Research Methods

An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an:

confound

An independent variable is one that:

manipulated

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?

principle of justice

Which of the following is the difference between anecdotal claims and frequency claims? a) Anecdotal claims involve a single variable, but frequency claims involve two variables. b) Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies, but frequency claims are. c) Anecdotal claims are less interesting than frequency claims. d) Anecdotal claims appear in newspapers, but frequency claims appear in journals

*anecdotal = based off personal experience b

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group, because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to plug in her iPod. She typically remembers to plug in her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music?

Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.

The two biases of intuition discussed in the text are: __________ and ___________ a) Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind b) The present-present bias and the confederate bias c) Probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking d) Overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias

a

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? a) Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names. b) Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects non-sensitive information about participants. c) Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects non-sensitive information about participants. d) Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.

a

Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research? A) Basic and applied research have different goals. b) Applied research is more important than basic research. c) Basic research is more difficult to conduct than applied research. d) Applied research is done by consumers of research.

a

What is the first section of an empirical journal article?

abstract

Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? a) "My data is inconsistent with my theory." b) "My data disproves my theory." c) "My theory needs amending." d) "I may need to collect more data."

b

Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journalarticle? a) Abstract b) Outcomes c) Participants d) Procedure

b

Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honestreviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following could she do to increase thelikelihood of honest feedback? a) Increase the number of peer reviewers b) Use reviewers from fields other than psychology c) Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown d) Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers

c

Which of the following allow us to make better predictions using association claims? a)Strong positive associations b) Strong negative associations c) Both a and b d) Neither a nor b

c

Which reference is NOT listed correctly according to APA formatting rules (with the exception of double spacing a) Sagarin, B. J., & Lawler-Sagarin, K. A. (2005). Critically evaluating competing theories: An exercise based on the Kitty Genovese murder. Teaching of Psychology, 32(3), 167-169. b) Tanford, S., & Cox, M. (1988). The effects of impeachment evidence and limiting instructions on individual and group decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 12(4), 477. c) Cialdini, R. B., & Griskevicius, V. (2010). Social Influence (R. F. Baumeister & E. J. Finkel, Eds.). In Advanced social psychology: The state of the science (pp. 385-417). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. d) Kramer, G. P., Kerr, N. L., & Carroll, J. S. (1990). Pretrial publicity, judicial remedies, and jury bias. Law and Human Behavior, 14(5), 409-438.

c

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have a:

comparison group that didn't receive the drug

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. All of thefollowing are important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT: a) He will likely be asked to read research studies in his future psychology classes b) He will likely encounter research studies described in popular magazines he reads c) He will likely need to read research related to enhancing his teaching d) He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well

d

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? a) The principle of consent and honesty b) The principle of reliability and validity c) The principle of honor and accountability/commitment d) The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

d

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? a) Inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher b) Time investment of the study versus complexity of the study c) Importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study d) Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

d

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? A) He must make a frequency claim first. B) He must manipulate his two variables. C) He must measure his two variables. D) He must conduct an experiment.

d

Which of the following has the sections of an empirical journal article in the correct order? a) Introduction, Results, Discussion, Method, References b) Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, abstract c) Abstract, References, introduction, Results, Discussion d) Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

d

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations?

discussion

Dr. Ellison finds a relation between the amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?

positive association

James is asked about what is the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of:

present/present bias

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to

questions