Research Methods- Midterm Exam

Reliability of a measure may be established by... giving the test to the same people on two different occasions and correlating the two sets of scores correlating scores from alternate forms of the same test correlating the test with some independent criterion a and b only a, b, and c

(a and b only) giving the test to the same people on two different occasions and correlating the two sets of scores, correlating scores from alternate forms of the same test

Which of these statements is/are true concerning the "significance of the study" section in the introduction of a thesis? The section should have continuity with the introduction. The section should point out conflicts with previous research. The section should describe gaps in previous knowledge relative to the study. All of the above

All of the above

Data such as sex, city of residence, or political party affiliation are what kind of measure? nominal ratio interval ordinal

nominal

When the purpose of the research is to evaluate the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable while controlling the influence of another characteristic, the best choice of a statistical analysis is.... analysis of variance multiple regression discriminant analysis analysis of covariance

analysis of covariance

References to journal articles should include?

author, date, article title, journal name, volume, inclusive pages, doi

The introduction to a research report should... move from a general description of the theoretical problem to the specific area to be studied state the problem to be investigated in one or two concise sentences provide an overview of the whole paper provide an extensive review of the literature

move from a general description of the theoretical problem to the specific area to be studied

When an experimenter states that the level of significance is the .05 level, he is setting the probability of committing which type of error? type I error type II error

type I error

In describing participants in the methods section of a research report, which of the following should be included? number of participants procedures for testing participants pertinent descriptive characteristics of participants a and c a, b, and c

(a and c) number of participants, pertinent descriptive characteristics of participants

What is the mode(s) for the following set of numbers? (5, 10, 4, 1, 4, 5, 12, 8, 9, 4 )

4

A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) by comparing classes that use this method with classes that do not. The researcher expects the CAI classes to show higher gains in achievement. This expectation is... the dependent variable the independent variable a paradigm a hypothesis

a hypothesis

For confidentiality, the researcher should.... 1. make certain no unauthorized individuals have access to the research data 2. inform the participants about the people who will have access to the data 3. remove names from data-collection instruments and replace them with a code 4. all of the above

all of the above

predictive validity technique involving the construction of a two-way grid of percentages of students at different levels of an aptitude test who achieved different grades is called.... cross validation the known group differences an expectancy table index of discrimination

an expectancy table

Another term for the mean is the... variance average 50th percentile median

average

Which of the following is a technique for providing information about the reliability of an instrument? bivariate prediction coefficient alpha factor analysis chi square

coefficient alpha

This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The number of participants, the selection of the self-concept inventory, and the length of the study are all examples of.... limitations operational definitions basic assumptions delimitations

delimitations

A measure of meaningfulness that expresses the difference between the experimental and control group in standard deviation units is the.... effect size r squared omega squared chi square

effect size

A researcher decides to use an alpha of .01 and a power of .80. To determine the needed sample size the researcher must ascertain the expected.... beta stem-and-leaf distribution effect size skewness

effect size

A teacher wishes to determine the reliability of three trials on a performance test. He uses ANOVA to obtain the reliability coefficient. This technique is called.... interclass correlation partial correlation equivalence correlation intraclass correlation

intraclass correlation

A research hypothesis.... is directly testable is nearly always the same as the null hypothesis depends on the statistical hypothesis predicts the technique used to analyze the data

is directly testable

Special language that is regularly used in a particular field but which may not be meaningful to people outside the field is called... communication jargon concealment confutation

jargon

Recognizing that grade point average may not completely reflect success in school is an example of a.... limitation research hypothesis null hypothesis basic assumption

limitation

This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The researcher states that self-concept is represented by scores on the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. This is an example of a(n).... limitation operational definition basic assumption research hypothesis

operational definition

A correlational technique frequently used in the construction of an instrument (such as an attitude inventory) that statistically groups test items that seem to be measuring a particular dimension or trait is called.... Spearman r factor analysis path analysis multiple regression

