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Research Methods Exam 1

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Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? A measure of religiosity A measure of blood pressure A measure of obesity A measure of the number of seizures a person has per week

A measure of religiosity

Components of Empirical Journal Article

AIMRDR Aim. Redder abstract, introduction, results, discussion, reference

_____________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. 1) Parsimony 2)Falsifiability 3)Empiricism 4) Theorizing

Empiricism

Translational

Finding research for a purpose

What is basic research

Gain general information and more knowledge

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? He must make a frequency claim first. He must manipulate his two variables. He must measure his two variables. He must conduct an experiment.

He must conduct an experiment.

What happens in the theory-data cycle? Revision process of evaluation

Test, change and update theories

A set of general principles about how variables relate to one another

Theory

Which order do these go in? 1) Research Design, hypotheses, theory, research questions, data 2) Theory, research questions, research design, hypotheses, data 3) Theory, hypotheses, research questions, research design, data, 4) Hypotheses, theory, research design , research questions

Theory, research questions, research design, hypotheses, data

sum these up in one word Theory Hypothesis Data

Theory-statement, Hypothesis-prediction Data-observations

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group, because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to plug in her iPod. She typically remembers her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music? Vanessa's belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner. Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night. There is no problem with Vanessa's reasoning.

Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.

What is falsifiable

When tested a good theory can fail to support the theory

describe conceptual in one word

abstract

availability heuristic has to do with _________________________________ which is an intuition bias and means

being persuaded by what easily comes to mind

concern for well being, benefits and risks of a study to protect

beneficence

following a study using deception, how does the researcher attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant? by apologing to the participant and offering monetary compensation by debriefing by reasurring by giving a written description of study's goals

by debriefing

association between measured and epxected outcome grades are measures of intelligence

criterion

this measure should not correlate, just because it is related

discriminant

Reliability is necessary but not sufficient to ________________

establish validity

Being swayed by a good story falls under ____ and means____

intuition bias, we accept things that make sense

meaningful numbers are?

quantitative

Empirical journal articles

shows method and results of research for the first time

constant

single value that can vary

review journal articles

summary of all published studies

classify each of the following as internal, interrater or test retest people's scores on a measure of extroversion stay stable over two months

test retest

Which of the following is an association claim? "A majority of Americans like dogs" "Owning a dog related to higher life satisfaction" "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners" "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time"

"Owning a dog related to higher life satisfaction"

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have _________ principles and __________ standards. 3, 10 3, 8 3, 5 5, 10

5, 10

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r ? -0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r ? 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than between Questions 1 and 3. The negative correlation between Question 1 and Question 2 is bad for Dr. Valencia.

Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people who hear in the music on their iPods subliminal messages that encourage weight loss ("don't eat that food," "you want to be thin") lose more weight than people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: Number Who Lost Weight (Cell A) 15 people Exposed to Subliminal Messages Number Who Did Not Lose Weight (Cell C) 5 people Exposed to Subliminal Messages Number Who Lost Weight (Cell B) 10 people Not Exposed to Subliminal Messages Number Who Did Not Lose Weight (Cell D) 10 people Not Exposed to Subliminal Messages A change to which of the following cells will result in a different interpretation of the results of subliminal messages? Cell B Cell C Cell D A change in any of the cells will affect the interpretation

A change in any of the cells will affect the interpretation

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's prediction that students who experience all of the three needs will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following? A hypothesis A theory Data Research

A hypothesis

Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? A constant A variable's level A measured variable A manipulated variable

A measured variable

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member? A criminal justice professor A prisoner advocate The prison warden A prisoner

A prisoner advocate

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? A researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study A researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate A researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he unable to recruit at least 50 participants. A researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study

A researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

What is a margin of error? A statistical figure that creates a range in which the true value for a population is expected to lie. The probability of making a Type I or Type II error. A figure that quantifies how good an operational variable characterizes a conceptual variable of interest. A value used to determine how strong a correlation is between two variables.

