Regulation of digestion (hormones)

Cholecystokinin (CCK) gallbladder

One effect of the hormone __________ is stimulation of bile release by the ______

Cholecystokinin (CCK) hepatopancreatic ampullas, hepatopancreatic sphincter

One effect of the hormone __________ relaxation of the ______ ______ and opening of the _____ _____, which allows the flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum

Gastrin Smooth muscle contraction

One effect of the hormone_____ is stimulation of _____ _____ _____ in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, which increases gastric and intestinal motility

Gastrin Pyloric sphincter

One effect of the hormone_____ relaxation of the ____ ____, which promotes gastric emptying into the small intestine

secretin Gastric juice secretions and gastric motility

One effects of the hormone _______ is inhibition of _____ _____ _____ and _____. _____, which in turn slows digestion in the stomach ad retards gastric emptying

secretin pancreas

One effects of the hormone _______ is stimulation of bicarbonate by the ______, which stabilizes the pH of the chyme when released into the duodenum

secretin liver

One effects of the hormone _______ is stimulation of bile production by the _______

Secretin

A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer.

Insulin

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

Hormones

Chemicals produced by your glands that regulate the activities of different body cells Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

pyloric sphincter

Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

-Stimulation of bile release by the gallbladder -Stimulation of pancreatic juice secretion -Relaxation of the hepatopancreatic ampulla and opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter

Effects of the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK)

-Stimulation if bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas -Stimulation of bile production by the liver -Inhibition of gastric juice secretions and gastric motility

Effects of the hormone Secretin

-Gastrin -Secretin -Cholecystokinin (CCK) -Glucose insulinotropicc peptide

Four important hormones and their effects on target cells follow:

Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin (CCK) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Four important hormones that help regulate digestion are ______, ______, ______, and ______ ______

-Stimulation of gastric juice -Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction in stomach, small intestine and large intestine -Relaxation of pyloric sphincter

Gastrin effects

stomach mucosa

Gastrin is produced by enteroendocrine cells of the ____ ______.

intestinal phase retarded, small intestine

General effects of ____ ____ Stomach emptying is _______ to allow adequate time for digestion (especially fats) in the _____ ____ Intestinal digestion and motility are promoted

gastric phase chyme, gastric emptying

General effects of ____ _____ The stomach and small intestine prepare for digestion of _______, and ____ _____ is promoted

intestinal phase inhibited Intestinal secretions, smooth muscles contractions, and bile and pancreatic juice production

Neural response of ______ ____ Gastric secretion and gastric motility are ________. _____ _____, ____ ___ contractions, and ____ and _____ ____ production are promoted

Gastric juice secretion and smooth muscle contraction are promoted

Neural response of gastric phase

Gastrin gastric juice

One effect of the hormone _______ is, stimulation of _____ _____ (especially HCL) secretion by gastric glands

Cholecystokinin (CCK) pancreatic juice secretion

One effect of the hormone __________ is stimulation of _____ _____ _____

duodenal mucosa

Secretin is produces by enteroendocrine cells of the _____ _____

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP or GDIP)

Some researchers refer to Glucose insulinotropic peptide as ______-_____ _____ _____

head, stomach, or small intestine

Stimuli that influence digestive activities may originate in the ___, the ____, or the _____ _____

sympathetic fibers

Stimuli the REPRESS digestion (emotions of fear, anxiety, for example) innervate _____ _____ that suppress muscle contraction and secretion

intestinal phase small intestine duodenum, high acidity, chyme

The ____ ____ of digestion Describes stimuli originating from the _____ ____. This includes distention of the _______, ____ ____ (low pH),and the presence of ______ (especially fatty acids and carbohydrates) In response a neural, hormonal, and general effects reflex is initiated

cephalic phase of digestion neural response and general effects

The _____ ____ of digestion comprises those stimuli that originate from the head: sight, smell, taste or thoughts of food. In response, the following reflexes are initiated ___ ____ and ____ ___

Hormones and Neural reflexes

The activities of the digestive system are regulated by by both _____ and ____ _____

mucosa

The innermost layer of the human digestive tract; in some parts of the digestive system, it contains mucus-secreting cells and glands that secrete digestive enzymes

hepatopancreatic ampulla

The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct unite to form the _______________. Connection of the common bile duct (brings in bile) and the pancreatic duct (brings enzymes & juices) to the duodenum

cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase

Three phases of digestive regulation

neural response hypothalamus, parasympathetic vagus nerve smooth muscle

_____ ____ in cephalic phase Stimuli that arouse digestion are relayed to the ________, which in turn initiates nerve impulses in the _________ ____ _____. These impulses innervate nerve networks of the GI tract, which promotes contraction of _____ ____ (which causes peristalsis) and the secretion of gastric juice

Gastrin, Stomach mucosa

______ is produced enteroendocrine cells of the _____ _____

Hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

common bile duct

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

Thalamus

either of two masses of gray matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle, relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception.

intestinal phase

phase of gastric secretion that begins when chyme enters the intestine Stage in which the duodenum responds to arriving chyme and moderates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes

gastric phase

phase of gastric secretion that begins when food enters the stomach stomach controlling itself

Glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

stimulates pancreas to begin releasing insulin in presence of glucose in small intestine

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

cephalic phase

the earliest phase of digestion, in which the brain thinks about and prepares the digestive organs for the consumption of food

Pepsin

An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins

duodenal mucosa

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced by the enteroendrocrine cells of the ______ _____

duodenal mucosa glucose in the small intestine Insulin

Glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is produced and released by the enteroendocrine cells of the _____ ____ in response to the presence of _____ in the ____ ___ This hormone stimulates the pancreas to begin releasing _______

intestinal phase Secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Hormonal response of _______ _____ Production of ______, ______, and ________ is promoted

Gastric production is promoted

Hormonal response of gastric phase

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Hormone secreted primarily by the small intestine that promotes satiation; also found in the brain. ________ plays a key role in facilitating digestion within the small intestine. It is secreted from mucosal epithelial cells in the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum), and stimulates delivery into the small intestine of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder.

motility

The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called_______ The ability of an organism to move by itself

general effects proteins

_____ ____ of cephalic phase The stomach prepares for digestion of _____

Gastric phase of digestion Stomach Distention of stomach, low acidity, presence of peptides

_____ _____ of digestion Describes those stimuli that originate from the ____ These stimuli include ______ of the stomach, ____ ____ (high pH), and the presence of _______ In response a neural, hormonal, and general effects reflex is initiated

hormones nervous system

_______ are one regulatory agent of the digestive system. The second regulatory agent is the _____ _____

gastric juice

a thin, clear, virtually colorless acidic fluid secreted by the stomach glands and active in promoting digestion. digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase