Research and Desing Final
The question below would represent what type of survey item?
??
In a scholarly journal article where would you be most likely to find the purpose of the study or the researcher s hypothesis?
toward the end of the introduction
The "B" in "A-B-A design" represents the __________ condition.
treatment
In a 4x2 factorial design, there are ___ independent variables.
2
What part of a scholarly journal article should you read to get an overview of the research to determine if you want to read the entire article?
Abstract
Making a causal inference from quasi-experimental evidence requires all but which of the following:
Bayesian moving average statistical analyses
Which of the following is a measure of effect size?
Cohen's d
________________ is the belief that mental process are fully caused by prior natural factors.
Determinism
An informed consent form would likely contain all of the following statements EXCEPT?
EXCEPT you are not required to participate, but if you begin the study you are required to finish it your information will remain confidential, and if the research is published all of your identifying information will be removed, this research has been approved by the university's Institutional Review Board, if you have any questions you should contact Dr. X at the following number
____________ is the term used in chapter 1 to describe knowledge from experience.
Empiricism
Experimental or scientific control refers to eliminating the influence of _______________ variables.
Extraneous
Some psychological tests are designed to measure more than one construct, they are multidimensional. ____________ is a statistical technique that can be used to determine the number of dimension that a particular measure is testing.
Factor analysis
Which of the following illustrates reliability?
Jacquie takes three practice GRE verbal exams and scores 548, 552, and 550
Why is it important to learn about the scientific research process?
Knowing the research process provides a foundation for other courses To be a better consumer of research that is published Most graduate programs require some sort of research project
Discoverability is the assumption that it is possible to discover the _____________ that exist in nature.
Regularities
______________ refers to the consistency of results and ____________ is the extent to which you are measuring what you think you are measuring.
Reliability; validity
Why might a replication study fail to reproduce the same results as the initial study?
The replication study is not an exact replication
What is a role of theory in science?
To summarize and integrate existing data To guide new research
When should qualitative research be used?
When the research focus is on depth, rather than breadth of information
Human participants must sign a "consent to participate" form (unless exempted) prior to being in the experiment. This form should include all of the following EXCEPT
a disclaimer saying that the experimenter is not responsible for any harm to the participant
Students who use mental imagery to study for an exam will do the same as those who do not. This sentence is an example of
a null hypothesis
In Milgram s obedience to authority experiments research participants believed they were delivering electric shock to another person when in fact they were not. This is a good example of ___________________.
active deception
Because a researcher may overemphasize the scientific value of their own research....
an IRB must be consulted to make recommendations regarding ethical dilemmas
Group-administered questionnaires _______________________________.
are commonly used in workplace setting?
Participants in human experiments are generally selected
based on convenience and availability
Studies of single-case research with humans have shown that ____________.
behavior is typically quite invariant during baseline??
A central aspect of pseudoscience is the emphasis on ____________ rather than refutation.
confirmation
What is the most critical aspect of the experimental method that allows us to make statements about cause and effect based on experimental data?
control
One essential characteristic of quasi-experimental designs that distinguishes them from true experimental designs is a lack of
control of extraneous variables
Jim is conducting a survey to learn about student attitudes toward abortion. He passes out his survey to the first 100 students that enter the cafeteria. What sampling method is Jim using?
convenience
The third variable problem refers to __________________________________.
correlations that are causally link through another factor
What is the best technique to use to control for sequencing effects?
counterbalancing
A nationwide study was done in which samples of drives were asked their opinions about the reliability of their cars. The results of the survey were analyzed for differences among drivers of different models and makes of cars. What survey design is being used in this study?
cross-sectional design
The primary reason for doing a literature review is to
determine the current state of knowledge in the area
Beneficence means doing good , and nonmaleficence means __________________.
doing no harm
A survey question that asks, "Are you worried about the economy and getting a job?" is an example of a
double-barreled question
Which of the following types of internet surveys would be preferred because of higher response rates and tighter control over multiple responses by a single individual?
e-mail surveys
It is important that an ethnographic researcher focuses on describing their culture from the insider or ________ perspective, as well as from the outsider's or __________ perspective.
emic; etic
Judging others on the basis of your own cultural standards is referred to as
ethnocentrism
In the context of extraneous variables, "history" refers to
events that can influence the dependent variable, that occur between the first and second measurement of that variable
Qualitative research is interpretive, which involves
extracting information from non-numerical data
A ____________ variable is one that is not controlled by the experimenter; if this variable has a differential impact on the different groups in the study then it is called a ___________ variable.
extraneous; confounding
Phenomenologists hoping to gain an understanding of the experiences of people that have been abducted by terrorists, would rely primarily on _______________________.
face-to face interviews?
