rhetorical theory

Aristotle defined ethos as ____________.

"the study of human character"

The purpose of Burke's pentad is: A. to give college students a reason to drink gin. B. to reveal human motivations. C. to differentiate between objects in the world and the words we use to describe them. D. to help us interpret the world E. Both B & C

?????? B. to reveal human motivations. or E. Both B & C

Socrates acknowledges ____________ as one of his teachers. A. Aspasia B. Gorgias C. Polus D. Both A & B

A. Aspasia

My mom believes that rhetoric is immoral because it is used to trick and deceive people. Which theorist would most likely agree with her? A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Gorgias D. Only A & B

A. Plato

Which of the following is not one of Cicero's five canons of rhetoric? A. contention B. arrangement C. expression D. invention

A. contention

Milton is an attorney who is speaking to a judge. He wants his client to be released from prison. He says, "Judge, my client is innocent. Therefore, he should be let out of jail." Milton's argument is an example of ____________. A. An enthymeme B. A syllogism C. An inartistic proof D. Ethos E. None of the above

A. An enthymeme

Socrates's conversation with _________ reveals the sophists' axiology. A. Callicles B. Polus C. Gorgias D. Protagoras E. Isocrates

A. Callicles

Questions without an easy yes or no answer are _____________ issues. A. Contingent B. Rhetorical C. Confusing D. Contemporary E. Symbolic

A. Contingent

A speech by a member of the House of Representatives who wants a bill passed is an example of _________ rhetoric. A. Deliberative B. Epideictic C. Boring D. Manipulative E. Forensic

A. Deliberative

A wedding toast is an example of _____________ speaking. A. Epideictic B. Deliberative C. Forensic D. None of the above

A. Epideictic

Burke's definition of human beings includes how many elements? A. Five B. Eight C. Six D. Ten E. Four

A. Five 1. humans are the only symbol using (or misusing) animal; the only species who has constructed a library of meaning based on reality * "the symbol-using animals" * we can use our language to shape perception of reality 2. humans are the inventor of the negative; we moralize things as good or bad 3. humans are separated from their natural conditions by instruments of their own making * instruments = a phone replacing face to face, cigarettes poisoning air 4. humans are goaded (teased) by a spirit of hierarchy * i see something better than what i have and i have to have it 5. humans are rotten with perfection * i must strive to obtain the perfect image for the rest of my life; facetune

As a Priest Augustine embraced rhetoric because: A. He realized using rhetoric was necessary to teaching scripture B. He respected the rhetoric he used as a faculty member in Milan C. He wrote about it in his book Confessions D. His Christian mentor Ambrose encouraged him to use it in his sermons

A. He realized using rhetoric was necessary to teaching scripture

The type of rhetoric that was taught in early Christian Europe resembled: A. The Second Sophistic B. Aristotle's Artistic Proofs C. Plato's Noble-Lover D. The Gorgias

A. The Second Sophistic

A person who sees a black cat, wrecks her car, and says, "Black cats are bad luck!" is ____. A. an organicist B. a mechanist C. a contextualist D. a bad driver E. a formist

A. an organicist

According to Sonja Foss and Cindy Griffin, invitational rhetoric: A. is an alterative model to the traditional focus of rhetoric on persuasion B. has a goal of changing the minds of the audience C. can only be used by women D. none of the above

A. is an alterative model to the traditional focus of rhetoric on persuasion

Augustine recognized two dilemmas in using rhetoric. They are known as: A. the preacher's dilemma and the teacher's dilemma B. discussing and teaching the contents of scripture C. the pagan dilemma and the Christian dilemma D. none of the above

A. the preacher's dilemma and the teacher's dilemma

Who's definition of rhetoric is "the interpreting and transmitting of (Biblical) authority"?

Augustine

With which of the following statements would Aristotle agree? A. Ethos, Logos, and Pathos are all unimportant. B. Ethos is more important than Logos and Pathos. C. Ethos, Logos, and Pathos are all equally important. D. Logos is more important than Ethos and Pathos. E. Pathos is more important than Logos and Ethos.

