RESEARCH FINAL

In general, a Chronbach's alpha value for any given scale should be at least _______. A. .70 B. .05 C. .90 D. .50

A. .70

Which of the following is an example that correctly applies the use of deductive reasoning? A. All mammals require food to survive, dogs are mammals, therefore, dogs require food to survive B. Women are less likely to earn as much money as men, people with less education are less likely to earn as much money as people with more education, therefore, societal inequalities impact how much money someone will earn. C. All dogs weigh at least 30 pounds, Luna is a dog, Therefore, Luna weighs at least 30 pounds. D. Luna is a dog with 4 legs, Dodger is a dog with 4 legs, Therefore, all dogs have 4 legs

A. All mammals require food to survive, dogs are mammals, therefore, dogs require food to survive

_______ refers to minimizing the risk of research participation while maximizing the benefits of research participation. A. Beneficence B. Respect for persons C. Integrity D. Justice

A. Beneficence

Justin would like to know whether boys or girls are more likely to perform better in math. Child gender reflects what kind of variable in Justin's research? A. Categorical B. Moderator C. None of the above D. Continuous

A. Categorical

Which of the following is an appropriate example of a research question? A. Does prayer prevent marital divorce? B. What is the true meaning of life? C. How will the artificial intelligence impact the nature of humanity? D. Do animals have rights?

A. Does prayer prevent marital divorce?

Joshua conducted a study on whether caffeine impacted people's level of alertness. He was able to gather data from 100,000 randomly selected participants and found a statistically significant association based on a p-value of .05. Thus, Joshua concluded that consuming more caffeine was associated with greater alertness. Based on the information provided, select the most accurate statement. A. Given the large sample size, it is unclear whether caffeine impacts alertness due to Joshua's reliance on a p-value B. Joshua cannot rely on effect size estimates because the sample size is too large C. Given the low p-value, Joshua was incorrect in thinking that the link between caffeine consumption has a strong impact on alertness D. The use of random sampling helps validate the causal relationship between caffeine consumption and alertness

A. Given the large sample size, it is unclear whether caffeine impacts alertness due to Joshua's reliance on a p-value

A ________ is a type of composite measure designed to summarize several discrete observations, which is captured as a broader variable. A. Guttman scale B. Likert Scale C. Thurston Scale D. Summation index

A. Guttman scale

An observation that we choose to consider as a reflection of a variable is called a(n): A. Indicator B. Construct C. Dimension D. Concept

A. Indicator

Response categories such as "strongly agree" or "strongly disagree" are typically used in research based on what type of scale? A. Likert scale B. Bogardus social distance scale C. Guttman scale D. Thurston scale

A. Likert scale

Snowball sampling occurs when: A. Members of a group can recruit other group members to participate in a study B. Sampling elements are selected because they are easily accessible to the researcher C. Participants are chosen based on the researcher's judgment about which elements will facilitate the study D. The population is divided into groups and subsequently sampled

A. Members of a group can recruit other group members to participate in a study

According to chapter 2, what theory suggests that a collection of individuals can be viewed as a system, each of which has a specific purpose in contributing to the broader whole (i.e., society)? A. Structural functionalism B. Feminist C. Ethnomethodology D. Symbolic interactionism

A. Structural functionalism

Which of the following responses best defines the concept of unit of analysis in research? A. The individuals or objects that are being studied in a research project B. The ethical considerations that guide a study's design and implementation C. The type of research design used in a study D The statistical techniques used to analyze data in a study

A. The individuals or objects that are being studied in a research project

Marilyn wants to study how stress impacts heart functioning. To do this research, Marilyn had 100 participants report on their level of stress and then recorded their resting heart rate. Marilyn also believes that participant age is an important variable to consider to eliminate any spurious associations. In this example, age is considered to be a: A. Confounding variable B. Endogenous variable C. Mediating variable D. Moderating variable

A. confounding variable

Broadly speaking, __________ validity captures the extent to which a measure is correlated with existing measures of similar constructs, whereas __________ validity captures the extent to which a measure is different from other constructs. A. convergent; divergent B. divergent; convergent C. face; content D. face; construct

