research methods old tests
which of the following raises significant ethical challenges?
(all of the above) a study on genetics that asks that all study participants tell their family medical history, data which is stored on a google drive w/o a password, data collection that takes place before the IRB review process
which of the following represents the strongest correlation?
-0.9
which choice is likely to reflect a vulnerable group?
17-year-old with depression
if a student has an observed reading comprehension score of 70 and his true score is 88, then the measurement error would be?
18
if researcher has four experimental conditions, what is a total number of all possible orders?
24
a researcher is interested in examining the effectiveness of four different learning styles. the researcher decided to assign 25 participants to each condition. how many participants are needed for the within subjects design?
25
the minimum number of people in an IACUC is ______.
3
six observations are drawn independently and at random for a normal population of IQs. the obtained values are 106, 97, 103, 101, 320. which of the following observations is a potential outlier?
320
if the confidence level is 95% and the margin of error is 5% what is the required sample size according to the following equation.
384
if a median is equal to 77, choose the sample that corresponds to this median.
55, 106, 76, 77, 81
the base response rate of a sample size equal to 2500 in which 1600 people responded is ______ .
64%
what feature distinguishes between the ratio and interval levels of measurement?
absolute zero
which of the following is true? (abstracts)
abstracts provide basic information about all sections of study
which of the following is a type of systematic observation?
adam uses a random number generator to select a sample from his college's list of freshman males to send a survey asking if they plan on joining a fraternity
a reading intervention that is developed using findings from a study that focused on the effects of vocabulary acquisition on reading comprehension is an example of _______.
application
use of biofeedback in treatment of tension headaches is an example of:
application
in order to be properly formal, scientific writing should do which of the following?
avoid metaphors and flowery language
a researcher would like to evaluate the effectiveness of three reading interventions. he plans to recruit 60 participants and randomly assign 20 of them to one of the three interventions. which of the following designs should be used to best address the questions of interest?
between-subjects design
which of the following are examples of generating conditions in complete designs?
block randomization
a researcher is interested in examining group differences between boys and girls in figure rotation capacity. His null hypothesis is that ________.
boys and girls do not differ in figure rotation capacity
when examining the characteristics of a single variable what two statistical aspects are we most interested in?
central tendency and dispersion
which of the following help to ensure that an observation is successful?
clearly specified operationalization
an independent samples t-test can be used when ______.
comparing two groups
suppose you have 4 independent groups in your study and after running a statistical test you've found a significant main effect of your independent variable, what is most logical next step in your analysis?
conduct post-hoc comparisons between pairs of means
in a study investigating the effects of a medication on behavior, patients are assigned to no medication group or a high dose medication group. the group that does not receive any medication is an example of a ______ group.
control
A ______ condition is the same as the ______ condition except that the independent variable is absent or held constant.
control, experimental
if a survey has been validated by comparing the survey results with other measures that have been deemed to be valid, then the survey has _____.
criterion validity
which of the following statements might indicate that we are not using good critical thinking?
my best friend says that pitbulls are dangerous so it must be true, if a black cat crosses the street in front of me i know i am going to have bad luck, a celebrity drinks diet coke so should i (all of the above)
a pie chart with country names as labels but no numbers are present, is an example of what measurement?
nominal
forced choice questions that require the respondent to commit to one response category collect what level of data?
nominal
which of the following can be considered threats to internal validity in a naturalistic observation?
observer bias
which test is most appropriate when comparing means of 3 independent groups?
one-way ANOVA
assigning numeric value 5 to a student with a lower math ability and numeric value 9 to a student with a higher math ability is an example of the following feature.
ordering in magnitude
What measurement is used for a scale that measures a survey with numbers 1-5?
ordinal
if participants in your experimental group had a mean score on the dependent variable that was significantly different from the mean score in the control group, which of the following p values is associated with the strongest evidence against the null hypothesis?
p < 0.001
typically used cut-off point for statistical significance is equal to?
p < 0.05
manipulating data to obtain statistically significant results is called _______.
p-hacking
marcus would like to understand why people join activist groups, so he begins to interact online with several groups under a disguised screen name. which observational method is marcus using?
participant observation
which of the following exemplifies a random assignment?
participants are assigned to groups based on drawing their names from a hat
a research describes a study's findings using exactly the same words as the authors did and does not provide a citation. this form of writing is called _______.
plagiarizing
the ____ effects occurs when improved task performance is a consequence of repeated exposure to the task.
practice
counterbalancing involves which of the following?
presenting experimental conditions in different orders so that order effects are controlled.
which of the following are characteristics of scientific theories?
provides models of how or why something works
which of the following illustrate the "principle of respect" as outlined in the Belmont Report?
providing extra protection for vulnerable populations
in an experimental design, an independent variable is _____.
purposefully manipulated by a researcher
a researcher is interested in creating latin squares and starts with the following sequence: B C A D. what is the next step?
put B at the far right and slide the rest of the symbols over one to the left
which of the following is not one of the 3Rs of animal research written into the legislature in the united kingdom
re-think
imagine that you searched for articles using the PsycINFO database. based on your search criteria, you found 60 articles, and you looked at their titles. what should you do next?