B. Ethos is more important than Logos and Pathos.

Aristotle described the balance of universal and specific laws as _________. A. Virtue B. Justice C. Wisdom D. Rhetoric E. None of the above

B. Justice

In The Gorgias, Socrates suggests that the Sophists use the sham art of rhetoric to restore the soul to health instead of practicing the true art of: A. Gymnastics B. Justice C. Medicine D. Legislation

B. Justice

Cicero wrote De Oratore, in which he claims that wisdom and eloquence needs to be united. Who does he blame for separating these? A. Hermagoras B. Plato C. Gorgias D. Socrates

B. Plato

Which of the following statements about rhetoric and dialectic is true? A. Plato believed neither rhetoric nor dialectic was a techne. B. Plato believed dialectic was the only techne. C. Plato believed rhetoric was the only techne. D. Plato did not have an opinion about rhetoric or dialectic. E. Plato believed both rhetoric and dialectic were technes.

B. Plato believed dialectic was the only techne.

Studying a variety of subjects is known as _________. A. Endoxa B. Arête C. Nomos D. Only B & C

B. Arete (a little bit of knowledge about a lot of things)

Augustine discussed the dilemmas of using rhetoric in which of his published works? A. De Oratore B. De Doctrina Christiana C. City of God D. None of the Above

B. De Doctrina Christiana

Roman educators employed two closely related methods of teaching invention. These two approaches to finding persuasive arguments are: A. Stasis and Nomos B. Stasis and the Loci System C. Koinoi Topoi and Topical System D. None of the above

B. Stasis and the Loci System

Which of the following is most responsible for influencing Habermas' views? A. His father's political views B. World War II C. Coffee houses in France D. Catholic teachings

B. World War II

According to Burke, the difference between the physical realm of motion and the symbolic realm of action is: A. the symbolic realm reveals human motives while the physical realm obscures human motives B. the physical realm refers to actual objects in the world while the symbolic realm refers to the words we use to describe those objects C. the symbolic realm refers to actual objects in the world while the physical realm refers to the words we use to describe those objects D. the physical realm reveals human motives while the symbolic realm obscures human motives E. none of the above

B. the physical realm refers to actual objects in the world while the symbolic realm refers to the words we use to describe those objects

Who's definition of rhetoric is "a mode of altering reality"?

Bitzer

What would Augustine think of Burke before conversion? and about Habermas after conversion?

Burke's manipulation Habermas' search for truth

Which of the following statements about rhetoric and dialectic is true? A. Aristotle believed rhetoric was the only techne. B. Aristotle believed neither rhetoric nor dialectic was a techne. C. Aristotle believed both rhetoric and dialectic were technes. D. Aristotle believed dialectic was the only techne. E. Aristotle did not have an opinion about rhetoric and dialectic.

C. Aristotle believed both rhetoric and dialectic were technes.

Which of the following is true of the noble lover, according to Plato? A. Being a non-lover is better than being a lover. B. Being a lover is better than being a non-lover. C. In authentic love, each person thinks of the other's well being above their own. D. Only A & C

C. In authentic love, each person thinks of the other's well being above their own.

Plato defined rhetoric as: A. A form of 'divine madness' B. Caring about another's well-being more than your own C. The leading of the soul toward truth through words and arguments D. None of the above

C. The leading of the soul toward truth through words and arguments

Which of the following statements about ontology is correct? A. The sophists are contextualists, Plato is a mechanist, Aristotle is a formist. B. The sophists are mechanists, Plato is a formist, Aristotle is an organicist. C. The sophists are contextualists, Plato is a formist, Aristotle is a mechanist. D. The sophists are formists, Plato is a contextualist, Aristotle is a mechanist. E. The sophists are contextualists, Plato is a formist, Aristotle is an organicist.