A. convergent; divergent

Limitations and future directions for research are included in which section of a research article? A. Discussion B. Methods C. Intro D. Results

A. discussion

In a research study, if the independent variable can be manipulated, then this research is considered to be: A. Experimental B. Descriptive C. Deception D. Evidence-based

A. experimental

_______ refers to the process of translating an abstract construct into concrete terms. A. operationalization B. variable clarification C. conceptualization D. observation

A. operationalization

Any product of social beings or their behavior, which can be used as a unit of analysis is called a: A. Social artifact B. Template C. Manifest variable D. Ecological relic

A. social artifact

What is evidence-based practice? A. the process by which professionals know how to find, critically appraise, and apply the best evidence. B. the process by which providers care for clients based on how the client responds C. the reliance on personal experience, intuition, or tradition to inform decisions and guide actions in professional practice D. an approach to research that emphasizes the advancement of theory over the application of research

A. the process by which professionals know how to find, critically appraise, and apply the best evidence.

The classification of observations in terms of their attributes on two or more variables is called a(n): A. Typology B. Coding system C. Cumulative scale D. Indicator

A. typology

Tonya is interested in studying whether boys or girls perform better in math, language, and art. How many levels of the IV does Tonya's study have? A. 3 B. 2 C. 0 D. 1

B. 2

Research is most useful if: A. Causality is established B. All of the above C. Results are generalizable D. Measures are valid

B. All of the above

In regard to descriptive research, what type of study is designed to measure changes in people (such as personality or behaviors) over time? A. Survey B. Developmental C. Correlational D. Forecasting

B. Developmental

The main goal of stratified sampling is to: A. Collect data from a more homogenous population B. Increase the representativeness of the sample C. Increase sample size D. Ensure the sample participants are actually chosen at random

B. Increase the representativeness of the sample

According to class lecture, a variable can be defined as a(n): A. Unchanging characteristic of an individual or a group of individuals B. Measured concept that can take on different values among different people or groups C. Measured concept that has no influence on the outcome of the study D. Factor that is held constant throughout the course of the study

B. Measured concept that can take on different values among different people or groups

_________ determines the type, amount, or intensity of something. A. Reliability B. Measurement C. Validity D. Operationalization

B. Measurement

Where in a research article can you find info about specific procedures that were implemented throughout the course of the study? A. Intro B. Methods C. Results D. Discussion

B. Methods

An approach to explanation in which we seek to identify a few causal factors that generally impact a class of conditions or events is called: A. Dialectic B. Nomothetic C. Evidence-based research D. Idiographic

B. Nomothetic

__________ refers to the presence of a regular pattern or cycle in the population that aligns with the manner in which people are selected to participate in the study, likely resulting in a biased sample. A. Attrition B. Periodicity C. Cohort D. Item analysis

B. Periodicity

_______ refers to the act of presenting someone else's words or ideas as though they were your own. A. Empirical writing B. Plagiarism C. Self-citation D. Ethical social research

B. Plagiarism

Based on theory, Amy knew that low levels of marital satisfaction should lead to divorce. Amy wanted to test this theory by creating a new measure of marital satisfaction. Amy had couples complete her marital satisfaction measure when they first got married and 10 years later. Amy then compared whether couples who reported low levels of marital satisfaction were more likely to divorce than couples who reported high levels of marital satisfaction. This example best illustrates the use of what type of validity? A. Concurrent validity B. Predictive validity C. Content validity D. Face validity

B. Predictive validity

______ data is numerical, whereas ______ data is non-numerical. A. Experimental; correlational B. Quantitative; qualitative C. Prescriptive; descriptive D. Qualitative; quantitative

B. Quantitive; qualitative

In her city, a researcher knows that single-people represent 10% of the households, whereas the remaining 90% represent married couples. With this in mind, the researcher told her assistants to conduct 100 interviews. The researcher instructed the assistants to interview 10 participants in single-person households and 90 participants in married households. No form of random sampling occurred at any point throughout the sampling process. What type of sampling did this researcher use? A. Stratified sampling B. Quota sampling C. Purposive sampling D. Multi-stage sampling