read all the abstracts so you can decide whether to read each article
what is covered in 45 CFR 46 subpart A, also known as the common rule?
requirements for informed consent
one disadvantage of using closed-ended questions is that which of the following is true?
respondents may feel compelled to express attitudes or opinions even if they do not believe in them
why is it important for scientific results to be shared freely?
science is a collaborative enterprise and each scientist benefits from the previous work of others, the public nature of science makes the process self-correcting, studies can be replicated which lends credibility to previous research (all of the above)
this type of order effects related to the participants reactivity to the previous condition are known as ___.
sensitization effects
which of the following explains the use of the hourglass metaphor for the research process?
starting with a broad phenomenon, narrowing it down to a conducting a study, generalizing findings to broad conclusions
david reads a study that reports a strong negative correlation between time spent on social media and a measure of academic performance, which of the following conclusions can we make?
students who spend a lot of time on social media also tend to get lower grades in school
which of the following examples are better suited for an observation relative to other methods?
studying dishonest behaviors among middle school students
kate decides that she will observe every fifth person who rides by her observing station on a heavily populated bike path. kate is using _______ sampling to select her participants
systematic
a good hypothesis is a statement that is _______.
testable
which of the following scenarios demonstrate deception?
the design of the study uses a confederate, or a fake participant
identify a possible limitation of a survey.
the non-response rate was 70%
Which of the following is a criterion for deciding whether something constitutes as "research" according to the common rule?
the study is intended to develop generalizable knowledge
christa performed a meta-analysis and the results pointed toward a casual connection between playing violent video games and aggressive behavior. The effect size was .16. what can she conclude?
there may be a casual connection between playing violent video games and aggressive behavior but it is small
why do so many people believe in things like haunted houses and ghosts?
these types of phenomena do not lend themselves to empirical
which of the following is true about structured interviews?
they are typically used to collect quantitative data
which of the following is not a confounding variable?
type of administered intervention
which of the following is not an aspect of a good scientific theory?
untestability
if we wanted to determine if playing violent video games caused increased aggression in children, the best scientific method would be to do which of the following?
we could formulate an experiment in which half of the children were exposed to violent video games and half were not and then measure the level of aggression in each group
under what circumstances might an IRB waive collection of written informed consent?
when participants are clearly anonymous
a correlation allows us to determine all of the following except?
whether one variable is cause of another variable
imagine that you participated in Stanley Milgram's obedience study and that you administered the highest level of shock (most people do this). what are the most likely risks this might produce for you and other participants who behaved similarly?
you might have a change in self-perception, leading to psychological harm
which of the following represents a confirmation bias?
a researcher who discounts examples that are not supportive of his/her hypothesis
what is a longitudinal survey?
a survey that follows respondents over months or years
which of the following techniques of group assignment is not used in between-subject experimental designs:
ABBA counterbalancing
the more hours spent playing violent video games, the more aggressive behavior children exhibit. this is an example of what
a positive association (correlation) between hours spent playing violent video game and exhibiting aggressive behavior
what is the running head
a brief version of the papers' title
elizabeth is interested in predicting reading outcomes in 6th grade second language learners. her research program can be considered as narrowed down to:
a clearly specified population
which of the following represent the file drawer problem?
a journal publishes articles with statistically significant findings only
in the repeated measures design the ____ variable is measured more than _____ times.
dependent, one
an average reading comprehension score of 98 reported in the results section for the participants in a study represents:
descriptive statistics
scientific journals use peer review because it _______.
ensures the high quality of published research
which of the following examples represent the nominal level of measurement?
ethnicity
most studies in psychology are likely to be categorized as which of the following types of IRB review?
expedited
students in group 1 are asked to listen to the music before solving a math problem, while group 2 do not listen to the music before solving the math problem. group 1 is the ______ group.
experimental
which of the following allows the researcher to meaningfully talk about causality?
experimental design
in inferential statistics, p > 0.05 suggest that one can do which of the following?
fail to reject the null hypothesis
a representative sample is said to:
have the same set of characteristics as the population, from which it was selected
unreliable data yields which of the following?
inconsistent conclusions
cronbach's alpha of 0.90 or above demonstrates excellent
internal consistency reliability
IQ scores is an example of what measurement?
interval
sort the following sections of a research paper in the usual order of occurrence.
introduction, methods, results, discussion
one issue with cronbach's alpha is that which of the following is true?
it can be increased by increasing the number of items in the scale
the tuskegee experiment is now considered unethical because of which of the following?
it withheld the standard of care
which of the following exemplify a meta-analysis?
jeremy conducts a statistical analysis using data from previously published articles
if there are more than several conditions and complete counterbalancing will result in too many different orders, then it is practical to use ______.
latin square technique
all of the following are parts of the methods section except:
limitations and future directions
(long paragraph) in this example, you study has ______ ecological validity.
low
consider the output from a power analysis below. according to the output the total sample size needed to detect a significant difference between two independent groups depends on all of the following except ____.
margin of error