C. The sophists are contextualists, Plato is a formist, Aristotle is a mechanist.

According to Plato, which soul should be in control of the others? A. Lust B. Nobility/honor C. Wisdom D. Only B & C

C. Wisdom

In The Gorgias, Socrates asks ____________, "with which class of objects is rhetoric concerned?" A. Callicles B. Plato C. Gorgias D. Polus E. Protagoras

C. Gorgias

who said "there is no such thing as a situation that exists in the world apart from the language used to describe it." A. Bitzer B. Weaver C. Vatz D. the Feminists

C. Vatz

According to Habermas, rational communication in the Public Sphere is only possible under the conditions of: A. scientific study B. Catholic teachings C. communicative competence D. communicative action

C. communicative competence

According to most feminist scholars, gender is constructed: A. psychologically B. biologically C. rhetorically D. divinely

C. rhetorically

According to Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, the goal of feminist rhetoric should be: A. to offer an alternative model to persuasion B. to study presidential rhetoric with a goal of electing a woman candidate C. to expand the rhetorical canon to include women rhetors D. none of the above

C. to expand the rhetorical canon to include women rhetors

Augustine endorsed whose teachings on rhetoric?

Cicero

The Sophists believed rhetoric was used well when ____________. A. the rhetors get their way B. the rhetors make the best possible argument C. the rhetors present their ideas ethically and without manipulation D. Only A & B

D. Only A & B

Which of the following is true of theories? A. Theories are logical statements that help make sense of the world. B. Theories are the same as facts. C. Theories are systematic. D. Only A & C

D. Only A & C

Who tells Socrates that rhetoric is "the noblest of the arts"? A. Plato B. Socrates C. Callicles D. Polus E. Gorgias

D. Polus

Which of the following is true of syllogisms? A. they include a major premise B. they include a minor premise C. they include a conclusion D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Augustine and Plato were similar in thought about: A. The preacher and the rhetor both believe rhetoric/truth can be used to cleanse the mind B. The preacher and rhetor both use rhetoric to help others C. The preacher and the rhetor should know their subject matter in order to teach it well. D. All of the Above

D. All of the Above

According to Burke, which of the following would he believe is rhetoric: A. A resignation letter to your boss B. A love song by Elvis C. A painting by Picasso D. All of the Above E. None of the Above

D. All of the Above "Everything we do with others, we do with rhetoric. rhetoric is the primary force in social life. it isn't an entity that is separate—it is sown into everything."

Gorgias believed that truth ___________. A. was relative B. was revealed as a result of a clash of views C. came from the gods D. Both A & B

D. Both A & B

Which theorist described human beings as the symbol using and misusing animal? A. Augustine B. Gorgias C. Habermas D. Burke E. Plato

D. Burke

Which theorist divorced his wife and married her sister? A. Augustine B. Plato C. Habermas D. Burke

D. Burke

In The Gorgias, Socrates suggests that the true art of medicine is used to restore the body to health. What is the sham art of medicine? A. Rhetoric B. Make-up C. Sophistic D. Cookery

D. Cookery

Where did Burke receive his bachelor's degree? A. Ohio State University B. Columbia Univeristy C. Ohio University D. None of the above

D. None of the above

The rise of Christianity in Europe happened as a result of: A. The fall of the Roman Empire B. Because the Emperor Constantine legalized it C. Because of Cicero's teachings D. Only A & B

D. Only A & B Because of the fall of the Roman Empire and because the Emperor Constantine legalized it

The study of rhetoric declined in Christian Europe because: A. The tribes of northern and western Europe did not maintain Roman and Greek traditions B. Rhetoric was not needed in society C. Church Fathers considered the study of rhetoric a Pagan art D. Only A & C

D. Only A & C The tribes of northern and western Europe did not maintain Roman and Greek traditions, and church Fathers considered the study of rhetoric a Pagan art

Lupe spends three weeks preparing for her campaign speech before running for student body president. Which characteristic of rhetorical discourse is she exemplifying? A. Rhetoric is responsive. B. Rhetoric considers the audience. C. Rhetoric addresses contingent issues. D. Rhetoric is planned. E. Rhetoric seeks persuasion.