A statistical figure that creates a range in which the true value for a population is expected to lie.

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following? A hypothesis A theory Data Research

A theory

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," which section should you read first? Abstract Introduction Method Discussion

Abstract

Michael is a psychology student. Why is it important for him to know how to be a producer of research? 1)Because he might have to write an APA-style paper 2)Because he might need to conduct a study as part of a class 3)Because he may work in a professor's research lab 4)All of the above are important

All of the above are important

Which of the following is possible? A measure is neither reliable nor valid. A measure is both valid and reliable. A measure is reliable but not very valid. All of the above are possible.

All of the above are possible.

Which of the following phrases would indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? Seems to decrease Suggests a change Enhances All of the above would indicate a causal claim

All of the above would indicate a causal claim

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as __________. An IACUC An AIRB An AWA An IRB

An IACUC

Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. In this study, the authors were interested in students' math effort. Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable operational definition of math effort? An earnest attempt to solve math problems The number of math classes taken in college A score on a standardized measure of math effort The number of math problems students answered correctly

An earnest attempt to solve math problems

Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effects of childhood abuse on adult functioning. Which of the following scientific sources would NOT be an ideal source? A meta-analysis A review journal article A chapter in an edited book An empirical journal article

An empirical journal article

When reading about a single empirical research study, you would be most likely to find a detailed description of the study's methods and results in which of the following sources? An empirical journal article. A review journal article. The popular press. An edited book.

An empirical journal article.

Which of the following is an example of basic research? An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused An educational psychologist who examines how mind-set ("intelligence is innate" or "intelligence can be achieved") affects academic performance

An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following? Cherry-picking of evidence Availability Heuristic Confirmatory hypothesis testing Overconfidence

Availability Heuristic

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extroversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as: Basic research Applied research Translational research Practical research

Basic Research

What do causal claims and association claims have in common? Both can conclude that one variable causes another. Both involve variables that are only measured, not manipulated. Both show that two or more variables covary together. Both measure only one variable to draw conclusions.

Both show that two or more variables covary together.

Journals and magazines are similar in all the following ways EXCEPT: Both tend to have articles written by several different contributors. Both tend to be released monthly or quarterly. Both tend to have their articles peer reviewed. All of the above are true. None of the above are true.

Both tend to have their articles peer reviewed.

Which of the following research questions best illustrates an example of basic research? has our company's new marketing campaign led to an increase in sales? how satisfied are our patients with their wait-time in the waiting room? How satisfied are our patients with the sensitivity of the nursing staff? Do neuro-boosting soft drinks really work? Can 2 month old human infants discern the difference between four object and six objects

Can 2 month old human infants discern the difference between four object and six objects

Applied research

Can we solve a problem or improve something

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person and they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following? Availability heuristic Being swayed by a good story Cherry-picking of evidence Overconfidence

Cherry-picking of evidence

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have a: Reliable way to measure depressive symptoms Hypothesis Comparison group that did not receive the drug Psychotherapy to supplement the drug

Comparison group that did not receive the drug

An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an: Confound Alternative Confederate Secondary explanation

Confound

To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities? Internal validity and construct validity Internal validity and external validity Statistical validity and external validity Construct validity and external validity

Construct validity and external validity

Someone who applies research, ask appropriate questions to gain accurate knowledge and apply it to every day life?

Consumers

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? Discriminant validity Criterion validity Predictive validity Content validity

Content validity

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the _______________ of Dr. Sheffield's measure. Content validity Predictive validity Convergent validity Discriminant validity

Convergent validity

A correlation-based statistic called __________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. A scatterplot Cronbach's alpha Kappa Pearson's r

Cronbach's alpha

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving IRB approval, Dr. Kline trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kline with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following? Data fabrication Data falsification Plagiarism Intellectual property destruction

Data fabrication

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations? Discussion Results Method Introduction

Discussion

Another word for discriminant validity is ___________ validity. Convergent Asymmetrical Divergent Multiple

Divergent

According to the textbook, which statements below are reasons why experience can be a faulty source of evidence for our beliefs? Select all correct response options. Experience does not usually allow for a comparison or control group. Experience doesn't allow a person to formulate research ideas or hypotheses. Experience usually has confounds, making it difficult (or impossible) to determine what causes an outcome. Experience is valid only for translational research. Experience is probabilistic and fails to explain all cases of an event.

