Receptive Communication

l Questioning

- You ask yourself for clarifications and have them cleared

recognizing big ideas-

- You identify the salient points from the message

l noticing verbal and nonverbal cues

- fillers like 'ahm' 'okay' or gestures also provide a listener hints to what the message is.

Additional Inputs ( "Remembering)

- is being able to retain and recall information later. We may find remembering difficult, for instance, because we filter out information that doesn't fit our learning style, our listening anxiety prevents us from recalling what we have heard, we engage in passive listening, we practice selective listening and remember only what supports our position, and we fall victim to the primacy-recency effect of remembering only what is said at the beginning and end of a message.

Sympathetic Responsiveness

- is feeling concern, compassion, or sorrow for another's situation. Sympathy differs from the other two approaches. Rather than attempting to experience the feelings of the other, we translate our intellectual understanding of what the speaker has experienced into feelings of concern, compassion, and sorrow for that person

Empathize-

- is intellectually identifying with the feelings or attitudes of another. Three approaches are empathic responsiveness, perspective taking, and sympathetic responsiveness (Gearhart, et al., 2014). When you empathize, you put yourself in someone else's shoes.

aesthetic listening

- is used for enjoyment or pleasure something that does really require too much of a mental effort rather more on the affective domain.But at the same time, this kind of listening allows you to practice certain strategies while actually enjoying. Students learn to use predicting, visualizing, connecting, and summarizing strategies, and they apply what they're learning as they listen. Predicting

Segmenting

- this is your ability to chunk the sounds and make meaning to these sounds

Blending

- this is your ability to combine sounds and eventually make words

Connecting

-Have you experienced associating elements from what you listened and watched to your beliefs or connect them to the scenes in the film just to make sense of what is happening?

drawing conclusions

-this part is when you reach an end as you fully processed the information.

Reflect

. Always allow yourself to see beyond what is said. The way you understand things might be different and never allow yourself to be clouded by your biases.

Holding Judgment

. You allow yourself to have an open mind. You must be open with new ideas, new perspectives. If you disagree, you suspend your ideas and allow the other party to make his/her point.

Individual make-up

A person's background may also contribute in affecting active listening as one might create prejudice or bias.

Hearing

Actually, _________ is only one step; the crucial part is comprehending what was heard.

Testimonial

Advertisers associate a product with an athlete or movie star. This is a good way of enticing consumers as they use models that are of high caliber who can potentially impact the buying power of the people. However, they are instances as well where ordinary people are used to connect more with the masses.

Bandwagon

Advertisers claim that everyone is using their product. This is done by telling the target audience that everyone uses it. Like 9 out of 10 women, 8 out of 12 men...

active listening strategy

An _______________- we can associate with aesthetic listening is understanding.

Evaluating

An active listening strategy we can connect with critical listening is ____________. _________ is a process that involves the scrutiny of an information. It is done to validate the authenticity of the message. There are two techniques: Separation of facts from inferences. You must learn how to differentiate and distinguish facts from inferences. Your opinion may be valid on your end, but it does not stand true to all. Facts are proven by evidences.

Efferent listening,

Another type of listening is _____________, when you listen efferently, you focus on the big ideas. You employ specific strategies in order to and use strategies that help them recognize these ideas and organize them so they are easier to remember. For example, they use the questioning strategy to help them pick out what's important and understand the relationships among the big ideas.

Probe for information-

As a critical listener, you must allow yourself to quench your thirst of knowledge and ask further questions to the proponent or speaker in order to authenticate your curiosity.

varying linguistic codes

As closing to this unit, it is important to instill why we do listen. We may forget the definitions of the types, strategies and all, but an application of them would be much more meaningful in real life. So why listen? There is a great range and variety in input which of course will expose you to ______________________. In return this could help you develop comprehension. In listening, you learn how to respond appropriately as you also learn to take into account the context and the people you are with.

Effective communication

As you are now future professionals, it is deemed important to not neglect the power of listening in __________________.________________ is a valuable skill in the workplace, and listening properly is the most important part of effective communication.

apprehension

Aside from poor listening skills, people may have developed listening apprehension. Simply, this means the anxiety one feels about listening. This is a result of fear in misinterpreting the message conveyed (Brownell, 2006). Also, this _________ stems from a concern of how the message can affect one psychologically.