D. Rhetoric is planned.

Aristotle's rhetoric was really about the study of? A. The study of equity, or good decision making B. Science C. The study of ethos, or a person's character D. The available means of persuasion

D. The available means of persuasion

A person who believes that "life is like a box of chocolates because you never know what you're going to get" is ________. A. a formist B. an organicist C. a mechanist D. a contextualist E. a lunatic

D. a contextualist

According to Habermas, "the interactive process of critical argumentation was the key to overcoming the idealogical domination that obtains when a society is no longer rational". He called such critical discourse Communicative Action. Which of the following are steps involved in Habermas' communicative action? A. representing state of affairs B. expresses intention C. establishing a relationship with hearer D. all of the above

D. all of the above representing state of affairs, expresses intention, establishing a relationship with hearer

Ontologically, the feminist rhetoricians are _______

D. contextualists they want all voices included, no voices excluded

According to David Ling, Senator Kennedy's speech focused primarily on which of the elements of Burke's pentad? A. act B. agent C. agency D. scene E. purpose

D. scene

The famous speech "The Funeral Oration" was written by _______ and delivered by _________. A. Pericles; Aspasia B. Pericles; Gorgias C. Gorgias; Aspasia D. Aspasia; Gorgias E. Aspasia; Pericles

E. Aspasia; Pericles

Which theorist would best be described as an organicist? A. Aristotle B. Plato C. Gorgias D. Isocrates E. None of the above

E. None of the above

According to Aristotle, which of the following are inartistic proofs in a criminal trial? A. DNA results from bloodspatter B. Emotional appeals to the jury C. Syllogisms D. Fingerprints E. Only A & D

E. Only A & D

Gertrude is giving a speech about stem cell research. She begins by showing her audience a slide show of children with terminal illnesses. Then she says, "Each of these adorable children died from diseases that could be cured using information gathered from stem cell research." According to Aristotle, which mode of persuasion is she using? A. Logos B. Equity C. Ethos D. Virtue E. Pathos

E. Pathos

If you say, "My best friend is an optimist," you are describing your friend's ______. A. eschatology B. axiology C. astrology D. epistemology E. ontology

E. ontology

Which of the following did Burke believe about human beings? A. Human beings are rotten with perfection. B. Human beings are goaded by the tyrannizing image. C. Human beings are moralistic and hierarchal. D. Human beings are inferior to animals. E. Both A & C.

E. Both A & C Human beings are moralistic and hierarchal. Human beings are rotten with perfection.

Aristotle's father was ___________. A. Plato B. Protagoras C. Homeless D. A physician E. Both A & D

E. Both A & D

What did Burke believe about the audience? A. Only people who can modify the exigence are a part of the rhetorical audience B. The audience and the rhetor are responsible for the outcome of the rhetoric. C. The audience should engage the rhetoric with a critical consciousness. D. The audience should listen with the intent of persuading E. Both B & C

E. Both B & C The audience and the rhetor are responsible for the outcome of the rhetoric, and the audience should engage the rhetoric with a critical consciousness.

"The Good" for Weaver includes: A. tradition B. justice C. The tyrannizing image D. cultural diversity E. Only A, B, and D

E. Only A, B, and D the tyrannizing image stands in the way of the good

According to Habermas, The Public Sphere is: A. a place where leaders discuss issues that affect society B. a place of discussion for everyday citizens C. a place where the problems of politics, society, and culture are represented and open to rational discussion D. a book written by Habermas E. Only B & C

E. Only B & C a place of discussion for everyday citizens; a place where the problems of politics, society, and culture are represented and open to rational discussion

The Tyrannizing Image: A. inserts itself between us and our facts/experiences B. gives facts significance C. exerts control over actions D. establishes cultural hierarchy E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following is one of Weaver's five lines of argument? A. GENUS & DEFINITION B. SIMILITUDE C. CAUSE AND EFFECT D. AUTHORITY AND TESTIMONY E. RHETORICAL-HISTORICAL F. all of the above

F. all of the above

T/F: According to Lloyd Bitzer, an exigence is the solution a rhetor poses to a problem.