B. Quote sampling

__________ level of measurement can capture the absence of something. Therefore, 0 is a meaningful value. A. Nominal measure B. Ratio measure C. Interval measure D. Ordinal measure

B. Ratio measure

Toby found that depression among mothers was associated with lower levels of child well-being. Toby concluded that depression among mothers was the only mental health construct that really impacts child well-being. Toby also believed that professors should only research depression moving forward. What term best captures Toby's faulty reasoning? A. Ecological fallacy B. Reductionism C. Measurement error D. Variability

B. Reductionism

A ______ refers to people from whom data are collected, whereas a _______ refers to a group of people whom the researcher wants to draw conclusions. A. Sample unit; population elements B. Sample; population C. Study population; population D. Population; sample

B. Sample; population

Roy is conducting a survey to evaluate the math skills of elementary school students in Waco, Texas. Because Roy cannot measure every elementary students' math skills, he obtained a list of every student enrolled in an elementary school in Waco. He then assigned each student a number and used a random number generator to select which students' math skills will be evaluated. What type of sampling strategy did Roy use? A. Cluster sampling B. Simple random sampling C. Systematic sampling D. Stratified sampling

B. Simple random sampling

Sampling refers to: A. The comparison of a group of people across a specific construct or set of constructs B. The process of gathering a number of individual cases from a larger population C. The generalization of results from one study across other studies with similar participants D. The process of collecting data from every person in a given target population

B. The process of gathering a number of individual cases from a larger population

Informed consent requires a statement that: A. Research findings will be sent to those who participated in the study B. The study involves research and the procedures that need to be followed C. Once the study begins, individuals must participate in all aspects of the research D. Researchers have a right to share participant responses with other colleagues

B. The study involves research and the procedures that need to be followed

A general explanation for behavior or phenomenon is called a: A. Paradigm B. Theory C. Hypothesis D. Model

B. Theory

According to class lecture, Baylor library uses the following search tools to help students locate research articles. A. OsoFast B. All of the above C. OneSearch D. Scopus

B. all of the above

Interviewing subjects to learn about their experience in the project and to inform them of any unrevealed purpose, particularly if they have been damaged by their participation. A. Code of processional ethics B. Debriefing C. Informed consent D. Anonymity

B. debriefing

__________ refers to different aspects or parts of a broader concept. A. scaling B. dimensions C. measurement bias D. range of variation

B. dimensions

Which of the following lists the correct order of sections mentioned in most research articles? A. abstract, methods, discussion, results B. intro, methods, results, discussion C. intro, discussion, methods, results D. intro, results, discussion, methods

B. intro, methods, results, discussion

_______ refers to the science of finding out about social life. Specifically, highlighting the procedures for scientific investigation. A. a priori knowledge B. methodology C. epistemology D. a posteriori knowledge

B. methodology

A(n) ________ seeks to identify a few causal factors that contribute to a phenomenon. A. causal explanation B. nomothetic explanation C. phenomenological explanation D. idiographic explanation

B. nomothetic explanation

A _______ refers to a summary characteristic in a population, whereas a _______ refers to a summary characteristic in a sample. A. probability estimate; non-probability estimate B. parameter; statistic C. non-probability estimate; probability estimatte D. statistic; parameter

B. parameter; statistic

A measure must be __________ in order to be __________. A. tested across multiple samples; valid B. reliable; valid C. tested across multiple samples; reliable D. vaid; reliable

B. reliable; valid

Shaun is interested in creating a scale to measure attitudes toward environmental issues. He wants to use a method that involves experts assigning numerical values to 10 different statements based on their degree of favorability or unfavorability. Statements that produce disagreements (i.e., one person rates the statement favorably, whereas someone else rates the statement unfavorably) will be discarded. What type of scale is Shaun planning to create? A. Guttman scale B. Thurston scale C. Likert scale D. Bogardus social distance scale

B. thurston scale

________ research seeks to solve a problem through the practical use of research findings. A. Descriptive B. Exploratory C. Applied D. Explanatory

