Respiratory Mechanics (Tim)

Equation for minute ventilation of alveoli

(tv-ds)(rr)

When we start the process of a respiration, we have just exhaled and no air is moving through our airways. This means alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure and the intrapleural pressure is ______. Inspiration is initiated by contraction of ____ and _____. As volume of chest cavity begins to expand, it will be pulling against lung's tendency to want to collapse and therefore, the first thing we will see is a ____ in pleural pressure, from ___ to ____ cm h2o. This increased negativity pulls more firmly outward on the lungs, causing them to expand more.

-5cm h2o, diaphragm, external intercostal, drop, 5, 7.5,

Two roles of the respiratory system

1) to make oxygen available to the body (to be transported to all cells in cardiovascular system) 2) to remove co2 from the blood

Air first enters via the nose and mouth and the nasal cavities have 3 primary functions

1) warm air 2) humidify 3) filter

In systemic circulation, peak systolic and low diastolic pressure is ____ while in the lesser pressure pulmonary system, the peak systolic pressure is ___ and diastolic is ___. This means that MABP is pulmonary circulation is about ____ and the pulse pressure is about ___. The smaller pulse pressure, coupled with the increased distensibility of the pulmonary vessels and low resistance pathway of system means that pulsations of contractions are quickly ___ out and flow through the capillaries of the lungs is very ______. By the time the blood is passing through the capillaries of the lung, the mean capillary hydrostatic pressure is only about _____, and greatly reduces the tendency for edema compared to systemic (17)

120/80, 25, 8, 15, 17, dampened, quite and constant, 7mmhg

In a healthy state, there is relatively little resistance to airflow through the passages, and a total of about ______ h2o pressure difference between the atmosphere and alveoli. The greatest resistance to flow is in the _____ due to relatively small number and consequent small total cross sectional area compared to larger and smaller pathways. In disease conditions, ________ often become the key resistance point because 1) their _______ make them easier to occlude with particulate matter and 2) their ______ content make it easier to constrict the passage.

1cm, larger bronchi, smaller bronchioles, small diameter, smooth muscle content

For women, values are the same except reduced by ______ and larger trained athletes have more capacity.

25-30%

The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli is about ______. If we multiply this volume by the respiratory rate, we get the volume of fresh air to the alveoli per minute, also known as the alveolar minute volume. This equation is ______. It is ________ which plays a major role in determining partial pressures of oxygen and co2 in alveoli. Only about ____ of the ____ of air we consume does us any good.

350 ml, Va=(freq)(tv-ds), alveolar ventilation, 4200, 6000ml

At any given time, there is about ____ ml of blood in the lungs, which is about ___ of total blood volume. ___ ml found in capillaries and 380 distributed evenly between pulmonary arteries and veins. This distribution can change in things like left ventricular heart failure or mitral valve stenosis

450, 9%, 70

5 cm of h2o means the pressure in the intrapleural cavity could support a water column that is ___ less tall than the column of water that the atmosphere could support. Water is used to express smaller pressure differences since its less dense than mercury

5cm

When you exhale a breathe, there is still a volume of air left in your lungs. This is referred to as the ______, and it is about ____ in average young adult male. This consists of the_______, which is about ___ litres, and the _____, which is about ____ litres. The _______ is the amount of air you can blow out after exhaling a normal breathe. The _____ is the air that is left in your lung after you have exhaled as much air as you possibly can.