Experience does not usually allow for a comparison or control group, Experience usually has confounds, making it difficult (or impossible) to determine what causes an outcome.

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? Concurrent validity Face validity Discriminant validity Content validity

Face Validity

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time GA attendants complete his measure, and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees. He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people. He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling.

He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people.

What is the importance of Hypotheses in the Theory-Data cycle? 1) Hypotheses setup the experimental design used to test a theory. 2) Data is collected to draw a hypothesis. 3) Hypotheses are used to determine whether a theory is supported or not. 4) Hypotheses determine the limitations of your theory.

Hypotheses are used to determine whether a theory is supported or not.

What is the importance of the Theory-Data Cycle? Hypotheses setup the experimental design used to test a theory. Hypotheses are used to determine whether a theory is supported or not. Data is collected to draw a hypothesis. Hypotheses determine the limitations of your theory.

Hypotheses are used to determine whether a theory is supported or not.

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. It means that behavioral research involves probability sampling. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. Behavioral research requires multiple studies to be convincing.

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks for the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? Interrater reliability Internal reliability Test-retest reliability Construct reliability

Internal reliability

Which of the following validities CANNOT be examined in all research claims? (Check all that apply) Construct validity Statistical validity Internal validity External validity

Internal validity

An independent variable is one that: Is manipulated Is measured Is kept constant Has one level

Is manipulated

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review? It is cost effective. It is more efficient/faster. It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality. It encourages collaboration among researchers.

It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.

The example of the "Mozart effect" in the chapter was used to demonstrate that... Music can affect our memories. Music composed by Mozart has a unique effect on people's intelligence test scores. Media coverage of scientific research is beneficial because the popular media disseminated accurate scientific findings to a wide audience. Journalists don't always provide an accurate description of research findings.

Journalists don't always provide an accurate description of research findings.

Known-groups paradigm

Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback? Increase the number of peer reviewers Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers Use reviewers from fields other than psychology Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown

Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown

Patrick is confident that his short-term memory is better than most people's. He knows this because compared with his friends, he can remember more names than they do. Which of the following should we do? Believe that his short-term memory is better that most people's because confident people are more often accurate Believe that his short-term memory is better than most people's because he has a comparison group Not believe that his short-term memory is better than most people's because confidence does not ensure accuracy Not believe that his short-term memory is better than most people's because there are few individual differences in short-term memory

Not believe that his short-term memory is better than most people's because confidence does not ensure accuracy

Which of the following are subcategories of quantitative variables? (Select all that apply) Oridnal measures Interval measures Qualitative measures Nominal measures Ratio measures Operational measuers

Ordinal measures, interval measures, ratio measures

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory's: Parsimony Falsifiability Theorizing Empiricism

Parsimony

Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease. Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease. Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment.

Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study? Participants were from a disadvantaged social group. Participants were harmed. Participants were not treated by actual doctors. Participants were not treated respectfully.

Participants were not treated by actual doctors.

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? College students Immigrants Members of minority racial groups People with Down's syndrome

People with Down's syndrome

Dr. Ellison finds a relation between the amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association? Negative association Positive association Zero association There is not enough information to answer this question

Positive association

Who knows how to write following APA format, do research, assign groups and interpret results

Producers

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? Recycling Replacement Reduction Refinement

Replacement

Which of the following statements is true? 1)Research described in chapter 1 of the textbook indicates that the Cupboard Theory is better supported by scientific findings relative to the Contact Comfort Theory. 2)Research described in chapter 1 of the textbook indicates that people living in Edinburgh were less happy than people living in London at a statistically significant level. 3)Research described in chapter 1 of the textbook indicates that students who received a test booklet with a red cover received higher scores on a cognitive skills test relative to students who received a test booklet with a green cover. 4) Research described in chapter 1 of the textbook indicates that facillitated communication is not an effective intervention for promoting communication.