Silence as agreement

One barrier that affects active listening is if one decides to quietly agree and not voice out his/her ideas. It does not mean though that you have to share everything that is in your mind, but if you have something valuable to say, convey the idea in order to avoid misunderstanding.

Lack of Know-how

If one person lacks the know-how of things, basically it would most likely lead to miscommunication. Listening contributes a lot in gathering information from different environments and ignoring these important pieces of information by not listening only impedes one in succeeding.

Clarify.

Double-check on any issue that is ambiguous or unclear. Open-ended, clarifying, and probing questions are important tools.

critical listening

Finally, when a person evaluates the value of the message, he/she practices _____________.

Listening apprehension

For example, if you are in a training for your new job, you may worry processing all the necessary information in order for you to do your job well. Or you might feel anxiety when the material you need to absorb is difficult or confusing. Likewise, your anxiety may increase when you feel ill, tired, or stressed about something else going on in your life. ______________makes it difficult to focus on the message.

Predicting-

Have you experienced watching a film or series and tried to formulate how it will go? I bet you did.

Summarizing-

Have you recalled a film/series and relay to your peers or friends the gist of the movie?

Visualizing-

Have you tried to imagine or picture out the scenarios and how they will turn out?

Poor listening skills

If you could remember, a statement was made that listening is a neglected art form. And if this persists, it leads to poor listening skills. Being a professional and having subpar ability to process information may result to damaging outcomes. _____________ definitely make a huge, negative impact on team morale and productivity. This situation usually results in conflicts and misunderstandings among team members, and it creates a negative environment

visualizing, connecting, and summarizing strategies, and they apply what they're learning as they listen.

In Aestetic Listening -Students learn to use predicting,

Aural stimuli

In the first step, listeners receive the __________ or the combined aural and visual stimuli presented by the speaker.

comprehend or assign

In the third step, listeners ____________ meaning to the speaker's message.

Listening

It all starts with ________. _________ is a major force in the field of communication. If someone does not know how to listen, eventually he/she would not learn anything. ___________ should be mastered and developed by everyone in order to achieve successful communication

Listening comprehension

It is worth quoting Vandergrift (1999: 168) in full to reinforce this point: ____________________is anything but a passive activity. It is a complex, active process in which the listener must discriminate between sounds, understand vocabulary and structures, interpret stress and intonation, retain what was gathered in all of the above, and interpret it within the immediate as well as the larger sociocultural context of the utterance. Co-ordinating all this involves a great deal of mental activity on the part of the learner. Listening is hard work.

Listening

Just to consolidate the very idea of listening, it can be deduced to processing of sounds and processing of meaning. ________ is never always a success. At times, misunderstanding still is underway. But as much as possible one must try to process information accordingly.

Time and place

Listening is particularly challenging when you aren't in the same room with those with whom you are working. The setting of the communication may also affect listening as certain uncontrollable factors may hinder the transmission of message.

language arts

Listening, like the other ____________, involves a process.It is more than just hearing, even though we often use the terms hearing and listening synonymously (Lundsteen, 1979)

Listening

Moreover, why listen in English? As second language users, we learn language through formal schooling and others may have learned at home while watching or listening to English-language materials. __________ is a key to language development because learners learn English as they listen. .

Attending

One active listening strategy that harnesses the power of discriminative and efferent listening is _____________._______ is the process of intentionally perceiving and focusing on a message (O'Shaughnessey, 2003).

Barriers

Obstacles that interfere with the understanding of a message. In terms of communication are common, yet are not good elements for a successful communication. It is pivotal to have an understanding on how certain factors affect communication to create remedies if not generate ways on how communication could still be achieved despite the hindrances.

Name Calling

Persuaders try to pin a bad label on someone or something they want listeners to dislike, such as calling a person "unpatriotic." Listeners then consider the effect of the label. This happens when the competitor shows or names the product and states the negative. Lastly, let me share these set of active listening skill set by Michael Hoppe.

Construct mnemonics

___________--: this is a common way of taking down notes. In conversations though you do not take down notes unless it is a formal meeting. Speaking of which, when you communicate with your boss and requires you to do numerous tasks, the best way to go about it is perhaps employ mnemonics to recall all instructions.

