Reproduction and Development

Which days of the cycle does a female have her period?

1-5

the purpose of FSH? female

Causes maturation of egg in follicle

Gastrulation

Cell movement and growth

What phase follows fertilization?

Cleavage or cell division without growth

Oviducts

Conduct egg location of fertilization

Urethra

Conducts sperm and urine

function of the umbilical cord

Connects the fetus to the placenta.

Birth control pills

Contains progesterone, blocks LH and FSH (pituitary gland) so no follicle develops, no ovulation

Prostate gland

Contribute fluid to semen

Seminal Vesicles

Contribute fluid to semen (thick, whitish fluid that contains sperm and secretions from three glands)

Cowper's gland

Contribute fluid to semen-seminal fluid

Ovulation-14th day-effects

Due to the high level of estrogen in the blood, the hypothalamus suddenly secretes a large amount of GnRH

3 Layers formed during gastrulation?

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the gut

Endoderm

2 Hormones ovary makes and what they do

Estrogen and progesterone, secondary sexual characteristics and thickens lining of uterus

2 Hormones pituitary gland makes

FSH and LH

2 hormones that peak the first 14 days of the menstrual cycle?

FSH and LH

Four main hormones in the menstrual cycle?

FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone

Implantation

Fertilized egg grows into the uterus 5 days after fertilization

Follicular phase

First half of the cycle- FSH promotes the development of a follicle that primarily secretes estrogen (exerts positive feedback as blood level rises)

What is FSH?

Follicle stimulating hormone

Mature sperm

Head (acrosome cap which penetrate the egg), middle piece (contain the mitochondria), and a tail (flagella)

Gastrula

Highly organized embryo formed from blastula with three distinct layers that all tissues originate

function of ovary

Holds egg in follicles, can produce hormones

Uterus

Houses developing embryo and fetus- narrow end of the uterus called the cervix

Where is progesterone secreted from?

In the corpus luteum in the ovaries

Where is estrogen secreted from?

In the follicles in the ovaries

Days 6-13-

Increased production of estrogen by an ovarian follicle which causes endometrium to thicken (proliferative phase)

Days 15- 28-

Increased production of progesterone causes the endometrium to double in thickness and the levels of sex hormones to decrease. If pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates and the endometrium breaks down.

What happens to the FSH level during the follicular phase (days 1-13)?

Increases in size

Embryos are derived from?

Inner cell mass of blastula

LH-in female makes

Involves follicle maturation and the formation of the corpus luteum Day 13/14.

A surge of this hormone causes ovulation

LH

Luteal Phase (second half)

LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone- as the blood level of progesterone rises (which causes LH and FSH to decrease? if so why?), it exerts feedback control over the pituitary secretion of LH so the corpus luteum begins to degenerate.

What is LH

Luteinizing hormone

Placenta

Made of embryonic tissue, nourishes embryo/fetus, attached to uterine lining, does no filtering, eliminates waste products

Testosterone

Main sex hormone in males necessary for the maturation of sperm. Also brings about and maintains the male secondary sex characteristics that develop at the time of puberty.

How is FSH and LH different in males and females

Male: Stimulates sperm and testosterone

function of the urethra

The pathway connecting the urinary bladder to allow urine to exit the body.

Why is the menstrual cycle a negative feedback system?

The start of it turns things off (turns off LH and FSH)

Follicles during the menstruation (days 5-13)?

They begin to mature

the purpose of progesterone? day 15-24

Thickens endometrium of uterus for implantation

What is menstruation?

When a female sheds the lining of the uterus when the egg has not been fertilized usually called her "period"

Fertilized egg

Zygote

function of the prostate gland

add fluid to sperm cells-can block urine flow

Embryo

an organism in its early stage of development in humans the developing individual is referred to this between 2-8 weeks following conception

vas deferens

carries sperm to urethra

Cleavage

cell division- makes cells smaller no growth

cell division is called

cleavage

What happens to the progesterone level during menstruation (days 1-5)?

decreases

Zygote

diploid cell formed when the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell

2 hormones that peak the last 14 days of the menstrual cycle?

estrogen and progesterone

function of fallopian tubes/oviducts

fertilization takes place here.

function of the testis

holds/ produces sperm + testosterone.