Functional residual capacity, 2.3L, expiratory reserve volume, 1.1, residual volume, 1.2, expiratory reserve volume, residual capcity

Parasympathetic innervation is also sparse to the lungs but vagal efferents release _____ and can prompt mild to moderate _____. IN disease states such as asthma, the partial occlusions of airways can worsen to dangerous levels with increased _______. In those cases, may be advantageous to block parasympathetic effects with a _______ antagonist like ____. Sensory reflexes originating in the lungs can also trigger ______ outflow to the lungs. For instance, irritation of the epithelial lining of the respiratory passages by noxious gasses, smoke, dust, etc can cause bronchoconstriction because body does not want to breathe these in.

ach, bronchoconstriction, parasympathetic outflow, muscarinic atropine, parasympathetic,

As they expand, volume of each ___ is increasing as well. The increase in alveolar volume (prior to air entering) means that the alveolar pressure begins to _______. There was no difference initially between atmospheric and alveolar pressure, but now the alveolar pressure have become ____ relative to atmosphere, about _______. This is all that is necessary for air to being flowing into the lungs and prevent further negative pressure developing. As air enters, lungs expand and increased number of gas molecule in alveoli will eventually allow pressure to ________

alveolus, drop, transiently negative, -1 cm h2o, equilibrate

Local mediators, produced by cells of the lungs, can act as potent mediators of ____. Histamine and slow reactive substance released by _____ of the lung in response to allergic reactions and pollena nd trigger allergic asthma. Local irritants that trigger parasympathetic reflexes constriction can also stimulate _______ secretion.

bronchoconstriction, mast cells, mast cell

Inhaled air is warmed, and this is possible due to the extensive surface area of the ____ and ______. The inhaled air is _____, rapidly reaching 100% humidity before reaching the ____. This helps to prevent _____ of the surface layer of fluid lining the ___. Lastly, inhaled air is ____ and the nasal hair, also known as ____, filter the large particles. Much of filtration occurs by _______ where the conchae, septum, and pharyngeal wall serve as baffles, causing air to be diverted frequently. When the air hits one of these obstacles, small particles end up adhering to the ____ to be transported by cilia to the pharynx and swallowed

conchae, septum, humidified, trachea, dehydration, alveoli, filtered, vibrissae, turbulent precipitation, mcuous coating

When we want to inhale, the diaphragm will _____, pulling downward and the external intercostals push the ribs ___ and ____. Chest cavity increases in volume, pulling outward on alveoli and reducing the _____ within them .Air enters alveoli until pressures are ______

contract, upward and outward, gas pressure, equal

Bronchi and trachea very sensitive, and accumulation of small amount of particulate matter triggers the ___ reflex. Even alveoli and terminal bronchioles are sensitive to corrosive gases such as sulfur dioxide or chlorine that can trigger cough reflex. Sensory APs run along afferent ______ from those structures up to the ___. This triggers the cough. About 2.5 liters of air is inhaled, _____ is closed and the vocal cords close tightly to trap air in the lungs. Then, the abdominal muscles contract strongly , forcing diaphragm upward into chest cavity while the internal intercostals also contract. Pressure in lungs rises to about _____, at which point epiglottis and vocal cords relax; resulting in explosion airflow outward. High pressure causes collapse of bronchioles and trachea,m further increasing velocity of airflow outwards, which can reach 75-100mph

cough, vagal nerve, medulla, glottis, 100 mmhg,

Collapse pressure equation

cp= 2(st)/R

This value tells us how much air we breathe per minute. The problem is that with each breathe, we inhale 500ml of fresh air, and a significant portion of that never reaches the lungs. Therefore a portion of the tidal volume does not get to gas exchanging structures and is instead occupying the ____. Sure, 500 ml of air enters the alveoli with each breathe, but the initial air entering the alveoli when we inhale is air which had just been trapped in the _______. the dead space volume is about _____ and gets slightly larger as we age, so only about _____ ml of fresh air along with ____ from the dead space enters the alveoli with each breathe.