Research described in chapter 1 of the textbook indicates that facillitated communication is not an effective intervention for promoting communication.

Which of the following are features of good theories? Answer by selecting all options that correctly complete the following sentence fragment. Good theories are: Supported by data. Restrictive. Falsifiable. Parsimonious. Not falsifiable. Useful only for translational research. Must be proven true or false.

Supported by data Falsifiable Parsimonious

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia gives the measure to a group of students on Tuesday. She gives the measure to them again on Thursday. She then compares the scores between the two days. This is a test of which of the following? Interrater reliability Internal reliability Test-retest reliability Construct reliability

Test-retest reliability

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? The Principle of Integrity The Principle of Respect for Persons The Principle of Beneficence The Principle of Justice

The Principle of Justice

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? The Principle of Beneficence The Principle of Justice The Principle of Integrity The Principle of Respect for Persons

The Principle of Respect for Persons

Which of the following would be an example of an observational measure for stress? The cortisol (hormone) level of a participant's blood sample A participant's rating of their stress on a 1 to 5 scale question The number of times a participant is reported yelling by their family members The amount of time participants spends tightly clenching their fists

The amount of time participants spends tightly clenching their fists

Which of these is true if a causal claim does NOT meet the criteria of covariance between the variables? The claim becomes a Frequency claim The claim becomes an Association claim The claim still remains a Causal claim The claim can no longer be made

The claim can no longer be made

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make? "The data proves my theory." "My theory is generalizable." "The data provides support for my theory." "The data complicates my theory."

The data provides support for my theory

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? The statistical validity of the study The internal validity of the study The external validity of the study The construct validity of the study

The external validity of the study

Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline? The sex of the participants The effort on math problems The sex of the role model The number of researchers

The sex of the participants

Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. Which of the following is a variable in this study/headline? The sex of the participants The sex of the role model The major of the participants The math test

The sex of the role model

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition. The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process. Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing. Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined.

The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

What does the cupboard vs comfort theory represent? babies are attached to mothers more because of comfort rather than as a source of food

The theory data cycle

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? Susan must have collected the data incorrectly. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. The theory may need to be amended . The theory is completely wrong.

The theory may need to be amended

What are evidence based treatments? Using evidence to develop new research Treating evidence as though it is incorrect Therapies that are supported by research Leads researchers to collect and analyze data

Therapies that are supported by research

The two biases of intuition discussed in the text are: The present-present bias and the confederate bias Thinking the easy way and thinking what we want to think Probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking Overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias

Thinking the easy way and thinking what we want to think

According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as: 1) Empirical research 2) Translational research 3) Practical research 4) Elementary research

Translational Research

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non-gamblers. What additional step from the options below must he do to get evidence for criterion validity? Give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently Give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients Ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid

Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently

Researchers at a beverage company conclude from an initial study that their new mineral water improves the metabolism and promotes health. Many followup studies conclude that the water has no such benefits. What kind of mistake did the first study make? Type I Error; It claimed the water had health benefits when in fact it didn't. Type II Error; It claimed the water had health benefits when in fact it didn't. Type I Error; It claimed the water had no health benefits when in fact it did. Type II Error; It claimed the water had no health benefits when in fact it did.

Type I Error; It claimed the water had health benefits when in fact it didn't.

Validity

confirmatory hypothesis testing

We ask questions that give us the answers we want

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont Principle of Beneficence, Dr. Kline would need to ask which of the following questions? Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people not in my study? Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study?

What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read? What were the methods? and What are the results? What is the hypothesis? and What are the explanations? What is the argument? and What is the evidence to support the argument? What research exists on this topic? and What research needs to be conducted to answer the question?

What is the argument? and What is the evidence to support the argument?