Take notes:

____________- Although note taking may not be an appropriate way to remember information when engaged in casual interpersonal encounters, it is a powerful tool for increasing recall during lectures, business meet- ings, and briefing sessions. Note taking provides a written record that you can go back to later. It also allows you to take an active role in the listening process (Dunkel & Pialorski, 2005; Kobayashi, 2006; Titsworth, 2004)

Reason 2: Expanding Knowledge

______________Through listening, one can develop his/her knowledge of the world. They can associate their personal experiences to what they have learned and make them meaningful or simply they have widened their knowing of things.

linguistic codes,aural stimulus,Research on listening

Processing the sound pertains to your acoustic processing of _____________. If these sounds aren't familiar they may be affecting the communication or exchange of information. Nevertheless, when we listen, we receive the __________/ and process them. Processing the meaning, when you listen you won't necessarily remember the exact language patterns, but more on what was the message all about. ____________has shown that syntax is lost to memory within a very short time, even a few seconds, whereas meaning is retained for much longer.

Rewards

Propagandists offer rewards for buying their products.This is common in our local products. Like you win load when you buy this, you get 50% discount if you purchase the product now, and so on

Card Stacking

Propagandists often use only items that favor one side of an issue; unfavorable facts are ignored. This is hiding the unappealing aspect of the product. Like how fast food chain that says 50% free, 50% more, but these are only use to focus on the good part of the product.

Glittering Generality

Propagandists use generalities such as "environmentally safe" to enhance the quality of a product. This is when they generalize and box a product or item to a term or catchphrase as a form of branding. For example, the popular line "We find ways" by BDO, "Hari ng Padala" by LBC, and more.

Cultural Differences

Same with individual make-up, culture may also inhibit one person from listening since there is an obvious disparity between parties. Also, we have physical setting (when you are in a crowded and noisy place) and facility problems (when the electric fan is too noisy, or the equipment used in communication has defects)

Action-oriented listeners

Second one is ________________ focus on the ultimate point the speaker is trying to make. Action-oriented listeners tend to get frustrated when ideas are disorganized and when people ramble. Action-oriented listeners also often anticipate what the speaker is going to say and may even finish the speaker's sentence for them. (Gearhart, Denham, & Bodie, 2014).

◆ Efferent

listening to learn information

critical listening

The last type of listening and personally a very important skill to develop is ______________. As students, you are exposed to mass media (tv, radio, movies,) and it is necessary then and now to clearly evaluate the messages conveyed to us. Critical listening is actually an extension of efferent listening. You need to organize ideas, ask questions, recognize the big ideas, and summarize the presentation so that you can evaluate the message. ×

receiving, attending, assigning meaning

The listening process has three steps: ----,-----,------ (Wolvin & Coakley, 1995)

Ask question, Paraphrase, Empatize ,and perspective taking

There are four techniques employed in understanding: Identify the main point- When you are listening ask yourself what the speaker is trying to convey. ×

processing phases, decoding, comprehension, and interpretation.

There are many accounts as to the process of listening, Rost has also introduced a similar concept. In the process, there are still ______________________

aesthetic listening

There is this one listening style I think we can identify ourselves with when doing ____________-. Since it impacts more our affective domain and focuses more on enjoyment. When we watched and listened to drama or tragic movies, they are still to entertain audiences. At times, watching and listening to them makes us relate or understand what they are going through.

External Pressures

This pertains to the overwhelming demands of the environment. At times, when one person is pressured and is present in an unhealthy environment, he/she fails to listen as the person tries to avoid from being affected by it. However, it is important to allow oneself to critically evaluate the messages despite the environment in order to communicate better rather than secluding oneself.

comprehend

To _______meaning, words should be familiar and sentences should be not beyond the linguistic capability of the person that includes but not limited to vocabulary and grammar. Understanding the body of the text and identifying important details help a person take hold of what others really mean.

Emotions

When one person allows emotions to take over, listening to the party may not transpire only to result into conflict.

Ask questions-

When you don't understand the context of the conversation, you may ask questions to clarify your confusion. In watching films though, you internalize the questions for yourself and later find the answers.

◆ Discriminative

Why do people listen? People often answer that they listen to learn or to avoid punishment, but according to Wolvin and Coakley (1995), people actually use different types of listening for these four purposes:

Passive Listening

With all these, the least ideal barrier would be the person himself. This is when he develops passive listening. "Passive listening is the habitual and unconscious process of receiving messages. When we listen passively, we are on automatic pilot. We may attend only to certain parts of a message and assume the rest. We tend to listen passively when we aren't really interested or when we are multitasking."

barier

With the discussion of poor listening and apprehension, it can be gleaned that listening itself can be _____ if not developed. In this section, the_____ to listening will be dealt with.

l Summarizing

You create a gist of the entire message for easy recall

Pay Attention.