dead space, dead space, 150 ml, 350, 150ml

Increase in radius ___ collapse pressure, while increase in ST ____ collapse pressure (seee equation_

decrease, increase

Atmospheric pressure is not very apt to change very readily. Alveolar pressure changes much easier, and is contained within the chest. We will accomplish respiration by alternately ____ (to inhale) and ____ (to exhale) alveolar pressure

decreasing, increasing

Lowest possible energy state for lung is to be ______. This can be accomplished by allowing the negative _____ in the intrapleural space to equilibrate with atmospheric pressure. This can be accomplished by poking a hole in either the chest wall or lung itself. As air enters the intrapleural space, the lungs will undergo further elastic recoil and further deflation. This situation is called a ______ aka a collapsed lung, where the chest wall expands, but the lungs collapse on themselves due to no negative pressure.

deflated, intrapleural pressure, pneumothorax,

Relaxation of inspiratory muscles causes lungs to pull inward on chest wall. This is because there is substantial ____ in the lungs. Much like stretching a rubber band and the elastic recoil of band pulling it back into place. So, elastic recoil causes the volume of alveoli to _____ and pressure on gas inside to ____, pushing air out

elasticity, decrease, increase

Blood also flows to the lungs through bronchial vessels, which are branches from systemic circulation. It is the blood that supplies the ____ of pulmonary cell. this blood then drain into the ______, which is carrying primarily ___ blood fresh from the lungs. Therefore, the mixing of deoxygenated blood with the oxygenated blood from from alveolar capillaries contributes to the discrepancy between ______ and the ________ in pulmonary veins.

energetic needs, pulmonary vein, oxygenated, alveolar oxygen partial pressure, plasma oxygen partial pressure

Sympathetic innervation is relatively scarce in the lungs, particularly in the central regions of the lungs. However, circulating ___ and ____ from the adrenal medulla can have affects throughout the lung causing ______ mediated by _____ receptors.

epinephrine, norepinephrine, bronchodilation, B2

At rest after exhaling your current breath, your glottis is open but air is not moving, so the pressures will be _____As we start inhaling, air is moving from the atmosphere to the lungs, meaning atmospheric pressure is ______ than alveolar pressure, because Patm is constant, while pALv decreases as lung expands

equal, greater

This will continue until we stop expanding the chest volume. At this point, our diaphragm and external intercostals are contracting as firmly as they will during this respiratory cycle. Once the chest cavity stops expanding, air entering through nose and mouth will quickly ____ pressure between atm and alveoli. ONce pressure are equal, we are done _____. Now, we have equal pressures and pleural pressure is as negative as we will see at any point (____). To reach the end of inhalation, it has taken about ___ and the _____ pressure difference in alveoli caused ____ of air to enter the lungs.

equilibrate, inhaling, -5, 2 seconds, -1 cm h2o, 500 ml

To estimate the residual volume of the lungs, one could use the ______.

helium dilution method

Glottis can be opened or closed. When the glottis is close, it is a ____ barrier to air movement in or out of the lungs. Picture taking a breath, closing your glottis and then trying to exhale. Pressure in the lungs increase, but air is not expelled. This is called the __________, performed by tons of constipated people everyday. The point being, when glottis is open, air moves from high to low pressure. If glottis is open and air is not moving, pressure in alveoli is ___ to atmospheric pressure. So if air is moving in or out, there is an imbalance between atmospheric and alveolar pressures, and no movement indicates pressures are equal

high resistance, valsalva maneuver, equal

Air, like anything, moves from ____ pressure to ____ pressure. We want air to initially move into the lungs, and later exit. The pressure of air outside our body is ____ pressure, which is the weight of air molecules pressing down on other air molecules due to their attraction by gravity). We are basically walking around under a very tall column of air pushing down on us. Atmospheric pressure depends on where we are located in the atmosphere. If we climb a mountain, the column of air above us is less than what was above us at sea level. Therefore, atmospheric pressure ___ with altitude. 1 atmosphere of pressure is equal to ________

high, low, atmospheric, decreases, 760 mmhg

When we inhale, we _____ alveolar diameter and this will decrease ______ and simultaneously dilute ____ presence by distributing it over a wider area, but this is irrelevant because our diameter is so big. With exhalation, we see a decrease the alveolar ______ but increase the concentration of ____ in the area to compensate. for increase in collapse pressure _______ and ______ always ensure that collapse pressure never gets too large or too small.

