonio Spurs) | Full Draft 1986 | No. 1 pick — Brad Daugherty (Cleveland Cavaliers) | Full Draft 1985 | No. 1 pick — Patrick Ewing (New York Knicks) | Full Draft 1984 | No. 1 pick — Hakeem Olajuwon (Houston Rockets) | Full Draft 1983 | No. 1 pick — Ralph Sampson (Houston Rockets) | Full Draft 1982 | No. 1 pick — James Worthy (Los Angeles Lakers) | Full Draft 1981 | No. 1 pick — Mark Aguirre (Dallas Mavericks) | Full Draft 1980 | No. 1 pick — Joe Barry Carroll (Golden State Warriors) | Full Draft 1970S 1979 | No. 1 pick — Magic Johnson (Los Angeles Lakers) | Full Draft 1978 | No. 1 pick — Mychal Thompson (Portland Trail Blazers) | Full Draft 1977 | No. 1 pick — Kent Benson (Milwaukee Bucks) | Full Draft 1976 | No. 1 pick — John Lucas (Houston Rockets) | Full Draft 1975 | No. 1 pick — David Thompson (Atlanta Hawks) | Full Draft 1974 | No. 1 pick — Bill Walton (Portland Trail Blazers) | Full Draft 1973 | No. 1 pick — Doug Collins (Philadelphia 76ers) | Full Draft 1972 | No. 1 pick — LaRue Martin (Portland Trail Blazers) | Full Draft 1971 | No. 1 pick — Austin Carr (Cleveland Cavaliers) | Full Draft 1970 | No. 1 pick — Bob Lanier (Detroit Pistons) | Full Draft 1960S 1969 | No. 1 pick — Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Milwaukee Bucks) | Full Draft 1968 | No. 1 pick — Elvin Hayes (San Diego Rickets) | Full Draft 1967 | No. 1 pick — Jimmy Walker (Detroit Pistons) | Full Draft 1966 | No. 1 pick — Cazzie Russell (New York Knicks) | Full Draft 1965 | No. 1 pick — Fred Hetzel (San Francisco Warriors) | Full Draft 1964 | No. 1 pick — Jim Barnes (New York Knicks) | Full Draft 1963 | No. 1 pick — Art Heyman (New York Knicks) | Full Draft 1962 | No. 1 pick — Bill McGill (Chicago Zephyrs) | Full Draft 1961 | No. 1 pick — Walt Bellamy (Chicago Zephyrs) | Full Draft 1960 | No. 1 pick — Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati Royals) | Full Draft 1950S 1959 | No. 1 pick — Bob Boozer (Cincinnati Royals) | Full Draft 1958 | No. 1 pick — Elgin Baylor (Minneapolis Lakers) | Full Draft 1957 | No. 1 pick — Hot Rod Hundley (Cincinnati Royals) | Full Draft 1956 | No. 1 pick — Si Green (Rochester Royals) | Full Draft 1955 | No. 1 pick — Dick Ricketts (St. Louis Hawks) | Full Draft 1954 | No. 1 pick — Frank Selvy (Baltimore Bullets) | Full Draft 1953 | No. 1 pick — Ray Felix (Baltimore Bullets) | Full Draft 1952 | No. 1 pick — Mark Workman (Milwaukee Hawks) | Full Draft 1951 | No. 1 pick — Gene Melchiorre (Baltimore Hawks) | Full Draft 1950 | No. 1 pick — Chuck Share (Boston Celtics) | Full Draft 1940S 1949 | No. 1 pick — Howie Shannon (Providence Steam Rollers) | Full Draft 1948 | No. 1 pick — Andy Tonkovich (Providence Steam Rollers) | Full Draft 1947 | No. 1 pick — Clifton McNeeley (Pittsburgh Ironmen) | Full Draft

