RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES ENV3

Biofuels: Types of Biofuels - waste materials from organic wastes from ____ and forestry production, s_______ and dung including biogas from anaerobic digestion, combustible domestic and ________ wastes. From crops: _____ and vegetable oils

Crop - sewage - industrial - wood

Level of technology development for renewables: Not yet fully d____________ but improvements are continually being made. Few in-stream _____ turbines have been istalled and ________ More efficient photovoltaic cells are still being ___________ such as crystalline silicon cells Photothermal panals are developing to become more e____________ such as more absorbant coatings Large wind turbines with higher e__________ outputs too and less well-developed designs (vertical axis aerogenerators) are being researched too.

Developed - tidal - tested - developed - efficient - electricity

Name 4 solar-derived energy resources: 1. D______ solar power 2. H___ power 3. Wind _______ 4. B_______

Direct - HEP - power - biofuels

Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources: E.g. Solar power causes pollution and habitat damage during the e_________ and processing of the materials used to make the equipment e.g. Glass, copper, aluminium. Some cause habitat damaged when _______ is installed. Most renewable energy resources can only be harnessed where natural processes or _________ conditions are suitable.

Extraction - equipment - geographical

Disadvantages of Biofuels: 1. Large areas of farmland required which may compete with ____ production or cause the clearance of import habitats such as ________ rainforests 2. Some have a low _______ so they are bulky and difficult to ___________ 3. Limited s_________ 4. Uses of biofuels vehicles

Food - tropical - density - transport - supplies

Name 2 non-solar derived energy resources: 1. G__________ power 2. Tidal power

Geothermal

HEP needs regular ______ precipitation and a large _________. It also need _________ rock, stable geology and no unacceptable land use conflicts.

Heavy - catchment - impermeable

Tidal Power: Locational factors - where the tidal range is large so _____ volumes of water are moved at ____ velocity. Technology used - a barrage with turbines for one-way or two-___________, in-stream turbines anchored to the ________

Large - high - generation - seabed

Direct Solar Power: The range of equipment used to harness solar power more effectively: 1. Hot water ______ 2. Matt black surfaces, glazed, i__________, water pipes, thermo_____________ operated pump. 3. P________ solar architecture 4. Large windows facing the direction of the most _____ sunlight 5. H_________ that rotate solar panels to face the _____ 6. Pa_______ reflectors that focus the sunlight onto a collector

Panels - insulation - thermostatically - passive - intense - heliostats - sun - parabolic

Advantages and Disadvantages of Tidal Power: + Periods of generation are p__________ + Power output may be large compared with other renewable resources - limited number of ______ sites, and intermittent generation

Predictable - suitable

Advantages of Biofuels: Supply rate can be controlled by _______ more; they can be stored to match supplies to _______. Some are liquid fuels or can be converted into them and can be used as vehicle ____ e.g Veg oil to make Biodiesel

Producing - demand - fuel

The environmental impacts of Tidal Barrages: 1. Reduced tidal r______ and altered habitat distribution 2. Changed water ____ rates 3. Changed se__________ and turbidity 4. Barrier to ____ migration 5. Altered drainage in surrounding area 6. P______ retention 7. Extraction and processing of rock, concrete, m____ 8. Acces roads and _____ cables In-stream turbines have a much ____ impact as they are not a barrier to water flow or __________

Range - flow - sedimentation - fish - pollutant - metals - power - lower - organisms

Economic issues associated with Renewable Energy: Fossil fuel technology has the advantage of the economies of _____ of mass production. More recent economic initiatives have helped make renewable energy resources more _____________ competitive e.g Guaranteed higher sale ____ for electricity from renewables, tax free profits on money invested in renewables, carbon emission _____ on fossil fuels

Scale - economically - price - taxes

Direct Solar Power: What are the fluctuating supples involved? 1. Daily, s__________ and climatic fluctuations 2. Effect of c_______ and suspended particles on scattering

Seasonal - clouds

Solar Power has _________ fluctuations so they are often in low _________ as it is less variable. Changes in insolation caused by _____ cover is a problem too.

Seasonal - latitudes - cloud

Which 3 energy sources have the lowest energy densities?

Solar - wind - wave

Name all the intermittent energy resources

Solar - wind - wave - tidal

Uses of Geothermal energy: 1. Electricity generation 2. S______ heating 3. W_____ heating

Space - water

HEP Power: Factors affecting the location of HEP Plants: 1. Water ______ 2. G_______ 3. Topography 4. Land-use ________ 5. I_______________

Supply - geology - conflicts - infrastructure

Ease of Storage: The s_______ energy from some renewable energy resources can be stored when demand is low and releases when _______. E.g. Potential energy of _____ in the reservoir of ___ stations and chemical energy in B______ However, energy or some resources cannot be stored d______ e.g light of solar power and the KE of the wind and ____ power

Surplus - needed - water - HEP - biofuels - directly - wave

Renewable energy - suitability for current uses of energy: Energy use is controlled by the activity involved and by the t____________ that have previously been developed to provide energy. Many renewable resources produce heat or _________ which cnnot easily be used to power vehicles that currently run on fossil fuels

Technology - electricity

Factors affecting the ease of use of renewable energy resources: 1. Intermittence 2. U__________ 3. Energy _________ 4. Ease of _______ 5. Environmental impacts 6. Level of technological ___________ 7. Ec_______ issues

Unreliability - density - storage - development - economic

Wind Power: It is u________ as fluctuations in wind speed variations in power output. Doubling the wind v________ increases the availabe kinetic energy ____-fold

Unreliable - velocity - eight

Wind Power is based in the __lands on plains of land. Sometimes in ______ areas, both onshore and offshore in higher _______ where it is windier.

Up - coastal - latitudes

Wind Power: Factors affecting the location of wind farms: 1. Windiest areas are usually __________ 2. On the ______ 3. Shallow seas or open ______

Upland - coasts - plains

Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Power: + Low environmental inpact: little pollution in ___ - Only available where ___ rocks are found near the surface.

Use - hot

Wind Power: Site-specific problems: 1. V______ intrusion 2. Local noise 3. B___ strikes 4. Radio interference can be problem

Visual - bird