increase, collapse pressure, surfactant, diameter, surfactant. radius, surfactant

The minute respiratory volume is the volume of air _____ per minute. It is the _____ multiplied by _____. Equation for minute respiratory volume

inhaled, tv, rr, V=(tv)(rr)

In a normal healthy quiet individual, exhalation is accomplished by relaxing the ______ muscles, which will act to decrease volume of thorax, increasing alveolar pressure and pushing air out. Exhalation is a ____ process

inspiratory, passive

When we exhale, ___ and ___ relax and this causes chest wall to move back toward resting position and no longer pulling outward on intrapleural space as greatly as before. Pleural pressure becomes less ____, from ___ to _____. This means there is no more "sucking" of the lungs against the chest wall and elastic recoil begins. As lungs return to their lowest energy state, they ____ alveolar pressure and now alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric by about _____. Air will move from alveoli to atm, and we exhale about _____ of air in ____ seconds because passive process takes longer, giving us about 12 breathes per min.

intercostals, diaphragms, negative, 5.0, 7.5, increase, 1 cm h2o, 500 ml, 3

In the case of exercise, or any situation of heavy breathing, inhalation continues as previously mentioned. What changes is exhalation so we can get lungs ready for the next breathe. In this case, exhalation is aided by contraction of the __________, which pull the sternum down into its resting position, the ___________, which pull downward on lower ribs, and the ______, which force the organs of the abdomen upward on diaphragm and increasing the pressure. These contractions help decrease thoracic cavity volume more rapidly than passive relaxation, causing air pressure in alveoli to increase more rapidly, and more rapid expulsion of air

internal intercostal, abdominal recti muscles, abdominal muscles,

The lungs are NOT firmly attached to interior of the chest wall. Lungs are rather held in a partially inflated state by ____ sucking the lungs up against the chest wall. This means there is space between the lungs and chest wall, called the _______ space and it contains ______ which helps to lubricate shifting of lungs against the chest wall during inhalation and exhalation. Pleural fluid is constantly being pumped into the lymphatics, and this area of the body has the best _______ of anyplace in the body, and this lymphatic drainage maintains the pleural pressure.

intrapleural pressure, intrapleural space, pleural fluid, lymphatic drainage

We typically would not see the ____ space (virtual space) in a healthy person, per se, but we can still measure the negative pressure. When the atmospheric pressure is 0 after exhalation and relaxation, the intrapleural pressure is measured as ________

intrapleural space, -5 cm h20

Water stabilizes itself when surrounded by other water molecules. This provides hydrogen and electrostatic bonding between water molecules to stabilize. This also means water wants to totally surround itself with other water molecules in order to maximally stabilize itself. In the thin layer in the alveoli, they are only partially covering each other. Water molecules on the surface act to pull other molecules around them, which pulls ___ on the alveolus. This is the surface tension which is tending to collapse the lung. Water in the alveolus is at its lowest energy state if the entire alveolus is filled with ______. ______ acts to decrease surface tension so that the alveoli does not collapse and decreases the force necessary to keep lungs inflated. Surfactant is a mixture of phospholipid, particularly ________, surfactant apoproteins and ions, particularly _____. Surfactant is secreted into the alveolus via ______ and its greatly reduces surface tensions by interfering with interactions between water molecules. Presence of surfactant on water surface decreases the surface tension by ______ compared to what would exist without

inward, water, surfactant, dipalmitoyl lecithin, ca, typ 2 alveolar epithelial cells, 50-90%