Carbonation

The conversion of a compound into a carbonate (Quiz let) carbonation beverage production Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents carbonation, addition of carbon dioxide gas to a beverage, imparting sparkle and a tangy taste and preventing spoilage. The liquid is chilled and cascaded down in an enclosure containing carbon dioxide (either as dry ice or a liquid) under pressure. Increasing pressure and lowering temperature maximize gas absorption. Carbonated beverages do not require pasteurization. Examples of carbonated beverages include soft drinks, sparkling water (seltzer water), and carbonated wine, which has many characteristics of fermented sparkling wine but is less expensive to produce. Carbonated beverages and waters were developed from European attempts in the 17th century to imitate the popular and naturally effervescent waters of famous springs, with primary interest in their reputed therapeutic values. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

cryptocurrency

A digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds. a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security a system that relies upon encryption techniques rather than banks to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds

Melpomene

Greek muse of tragedy (Quizlet) Melpomene Greek Muse Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Melpomene Melpomene Melpomene, in Greek religion, one of the nine Muses, patron of tragedy and lyre playing. In Greek art her attributes were the tragic mask and the club of Heracles. According to some traditions, the half-bird, half-woman Sirens were born from the union of Melpomene with the river god Achelous. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. Medusa Table of Contents Home Literature Folk Literature & Fable Medusa Greek mythology Actions By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Article History Table of Contents Medusa Medusa Medusa, in Greek mythology, the most famous of the monster figures known as Gorgons. She was usually represented as a winged female creature having a head of hair consisting of snakes; unlike the Gorgons, she was sometimes represented as very beautiful. Medusa was the only Gorgon who was mortal; hence her slayer, Perseus, was able to kill her by cutting off her head. From the blood that spurted from her neck sprang Chrysaor and Pegasus, her two sons by Poseidon. The severed head, which had the power of turning into stone all who looked upon it, was given to Athena, who placed it in her shield; according to another account, Perseus buried it in the marketplace of Argos. Heracles (Hercules) is said to have obtained a lock of Medusa's hair (which possessed the same powers as the head) from Athena and given it to Sterope, the daughter of Cepheus, as a protection for the town of Tegea against attack; when exposed to view, the lock was supposed to bring on a storm, which put the enemy to flight. Britannica Quiz A Study of Greek and Roman Mythology In the British writer Iris Murdoch's novel A Severed Head (1961), the heroine is a Medusa figure. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. Load Next Page Information from your device can be used to personalize your ad experience. Do not sell or share my personal information. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

Good advice to hear from Quora

Profile photo for William Beteet III William Beteet III · Follow Standup Comic, Powerlifter and Law StudentUpdated Feb 15 What golden advice did you learn in your life? Sex is an Economy - Dating is an economy, you have to look at what demographics of partners are you trying to reach. What characteristics in a partner do they value? How much do you have to change to appeal to the sexual market place that you are in? A forty year old business man is going to have way better luck meeting women at networking events than in a loud club on weekends. Wonder Why They Have That Impression - If you find out that someone has a certain perception of you, instead of accusing them of being wrong. Ask yourself why is it that they have that impression of you? Skills Over Plans - The more skilled you are the more opportunities will be presented to you, the less you need a rigid plan. Develop your skills so you can acquire more career capital, which will make it easier to live the life that you want. Having a High Capacity for Shame is the Secret to Success - The more comfortable you are with public failure, the more you will be able to put yourself in situations that will lead to your success. One More Thing - When you complete any assignment or project, ask yourself "What is one more thing I could do to make this assignment better?" that last thing is often the difference between a B+ and an A or making a really strong impression on your boss. Unconditional Love Doesn't Exist - The idea that you can find love that is completely pure, absent of superficiality, behaviorally blind, and without self interest, is a myth. This has caused people to wait around for the "One" to come around, when they don't exist.

