REAL Chap 23 W His
How did merchants solve the problem of theft while on the road?
Bills of Exchange.
How did medieval cathedrals help to educate illiterate people?
Carvings of church stories and everyday life done in stained glass windows
Why did Christians think they were suffering from the Black Death?
As punishment from God for their sins.
How did one become a guild member (list multiple steps)?
7 years of apprentice (no pay but got good and bed). Journeyman opens own business and gets paid.
How did new ways of doing business reshape medieval society?
A middle class of merchants and artisans emerged.
What were the 3 new agricultural technologies developed during the Middle Ages?
Crop rotation, horse harness, and 3 field system.
Describe medieval education on the collegiate level (4 facts).
Few comforts, memorized what the teacher said, pass an oral exam, early morning prayers.
Who fought in the 100 years war?
France and England.
Who suffered the most in the Battle of Agincourt?
French peasants.
What was the conflict the Christian Europeans experienced with Greek translations of philosophers' works?
Harmonizing faith with reason.
What rallied the French side to take offensive for the first time in the 100 Years War?
Joan of Arc's death.
Describe medieval towns/cities.
Walled cities, jumble of cities, no garbage or sewar, crowded and dark.
Why did new trade routes form during the Middle Ages?
Wealthy nobles had acquired luxury items during the crusades that they wanted to continue to get, so new trade routes were opened to get the items.
Who dominated the economic and political life of medieval towns?
Merchant guilds.
What was a common theme in art at this time?
Obsession with death and disease.
What was the result of the Agricultural Revolution in Europe from 1000-1300?
Population doubled bc of food supply.
Why was the 3 field system technique beneficial?
Protected farmers from starving if one crop failed.
Describe Romanesque and Gothic architecture.
Romanesque: fortresses with towers, no windows=no light. Gothic: uninterrupted light, flying buttresses (stone supports outside of church).
What are the effects of the 100 Years War (3 things)?
Sense of nationalism in the French, English looked overseas for an empire, feudalism broke down.
Where did the first towns/cities form?
The permanent trade routes and stops of merchants.
Landowners turned from farming to sheep raising as a result of what?
The plague; sheep raising required less workers.
What type of leadership did the Church take during the Black Death?
They lived lavishly and had multiple popes; little concern for the people.
Why did guilds develope?
To protect the economic interests of its members.
Describe the long bow (3 things).
Used by the English, took years to master, could pierce armor, shot 3 times faster than French bows.
How quickly after exposed would someone die from the Black Plague?
Usually within a few days; terrible agonizing death.