Research and Desing Final

The question below would represent what type of survey item?

??

In a scholarly journal article where would you be most likely to find the purpose of the study or the researcher s hypothesis?

toward the end of the introduction

The "B" in "A-B-A design" represents the __________ condition.

treatment

In a 4x2 factorial design, there are ___ independent variables.

2

What part of a scholarly journal article should you read to get an overview of the research to determine if you want to read the entire article?

Abstract

Making a causal inference from quasi-experimental evidence requires all but which of the following:

Bayesian moving average statistical analyses

Which of the following is a measure of effect size?

Cohen's d

________________ is the belief that mental process are fully caused by prior natural factors.

Determinism

An informed consent form would likely contain all of the following statements EXCEPT?

EXCEPT you are not required to participate, but if you begin the study you are required to finish it your information will remain confidential, and if the research is published all of your identifying information will be removed, this research has been approved by the university's Institutional Review Board, if you have any questions you should contact Dr. X at the following number

____________ is the term used in chapter 1 to describe knowledge from experience.

Empiricism

Experimental or scientific control refers to eliminating the influence of _______________ variables.

Extraneous

Some psychological tests are designed to measure more than one construct, they are multidimensional. ____________ is a statistical technique that can be used to determine the number of dimension that a particular measure is testing.

Factor analysis

Which of the following illustrates reliability?

Jacquie takes three practice GRE verbal exams and scores 548, 552, and 550

Why is it important to learn about the scientific research process?

Knowing the research process provides a foundation for other courses To be a better consumer of research that is published Most graduate programs require some sort of research project

Discoverability is the assumption that it is possible to discover the _____________ that exist in nature.

Regularities

______________ refers to the consistency of results and ____________ is the extent to which you are measuring what you think you are measuring.

Reliability; validity

Why might a replication study fail to reproduce the same results as the initial study?

The replication study is not an exact replication

What is a role of theory in science?

To summarize and integrate existing data To guide new research

When should qualitative research be used?

When the research focus is on depth, rather than breadth of information

Human participants must sign a "consent to participate" form (unless exempted) prior to being in the experiment. This form should include all of the following EXCEPT

a disclaimer saying that the experimenter is not responsible for any harm to the participant

Students who use mental imagery to study for an exam will do the same as those who do not. This sentence is an example of

a null hypothesis

In Milgram s obedience to authority experiments research participants believed they were delivering electric shock to another person when in fact they were not. This is a good example of ___________________.

active deception

Because a researcher may overemphasize the scientific value of their own research....

an IRB must be consulted to make recommendations regarding ethical dilemmas

Group-administered questionnaires _______________________________.

are commonly used in workplace setting?

Participants in human experiments are generally selected

based on convenience and availability

Studies of single-case research with humans have shown that ____________.

behavior is typically quite invariant during baseline??

A central aspect of pseudoscience is the emphasis on ____________ rather than refutation.

confirmation

What is the most critical aspect of the experimental method that allows us to make statements about cause and effect based on experimental data?

control

One essential characteristic of quasi-experimental designs that distinguishes them from true experimental designs is a lack of

control of extraneous variables

Jim is conducting a survey to learn about student attitudes toward abortion. He passes out his survey to the first 100 students that enter the cafeteria. What sampling method is Jim using?

convenience

The third variable problem refers to __________________________________.

correlations that are causally link through another factor

What is the best technique to use to control for sequencing effects?

counterbalancing

A nationwide study was done in which samples of drives were asked their opinions about the reliability of their cars. The results of the survey were analyzed for differences among drivers of different models and makes of cars. What survey design is being used in this study?

cross-sectional design

The primary reason for doing a literature review is to

determine the current state of knowledge in the area

Beneficence means doing good , and nonmaleficence means __________________.

doing no harm

A survey question that asks, "Are you worried about the economy and getting a job?" is an example of a

double-barreled question

Which of the following types of internet surveys would be preferred because of higher response rates and tighter control over multiple responses by a single individual?

e-mail surveys

It is important that an ethnographic researcher focuses on describing their culture from the insider or ________ perspective, as well as from the outsider's or __________ perspective.

emic; etic

Judging others on the basis of your own cultural standards is referred to as

ethnocentrism

In the context of extraneous variables, "history" refers to

events that can influence the dependent variable, that occur between the first and second measurement of that variable

Qualitative research is interpretive, which involves

extracting information from non-numerical data

A ____________ variable is one that is not controlled by the experimenter; if this variable has a differential impact on the different groups in the study then it is called a ___________ variable.

extraneous; confounding

Phenomenologists hoping to gain an understanding of the experiences of people that have been abducted by terrorists, would rely primarily on _______________________.

face-to face interviews?