Suppose that, instead of matching each participant in one group with a partner in the other group, you instead simply matched groups in the overall distribution of key variables such as age or I.Q. This would be an instance of using _______ matching.
frequency distribution control
In survey research ______________ is emphasized more than in experimental research and so ___________ sampling is more likely to be utilized.
generalizability; random
What is the primary threat to internal validity that could confound the results of a regression discontinuity study?
history
What is the main difference between experimentation done in a field setting and experimentation done in a laboratory?
in field experimentation, the setting is "real life" and not contrived
Random assignment of participants to the various groups in an experiment __
increases the probability that the groups are equivalent
If one were using the multiple-baseline design to examine the effect of treatment across a number of different behaviors, one must take care to insure that the behaviors examined are ____________.
independent of eachother
The ___________ variable is the presumed cause of another variable while the __________ variable is the presumed effect.
independent; dependent
The Tuskegee syphilis study violated the ethical principle of ________________.
informed consent
Cronbach's alpha is a measure of _________________.
internal consistency
Although external validity is a desirable quality in an experiment, it is often attained at the expense of __
internal validity
Visual inspection of the pre- and post-treatment pattern of dependent measure scores is typical of which quasi-experimental design?
interrupted time series
Which of the following is the LEAST important characteristic of a good control group?
it has the same number of participants as the experimental group??????????
Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of a true experiment
it involves objective observation, variables are manipulated in a highly controlled environment, one or more factors are varied while the rest are held constant DOES NOT always takes place in a laboratory
Why is the statement "What are the effects of parenting on cognitive development?" not a good research problem?
it is not sufficiently specific
What does it mean to say that an observation is "objective?"
it is unaffected by the observer's personal biases
The major disadvantage of a within-participants design is that
it is very susceptible to order and carryover effects
The most common criticism regarding the use of college student participant pools is that
it may compromise external validity
What is the purpose of "blinding" the experimenter to the condition(s) his or her participants are experiencing?
knowing this information may cause the experimenter to behave differently toward participants in the different conditions
Why might laboratory experiments be criticized as less than valuable and potentially problematic?
laboratory-based results may not generalize to the "real world"
Consider the following survey question: "Most Americans consider a cell phone to be a necessity. Do you agree?" This is an example of a _________ question.
leading
Effect size is the
magnitude of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
Without internal validity, an experimenter cannot ______________________________.
make statements about cause and effect
One reason it is difficult to conduct long-term studies of the same group of participants is that physical and psychological changes in the participants over time can become confounded with the independent variable(s) of the experiment. Researchers refer to this as the problem of __________________.
maturation
A quantitative technique for describing the relationship between variables across multiple studies is ____________________.
meta analysis
An advantage of doing experiments in the laboratory over the field setting is that ___________________________________.
more extraneous variables can be held constant in the lab
If an IRB refuses to approve a study the researcher
must abide by their ruling and either redesign the study or not conduct it
According to the APA guideline for animal research, all workers involved in behavioral testing of animals
must be trained in all phases care, maintenance, and handling of the species
When qualitative researchers focus on external validity they are likely to focus on ___________________.
naturalistic generalization
Which of the following was not identified in the text as a role/characteristic of a scientist in psychological research?
objectivity patience curiosity NOTambitious
If a researcher joined a religious cult to see how members are recruited and why affiliation is so strong, she would be using the
participant-observer method
If a researcher joined a religious cult to see how members are recruited and why affiliation is so strong, she would be using the ______________________.
participant-observer method
The most common reason for the use of quasi-experimental research designs is that
participants cannot be randomly assigned to groups
"Regression artifact" or "regression to the mean" refers to the mathematical fact that _______________
people who score above average on pretests tend to have lower scores on posttests, and those who score below average on pretests tend to increase their scores on posttests
Generally speaking, as the number of the participants in the study increases,
power increases
Which of the following designs is the "best" in terms of eliminating potential confounds?