False

T/F: According to Lloyd Bitzer, anyone who hears a message is part of the audience.

False

T/F: According to Lloyd Bitzer, rhetors choose the parts of a situation to emphasize or make salient.

False

T/F: According to Richard Vatz, situations call rhetoric into existence.

False

T/F: Burke believed that speakers should induce competition in their audience members

False

T/F: Foss & Griffin define Invitational rhetoric as inviting people to be convinced of the message they are hear.

False

T/F: Habermas believed that citizens in a rational society should listen to leaders in order to make fair decisions

False

T/F: Habermas believed that scientists could solve societal issues.

False

T/F: The basic feminist criticism of traditional rhetoric is that the female voice was too invitational throughout history.

False

T/F: Weaver believes that all people can reach the third level of knowledge

False

Ontologically Habermas was a(n) _________

Formist/Contextualist

"The use of persuasive words that grant one personal power and make one a person of influence in the city", is whose definition of rhetoric?

Sophists

T/F: According to Lloyd Bitzer, constraints can help or hinder a rhetor's message.

True

T/F: According to Lloyd Bitzer, situations prescribe the appropriate type of rhetoric that should be used.

True

T/F: According to Richard Vatz, there is no such thing as a situation that exists in the world apart from the language used to describe it.

True

T/F: According to twentieth century scholars, science is incompatible with rhetoric.

True

T/F: Augustine endorsed the Ciceronian elements of rhetoric which were, to teach, to delight and to move.

True

T/F: Augustine recognized two goals of rhetoric: to discover and then to teach the contents of scripture.

True

T/F: Augustine was a member of a Pagan group in his youth.

True

T/F: Critics of Habermas believe that his theory is naïve in its ability to account for real differences among people.

True

T/F: Elements of contextualism are evident in both Bitzer's & Vatz's theories, but Vatz is more distinctly contextualist than Bitzer.

True

T/F: Habermas believed that centralized control in large modern economies left the public with little real role in decision making.

True

T/F: Habermas believed that people who are knowledgeable should have access to discussions of public issues.

True

T/F: Habermas grew up during a time when rhetoric was considered inferior to scientific methods

True

T/F: In his earlier life, Augustine saw rhetoric as a path to wealth and fame

True

T/F: Weaver believes that our use of God Terms reflects what we value most in the world

True

Who's definition of rhetoric is "the art of linguistically or symbolically creating salience"?

Vatz

Who's definition of rhetoric is "the persuading of human beings to adopt right attitudes and to act in relation to them"?

Weaver

Who's definition of rhetoric is "truth [dialectic] + its artful presentation [rhetoric]"?

Weaver

The dimension of rhetorical theory that is concerned with values/ethics

axiology

_________ thought that exigence strongly invites rhetoric

bitzer

_________ thought that rhetoric is situational

bitzer

_________ thought that rhetoric obtains its character from the situation which generates it

bitzer

_________ thought that the situation controls the rhetors response

bitzer

According to Weaver, how does one achieve the Metaphysical dream stage?

by using dialectic and rhetoric "truth [dialectic] + its artful presentation [rhetoric]"

Ontologically Burke was a(n) _________

contextualist

What does Weaver mean by "Language is Sermonic?"

rhetoric at its truest seeks to perfect men by showing them better versions of themselves.

According to Weaver, the Tyrannizing Image is _______.

the cultural ideal which is hailed as perfection (ex. the ideal of freedom in America) the Tyrannizing Image: * inserts itself between us and our facts/experiences * gives facts significance * exerts control over actions * establishes cultural hierarchy

What is the myth of the rhetorical situation that Vatz refers to?

the rhetoric CREATES the situation (salience)

_________ thought that rhetoric strongly invites salience/exigence

vatz

_________ thought that situations are rhetorical

vatz

_________ thought that situations obtain their character from the rhetoric which surrounds them or creates them

vatz

_________ thought that the rhetoric controls the situational response

vatz

Sally Miller Gearheart believes that any attempt to persuade is _____

violent