C. Applied

Less than a high school education, a high school diploma, associate's degree, bachelor's degree, and graduate degree are considered ________ of the variable, level of education A. Concepts B. Aspects C. Attributes D. Components

C. Attributes

Nico wants to use a probability sampling technique, but he recognizes that it is impractical to compile an exhaustive list of elements. So he samples participants using the following steps: 1)he first divides the population into groups based on some criteria; 2) he, then, randomly selects groups to sample from; finally, 3) he samples all of people in a particular group. What type of sample strategy did Nico use? A. Stratified sampling B. Cohort sampling C. Cluster sampling D. Simple random sampling

C. Cluster sampling

________ occurs when subjects are misled about research procedures or goals. A. Persuasion B. Involuntary participation C. Deception D. Ethical controversy

C. Deception

Eugene is a child life specialist and wants to study if 30 minutes of play time prior to receiving chemotherapy reduces children's anxiety about receiving treatment. Eugene hopes to use this research to help the children he currently works with. This example best depicts what type of research? A. Explanatory B. Descriptive C. Evaluation D. Comparative

C. Evaluation

A semantic- differential scale incorporates what 3 concepts? A. Cognition, emotion, and behavior B. Signal, noise, and rating of opposing of positions C. Evaluation, potency, and action D. Affect, arousal, and objectivity

C. Evaluation, potency, and action

The coefficient of reproducibility is used to evaluate a(n): A. Likert scale B. Typology C. Guttman scale D. Index

C. Guttman scale

__________ score people based on their responses, whereas __________ score people based on their response patterns. A. Scales; indexes B. Typologies; indexes C. Indexes; scales D. scales; typologies

C. Indexes; scales

Shawn and Kristen want to study whether parent communication impacts children's emotions. To study this topic, Shawn and Kristen recruited 50 parents and their children and observed how the parents interacted with their child. During the interactions, Shawn and Kristen recorded how parents communicated with their child, as well as the emotional responses of each child. What type of reliability will Shawn and Kristen have to use to demonstrate that their observations were reliable? A. Split half reliability B. Test-retest reliability C. Inter-rater reliability D. Researcher reliability

C. Inter-rater reliability

A theory aimed at understanding the "big picture" of institutions, societies, and interactions among societies is called a: A. Conceptual model B. Micro-theory C. Macro-theory D. Framework

C. Macro-theory

The null hypothesis represents which of the following statements? A. A difference between the variables under study B. A negative relationship between the independent and dependent variables C. No relationship between the variables under the study D. A positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables

C. No relationship between the variables under the study

Tiffany wants to study whether men and women have more pets. What is the appropriate level of measurement for the IV Tiffany's study? A. Ordinal B. Interval C. Nominal D. Ratio

C. Nominal

An index is most commonly measured at the __________ level. A. Categorical B. Nominal C. Ordinal D. Interval

C. Ordinal

_______ refers to repeating an experiment to expose or reduce error: A. Over-generalization B. Redundancy C. Replication D. Inaccurate observation

C. Replication

The differences between sample statistics that occurs when multiple samples are drawn from the same population is called: A. Periodicity B. Statistical error C. Sampling variability D. Confidence interval

C. Sampling variability

In which of the following scenarios would confidentiality be of the LEAST concern? A. Face-to-face interviews B. Telephone survey C. Secondary data analysis D. Questionnaires

C. Secondary data analysis

The following question is about false criteria when evaluating causal associations (i.e., criteria you should not use to determine causality). What statement provides the best illustration of the exceptional cases criterion when evaluating causality? A. There are a lot of factors that cause lung cancer. Therefore, we cannot say that smoking causes lung cancer. B. The correlation between smoking and lung cancer is very small. Therefore, it is not likely that smoking causes lung cancer. C. Smoking does not cause lung cancer because some smokers never develop lung cancer. D. Based on my personal experience, I have never known anyone who smoked and was diagnosed with lung cancer solely because of their smoking habit. Therefore, in my view, smoking is not a definitive cause of lung cancer.