The air passes through the epiglottis and pharynx, shared with the digestive tract, before entering the ____ and _____. It is in the larynx where we find the ______. Vocal ligaments and vocal processes vibrate when air passes, producing our ability to __ and make sounds (vocalization and phonation)

larynx, glottis, vocal cords, speak

Situations that promote edema in the lungs can be fatal if they overwhelm the lymphatic system. Left ventricular heart failure and mitral valve stenosis can cause build up in _____, and this increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure can cause ___. Disease like pneumonia or toxic gas inhalation can damage pulmonary capillaries and allow ____ leaking into interstitium and draw fluids out of capillaries. Lymphatic system blockage, reduced colloid oncotic pressure (liver failure) and infection/inflammation of pleural cavity can also cause edema formation. Any rise in pulmonary edema is accompanied by movement of fluid into ____ causing drowning on dry land. In left ventricular heart failure, if pulmonary hydrostatic pressure rises to ____, death can result in 20-30 mins.

left ventricle, edema, plasma proteins, alveoli, 50mmhg

How does more blood flow to well-ventilated alveoli and not to poorly ventilated ones? This is accomplished by _______. When alveolar oxygen falls below normal, there is a slow _____ of the neighboring vessels. This increases resistance to blood flow as much as _____ in severe alveolar hypoxia. This is the opposite to systemic, where they will ______ in hypoxic environments. Poor ventilated vessels stop getting as much blood flow due to increased ____ and blood is shunted to alveoli which are well ventilated. Chemical that does this is not known in pulmonary circulation and there is little or no ______ regulation that occurs in regulating blood flow distribution of lungs. In systemic hypoxia, things like bradykinin and histamine are used to vasodilation

local regulation, constriction, 5x, vasodilate, resistance, autonmic

Main function of these passages (previously mentioned) is to present ______ pathway for air flow. In case of the trachea and bronchi, we see cartilaginous rings and plates (bronchi) which supply rigidity and keep larger airways open at all times. Cartilage becomes less extensive with each generation of respiratory passage, until we see no cartilage rings in structures referred to as ________. Bronchioles are maintained open by the same _____ pressure keeping the alveoli inflated. The walls of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles are almost entirely ____, except for the bronchiole which leads directly to the alveoli, known as the _____, which has little smooth muscle. Many obstructive lung disease result from excessive ____ contraction in smaller bronchi and bronchioles, where there is little cartilage to work against. With smooth muscle, we can get control through the sympathetic nervous system that causes _____ by attaching to ___ adrenergic receptors. Make sense because its easier to breathe in flight or fight.

low resistance, bronchioles, intrapleural, smooth muscle, smooth muscle, bronchodilation, b2

There is also extensive ______ present in the lungs. This system helps to remove _____ which reaches the alveoli and also essential for preventing ____ formation in the lungs

lymphatic system, particulate matter, edema

Lungs have a much lower _______ compared to systemic circulation, so there is much less ____ formation in the pulmonary system. However, there is still a net filtration force outward into the intrapleural space for water. However, the extensive ______ does not allow this edema to form and quickly gets rid of the water. The lymphatics have a _____ filtration pressure that draws any water that came out of the capillaries right out of the lungs, preventing edema formation

mean capillary hydrostatic pressure, edema, lymphatic system, -5mmhg

All respiratory passages are covered with _____ containing mucin proteoglycan that is secreted by ____ and ____ glands. The mucous keeps the passages ____ and also acts to _____ small inspired particles. The mucous and entrapped particles are constantly moved away from the alveoli assuring they don't become filled or occluded. This is accomplished by the _____ cells in all the passages. The cilia beat in the direction ____ the pharynx, where the mucus can then be swallowed or coughed.

mucous layer, goblet cells, submucosal glands, moist, trap, ciliated, toward,

In case of sneezing, _____ passages initiate reflex, with afferent action potentials running along ___ to the medulla. A cough reflex results, except the ____ is depressed, forcing majority of airflow through the ___ to clear the triggering stimulus.

