REVIEW SCIENCE MIDTERM

the charge on a proton is

+1e

all atoms of the same element have the same number of electrons and protons, but may have different numbers of neutrons.

...

the number of degrees between the freezing point of water and the boiling point of water on the Celsius scale is

100

the number of electrons that may be held in the third energy level of an atom is

18

a common isotope of Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 13. how many neutrons are in an atom of this isotope?

7

a common isotope of iron (Fe) has an atomic number of 26 and a mass number of 56. the total number of subatomic particles in the nucleus is

82

The lowest possible temperature, approximately -273ºC, is referred to as ____________________.

Absolute zero

The temperature of an object increases when it ____________________ radiation.

Absorbs

As you add thermal energy to an object, its temperature will increase. Name two factors that will affect how much the temperature of a substance will change.

Answers may vary. Correct answers include: 1. Mass 2. Specific heat 3. Quantity of thermal energy added * The original temperature of a substance will also affect the temperature change but to a negligible amount, especially at ordinary temperatures.

List two examples of natural convection.

Answers may vary. Correct answers include: 1. Sea breeze 2. Cooking on a gas stove 3. Smoke rising in a chimney 4. Air circulating in a room heated by a radiator

The transfer of heat by direct contact between particles of matter is called?

Conduction

A sea breeze represents a transfer of heat by natural what?

Convection

It takes 504 joules to raise the temperature of 2.00 kilograms of a substance from 10.8ºC to 15ºC. What is the specific heat of the unknown substance?

E = m Cp(T2 - T1) 504 J = 2.00 kg (Cp )(15.0ºC - 10.8ºC) Cp = ; Cp = 60.0

What is the process that causes liquid water to change to a gas at room temperature?

Evaporation

The temperature scale on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees is the ____________________ scale.

Fahrenheit

32°F or 0°C, the temperature at which liquid water turns to solid ice, is called the ____________________ of water?

Freezing point

A mixture containing more than one type of matter, samples of which are not made of the same proportions of matter, is a(n) ____________________ mixture.

Heterogeneous

Name two properties that make a substance a good thermal conductor.

High density

What mixture that contains more than one type of matter and is the same throughout?

Homogeneous

The melting point of aluminum is greater than the melting point of lead because of the greater _________________________ of aluminum.

Intermolecular forces

What is the metric unit for measuring?

Joule

The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is?

Melting point

Matter, including elements and compounds, that cannot be separated into other types of matter by physical means is known as a(n) ____________________.

Pure substance

The phase of matter to hold its shape without flowing is the ____________________ phase.

Solid

List the four phases of matter in order from lowest thermal energy to highest thermal energy.

Solid, liquid, gas, plasma

In which phase of matter are intermolecular forces strongest?

Solids

The property of a material that indicates the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram by one degree Celsius is ___________________.

Specific heat

What is the name for the process during which a substance changes directly from a solid phase to the gas phase without becoming a liquid?

Sublimation

A cold winter night in Minnesota is measured at -58° Fahrenheit. What temperature would Canadian relatives measure that to be on the Celsius scale?

TCelsius = (TFahrenheit - 32); TCelsius = (-58 - 32); TCelsius = (-90); TCelsius = -50°C OR TCelsius = (TFahrenheit + 40) - 40; TCelsius = (-18) - 40; TCelsius = (-10) - 40; = -50°C

The average human body temperature is 98.6° on the Fahrenheit scale. Calculate its equivalent on the Celsius scale.

TCelsius = (TFahrenheit - 32); TCelsius = (98.6 - 32); TCelsius = (66.6); TCelsius = 37°C OR TCelsius = (TFahrenheit + 40) - 40; TCelsius = (138.6) - 40; TCelsius = 77 - 40; = 37°C

Calculate the Kelvin scale equivalent of 123º Celsius.

TKelvin = TCelsius + 273 TKelvin = 123°C + 273 TKelvin = 396k PTS: 1 DIF: intermediate REF: section 11.1

What does temperature measure?

Temperature is the measure of the kinetic energy per molecule due to random motion.

Joules, calories, and Btu's are all units used to measure ______________________________. .

Thermal energy

An instrument used to measure temperature is called a(n) ____________________.