path analysis

If a thermometer measured the temperature in an oven as 400° five days in a row when the temperature was actually 337°, this measuring instrument would be considered.... reliable and valid valid but not reliable reliable but not valid unreliable and invalid

reliable but not valid

The researcher's statement that "the boys in the adventure program will make significantly greater gains in self-concept than the boys in the control group" is an example of a(n)... limitation operational definition basic assumption research hypothesis

research hypothesis

This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The dependent variable is... self-concept three months adventure summer camp age level

self-concept

In the example in chapter 1 of the experiment that compared aerobic dance with jogging, what was the dependent variable? age of the participants number of exercise sessions per week skinfold-measured fat gender

skinfold-measured fat

At the end of a well-written introduction, the reader should be able to predict the.... organization of the literature review statement of the problem (purpose of study) statistical analysis measurement tools to be used

statement of the problem (purpose of study)

A researcher used a t test to compare treatments and obtained a t of 3.45. One group had 48 participants, and the other group had 40. The table value for significance at the .01 level was 2.64. Which of the following is the correct way to express these results? t(40, 48) = 2.64, p > .01 t(88) = 3.45, p < .01 t(2, 86) = 3.45, p < .01 t(86) = 3.45, p < .01

t(86) = 3.45, p < .01

The t test is used to... adjust for initial differences within the groups estimate the error of prediction test whether two groups differ significantly determine reliability of the tests

test whether two groups differ significantly

Compared to applied research, basic research.... is of more immediate value to the practitioner is done in the "real world," such as the classroom usually offers more control, such as that done in a laboratory questions cannot be easily answered

usually offers more control, such as that done in a laboratory

For scores from a test to have good content validity, the following statement(s) must be true:.... The test is highly correlated with the final grade in the course. The test adequately samples what was covered in the course. The percentage of points for each topic area reflects the amount of emphasis given that topic. b and c only a, b, and c

(b and c only) The test adequately samples what was covered in the course, the percentage of points for each topic area reflects the amount of emphasis given that topic.

Use of a one-tailed versus a two-tailed test of significance of the difference between two sample means depends on.... 1. whether there is expected overlap between the error curves of the two sample distributions 2. whether the difference is expected to be in one direction only 3. the size of the samples relative to population size 4. whether the participants were matched or chosen randomly

2. whether the difference is expected to be in one direction only

Discriminant analysis differs from simple ANOVA such that discriminant analysis has.... 1. two or more independent variables and one dependent variable 2. one independent variable and one dependent variable 3. one independent variable and two or more dependent variables 4. two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables

3. one independent variable and two or more dependent variables

In evaluating the methods section of a research report, which is a very important question to keep in mind? Did the author clearly state the problem? Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated? Were the statistical data clearly summarized in tables or figures? Were each of the subjects clearly identified?

Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated?

Which of the following statements is true concerning ERIC? It only contains journal articles. It includes both journal articles and reports from conferences. The Education Index database contains all of the same documents as the ERIC database. ERIC includes references and abstracts from doctoral dissertations.

It includes both journal articles and reports from conferences.

Three levels of a treatment variable were evaluated for males and females on three dependent variables. A significant F is reported for the interaction of treatment and gender on a linear composite of the three dependent variables. Which statistical analysis was used? factorial ANOVA discriminant analysis LISREL MANOVA

MANOVA

Validity is determined by finding the correlation between scores on.... the even-numbered items and the odd-numbered items on a test one form of a test and another form of that same test a test and some independent criterion two administrations of the same test

a test and some independent criterion

The abstract of a study should... dwell primarily on the theoretical bases for the study be a concise summary of the study be a lengthy summary of the study be mysterious in order to stimulate the reader to read the entire study

be a concise summary of the study

A statistical technique that tests for significant differences between observed and expected frequencies of occurrence is... analysis of covariance canonical correlation Mann-Whitney test chi square