You have to pay attention to your frame of mind, body language, and the person you are talking to. This is setting creates a productive dialogue.

Organizing-

You put into order your understanding

Interpretation

_________ encompasses comparison of meanings with prior expectations, activating participation frames, and evaluation of discourse meanings

People-oriented listener

_________ focus on the feelings their conversational partners may have about what they are saying. For example, people-oriented listeners tend to notice whether their partners are pleased or upset and will encourage them to continue by using nonverbal cues like head nods, eye contact, and smiles. (Gearhart, Denham, & Bodie, 2014).

Listening

_______________ has different purposes (to be informed, to make friends or acquaintances, to be entertained, and more). With these purposes your strategy will greatly differ. --------- can be done in different medium (face-to-face, phone call). With this, factors may affect the communication, but these challenges only bring out a better listener in us as this shall strengthen the ability to listen more. ______________ involves contextual factors and taking into account these would make one a more effective listener.

Reason 1: Language Models:

_______________- Through listening to appropriate and correct materials, you gain knowledge of words, sentences, grammar. They serve as foundation in understanding exchange of information in English as learners may acquire language patterns.

Responding to the message

__________________ is not considered part of the listening process; the response occurs afterward, and it sets another communication process into action in which the listener becomes the message sender.

Reason 3: Transfer to Reading J

____________________: Listening is an important instructional tool because it is a receptive process, like reading. Students can transfer the listening strategies they learn to reading, and both listening and reading involve the active construction of meaning. Effective listening depends on expectations and predictions about the content, language, and genre that the listener brings to the text. In addition, whether students are successful listeners depends on their background knowledge and familiarity with the topic teachers are talking or reading about.

Content- oriented listeners

___________________appreciate details and enjoy processing complex messages that may include a good deal of technical information. Content-oriented listeners are also likely to ask questions to get even more information. (Gearhart, Denham, & Bodie, 2014).

Comprehension

________________includes activation of prior knowledge, representing propositions in short term memory, and logical inference

Poor listeners

do not have this as they allow their minds to wonder and focus on the message. Do you find yourself dreaming or thinking of something else while in class? Or may be now while you are listening to this?

Listening

is a process of interpreting the sound having it associated with affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes.

Listening style

is our favored and usually unconscious approach to listening (Watson, Barker, & Weaver, 1995). Each of us tends to favor one of four listening styles. However, we also may change our listening style based on the situation and our goals for the interaction (Gearhart, Denham, & Bodie, 2014).

Listening

is significant as studies show that even with technology like the modern ways of communicating these days through social media, email, cellphone texting, listening is still "the most widely used daily communication activity" (Janusik & Wolvin, 2009, p. 115).

discriminative listening

l When a person tries to discern linguistic codes like speeches or when talking to someone that is ___________________.

comprehensive listening

l When a person tries to recall information (from seminar or lecture) that is ______________.

Appreciative listening.

l When you listen to enjoy like music or watching your favorite series, that is _____________.

Decoding

l ____________ involves attention, speech perception, word recognition, and grammatical parsing;

◆ Aesthetic

listening for enjoyment

◆ Critical

listening to evaluate information

Paraphrase-

put the message in your own words in order to better decipher the thought. By paraphrasing, you give the speaker a chance to verify your understanding. The longer and more complex the message, the more important it is to paraphrase.

Cognitive Processes

refer to interpreting the meaning.(Imhof, 2010)

Affective processes

refer to our motivation to attend to a message.

Behavioral processes

relate to the responses we create either verbal or non-verbal. (Bodie, et al., 2012)

Hearing

the physiological process of decoding sounds. In short, the process of receiving sounds.

Evaluating-

this is when you associate your ideas to someone else's and put value judgment on the idea being processed by you, would you agree, disagree, abstain?

l savoring word play

this is when you try to play with the words and revisiting your mental lexicon for words related to what you are hearing

Perspective Taking-

this is when you use your knowledge of the person you are talking in order to understand his/her point. .

Repeat the Information:

try to recall the information and repeat it either in your head or by saying it out loud. This helps you in remembering important information. For example in an emergency call, you must remember vital information in order to provide the need of the caller.

Discriminative

◆ listening to distinguish sounds