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether or not to use deception? Whether his IRB will approve the use of deception Whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception Whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception

Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

alpha = 0.95

What type of research FDA wants to test whether a new drug can be administrered with no side effects

applied

What type of research can a new training program improve shots made by basketball players

applied

What type of research do neuro boosting soft drinks work?

applied

To be an empiricist, one should: base one's conclusions on direct observations strive for parsimony be sure that one's research can be applied in a real world setting discuss one's ideas in a public setting, such as an online chat room

base one's conclusions on direct observations

why is publication an important part of the empirical process? because publication enables practitioners to read the research and use it in applied settings because publication contributes to making empirical observations independently verifiable because journalists can make the knowledge available to the general public because publication is the first step of theory-data cycle

because publication contributes to making empirical observations independently verifiable

in a study of a new drug for asthma a researcher finds that the group reviewing the drug is doing much better than the control group whose members are recieving a placebo. which principle of the belmont report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to recieve the new drug informed consent justice beneficence respect for persons

beneficence

classify each operational variable below as categorical or quantitative if it is quantitative further classify it as ordinal, interval or ratio location of a person's hometown(rural, urban, suburban

categorical

classify each operational variable below as categorical or quantitative if it is quantitative further classify it as ordinal, interval or ratio nationality of participants of canadian, ghanian, french

categorical

Meta-analysis

combines results of many studies and gives average effect size

which validity would you be interrogating by asking how well did the researchers measure sensitivity to tastes in this study? construct statistical external internal

construct

measure that caputures all aspects

content validity

do these measurements both agree and correlate? SAT ACT

convergent

which of the folowing headlines is a frequency claim obese kids less sensitive to tasts exercise: 40% of you shake your booty in zumba feeling fat? maybe facebook is to blame daycare and behavior problems are not linked

exercise: 40% of you shake your booty in zumba

which valididty would you be interrogating by asking how did the researchers get their sample of people for this survey construct statistical external internal

external

you are trying to measure head sizes, but you cant actually do that so you look at their hat size. it appears to be a good measure at _____value

face validity

which of the following is not one of the three principles of the belmont report respect for persons beneficence justice fidelity

fidelity

Cherry-picking refers to

focusing on evidence that supports our claim

which of the following variables is manipulated, rather than measured? number of pairs of shoes owned in pairs persons height in cm amount of asprin a researcher gives a person to take either 235 or 500 mg degree of happiness rated from 1-10

gives a person to take either 235 or 500 mg

which of the following headlines is a causal claim? holding a gun may make you think others are too younger people cant read emotions on wrinkled faces strange but true: babies born in the autum are more likely to live to 100 check the baby, many new moms show signs of OCD

holding a gun may make you think others are too

Basing our conclusions on personal experience is faulty because experience has confounds. In this context, a confound means: a) in real world experiences, more than one thing changes at the same time b)the conclusion we draw from the experience has left us puzzled, or confused c)there has been no comparison group d) we will have trouble thinking of counterexamples

in real world experiences, more than one thing changes at the same time

After two students from his school commit suicide, marcelino concludes that the most likely cause of death in teenagers in suicide. in fact suicide is not the most likely cause of death in teens. what happened? a)marcelino was probably a victim of the bias blind spot 2)influenced by availability heuristic, 3)thought about too many examples of teens who died from other causes besides suicide 4) did not consider other confounds

influenced by availability heuristic,

which two principles are included in the apa ethical principles and not in the belmont report? integrity, fidelity and responsibility jusitce,beneficence, nonmaleficiecne, jusitce, respect for peoples rights and dignity respect for peoples rights and dignity, beneficience, nonmalefience

integrity, fidelity and responsibility

Causal claims are the only ones that have _________ reliability

internal

classify each of the following as internal, interrater or test retest researcher asks sample of 40 ppl a set of 5 items caputring how extroverted they are cronbach's alpha is .65

internal

cronbach's aplha is related to which measure of reliabilty

internal

in most experiments trade offs are made between validities because it is not possible to achieve all four at once what is the most common trade off internal and external construct and statistical statistical and internal external and statistical

internal and external

classify each of the following as internal, interrater or test retest infancy researcher wants to look at how long a 3 month old baby looks at stimuli. the 2 researcher s measures how many time they look to left and right

interrater

0 does not mean absence, scale from 0-10, temperature, differences are a measure of?