chi square

Of the following, which is a nonparametric statistical test? discriminant analysis dependent t test covariance contingency coefficient

contingency coefficient

A chi-square analysis compares the responses to a question on recreational preferences of males and females at three grade levels. The resulting two-way classification structure is called a.... frequency distribution contingency table stem-and-leaf display Yates continuity table

contingency table

The generalizability of the results pertains to what kind of validity? external internal construct logical

external

In discriminant function analysis, one is able to predict... a continuous variable group membership the probability of an occurrence a multiple criterion variable

group membership

In the description of pertinent characteristics of the participants, which of the following would be least pertinent in a study that surveyed the favorite books of children? age of the children number of children height of the children sex of the children

height of the children

When a tester divides the number of students who answered a test item correctly by the number of students who attempted the item, the result is called... index of difficulty index of discrimination item variance KR-20 index

index of difficulty

The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study is the definition of what kind of validity? criterion internal content external

internal

If two measures have a high positive correlation, and a person has a low score on one measure, her score on the other measure is most likely to be... low high the same score dependent on whether one variable is the cause of the other

low

Defining volleyball skill as a score on the AAHPERD Volleyball Test is a(n):.... operational definition experimental definition constituted definition dictionary definition

operational definition

Which of the following is not a common error in the review of literature sections of theses? giving an article-by-article presentation synthesizing and interpreting the findings of previous research presenting each study in the same way using a large number of quotations

synthesizing and interpreting the findings of previous research

According to the American Psychological Association, when a graduate student submits her thesis or dissertation for publication jointly with the major professor, the first author should be.... the student the major professor the one who developed the idea for the study whoever submits the study for publication

the student

A researcher wishes to know whether there is a significant difference in the number of knee injuries reported among four sports. How many degrees of freedom are there for this chi-square analysis?

3

A physical education teacher develops a skill test in volleyball. After administering the test to 50 students, she asks the volleyball coach to rate the students on volleyball skills. She then correlates the students' test scores with the coach's rating. This is an example of what type of validity? criterion validity logical validity content validity face validity

criterion validity

This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept."The researcher states that he is aware that responses to questions on a self-concept scale may not always be what the person really believes. This is an example of a(n)... limitation operational definition basic assumption delimitation

limitation

It is desirable to carry out a pilot study prior to the actual research study because.... 1. it permits a thorough check of the planned data collection and analysis procedures 2. a pilot study involves more control over the procedures than is generally attained in the actual research project 3. if the pilot study results are positive, further work on the research project will be unnecessary 4. the researcher can use the results of the pilot study in the actual study, thus reducing the number of participants needed

1. it permits a thorough check of the planned data collection and analysis procedures

If a researcher finds a small difference in average test scores between a large sample (over 700) of experimental participants and a large sample (same size) of control participants, it is very likely that the difference is.... 1. statistically significant and has a high degree of meaningfulness 2. not statistically significant but has a high degree of meaningfulness 3. statistically significant but does not have a high degree of meaningfulness 4. neither statistically significant nor meaningful

3. statistically significant but does not have a high degree of meaningfulness

The researcher obtained a significant F from the ANOVA. Omega squared was found to be .30. This is interpreted to mean that... 9% of the total variance is accounted for by treatment 15% of the total variance is accounted for by error 30% of the total variance is accounted for by the treatments 70% of the total scores are due to the treatments

30% of the total variance is accounted for by the treatments

When we say that research is empirical, we mean that the researcher... collects data on which to base decisions solves the problems through rationalization controls all extraneous variables finds positive support for the research hypothesis

collects data on which to base decisions

Prediction studies use which of the following as the basic analysis technique? ANOVA correlation factor analysis multiple-range comparison

correlation

If ANOVA has found a significant difference among four treatment groups, a follow-up test such as the Scheffé is needed to determine... whether the F ratio is significantly different from chance which of the groups differ significantly from the others the percentage of variance accounted for by the treatments

which of the groups differ significantly from the others