Suppose that, instead of matching each participant in one group with a partner in the other group, you instead simply matched groups in the overall distribution of key variables such as age or I.Q. This would be an instance of using _______ matching.

frequency distribution control

In survey research ______________ is emphasized more than in experimental research and so ___________ sampling is more likely to be utilized.

generalizability; random

What is the primary threat to internal validity that could confound the results of a regression discontinuity study?

history

What is the main difference between experimentation done in a field setting and experimentation done in a laboratory?

in field experimentation, the setting is "real life" and not contrived

Random assignment of participants to the various groups in an experiment __

increases the probability that the groups are equivalent

If one were using the multiple-baseline design to examine the effect of treatment across a number of different behaviors, one must take care to insure that the behaviors examined are ____________.

independent of eachother

The ___________ variable is the presumed cause of another variable while the __________ variable is the presumed effect.

independent; dependent

The Tuskegee syphilis study violated the ethical principle of ________________.

informed consent

Cronbach's alpha is a measure of _________________.

internal consistency

Although external validity is a desirable quality in an experiment, it is often attained at the expense of __

internal validity

Visual inspection of the pre- and post-treatment pattern of dependent measure scores is typical of which quasi-experimental design?

interrupted time series

Which of the following is the LEAST important characteristic of a good control group?

it has the same number of participants as the experimental group??????????

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of a true experiment

it involves objective observation, variables are manipulated in a highly controlled environment, one or more factors are varied while the rest are held constant DOES NOT always takes place in a laboratory

Why is the statement "What are the effects of parenting on cognitive development?" not a good research problem?

it is not sufficiently specific

What does it mean to say that an observation is "objective?"

it is unaffected by the observer's personal biases

The major disadvantage of a within-participants design is that

it is very susceptible to order and carryover effects

The most common criticism regarding the use of college student participant pools is that

it may compromise external validity

What is the purpose of "blinding" the experimenter to the condition(s) his or her participants are experiencing?

knowing this information may cause the experimenter to behave differently toward participants in the different conditions

Why might laboratory experiments be criticized as less than valuable and potentially problematic?

laboratory-based results may not generalize to the "real world"

Consider the following survey question: "Most Americans consider a cell phone to be a necessity. Do you agree?" This is an example of a _________ question.

leading

Effect size is the

magnitude of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable

Without internal validity, an experimenter cannot ______________________________.

make statements about cause and effect

One reason it is difficult to conduct long-term studies of the same group of participants is that physical and psychological changes in the participants over time can become confounded with the independent variable(s) of the experiment. Researchers refer to this as the problem of __________________.

maturation

A quantitative technique for describing the relationship between variables across multiple studies is ____________________.

meta analysis

An advantage of doing experiments in the laboratory over the field setting is that ___________________________________.

more extraneous variables can be held constant in the lab

If an IRB refuses to approve a study the researcher

must abide by their ruling and either redesign the study or not conduct it

According to the APA guideline for animal research, all workers involved in behavioral testing of animals

must be trained in all phases care, maintenance, and handling of the species

When qualitative researchers focus on external validity they are likely to focus on ___________________.

naturalistic generalization

Which of the following was not identified in the text as a role/characteristic of a scientist in psychological research?

objectivity patience curiosity NOTambitious

If a researcher joined a religious cult to see how members are recruited and why affiliation is so strong, she would be using the

participant-observer method

If a researcher joined a religious cult to see how members are recruited and why affiliation is so strong, she would be using the ______________________.

participant-observer method

The most common reason for the use of quasi-experimental research designs is that

participants cannot be randomly assigned to groups

"Regression artifact" or "regression to the mean" refers to the mathematical fact that _______________

people who score above average on pretests tend to have lower scores on posttests, and those who score below average on pretests tend to increase their scores on posttests

Generally speaking, as the number of the participants in the study increases,

power increases

Which of the following designs is the "best" in terms of eliminating potential confounds?