nasal, cranial nerve 5, uvula, nasal cavity

Intrapleural pressure is always ____ and it is the pressure that keeps the lungs inflated. Intrapleural pressure is always ____ and less negative during ____ than inhaling. It is negative because the chest wall wants to be ____ than it is (due to it being the stronger of the 2) and because the lungs want to be ____ than they actually are. This is due to their ____ property that allows them to recoil and the _____ that will collapse the alveoli and therefore the lung

negative, negative, exhalation, bigger, smaller, elastic, surface tension

Tidal volume is the amount of air that you inhale and exhale in a _____, typically about _____ml. After having taken a normal breathe, you can still inhale additional air if needed. This is called the ______, and is about ______. The total amount of air that can be inhaled after exhaling a normal breathe is called the _____, which is about ____ and is made up of the ____ and _____

normal breathe, 500 ml, inspiratory reserve volume, 3L, inspiratory capacity, 3.5L, inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume

In order for atmospheric air to reach the alveoli, it must flow through the respiratory passages. It first enters the nose or mouth and passes through the ___, which also passes food. From there, it passes through the ____ to enter the _____. The ___ is the gateway for air only, with food moving instead to the esophagus. The glottis can be open or closed, depending on if we are ingesting food or air. From the glottis, air moves to the ____, where vocal cords are located, then into the ______. The trachea then bifurcates, giving rise to multiple ____ of smaller diameter. Bronchi also bifurcate, giving rise to multiple smaller diameter passages called _____. It is the bronchioles that eventually empty into the ____, which are the dead end sacs of air that comprise much of the volume of lungs

pharynx, glottis, larynx, glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

In addition to the anatomical dead space, we have a __________. This accounts for the volume of air which enters the alveoli where gas exchange is ____ or ___ due to compromised blood flow to that region. In the healthy person, this volume is _____. But, it can be significant in disease states where ___ and ____ are not match such as emphysema. THis is when we have gradual destruction of the alveolar walls and they have a bigger share of ventilation, yet decreased gas exchange capability with nearby vessels. Therefore, perfusion is insufficient to meet ventilation, and there is an increase in physiological dead space. This results in poor ______ of blood.

physiological dead space, limited or absent, negligible, ventilation, perfusion, oxygenation

Lungs want to ____ and pull inward, chest wall wants to spring ____ and between them is the ______ space, which contains the ___ and a negative pressure due to suction produced by lungs pulling inward and chest wall putting outward and there is constant lymph drainage here

pull inward, outward, intrapleural, pleural fluid

Remember, capacities can be divided up, but volumes cannot

remember this

A spirometer can be used to measure or calculate most volumes and capacities. One volume which cannot be measured in this way is ______

residual volume

Respiratory pathways are very low ___, allowing air to move very easily

resistance

The pulmonary artery leaves the _____, carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs. It splits at about 5cm, into two vessels, each carrying to the lungs. These vessels, along with subsequent arteries, are much ____ than systemic vessels due to __________ that the pulmonary system is under and are also larger in ____. the increased diameter act to ________ and important attribute since the pulmonary circulation handles the _____ cardiac output as system, but under much lower _+_______

right ventricle, thinner, lower pressure, diameter, decrease resistance to flow, same, pressure

The work of breathing in healthy adult is mainly due to contraction of ____ and this accounts for _____ of total body energy consumption. If a person has restricted airways, this percentage increases because the muscles must work harder in order to accomplish the same thing. During heavy exercise, breathing can reach ____ of total body energy consumption. This high percentage becomes a limiting factor in intensity of exercise we can attain

skeletal muscles, 3-5%, 50%

We increase volume of thoracic cage by using _______ contraction, specifically the _____ intercostals and diaphragm. Inspiration is typically an ____ process

skeletal muscles, external, active

At rest, diaphragm is bowed up into thoracic cage. When diaphragm is contracted, it _____ out, removing the bowing into the thorax and increasing volume of thorax. At the same time, the external intercostal muscles begin to contract. Their contraction pulls the ribs ___ and _____, causing ribs to project outwards. This causes chest wall to move away from the spine, increasing distance between the sternum and spine by ______. The SCM, anterior serrati and scaleni muscles also aid with this