interval

how are participants selcted, do they represent people who will benefit, fairness

justice

in order to study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group this is what principle respect for persons beneficence special protection justice

justice

Describe independent in one word

manipulated

dependent variables are

measured in response to something else

catergorical

names and labels

under beneficence you ahve treating people in ways that benefit and do not harm establish trust accuracte, truthful and honest

nonmaleficience fidelity and responsibility, integrity

Present/Present bias has to do with

only thinking about things you have evidence for, not against failing to think about what we can't see

positions in a race, good, better, worse, rank is a measure of ?

ordinal

what type of research misconduct infovles represnting the ideas or words of others as their own plagarism obfuscation supression data falsification

plagarism

which of the following is not a place where psychological scientists publish thier research a)scientific jounrals popular magazines chapters in edited books full length books

popular magazines

Research is _________________________ it gives you the more common occurrence

probabilistic

classify each operational variable below as categorical or quantitative if it is quantitative further classify it as ordinal, interval or ratio student's grade

quantitative; interval

classify each operational variable below as categorical or quantitative if it is quantitative further classify it as ordinal, interval or ratio a book sale's rank on amazon

quantitative; ordinal

classify each operational variable below as categorical or quantitative if it is quantitative further classify it as ordinal, interval or ratio degree of pupil dilation in a person's eyes in a study of romantic couples (millimeters)

quantitative; ratio

classify each operational variable below as categorical or quantitative if it is quantitative further classify it as ordinal, interval or ratio number of books a person owns

quantitative;ratio

0 is the absence, time, definitve meaning is a measure of?

ratio

What does it mean to say that research is probabilistic a)researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct b)research predicts all possible results c)research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases but not all possible classes d) if there are exceptions to a research result, it means that the theory is probably incorrect

research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases but not all possible classes

informed consent, given the choice, protect vulnerable populations freedom

respect for persons

which of the following is not one of the three R's provided for care of lab animals reduction replacement restoration refinement

restoration

which of the following headlines is an association claim? chewing gum can improve your mood and focus want to cheer up? cheer harder, hard core sports fans show less depression swine flu shot tied to narcolepsy eating kiwis may help you fall asleep

swine flu shot tied to narcolepsy

a statement, or set of statements that describes general principles about how variables relate to one another is a prediction hypothesis empirical observation theory

theory

What does it mean when experience is confounded ?

there are alternate explanations

when is it a good idea to base conclusions on the advice of authorities a)when have an advanced degree b)they have conducted research on which their advice is based c)it is never a good idea 4)when they have several years experience

they have conducted research

What type of research A serotonin drug is investigaed in the management of depressed patients when lower levels of this neurotransmitter were found to be realted to the disorder

translational

What type of research children learn languages faster when they are younger. what teaching methods speed up learning

translational

What type of research social engagement has been linked to lower instances of depression

translational

Which of the following jobs mot likely involves producer-of-research skills rather than consumer-of-research skills 1)police officer 2) university professor 3)physician 4)journalist

university professor

What is empiricism systematic and rigorous thermometers, timers, questionnaires

using evidence from the senses

to identify a claim you have to idenitfy the ______ and how they are assesed

variables

bias blind spot

we don't believe we are biased, but everyone else is

in reading an empirical journal article what are the two questions you should be asking as you read what is the argument? what is the evidence to support the argument? why was this research done? were there any significant findings? how reputable is the author? do the findings include support for the hypotheses how does this research relate to other research what are the ways to extend this research further

Research Methods Exam 1

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N180 FINAL Pharm 2019 A

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