Thermometer

condensation occurs when

a gas changes to a liquid

evaporation occurs when

a liquid changes to a gas

Two containers of water are placed side-by-side. Container A holds 400 kg of water at 20ºC. Container B holds 40 kg of water at 100ºC. The two containers are connected by a copper rod that will conduct heat between the containers. a. Which container possesses more thermal energy? b. In which direction will heat flow?

a. Container A possesses more thermal energy. b. Heat will flow from container B to container A

the lowest possible temperature, approximately -273 degrees C, is referred to as

absolute zero

the smallest particle of an element that retains the identity of the element is an

atom

the "building blocks" of matter

atoms and molecules

the temperature at which water changes to steam is known as the

boiling point

the proton's ______ is equal and opposite to the electron's

charge

a substance made of two or more elements that cannot be separated by physical means is called a

compound

the property that gives objects the ability to bounce is

elasticity

electrons are bound to the nucleus by

electromagnetic force

an atom contains ____ in various energy levels

electrons

When two substances in thermal contact starting at different temperatures reach the same temperature, their condition of thermal "balance" is called thermal ____________________.

equilibrium

the transformation of a liquid to a gas that serves as a cooling process is called

evaporation

the temperature scale on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees is the __________ scale

fahrenheit

Heat is defined as the

flow of thermal energy from one object to another object.

32 degrees F or 0 degrees C, the temperature at which liquid water turns into solid ice, is called the __________ of water

freezing point

Thermal energy that is moving or capable of moving is called ____________________.

heat

How many calories of energy does it take to increase the temperature of 400 grams of water by 10 degrees Celsius?

heat added = mass of material specific heat of material total change in temperature heat = 400 grams 1 calorie/gram degree Celsius 10 degrees Celsius heat = 4000 calories

a mixture containing more than one type of matter, samples of which are not made of the same proportions of matter, is a __________ mixture

heterogeneous

Heat flows from a body of ____________________ temperature to a body of ____________________ temperature

higher, lower

the name for a mixture in which all samples are made up of the same proportions of matter is

homogenous

a compound

is made of more than one kind of element, cannot be separated by physical means, and is classified as a substance

atoms having the same atomic number but different mass number are described as

isotopes

atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic mass are

isotopes

The heat unit, Calorie, written with a capital C is also known as a ___________________.

kilocalorie

the property of gold which would make it most useful in the creation of jewelry is

malleability

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is known as the

mass number

the density of a solid material depends on two things; how closely atoms or molecules are packed and

mass of individual atoms or molecules

the mass of an atom is determined mainly by the

mass of the neutrons and protons

the term used to describe anything that has mass and takes up space is

matter

A swimming pool containing water at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius contains more or less thermal energy that a coffee cup of boiling water?

more

compared to protons, electrons have

much smaller mass and opposite charge

a particle with zero charge found in the nucleus of an atoms is called a

neutron

the most abundant gas in earth's atmosphere is

nitrogen

protons and neutrons are found grouped together in the

nucleus

the tiny core of an atom containing most of the mass of the atom is the

nucleus

what do we call the tiny core at the center of an atom, containing most of the atom's mass and all of its positive charge?

nucleus

the phase of matter represented in a flash of lightning is

plasma

which phase of matter is most common in the universe

plasma

a charged particle that accounts for nearly half the mass of an atoms is the

proton

the ______ is one kind of particle that makes up the atom and carries a positive charge

proton

all Lithium atoms contain the same number of

protons

Matter, including elements and compounds, that cannot be separated into other types of matter by physical means is known as a

pure substance

the nucleus of an atom that spontaneously breaks up to emits particles or pure energy may be called

radioactive

two negative charges will _____ one another

repel

viscosity is a measure of a material's

resistance to flow

in general, the most dense phase of matter on Earth is

solid

the phase of matter most likely to be present at absolute zero would be

solid

the phase of matter to hold its shape without flowing is the ______ phase

solid

list the phases of water in order, from the phase with the slowest molecular movement to the phase with the fastest molecular movement

solid--> liquid--> gas

each element emits a characteristic pattern of __________ when viewed through a spectroscope

spectral lines

the instrument used to separate the light given off by electrons into different colors is called a

spectroscope

protons and neutrons in the nucleus are held together by

strong nuclear force

the process during which a substance changes from a solid directly to a gas without becoming a liquid is known as

sublimation

why don't all the electrons in an atom fall to the lowest energy level?

the lowest energy level can only hod 2 electrons

atomic number is

the number of protons in an atom

the number of protons is _____ between the two isotopes

the same

atoms of the same element may contain

the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

the strongest force in the universe is

the strong nuclear force

What is the name generally given to a material that conducts heat poorly?

thermal insulator

By which method is heat transferred from the Sun to Earth?

thermal radiation

an instrument used to measure temperature is called a

thermometer

they physics property that makes ketchup difficult to pour is its

viscosity

solids retain their shape and size, if kept at constant temperature and pressure. at a constant temperature and pressure, liquids retain their

volume

the charge on a complete atom is equal to

zero