pretest-posttest control-group design

The primary concern of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to

protect welfare of human participants

Qualitative researchers use many methods in part to __________________________________.

provide a better understanding of the phenomenon being investigated

Internet research as contrasted with laboratory research typically creates more difficulty in a variety of areas. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas?

putting the information received into a file that can be statistically analyzed

Often, we do not know at the start of an experiment what extraneous variables could affect our results. The best means of controlling unknown sources of extraneous variables is _________________.

randomization

What is an important way to help insure that one's experimental sample of participants is adequately representative of the population from which it is drawn?

randomly select participants from the population

Janice is taking the SAT to meet an entrance requirement for a college. On her first attempt she scores way below average. She decides to take the test again to see if she can improve her score. She then scored higher the second time she took the test. This example illustrates the possibility of ________________ as a possible explanation.

regression artifact

A subset of data drawn from the larger population of interest is called a ___________.

sample

When using simple random sampling it is suggested that you __________________ because it will lead to a more representative sample.

sample with replacement

Which of the following threats to internal validity is most likely to be a problem in the nonequivalent comparison group design?

selection bias???????

Dr. Johannsen wants to test whether recovering alcoholics perform worse on tests of motor coordination than a group of control participants. Unbeknownst to him, the control group meets at an amusement park three hours before testing and goes on as many rides as possible. They perform worse than the alcoholic group. This is an example of a(n)

selection history effect

The length of a survey should be _________________________________________.

short enough to maintain the respondent's cooperation until completed

Which of the following is typical of qualitative research?

small samples

The problem of survey participants attempting to present a positive image of themselves is referred to as

social desirability bias

It is useful for a research problem to be stated as precisely as possible because _______________________________________________.

specific questions help the researcher decide what techniques to use

Most single-case designs involve comparing behavior during treatment to behavior during baseline. For this comparison to be meaningful, baseline behavior must be ______________.

stable

A research problem states the issue to be studied in question form. A scientific hypothesis

states the predicted relationship between/among variables

In terms of report writing, quantitative studies focus on _______________ while qualitative studies focus on _________________.

statistical results; descriptive narratives

The number of participants in an experiment can affect

the ability to detect statistically significant differences among groups

Convergent validity refers to ________________

the degree to which the measure correlates with measures of similar constructs

In a single-case interaction design, an interaction is said to exist if ____________.

the effect of the two treatments together is greater than either alone

Carryover effects occur when

the effects of one condition are still present when the next condition is administered

What is the primary benefit of matching?

the influence of variables on which participants are matched is spread evenly across groups

The defining characteristic of a factorial experimental design is

the manipulation of more than one independent variable

In single-case research, the word "baseline" refers to ____________.

the participant's target behavior prior to any treatment

Single-case designs, by definition, do not incorporate control groups. What is the standard for comparison purposes to evaluate the treatment effects?

the pre-treatment observations

Power of a statistical test refers to

the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis

In which of the following situations has the principle of informed consent been violated?

the researcher failed to explain that participation might involve reading scenarios about incest

"External validity" of an experiment refers to the extent to which _______________________________

the results of an experiment can be generalized across people, settings, and times, treatments, and outcomes

The distinguishing characteristic of the longitudinal design is that _________________________________________.

the same sample of respondents is surveyed more than once

Although research misconduct raises important ethical issues, a research psychologist's fundamental ethical concern is

the treatment of human and animal research participants

When have you collected enough baseline data so that you can move on to the treatment phase of the experiment?

there is no trend and little variability

Single-case designs are closely related to which type of quasi-experimental design?

time series design

Why do scientists hold and attend annual or semi-annual professional conferences?

to catch up on very recent and/or on-going research

If you find an article that you would like to use for your research but are unable to locate it in your library, your next step should be to

use inter-library loan.

The quality of an experiment is judged by its internal validity. When we say that an experiment is internally valid, it means that ______________________________________.

we can confidently state that any observed changes in the dependent variable result from manipulations of the independent variable(s)

What is the primary weakness of a correlational study?

we cannot establish cause and effect with a correlational study

Feasibility of a study refers to

whether or not the study can actually be conducted

In which of the following situations would assent be used?

with special populations (e.g., minors)

A major advantage of randomly selecting participants from a population is that ______

you can be more confident that your sample is representative of the population