IRS (Internal Revenue Service)

US government agency that is responsible for the collection and enforcement of taxes Government Agency who is responsible for collecting taxes. (Internal Revenue Service) Governmental agency responsible for collecting federal taxes, issuing regulations, and enforcing tax laws (Quizlet) The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is a U.S. government agency responsible for the collection of taxes and enforcement of tax laws...Established in 1862 by then-President Abraham Lincoln, the agency operates under the authority of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, and its primary purpose is the collection of individual income taxes and employment taxes. The IRS also handles corporate, gift, excise, and estate taxes. As of November 2021, the head of the IRS is Commissioner Charles P. Rettig, who was nominated to the post by then-President Donald Trump in 2018. He oversees a workforce of about 80,000 and a budget of more than $11 billion. A graduate of New York University, Rettig is the first commissioner since the 1990s to come to the job from a career in tax law rather than business management. (Investopedia)

Michelin star

a mark of distinction awarded by the Michelin travel guides to a restaurant in recognition of the high quality of its cooking

Nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco (Quiz let) nicotine, an organic compound that is the principal alkaloid of tobacco. (An alkaloid is one of a group of nitrogenous organic compounds that have marked physiological effects on humans.) Nicotine occurs throughout the tobacco plant and especially in the leaves. The compound constitutes about 5 percent of the plant by weight. Both the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum) and the compound are named for Jean Nicot, a French ambassador to Portugal, who sent tobacco seeds to Paris in 1550. Crude nicotine was known by 1571, and the compound was obtained in purified form in 1828; the correct molecular formula was established in 1843, and the first laboratory synthesis was reported in 1904. Nicotine is one of the few liquid alkaloids. In its pure state it is a colourless, odourless liquid with an oily consistency, but when exposed to light or air, it acquires a brown colour and gives off a strong odour of tobacco. Nicotine's chemical formula is C10H14N2. Nicotine is the chief addictive ingredient in the tobacco used in cigarettes, cigars, and snuff. In its psychoactive effects, nicotine is a unique substance with a biphasic effect; when inhaled in short puffs it has a stimulant effect, but when smoked in deep drags it can have a tranquilizing effect. This is why smoking can feel invigorating at some times and can seem to block stressful stimuli at others. Nicotine is also an addictive drug, though, and smokers characteristically display a strong tendency to relapse after having successfully stopped smoking for a time. When ingested in larger doses, nicotine is a highly toxic poison that causes vomiting and nausea, headaches, stomach pains, and, in severe cases, convulsions, paralysis, and death. Nicotine is commercially obtained from tobacco scraps and is used as an insecticide and as a veterinary vermifuge. Nitric acid or other oxidizing agents convert it to nicotinic acid, or niacin, which is used as a food supplement. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

STDs

infectious diseases spread from person to person through sexual contact infections spread from person to person through sexual contact (Quizlet) What are the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? En Español People with STDs/STIs may feel ill and notice some of the following signs and symptoms:1,2 Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina Sores or warts on the genital area Painful or frequent urination Itching and redness in the genital area Blisters or sores in or around the mouth Abnormal vaginal odor Anal itching, soreness, or bleeding Abdominal pain Fever In some cases, people with STIs have no symptoms. Over time, any symptoms that are present may improve on their own. It is also possible for a person to have an STI with no symptoms and then pass it on to others without knowing it. If you are concerned that you or your sexual partner may have an STI, talk to your health care provider. Even if you do not have symptoms, it is possible you may have an STI that needs treatment to ensure your and your partners' sexual health. (NIH)

drink

take (a liquid) into the mouth and swallow. "we sat by the fire, drinking our coffee" consume or be in the habit of consuming alcohol, especially to excess. "she doesn't drink or smoke" (of a plant or a porous substance) absorb (moisture). "the seedlings apparently drink much more water than we had realized" (of wine) have a specified flavor or character when drunk. "this wine is really drinking beautifully" a liquid that can be swallowed as refreshment or nourishment. "cans of soda and other drinks" (Online defs)

Indoctrinate

to teach a certain point of view to (Quizlet) teach (a person or group) to accept a set of beliefs uncritically. "broadcasting was a vehicle for indoctrinating the masses" Similar: brainwash propagandize proselytize inculcate re-educate persuade convince condition discipline mold instruct teach school drill ground ARCHAIC teach or instruct (someone). "he indoctrinated them in systematic theology" (Online defs)