C. Smoking does not cause lung cancer because some smokers never develop lung cancer.

Tonya wants to study the mental health of students at her university. She decides to use an online survey to collect data from a random sample of students. What is the sample frame for her study? A. Anyone affiliated with the university between the ages of 18 and 23 B. Students who responded to her survey C. Students enrolled at her university D. Students with mental health issues

C. Students enrolled at her university

Sampling error refers to: A. the extent to which a sample estimates will be distributed around the population parameter B. observed discrepancies between the sampling frame and sampling unit(s) C. The extent to which probability sampling may be inaccurate D. the estimated probability that a population parameter is within an acceptable range

C. The extent to which probability sampling may be inaccurate

Taylor is in charge of a city hospital and wants to identify factors that increase the probability of patient death. Using a cross-sectional design, Taylor found that the more healthcare professionals (i.e., doctors and nurses) a patient had to see, the more likely it was that the patient would die. Based solely on the information provided, select the most accurate response. A. The study sought an idiographic explanation B. The unit of analysis in this study was healthcare professionals C. The observed finding was likely a spurious correlation. Another factor (or variable) was likely responsible for the association D. There was a causal relationship between the number of healthcare providers involved in patient treatment and patient mortality (i.e. death)

C. The observed finding was likely a spurious correlation. Another factor (or variable) was likely responsible for the association

John is a researcher interested in studying whether divorce has changed over the past 20 years. To examine this topic, John looked at the divorce rates from the United States Census in the year 2000 and in 2020. Importantly, each timepoint included different group of participants. Importantly, no subpopulations were sampled. Based only on the information provided, what type of study design did John use? A. Panel design B. Cohort design C. Trend design D. Idiographic design

C. Trend design

Weight and height are examples of: A. Concepts B. Constructs C.Variables D. Elements

C. Variables

Suppose that you are interested in examining whether the performance of Baylor's football team is related to academic achievement. Based on previous research, you expect that when Baylor wins a football game, students tend to do score higher on their exams. What is the independent variable? A. Academic achievement B. Student attendance at the football game C. Whether the Baylor football team wins or loses a game D. Exam performance

C. Whether the Baylor football team wins or loses a game

In a research article, the ________ provides a broad overview of the study. A. Rationale B. Outline C. Abstract D. Literature review

C. abstract

________ research measures the behavior of 2 ore more types of subjects at one point in time to draw conclusions about the similarities or differences between them A. Retrospective B. Longitudinal C. Comparative D. Introspective

C. comparative

What type of validity captures the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within a construct? A. Face validity B. Criterion validity C. Content validity D. Construct validity

C. content validity

Javier hypothesized that people who have a strong attachment to their pet are likely to report lower levels of anxiety compared to people who are not attached to their pet. To test this idea, Javier gave questionnaires to people with pets at a single time point. What study design did Javier use in this study? A. Longitudinal design B. Causal design C. Cross-sectional design D. Experimental design

C. cross sectional design

A variable that was not studied but could impact the research findings is called a(n): A. mediator variable B. moderator variable C. extraneous variable D. control variable

C. extraneous variable

Good science avoids ________ by using systematic sampling A. Inaccurate measurement B. illogical reasoning C. over-generalization D. determinism

C. over-generalization

In regard to systematic sampling, ______ refers to the distance between the elements selected in a sample. A. Sampling ratio B. Sampling composite C. Sampling interval D. Sampling error

C. sampling interval

Caroline decides to track the dating behaviors of college students throughout their college careers. She decides to collect data from her class. After explaining the study, she assures students that their responses will not be shard with anyone. The students will complete her survey during class. Caroline's research most clearly dependent on: A. Anonymity B. Deception C. Voluntary participation D. Beneficence

C. voluntary participation

Which of the following groups of people can considered to be legally able to consent to participate in research? A. Minors B. Emancipated minors C. Anyone over the age of 18 years old who is mentally capable of understanding the risks and benefits of research D. A&B

D. A&B

Juan is a doctor and wants to know whether patients are satisfied with the treatment they receive from their healthcare providers. To study this topic, Juan decides to collect data from at least 50% of his patients. What type of sampling method did Juan use in this study? A. Purposive sampling B. Quota sampling C. Intentional sampling D. Convenience sampling