straightens out, upward, anteriorly, 20%

Lung compliance is due to two things:____ and ______. Elasticity/elastic fibers only accounts for ____ of lung compliance. About 2/3s of the force tending to collapse the lungs is due to _____. Surface tension is present in lungs due to thin layer of _____ lining interior of alveoli. this water is necessary because we need to put gasses in _____ to diffuse

surface tensions, elasticity, 1/3, surface tensions, water, solution

Most likely to hear about surfactant problems with premature infants. Surfactant synthesis begins late in gestation. Therefore, premature infants have limited ______ and surface tension is much greater than in normal healthy adult. Also, alveolar diameter in infants is ____ than in adults, meaning even with surfactant, pressure tending to collapse alveolus is far _____ than in adult. Without surfactant, premature infants must work very hard to breathe and this leads to situation called newborn respiratory distress

surfactant, smaller, greater

Systemic vessels are ___ and narrow, while pulmonary are ___ and ___. Low pulmonary pressure can exist because of low _____. Both systems handle the same CO

thicker, thinner, wider, pulmonary resistance

We alter alveolar pressure by changing the volume within the ______. Alveolar volume is a function of volume of gas and volume of ______. This area of the lung, which contain the alveoli, is comprise of the ribs and internal and external intercostals. Therefore, we will be changing thoracic volume by using _________.

thoracic cage, thorax, skeletal muscle contraction

Blood has a mass and is pulled by gravity. Therefore, when blood is pumped out of the right ventricle it loses pressure as it heads up toward the head, gains pressure as it goes to the feet. In the lungs, this means that there is less perfusion pressure forcing blood towards the ___ of the lungs than there is to the _____; a difference of about 23 mmhg. When we are standing there tends to be little blood flow to top of lungs and ___ greater flow to base of lungs. When are lying down, this pressure difference goes away.

top, base, 5x

Just below the larynx is the ____, which is a low resistance airway referred to as the _____ respiratory passageway (respiratory equivalent of aorta). It splits to form the right and left main ____, the second generation of respiratory passage. About _____ later, with each generation representing a splitting of the respiratory passage into multiple small diameter structures, we reach the alveoli. Looking at the chart, as we get to more generations, our diameter is ____ but our total cross sectional area is ____ dramatically, just like in the circulatory system

trachea, first generation, bronchi, 25 generations later, smaller, increasing

The difference between pleural pressure and alveolar pressure is called _____, but we call it _____. Transpulmonary pressure is a measure of the lung's ________, and the greater the elastic force acting to collapse the lungs, the _____ the transpulmonary pressure.

transpulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, elasticity, transpulmonary pressure is

CLose the glottis and try inhaling. you can feel the suction of air trying to get into your lungs as the aire tries to get to lesser pressure. Once you open the glottis, there will be a rush of _____ air in the lungs

turbulent

The combination of ERV + TV + IRV is called ______. To get an idea of vital capacity, inhale as deeply as possible and then exhale as much as possible The volume exhaled is your ____, which is about ____ in our average young adult male. Even after exhaling, there is still some residual volume left in lungs that we can never get out. So, the total amount of air that can be possibly held in the lungs is called the ____ and is equal to ____ and ____, and comes out to about _______

vital capacity, vital capacity, 4.6 L, total lung capacity, VC, RV, 5.8 L

Alveolar pressure drops because we increase the _____ inside the thoracic cage. INitially, as this volume increases, there is the same volume of air in the alveoli, meaning same number of gas molecules there as there were a minute ago, yet volume these gas particles occupy is ____ than before. This causes a ____ in alveolar pressure. Moment alveolar pressure becomes minutely lower than atmospheric pressure, gas molecules will being to move into the ________ to equilibrate the pressures

volumes, greater, decrease, alveoli