What is a blastula?

hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity. Lots of little cells

Blastula

hollow ball of cells-cells are small in size- no growth

Both estrogen and progesterone (female sex hormones-

maintain the primary sex organs of the female body as well as the secondary sex characteristics

Pathway of egg to the uterus

ovulation, fertilization, cleavage, morula, blastula, implantation, gastrulation

Process of egg in the uterus

ovulation, fertilization, cleavage, morula, blastula, implantation, gastrulation

the purpose of estrogen?

prepares uterus for pregnancy esp day 15-24

Ovaries

produce egg and sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

function of the placenta

provides Oxygen to fetus, removes CO2 and nitrogen wastes

Ovulation

release of egg due to a surge in LH

genes

segments of DNA on a chromosome

gametes are

sex cells

morula

solid ball of cells

estrogen

stimulates , tissue development, and increases blood supply to endometrium.

estrogen does what in follicle stage (days 6-14)?

stimulates GNRH to start up Pituitary

FSH makes what in females

stimulates the follicle to grow and develop. Functions in the -follicular phase 1-14.

LH produces men

testosterone

Fetus

the developing organism 8 weeks and beyond

function of the cervix

the entrance to the uterus.

Ovum

the female gamete a single, unfertilized haploid cell an egg.

Progesterone

thickens uterine lining, pregnancy hormone. Rapid rise day 15-22 then declines if not pregnant. Turns off Pituitary and Hypothalamus glands

What does gastrulation produce?

three germ layers

the corpus luteum?

used to be a follicle (after ovulation) 14-24 days.

Negative feedback

when progesterone stops ovulation-stops LH and FSH

Morning after pill

which will prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. Taken up to 72 hours after unprotected sex. The medication upsets the normal uterine cycle making it difficult for the embryo to implant itself in the endometrium (considered 85% effective). Mifepristone/ RU-486 (everyday pill?)- blocks progesterone receptors of endometrial cells

Sperm

Seminiferous makes sperm, then stores in epidermis, 100 million are produced a day, FSH makes sperm grow, LH produces testosterone, sperm also produce testosterone

Puberty

Sex hormones released and secondary sexual characteristics develop, ages 11-15, started by GnRH

Epididymis

Sites of maturation and some storage of sperm

FSH in males makes

Sperm

Sperm-passageway

Stored in both the epididymis. sperm enter the vas deferens , pass the prostate and other glands and then the urethra.

What happens when the corpus lutem secretes progesterone (days 15-28)?

The endometrium thickens

About how many days is a menstrual cycle?

28

function of the seminal vesicle

Adds a fluid to semen during ejaculation.

Describe cell cycle during cleavage and how it affects daughter cells?

Allows for smaller cells- rapid cell division

4 parts to the menstrual cycle

Mentrual flow (1-5), Follicular (1-14), Ovulation (14), Luteal (14-28)

Morula vs. Blastula

Morula: Solid ball of cells

What is gastrulation

Movement of cells from blastula surface to interior of embryo. makes 3 cell layers

When is ovulation

On or about Day 14

Corpus Luteum

Once a vesicular follicle has lost the secondary oocyte, it develops into a corpus luteum.

When does gastrulation begin-human?

Once implantation of blastula occurs

Where does fertilization occur?

Oviducts/Fallopian Tubes

LH peaks follicle stage (days 13-14)?

Ovulation (an egg is released)

Ovulation vs. Fertilization

Ovulation is the best time to try to have a baby (when a woman is most fertile), while fertilization is the act of the sperm cell entering the egg

Human male gonads

Paired testes suspended within the scrotal sacs of the scrotum

function of the vas deferens

Pathway which moves the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Where is FSH secreted from?

Pituitary gland

Testes-FUNCTION

Produce sperm and sex hormones

Ovary

Produces eggs, alternating sides each month, releases 1 egg a month (menstrual cycle) has 3-400,000 follicles

Ovary/Egg

Produces eggs, alternating sides each month, releases 1 egg a month (menstrual cycle), FSH and estrogen mature the eggs, has 3-400,000 follicles

Vagina

Receives penis during copulation and serves as birth canal