D. Convenience sampling

Every year, Baylor University collects data from recent graduates to find out how much they are currently earning. Baylor administrators simply want a summary of student earnings each year. What is the primary purpose of this study? A. Explanatory B. None of the above C. Predictive D. Descriptive

D. Descriptive

The Belmont Report contributed to the creation of which ethical research principle? A. Trust B. Accurate reporting of research findings C. Integrity D. Justice

D. Justice

Nathan and Nancy recruited people who have a lot of friends and people who do not have a lot of friends to participate in their study. Once the research participants were in the lab, Nathan and Nancy measured each participant's blood pressure and heart rate. Then, they compared whether there were differences in the heart rate and blood pressure between the two groups of participants. What possible construct(s) were investigated in this study? A. Number of friends and cardiovascular functioning B. Social isolation C. Friendship, blood pressure, and heart rate D. Loneliness and well-being

D. Loneliness and well-being

Priscilla is interested in studying whether stress undermines marital satisfaction. Priscilla also believes that couples who can communicate effectively will minimize the negative impact of stress on marital satisfaction. In Priscilla's study, couple communication reflects what kind of variable? A. Dependent variable B. Independent variable C. Extraneous variable D. Moderator variable

D. Moderator variable

The primary purpose of the institutional review board (IRB) is to: A. Fund research projets B. ensure the proposed study uses valid measures C. Determine the qualification of the researcher D. Protect research subjects welfare and rights

D. Protect research subjects welfare and rights

According to class lecture, which of the following statements is a standard of disclosure? A. Objectivity B. Obedience C. Personal bias D. Reasonable person

D. Reasonable person

In regard to nomothetic causality, __________ refers to the notion that the presumed cause of an event or outcome must occur before the outcome itself. A. Complete causation B. Reproducibility C. Generalizability D. Temporal order (priority)

D. Temporal order (priority)

A significant main effect refers to: A. How a single independent variable differently affects multiple dependent variables B. The extent to which an unmeasured variable significantly influences the association between the independent and dependent variables C. The probability that the mean values among the independent variables is similar D. The mean values between the different levels of the independent variable is greater than would be expected by chance

D. The mean values between the different levels of the independent variable is greater than would be expected by chance

Representativeness refers to: A. The extent to which study findings are relevant for people who share similar characteristics with those who were sampled B. The degree to which the measure items reflect the variable of interest C. The potential to apply results from a study to a group or situation beyond those actually studied D. The quality of a sample having the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it was selected

D. The quality of a sample having the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it was selected

What piece of info listed below belongs in the methods section of a research article? A. Literature review B. Hypotheses C. Study findings D. Use of control and comparison groups

D. Use of control and comparison groups

________ occurs when neither the researchers nor the readers of the study findings can link a given response with a given respondent. A. Peer review B. Confidentiality C. Beneficence D. Anonymity

D. anonymity

Maddux wrote a proposal to study the impact of spousal support on parenting practices. She began her research by reviewing the meaning of spousal support in the social sciences literature. Based on this review, she formulated her own definition of spousal support. This process best illustrates which of the following topics? A. Operationalization B. The scientific method C. Measurement D. Conceptualization

D. conceptualization

_______ can typically be found in the _______ section of a research article. A. Theories; abstract B. Manipulations; results C. Description of participants; intro D. Data analyses; methods

D. data analyses; methods

When the effect of the IV depends on a second (moderating) variable, this is called a(n): A. Mediation effect B. Main effect C. Additive effect D. Interaction effect

D. interaction effect

A __________ cause represents a condition that must be present for the effect to follow. For example, being female is a __________ cause of pregnancy. A. Sufficient B. Probable C. Significant D. Necessary

D. necessary

The failure of some people to continue participating in a longitudinal study is called: A. shrinkage B. ecological fallacy C. cohort effect D. panel mortality (attrition)

D. panel mortality (attrition)

A ________ variable has 2 levels of a single IV, whereas a _______ has 3 or more levels of a single IV. A. bivalent; mulitvalent B. bivalent; trivalent C. monovalent; trivalent D. multivalent; bivalent

bivalent; multivalent