Reproduction and Development
Which days of the cycle does a female have her period?
1-5
the purpose of FSH? female
Causes maturation of egg in follicle
Gastrulation
Cell movement and growth
What phase follows fertilization?
Cleavage or cell division without growth
Oviducts
Conduct egg location of fertilization
Urethra
Conducts sperm and urine
function of the umbilical cord
Connects the fetus to the placenta.
Birth control pills
Contains progesterone, blocks LH and FSH (pituitary gland) so no follicle develops, no ovulation
Prostate gland
Contribute fluid to semen
Seminal Vesicles
Contribute fluid to semen (thick, whitish fluid that contains sperm and secretions from three glands)
Cowper's gland
Contribute fluid to semen-seminal fluid
Ovulation-14th day-effects
Due to the high level of estrogen in the blood, the hypothalamus suddenly secretes a large amount of GnRH
3 Layers formed during gastrulation?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
the inner germ layer that develops into the gut
Endoderm
2 Hormones ovary makes and what they do
Estrogen and progesterone, secondary sexual characteristics and thickens lining of uterus
2 Hormones pituitary gland makes
FSH and LH
2 hormones that peak the first 14 days of the menstrual cycle?
FSH and LH
Four main hormones in the menstrual cycle?
FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone
Implantation
Fertilized egg grows into the uterus 5 days after fertilization
Follicular phase
First half of the cycle- FSH promotes the development of a follicle that primarily secretes estrogen (exerts positive feedback as blood level rises)
What is FSH?
Follicle stimulating hormone
Mature sperm
Head (acrosome cap which penetrate the egg), middle piece (contain the mitochondria), and a tail (flagella)
Gastrula
Highly organized embryo formed from blastula with three distinct layers that all tissues originate
function of ovary
Holds egg in follicles, can produce hormones
Uterus
Houses developing embryo and fetus- narrow end of the uterus called the cervix
Where is progesterone secreted from?
In the corpus luteum in the ovaries
Where is estrogen secreted from?
In the follicles in the ovaries
Days 6-13-
Increased production of estrogen by an ovarian follicle which causes endometrium to thicken (proliferative phase)
Days 15- 28-
Increased production of progesterone causes the endometrium to double in thickness and the levels of sex hormones to decrease. If pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates and the endometrium breaks down.
What happens to the FSH level during the follicular phase (days 1-13)?
Increases in size
Embryos are derived from?
Inner cell mass of blastula
LH-in female makes
Involves follicle maturation and the formation of the corpus luteum Day 13/14.
A surge of this hormone causes ovulation
LH
Luteal Phase (second half)
LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone- as the blood level of progesterone rises (which causes LH and FSH to decrease? if so why?), it exerts feedback control over the pituitary secretion of LH so the corpus luteum begins to degenerate.
What is LH
Luteinizing hormone
Placenta
Made of embryonic tissue, nourishes embryo/fetus, attached to uterine lining, does no filtering, eliminates waste products
Testosterone
Main sex hormone in males necessary for the maturation of sperm. Also brings about and maintains the male secondary sex characteristics that develop at the time of puberty.
How is FSH and LH different in males and females
Male: Stimulates sperm and testosterone
function of the urethra
The pathway connecting the urinary bladder to allow urine to exit the body.
Why is the menstrual cycle a negative feedback system?
The start of it turns things off (turns off LH and FSH)
Follicles during the menstruation (days 5-13)?
They begin to mature
the purpose of progesterone? day 15-24
Thickens endometrium of uterus for implantation
What is menstruation?
When a female sheds the lining of the uterus when the egg has not been fertilized usually called her "period"
Fertilized egg
Zygote
function of the prostate gland
add fluid to sperm cells-can block urine flow
Embryo
an organism in its early stage of development in humans the developing individual is referred to this between 2-8 weeks following conception
vas deferens
carries sperm to urethra
Cleavage
cell division- makes cells smaller no growth
cell division is called
cleavage
What happens to the progesterone level during menstruation (days 1-5)?
decreases
Zygote
diploid cell formed when the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell
2 hormones that peak the last 14 days of the menstrual cycle?
estrogen and progesterone
function of fallopian tubes/oviducts
fertilization takes place here.
function of the testis
holds/ produces sperm + testosterone.