pretest-posttest control-group design
The primary concern of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to
protect welfare of human participants
Qualitative researchers use many methods in part to __________________________________.
provide a better understanding of the phenomenon being investigated
Internet research as contrasted with laboratory research typically creates more difficulty in a variety of areas. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas?
putting the information received into a file that can be statistically analyzed
Often, we do not know at the start of an experiment what extraneous variables could affect our results. The best means of controlling unknown sources of extraneous variables is _________________.
randomization
What is an important way to help insure that one's experimental sample of participants is adequately representative of the population from which it is drawn?
randomly select participants from the population
Janice is taking the SAT to meet an entrance requirement for a college. On her first attempt she scores way below average. She decides to take the test again to see if she can improve her score. She then scored higher the second time she took the test. This example illustrates the possibility of ________________ as a possible explanation.
regression artifact
A subset of data drawn from the larger population of interest is called a ___________.
sample
When using simple random sampling it is suggested that you __________________ because it will lead to a more representative sample.
sample with replacement
Which of the following threats to internal validity is most likely to be a problem in the nonequivalent comparison group design?
selection bias???????
Dr. Johannsen wants to test whether recovering alcoholics perform worse on tests of motor coordination than a group of control participants. Unbeknownst to him, the control group meets at an amusement park three hours before testing and goes on as many rides as possible. They perform worse than the alcoholic group. This is an example of a(n)
selection history effect
The length of a survey should be _________________________________________.
short enough to maintain the respondent's cooperation until completed
Which of the following is typical of qualitative research?
small samples
The problem of survey participants attempting to present a positive image of themselves is referred to as
social desirability bias
It is useful for a research problem to be stated as precisely as possible because _______________________________________________.
specific questions help the researcher decide what techniques to use
Most single-case designs involve comparing behavior during treatment to behavior during baseline. For this comparison to be meaningful, baseline behavior must be ______________.
stable
A research problem states the issue to be studied in question form. A scientific hypothesis
states the predicted relationship between/among variables
In terms of report writing, quantitative studies focus on _______________ while qualitative studies focus on _________________.
statistical results; descriptive narratives
The number of participants in an experiment can affect
the ability to detect statistically significant differences among groups
Convergent validity refers to ________________
the degree to which the measure correlates with measures of similar constructs
In a single-case interaction design, an interaction is said to exist if ____________.
the effect of the two treatments together is greater than either alone
Carryover effects occur when
the effects of one condition are still present when the next condition is administered
What is the primary benefit of matching?
the influence of variables on which participants are matched is spread evenly across groups
The defining characteristic of a factorial experimental design is
the manipulation of more than one independent variable
In single-case research, the word "baseline" refers to ____________.
the participant's target behavior prior to any treatment
Single-case designs, by definition, do not incorporate control groups. What is the standard for comparison purposes to evaluate the treatment effects?
the pre-treatment observations
Power of a statistical test refers to
the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis
In which of the following situations has the principle of informed consent been violated?
the researcher failed to explain that participation might involve reading scenarios about incest
"External validity" of an experiment refers to the extent to which _______________________________
the results of an experiment can be generalized across people, settings, and times, treatments, and outcomes
The distinguishing characteristic of the longitudinal design is that _________________________________________.
the same sample of respondents is surveyed more than once
Although research misconduct raises important ethical issues, a research psychologist's fundamental ethical concern is
the treatment of human and animal research participants
When have you collected enough baseline data so that you can move on to the treatment phase of the experiment?
there is no trend and little variability
Single-case designs are closely related to which type of quasi-experimental design?
time series design
Why do scientists hold and attend annual or semi-annual professional conferences?
to catch up on very recent and/or on-going research
If you find an article that you would like to use for your research but are unable to locate it in your library, your next step should be to
use inter-library loan.
The quality of an experiment is judged by its internal validity. When we say that an experiment is internally valid, it means that ______________________________________.
we can confidently state that any observed changes in the dependent variable result from manipulations of the independent variable(s)
What is the primary weakness of a correlational study?
we cannot establish cause and effect with a correlational study
Feasibility of a study refers to
whether or not the study can actually be conducted
In which of the following situations would assent be used?
with special populations (e.g., minors)
A major advantage of randomly selecting participants from a population is that ______
you can be more confident that your sample is representative of the population