renal quizes
Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.
Answer: FALSE
The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.
Answer: FALSE
The ________ mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched.
Answer: myogenic
The need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate is called ________.
Answer: nocturia
Sodium-linked water flow across a membrane is called ________ water reabsorption.
Answer: obligatory
The presence of pus in the urine is a condition called ________.
Answer: pyuria
Urine crystals in the renal pelvis are called ________.
Answer: renal calculi
The area between the ureters and urethra is called the ________ in a bladder.
Answer: trigone
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
B) osmosis
Peritubular capillaries.
Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
C) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.
Select the correct statement about the ureters.
C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
The disruption in homeostasis known as pyelitis is ________.
C) an infection of the renal pelvis and calyces
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
Blood vessels of the renal columns are called ________.
C) interlobar
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.
C) is drained by an efferent arteriole
Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules ________.
C) is hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
C) podocyte cells
The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
C) renal fascia
19) The first major branch of the renal artery is ________.
C) segmental
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid ________.
C) will appear in the urine
Which of the following substances enters the renal tubule by both filtration and secretion?
Creatine
Which of the following terms refers to an inflammation of the urinary bladder?
Cystitis
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct
D) 3,6,2,1,5,4
Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?
D) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
D) changes in solute content of the filtrate
The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.
D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
D) creatinine
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
D) inhibits the release of ADH
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowmanʹs) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.
D) plasma protein
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.
D) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
D) secondary active transport
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle ________.
D) the thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.
FALSE
The filtrate forced through the capillary walls in the kidneys enters which of the following structures first?
Glomerular capsule.
Which of the following is NOT located in the renal medulla?
Glomerular capsule.
Which of the following substances is NOT normally present in the filtrate?
Proteins
Which of the following substances is not normally found in urine, and thus, if present, suggests a problem?
Red blood cells.
what happens in reabsorbtion?
the filtrate flows through a series of tubules and 99% is returned to the blood
what are the next two places urine goes upon leaving the kidneys
ureters (muscular tubes) and urinary bladder (for temporary storage)
The "tube" that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside world is the ____________ and the "tube" that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the _____________.
urethra; ureter
What enzyme produced by the kidneys helps to regulate blood pressure?
Renin.
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to ________.
an increase in the production of ADH
what happens in filtration?
blood pressure forces substance out of blood into kidneys
is the neural reflex of urination autonomic or somatic?
both
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
by a decrease in the blood pressure
Podocytes are:
cells of the inner layer of the glomerular capsule.
The bladder wall contains three layers of smooth muscle, collectively known as the ____, and its mucosa consists of ____.
detrusor muscle; transitional epithelium
The regulation of blood pH, by the elimination of excess acids or alkaline substances from the body, is accomplished by the:
renal mechanism.
The large passageway into which the major calyces empty is the?
renal pelvis
what is the fat filled region inside hilum?
renal sinus
what are the functions of the urinary system?
1. responsible for water/electrolyte balance, excretion of toxic compounds, 2. reabsorption of important nutrients, 3. stimulation of rbc, 4. conversion of vitamin d to active form, 5. production of urine
How many sphincters are found in the urethra?
2
The urinary bladder is made up of ________ smooth muscle layers and may contain _______ milliliters of __________ when moderately full.
3; 500; urine
List 3 substances that are abnormal urinary constituents and provide the proper clinical term for such abnormalities.
Answer: Abnormal urinary constituents include the following (the clinical term for each is listed in parentheses): glucose (glycosuria), proteins (proteinuria or albuminuria), ketone bodies (ketonuria), hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria), bile pigments (bilirubinuria), erythrocytes (hematuria), and leukocytes (pyuria).
Explain the role of aldosterone in sodium and water balance.
Answer: Aldosterone targets the distal tubule and collecting duct and enhances sodium-ion reabsorption so that very little leaves the body in urine. Aldosterone also causes increased water reabsorption because, as sodium is reabsorbed, water follows it back into the blood.
List and describe 3 pressures operating at the filtration membrane, and explain how each influences net filtration pressure.
Answer: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes across the filtration membrane. The higher the glomerular hydrostatic pressure, the MORE filtrate is pushed across the membrane. Colloid osmotic pressure of plasma proteins in the glomerular blood, and capsular hydrostatic pressure exerted by fluids in the glomerular capsule, drive fluids back into the glomerular capillaries. The net filtration pressure equals glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood plus capsular hydrostatic pressure.