What is a blastula?
hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity. Lots of little cells
Blastula
hollow ball of cells-cells are small in size- no growth
Both estrogen and progesterone (female sex hormones-
maintain the primary sex organs of the female body as well as the secondary sex characteristics
Pathway of egg to the uterus
ovulation, fertilization, cleavage, morula, blastula, implantation, gastrulation
Process of egg in the uterus
ovulation, fertilization, cleavage, morula, blastula, implantation, gastrulation
the purpose of estrogen?
prepares uterus for pregnancy esp day 15-24
Ovaries
produce egg and sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
function of the placenta
provides Oxygen to fetus, removes CO2 and nitrogen wastes
Ovulation
release of egg due to a surge in LH
genes
segments of DNA on a chromosome
gametes are
sex cells
morula
solid ball of cells
estrogen
stimulates , tissue development, and increases blood supply to endometrium.
estrogen does what in follicle stage (days 6-14)?
stimulates GNRH to start up Pituitary
FSH makes what in females
stimulates the follicle to grow and develop. Functions in the -follicular phase 1-14.
LH produces men
testosterone
Fetus
the developing organism 8 weeks and beyond
function of the cervix
the entrance to the uterus.
Ovum
the female gamete a single, unfertilized haploid cell an egg.
Progesterone
thickens uterine lining, pregnancy hormone. Rapid rise day 15-22 then declines if not pregnant. Turns off Pituitary and Hypothalamus glands
What does gastrulation produce?
three germ layers
the corpus luteum?
used to be a follicle (after ovulation) 14-24 days.
Negative feedback
when progesterone stops ovulation-stops LH and FSH
Morning after pill
which will prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. Taken up to 72 hours after unprotected sex. The medication upsets the normal uterine cycle making it difficult for the embryo to implant itself in the endometrium (considered 85% effective). Mifepristone/ RU-486 (everyday pill?)- blocks progesterone receptors of endometrial cells
Sperm
Seminiferous makes sperm, then stores in epidermis, 100 million are produced a day, FSH makes sperm grow, LH produces testosterone, sperm also produce testosterone
Puberty
Sex hormones released and secondary sexual characteristics develop, ages 11-15, started by GnRH
Epididymis
Sites of maturation and some storage of sperm
FSH in males makes
Sperm
Sperm-passageway
Stored in both the epididymis. sperm enter the vas deferens , pass the prostate and other glands and then the urethra.
What happens when the corpus lutem secretes progesterone (days 15-28)?
The endometrium thickens
About how many days is a menstrual cycle?
28
function of the seminal vesicle
Adds a fluid to semen during ejaculation.
Describe cell cycle during cleavage and how it affects daughter cells?
Allows for smaller cells- rapid cell division
4 parts to the menstrual cycle
Mentrual flow (1-5), Follicular (1-14), Ovulation (14), Luteal (14-28)
Morula vs. Blastula
Morula: Solid ball of cells
What is gastrulation
Movement of cells from blastula surface to interior of embryo. makes 3 cell layers
When is ovulation
On or about Day 14
Corpus Luteum
Once a vesicular follicle has lost the secondary oocyte, it develops into a corpus luteum.
When does gastrulation begin-human?
Once implantation of blastula occurs
Where does fertilization occur?
Oviducts/Fallopian Tubes
LH peaks follicle stage (days 13-14)?
Ovulation (an egg is released)
Ovulation vs. Fertilization
Ovulation is the best time to try to have a baby (when a woman is most fertile), while fertilization is the act of the sperm cell entering the egg
Human male gonads
Paired testes suspended within the scrotal sacs of the scrotum
function of the vas deferens
Pathway which moves the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
Where is FSH secreted from?
Pituitary gland
Testes-FUNCTION
Produce sperm and sex hormones
Ovary
Produces eggs, alternating sides each month, releases 1 egg a month (menstrual cycle) has 3-400,000 follicles
Ovary/Egg
Produces eggs, alternating sides each month, releases 1 egg a month (menstrual cycle), FSH and estrogen mature the eggs, has 3-400,000 follicles
Vagina
Receives penis during copulation and serves as birth canal