Renal Physiology

What ions are of principle interest and why?

Potassium bc you need to maintain the concentration bw a relative narrow range bc can potentially cause cardiac arrhythmia. Sodium bc you need it for action potential for inexcitable tissue and many trasnport processes Calcium- nerve and muscle tissue need calcium mvmnt cells work hard to keep it low phosphorus-

Kidneys are fed by systemic circulation by (L&R) __________ AND vein to venous circulation to contribute to venous return

Renal arteries

T/F Changes in mean arterial pressure is what drives increase/decrease in sodium or water from body.

TRUE

T/F Too much phosphorous can cause itchy skin for patients on dailysis

TRUE

T/F Patients on dialysis can replenish lost nutrients with over the counter vitamins.

TRUE

T/F A person can have chronic kidney disease without symptoms

TRUE you can have renal disease for a long period of time before noticing any symptoms

What drives filtration?

blood pressure starling's forces, to see balance between hydrostatic pressures and oncotic pressures

Three primary causes of renal disease.

hypertension diabetes glomerular nefritis Renal output curve shifts entirely to a much higher pressure

Can you still survive with a loss of one kidney?

kidney function only are reduced significantly to produce symptoms when they have lost 50 % we are born with an overabundant--or overengineered--kidney capacity. Indeed, a single kidney with only 75 percent of its functional capacity can sustain life very well. If only one kidney is present, that kidney can adjust to filter as much as two kidneys would normally

secretions is speciic

mediated by specific pumps and proteins

bowman's capsule

movement of fluid and substances from blood within glomelura capilarrie into the bowman's cpausle which is beginning part of nephron

What is filtration?

movement of solutes and/or water from the blood into the kidney tubules

reabsorption

movement of solutes or materials from the tubule back into blood

secretion

movement of substances from cells of kidney tubule into lumen of kidney

What are kidney stones?

precipitates that form in the kidney tubule. Gout can form kidney stones

location of kidney

retroperitoneally at level of lower ribs

What is Micturituon

the excretion of urine from the body. Urine, as its created by the kidney, gets stored in the bladder. When bladder is stimulated, kidney will be released from body called micturition

What is homeostatic set point ? (what is normal extracellular osmolarity)

200-300mOsmol/L

Patients with Kidney diseases must manage fluid intake because fluid ... A. Retention can cause swelling and weight gain B. Affects blood pressure C. Overload can result in heart trouble D. All of the above

A. All of the above

In the US what is the leading cause of kidney failure? A. Diabetes B. Infection C. Injury D. smoking

A. Diabetes

People on dialysis should maintain diets high in A. Protein B. Fiber

A. Protein Reduction in protein is used to help limit the progression of kidney disease. Protein provides you with amino acids because you can't produce them anymore.

What wastes are of particular importance and why? what kind of waste are we talking about when excreting waste?

Ammonia.. how do we excrete this-> urea cycle. generate urea to get rid of nitrogenous waste (amino acids )

There are ___ stages of kidney disease A. Three B. Five C. Six D. Seven

B. Five

People on dialysis should eat reduced amounts of ______. A. Calcium B. Potassium C. Manganese D. Zinc

B. Potassium People on dialysis have difficulty sometimes because their mineral intake is not as easily managed. Too much could lead to death from heart arrhythmias, hyperkalemia.

Medically speaking, which term refers to the kidney function? A. Hepatic B. Renal C. Dialysis D. Urinary

B. Renal

Glomerula

Ball like network of capillaries, capillary bed within kidney. in cortical nephron

What are the functions of the kidneys ? A. Removal of wastes B. Salt and water (fluid and electrolyte) balance C. Both

C. Both

A doctor who specializes in kidney diseases is called a _________. A. Urologist B. Endocrinologist C. Nephrologist D. Immunologist

C. Nephrologist

Which kidney disease is known to be inherited? A. End-stage renal disease B. Protein Disease C. Autoimmune kidney disease D. Polycystic kidney disease

D. Polycystic kidney disease

Common non-specific symptoms of chronic kidney disease include: A. Increased urination at night B. Loss of appetite C. Swelling of hands and feet D. All of the Above

D. all of the above

Which hormones are derived from kidneys and what is their role(s)

EPO(erythropoetin), corticosteroids, ADH (anti-diuretic hormone), renin for ( bp regulation)

T/F kidney is divided into 4 different areas.

FALSE 2, outer cortex and inner medulla

T/F Hemodialysis is the only treatment for kidney failure.

FALSE You can have peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant

T/F Adrenal glands are located below the kidney but are not considered apart of the kidney.

FALSE Adrenal glands are located ABOVE the kidney but are not considered apart of the kidneys. They produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

T/F The only purpose of the kidneys is to filter blood.

FALSE The kidneys has several major functions -removes waste products and excess fluid from the body to maintain a good balance of electrolytes and minerals in the blood. -They also help regulate blood pressure.

What is the primary measurement of renal function?

Glomelular filtration rate

What species are involved and how connected in regards to homeostatic regulation of pH?

Hydrogen,hydroxide,hydronium, bicarbonate(henderson-hasselbach) disocciation of carbonic acid in to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. helps us maintain appropritae pH in system in terms of excetion kidney handles hydrogen and bicarbonate

Another name for nephron.

Kidney Tubule

Areas of renal function

MASS BALANCE OF INTAKE AND OUTPUT -Regulation of extracellular fluid volume&blood pressure -regulation of osmolarity -maintenance of ion balance -homeostasis regulation of pH -excretion of waste -production of hormones

Which area of the kidney receives the least amount of blood supply?

Medulla receives much less blood supply and more susceptible to potential oxidative damage. When kidney is damaged usually its the nephrons in medulla as opposed to nephrons in the kidney

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

T/F Urine is made in the kidney?

True kidney processes 200 quarts per day resulting removal of excess fluid. About 2 quarts of fluid is removed every day

What is urine output, measurement, and driving force?

Urine that kidney forms through several processes that it engages in and results in output. renal output measurement: volume of urine produced per unit time/ amount of sodium excreted per unit time. (for maintaining appropriate osmolarity- water follows where sodium goes) Driving force: arterial pressure