Explain how filtration works in the glomerular capillaries.
Answer: The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated, allowing fairly large molecules to pass through. The substances must pass through the basement membrane, where they are further selected for size by the filtration slits of the podocytes.
Explain the path of the blood vessels in the kidney.
Answer: The renal artery divides into smaller segmental arteries, which in turn branch into lobar arteries. Lobararteries branch and enter the columns as interlobar, then turn and follow the cortex-medulla boundary as arcuate arteries. Cortical radiate arteries travel up into the cortex and branch into afferent arterioles, which enter the Bowmanʹs capsule as glomerular capillaries and exit as efferent arterioles branching further into peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta. These capillaries return via the cortical radiate, arcuate, interlobar, lobar, segmental, and renal veins.
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
B) Net filtration would decrease.
A Bowmanʹs capsule does not contain ________.
B) a vasa recta
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
B) arcuate
Tubular reabsorption ________.
B) by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient
A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.
B) diabetes insipidus
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
B) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because ________.
B) it stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
Urine passes through the ________.
B) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra
The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is ________.
B) the glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Starting at the apex of a medullary pyramid, which is the correct sequence of structures through which urine flows to reach the exterior of the body?
Calyx -renal pelvis -ureter -urinary bladder -urethra.
what happens in secretion?
as the filtrate passes through the tubules, additional substances pass into it from the blood.
A very dilute urine with a low specific gravity in the urine indicates:
diabetes insipidus.
where does the Filtration and monitoring of blood plasma take place and what does it form?
happens in kidneys; forms urine
Which of the following is normally present in the filtrate forced from the glomerular capillaries but does not normally appear in the urine?
Glucose
Dysuria is:
painful urination.
how is the composition of urine and blood plasma different?
plasma has protein, urine contains wastes and ions
what is the fibrous tissue that encases kidney?
renal capsule
what is the detrusor muscle?
the 3 layers of smooth muscle that makes of the bladder wall
As the renal artery approaches the kidney, it branches to supply the renal tissue. Place the following in correct sequence starting from the renal artery. 1. segmental 2. cortical radiate 3. arcuate 4. interlobar
A) 1,4,3,2
The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.
A) Bowmanʹs capsule and glomerulus
Select the correct statement about urinary system development.
A) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.
Which statement is correct?
A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.
Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?
A) The stretching of the bladder wall serves as the trigger.
Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?
A) They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia).
The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
1) The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.
A) loop of Henle
The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.
A) transitional
In addition to the renin-angiotensin mechanism, the renal cells produce other chemicals. Name five, and briefly give the main function of each
Answer: Renal cells also produce chemicals, some of which act locally as signaling molecules. These chemicals include prostaglandins (vasodilators and vasoconstrictors), which probably regulate GFR; nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium; adenosine, which constricts renal vasculature; and endothelin, a vasoconstrictor that inhibits renin release.
Atrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.
Answer: TRUE
In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.
Answer: TRUE
The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.
Answer: TRUE
The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.
Answer: TRUE
Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.
Answer: TRUE
Urine is 95% water by volume.
Answer: TRUE
Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.
Answer: TRUE
The renal clearance rate equation is RC = ________.
Answer: UV/P
Abnormally low output of urine is called ________.
Answer: anuria
The capillary bed that surrounds the descending and ascending loop of Henle is called the ________.
Answer: vasa recta
An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.
B) 1.001-1.035
what part of the renal pyramid is toward the cortex?
BASE
While the kidneys process about 180 L of blood-derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is ________.
C) 1%, or 1.8 L
Which statement is true about urine?
C) Urine has nitrogenous waste such as urea and uric acid.
Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.
C) the placenta allows the motherʹs urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood
ndicate the correct order in which the filtrate flows through the following structures of the nephron.
Glomerular capsule -PCT -loop of Henle -DCT
Blood leaving an afferent arteriole would enter which of the following?
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule.
Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs.
Glomerulus.
Site of filtrate formation.
Collecting duct.
Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.
In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.
TRUE
where is the bladder located?
men-anterior to rectum. women-anterior to the vagina and anteroinferior to the uterus