Regulation of digestion (hormones)
Cholecystokinin (CCK) gallbladder
One effect of the hormone __________ is stimulation of bile release by the ______
Cholecystokinin (CCK) hepatopancreatic ampullas, hepatopancreatic sphincter
One effect of the hormone __________ relaxation of the ______ ______ and opening of the _____ _____, which allows the flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum
Gastrin Smooth muscle contraction
One effect of the hormone_____ is stimulation of _____ _____ _____ in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, which increases gastric and intestinal motility
Gastrin Pyloric sphincter
One effect of the hormone_____ relaxation of the ____ ____, which promotes gastric emptying into the small intestine
secretin Gastric juice secretions and gastric motility
One effects of the hormone _______ is inhibition of _____ _____ _____ and _____. _____, which in turn slows digestion in the stomach ad retards gastric emptying
secretin pancreas
One effects of the hormone _______ is stimulation of bicarbonate by the ______, which stabilizes the pH of the chyme when released into the duodenum
secretin liver
One effects of the hormone _______ is stimulation of bile production by the _______
Secretin
A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer.
Insulin
A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
Hormones
Chemicals produced by your glands that regulate the activities of different body cells Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
pyloric sphincter
Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
-Stimulation of bile release by the gallbladder -Stimulation of pancreatic juice secretion -Relaxation of the hepatopancreatic ampulla and opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter
Effects of the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK)
-Stimulation if bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas -Stimulation of bile production by the liver -Inhibition of gastric juice secretions and gastric motility
Effects of the hormone Secretin
-Gastrin -Secretin -Cholecystokinin (CCK) -Glucose insulinotropicc peptide
Four important hormones and their effects on target cells follow:
Gastrin Secretin Cholecystokinin (CCK) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
Four important hormones that help regulate digestion are ______, ______, ______, and ______ ______
-Stimulation of gastric juice -Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction in stomach, small intestine and large intestine -Relaxation of pyloric sphincter
Gastrin effects
stomach mucosa
Gastrin is produced by enteroendocrine cells of the ____ ______.
intestinal phase retarded, small intestine
General effects of ____ ____ Stomach emptying is _______ to allow adequate time for digestion (especially fats) in the _____ ____ Intestinal digestion and motility are promoted
gastric phase chyme, gastric emptying
General effects of ____ _____ The stomach and small intestine prepare for digestion of _______, and ____ _____ is promoted
intestinal phase inhibited Intestinal secretions, smooth muscles contractions, and bile and pancreatic juice production
Neural response of ______ ____ Gastric secretion and gastric motility are ________. _____ _____, ____ ___ contractions, and ____ and _____ ____ production are promoted
Gastric juice secretion and smooth muscle contraction are promoted
Neural response of gastric phase
Gastrin gastric juice
One effect of the hormone _______ is, stimulation of _____ _____ (especially HCL) secretion by gastric glands
Cholecystokinin (CCK) pancreatic juice secretion
One effect of the hormone __________ is stimulation of _____ _____ _____
duodenal mucosa
Secretin is produces by enteroendocrine cells of the _____ _____
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP or GDIP)
Some researchers refer to Glucose insulinotropic peptide as ______-_____ _____ _____
head, stomach, or small intestine
Stimuli that influence digestive activities may originate in the ___, the ____, or the _____ _____
sympathetic fibers
Stimuli the REPRESS digestion (emotions of fear, anxiety, for example) innervate _____ _____ that suppress muscle contraction and secretion
intestinal phase small intestine duodenum, high acidity, chyme
The ____ ____ of digestion Describes stimuli originating from the _____ ____. This includes distention of the _______, ____ ____ (low pH),and the presence of ______ (especially fatty acids and carbohydrates) In response a neural, hormonal, and general effects reflex is initiated
cephalic phase of digestion neural response and general effects
The _____ ____ of digestion comprises those stimuli that originate from the head: sight, smell, taste or thoughts of food. In response, the following reflexes are initiated ___ ____ and ____ ___
Hormones and Neural reflexes
The activities of the digestive system are regulated by by both _____ and ____ _____
mucosa
The innermost layer of the human digestive tract; in some parts of the digestive system, it contains mucus-secreting cells and glands that secrete digestive enzymes
hepatopancreatic ampulla
The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct unite to form the _______________. Connection of the common bile duct (brings in bile) and the pancreatic duct (brings enzymes & juices) to the duodenum
cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
Three phases of digestive regulation
neural response hypothalamus, parasympathetic vagus nerve smooth muscle
_____ ____ in cephalic phase Stimuli that arouse digestion are relayed to the ________, which in turn initiates nerve impulses in the _________ ____ _____. These impulses innervate nerve networks of the GI tract, which promotes contraction of _____ ____ (which causes peristalsis) and the secretion of gastric juice
Gastrin, Stomach mucosa
______ is produced enteroendocrine cells of the _____ _____
Hypothalamus
brain region controlling the pituitary gland A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
common bile duct
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
Thalamus
either of two masses of gray matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle, relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception.
intestinal phase
phase of gastric secretion that begins when chyme enters the intestine Stage in which the duodenum responds to arriving chyme and moderates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes
gastric phase
phase of gastric secretion that begins when food enters the stomach stomach controlling itself
Glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
stimulates pancreas to begin releasing insulin in presence of glucose in small intestine
nervous system
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
cephalic phase
the earliest phase of digestion, in which the brain thinks about and prepares the digestive organs for the consumption of food
Pepsin
An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins
duodenal mucosa
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced by the enteroendrocrine cells of the ______ _____
duodenal mucosa glucose in the small intestine Insulin
Glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is produced and released by the enteroendocrine cells of the _____ ____ in response to the presence of _____ in the ____ ___ This hormone stimulates the pancreas to begin releasing _______
intestinal phase Secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Hormonal response of _______ _____ Production of ______, ______, and ________ is promoted
Gastric production is promoted
Hormonal response of gastric phase
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Hormone secreted primarily by the small intestine that promotes satiation; also found in the brain. ________ plays a key role in facilitating digestion within the small intestine. It is secreted from mucosal epithelial cells in the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum), and stimulates delivery into the small intestine of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder.
motility
The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called_______ The ability of an organism to move by itself
general effects proteins
_____ ____ of cephalic phase The stomach prepares for digestion of _____
Gastric phase of digestion Stomach Distention of stomach, low acidity, presence of peptides
_____ _____ of digestion Describes those stimuli that originate from the ____ These stimuli include ______ of the stomach, ____ ____ (high pH), and the presence of _______ In response a neural, hormonal, and general effects reflex is initiated
hormones nervous system
_______ are one regulatory agent of the digestive system. The second regulatory agent is the _____ _____
gastric juice
a thin, clear, virtually colorless acidic fluid secreted by the stomach glands and active in promoting digestion. digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase