Romanesque Art and Gothic Art (Test-Friday)
Has the art of glass-blowing changed?
-Evolved over the 2000 years -Blowing by the Romans-transformed glass production -Larger vessels were made, glass being blown into balloon-like made it thinner -Stained Glass Windows reached peak, technique= secret
How is stained glass made? what is the process
1. Glass is colored by metals- (copper, cobalt, iron gold), colored glass isn't until 1800s 2. Glass blowers need to be strong/agile- critical of process (changed little since roman times) 3. Cyclinders of glass are cut open/flattened by block of dapperned wood; every window has a design, artist sketches out the window to scale on large pieces of paper, 4. using the scale drawing, pieces of glass are cut to scale, glass was cut using a hot ball of iron -rOman times 5. decorated with paint- made of powdered glass/oxide-colors brown/black glass painting requires skill, brushes from animal hairs (donkeys, squirrel, badger-handmade, selected by whatever effect the artist wants) 6. Silver stain- applied to clear glass/fired in kiln, stains glass a yellow color, highlight features such as crowns, architecture, angel's wing, hair in stained glass 7. After painting/staining, fired in a kiln to fuse the paint to the glass surface (medieval kiln is in the open) 650 C, each fire took 2 1/2 days (in the medieval times) 8. Lead is the perfect material for stained glass windows-soft/ rust-proof, very little small-scale production left in England 9. Lead is cast in a mold, passed in lead mill to produce strips called canes, grove on either side in which the edges of glass fit, 10. completedp panel is made water-tight and is ready for fitting, panels are attached to bars of iron/ bronze in window opening colored glass never fades and is not everlasting, weather/wars could damage, new technique has advanced the practice, still so much to fix captured/transform light in magical ways.
The architectural achievement that, in part, makes Gothic buildings so tall and yet so stable is the use of a. rib vaults b. stained glass windows c. dome on pendentitives d. ashlar masonry
A
Pilgrims entering Romanesque churches such as Sainte-Foy were expected to a. walk to the chapels in the rear where the relics were housed b. worship around a centrally planned altar where services would be held c. travel to the top of the bell towers to ceremonially ring the bells d. place offerings at the foot of a statue of Jesus
A (pilgrims treasured seeing relics of saints, which were placed in chapels in the ambulatory around the altar of a church)
What is a pilgrimage site? How did pilgrimage sites function for medieval Christians?
A pilgrimage site is a place of moral or spiritual significance and is a journey to a shrine or another location that matches one's belief. As for Christian pilgrimages, they are associated with birth, life, crucifixion and the resurrection of Jesus. Pilgrimage sites could include Jerusalem, Rome or Santiago de Compostela. The shrines of local saints inspired Christians to travel on pilgrimages and new churches were built to accommodate the people of Christian faith.
Which of the following is NOT true of the church of St. Denis?
Abbot Suger used rounded arches to achieve his desired effects in the ambulatory and choir
-Ambulatory around apse end of church New conception of space, light Focus on light as vehicle of divine presence Elimination of wall as load-bearing surface -Christianity to Gaul in the 3rd c. and died a martyr's death. Benedictine order founded abbey in 7th c. on site of his burial. -1140-1144, Early Gothic, near Paris. First church with Gothic features. Construction begun during Carolingian period but renovated with early Gothic features. Abbot Suger--interested in the gothic features. Inspired by Hagia Sophia (Byzantine). Has stone ceiling, buttresses, round arches in windows and doorways, geometric in design.
Ambulatory of Saint Denis
The great portal of the west facade of Chartres is similar to the Lammassu of ancient Assyria in that they a. are both guardian figures protecting what is inside b. are both attached to the walls behind the figure c. both have the faces of religious leaders of their day, forming a divine connection with the earthly d. both show a military presence to frighten the viewer
B
The scene over the doorway of the Church of Sainte-Foy of the Last Judgment shows the damned condemned to hell on the right and the saved rising to heaven on the left because a. in the middle are those who were noncommittal about religion and salvation b. one enters the church as a sinner on the right but emerges saved on the left c. in the Christian tradition, the damned are unwelcome in church d. a parallel is drawn between sinners who must use the right door and saints who must use the left door
B (one enters the church a sinner and leaves absolved of sins)
a separate chapel or building in front of a church used for baptisms
Baptistery
What is the first Gothic Cathedral?
Basilica of Saint-Denis
-neutral background+ flatness of figures; no shadows -narrative tradition going back to Column of Trajan -75 scenes, over 600 people -230- feet long; continues narrative tradition of Medieval art -uncertainity over how this work was meant to be displayed -not a tapestry, is an embroidery -probably designed by a man; executed by women -fanciful beats in upper/lower registers -borders sometimes comment on the main scenes or show scenes of everyday life -color used in a non-natural manner; different parts of a horse are colored variously -commisioned by Bishop Odo, half brother of William the Conqueror -tells the story in Latin of William's conquest of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066
Bayeux Tapestry (1066-1080, embrodiery on linen, Bayeux, France)
The cathedral at Chartres is typical of Gothic churches in that it a. contains reference of classical architecture b. has an oculus to admit light c. uses flying buttresses to stabilize tall naves d. provides a separate space for coronations
C
The Reliquary of Sainte-Foy and the Reliqaury Figure are similar in that they a. are both meant to ward off evil b.a re both male figures in the shape of females c. both held skulls of important deceased people d. both part of an extensive pilgrimage site for many to come to
C (both reliquary figures hold skulls, Sainte-Foy holds one within the head of the saint; the Reliquary Figure holds one in a container he is resting on)
Romanesque architecture can be characterized as a. small, intimate, warm b. soaring, vertical, uplifting c. thick, heavy, massive d. irregular, unbalanced, assymetrical
C (thick, massive, heavy, often very dark)
-Classified as High Gothic because of rectangles flanked by squares in plan and 4-partite rib vaulting. First cathedral planned with f-butts. -Form: Limestone and stained glass Function: Church dedicated to Mary. (Houses Mary's tunic worn at Jesus' birth) Content: Left spire is late Gothic and more elaborate. Enlarged Chevet accommodated Church ceremonies. Tall vertical nature of interior pulls viewer's eyes to ceiling. Dark, mysterious interior. Context: c.1145-1155 AD Chartres, France 0Form: Tall, gloomy, sophisticated design, and very detailed details. Functions: Used as a religious facility. Content: A religious church. Context: It was used for religious matters.
Chartes Cathedral
-Mary's tunic worn at Jesus' birth is most sacred relic; escaped the fire and was seen as a signal to rebuilt cathedral -fire forced reconstruction of everything except the front -right spire is 1160, left spire is late gothic, more elaborate/decorative -importance of church reflected in speed of construction-26 years -enlarged chevet accommodated elaborate church ceremonies -tall vertical nature of the interior pulls the viewer's eyes up to the ceiling and symbolically to heaven -dark mysterious interior increases spiritual feeling -stained glass enlivens the interior surfaces of the church -stone/marble/stained glass, place of worship, Royal portal, west facade, rose window, lancets, tympanum, jamb statues, capitals, Cult of Virgin=high point during Gothic, Way of the Cross, more naturalistic, attached statue-columns (jamb) of Old Testament kings and queens -Survived fire of original Chartres Cathedral. Westworks. On left - Ascension in tympanum. Symbols of zodiac (labors of the months) in archivolts. Center - Jesus flanked by Evangelists in tympanum. 24 elders in archivolts. 12 apostles in lintel. On right - Sweet baby Jesus on Mary's lap. 7 liberal arts and their male champions in archivolts. -Flying buttresses (helpswith pressure) -2
Chartres Cathedral (after the fire)
-Important pilgrimage church on the route to Santiago de Compostela in Northern Spain -Important sites because they took so long to get there; other important Romanesque churches -Abbey: church was part of a manaestery where monks lived -Barrel-vaulted nave lined with arches on the interior -Feature: cruciform plan, enter the western portal then circulate around the church towards the apse at the eastern end, apse contained smaller chapels known as radiating chapels where the pilgrims could visit the saint's shrines -Could circulate the ambulatory; design helped to regulate the flow of traffic
Church and Reliquary of Sainte Foy- France
-France's royal church, Saint Denis-France -Tombs in crypt -first building to have statue columns on the jambs (rounded volumes that set them apart from architectural background) -Stained glass -wanted more light -influenced by manuscript illumination -built by Abbot Suger -pointed ribbed vaulting -Severy= skin of masonry between vaults -because of columns/vaults- walls not needed -compound piers in church proper -one of the earliest/first Gothic cathedrals -radiating chapels were more open, more windows, replaced with stained glass windows
Church of Saint Denis
- church built along the pilgrimage road to Santiago de. Compostela -church built to handle the large number of pilgrims: wide transepts large ambulatory with radiating chapels -massive heavy interior walls, unadorned -no clerestory; light provided by windows over the side aisles and galleries -barrel vaults in nave, reinforced by tranverse arches -cross-like ground plan
Church of Sainte Foy (c. 1050-1130, stone, Conques, France)
Discuss the process of stained-glass making. How many people are involved? What are the roles of each participant?
Coloring/Blowing Mixing Paint Putting the window together
What role did women have in the arts?
Confined to feminine arts, arts such as ceramics, weaving, manuscript decoration, did have roles in arts but not the large sculptural projects or the architecture
The north portal of the Chartres cathedral starts with the Creation story in the outer archivolts and ends with this scene in the tympanum....
Coronoation of the virgin
Christian worshippers at Chartres had their attention drawn to a. relics displayed in the crypt b. mihrab pointing the way to Mecca c. royal tombs that line the side aisles D. the apse, which was elevated from the nave
D
Perpendicular Gothic is a style unique to a. spain b. france c. germany d. england
D
The subject matter in the Bayeux Tapestry is similar to a. scenes from Vienna Genesis b. Temple of Zeus/Athena at Pergamon c. Niobides Krater d. Column of Trajan
D (both have narrative retellings of real historical events)
How was Europe in the west change since the 8th century?
During this time, Charlemagne took over and Charlemagne was important because he bought back the Roman empire, customer of the arts, interested in art- bought back Roman art, bought/revived classical art, Europe was more stable
Why were master builders instructed to make the cathedrals out of stone? What advantage did stone vaults have over wooden roofs?
Everything was made out of stone, durable, easy to maintain, fireproof ,Disadvantage stone ceilings: very heavy Advantage: music- helped acoustics
Why are pilgrimages important?
Felt closer to god when they looked at the relics (remains, clothing, saint after they die), in hopes of getting hoped. Felt healed spirtually, Saint Foy had a special healing that related to sight, windows are small because it is made out of stone, also not correct vaulting, see Typanum (Church/Reliquary of Sainte Foy-France)
-Near Barcelona -Material: pigment on vellum, gold leaff -old testament scenes -Technique: illuminated manuscript -Function: haggadah is a collection of Jewish prayers and readings written to go along with the Passover seder; mainly intended for use at home during the holiday and its purpose was educational -Utilization of gold-leaf in the backgrounds of its 56 miniature paintings earned the magnificent manuscript its name -depicts stone from the biblical book oaf Genesis/Exodus and scenes of Jewish rituals -book was for use of a wealthy Jewish family, holy text is written on vellum -illustrates stories from the biblical books of Genesis/Exodus and scenes of Jewish ritual -three consecutive pages showing plagues, escape from Egypt and preparations for Passover all set in present day -wealthy, longstanding Jewish population in Spain would be expelled soon -Plagues of Egypt Folio: Moses initiates the plague of frogs, nobody is spared, even the Pharaoh -plague of lice/wild anmals/on livestock -depicts the 12 plagues; 56 minatres on golden leaf background -read right to left -used as painting; colorful; many religious symbols and silk figures -religious practices - https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/judaism-art/a/golden-haggadah
Golden Haggadah (Late Medieval Spain)
-illustrates story of the Jewish exodus from Egypt under Moses and its subsequent celebration -to be read at Passover seder -fulfills the Jewish requirement to tell the story of the Jews' escape from Egypt as a reminder of God's mercy -narrative cycle of events from the Books of Genesis and Exodus -depicts the plagues of Egypt, liberation of the Jews and preparation for Passover -this haggadah was used primarily at home; avoids the more stringent restriction against holy images in a synongue -richly illuminated -Judiasm forbids graven immages -expensive to produce; owned by Jewish wealthy family -one of the most luxurious examples of a medieval illuminated manuscript, regardless of use or patronage. So although the Golden Hagaddah has a practical purpose, it is also a fine work of art used to signal the wealth of its owners. -igugure of Moses and the Pharaoh (above). He doesn't really look like an Egyptian pharaoh at all but more like a French king. The long flowing body, small architectural details and patterned background reveal that this manuscript was created during the Gothic period -wealthy -For the last and most terrible in a series of miraculous plagues that ultimately convinced the Egyptian Pharaoh to free the Jews—the death of the first born sons of Egypt—Moses commanded the Jews to paint a red mark on their doors. In doing so, the Angel of Death "passed over" these homes and the children survived. The story of Passover—of miraculous salvation from slavery—is one that is recounted annually by many Jews at a seder, the ritual meal that marks the beginning of the holiday. -This question sets up the ritual narration of the story of Passover, when Moses led the Jews out of slavery in Egypt with a series of miraculous events (recounted in the Jewish Bible in the book of Exodus). -similar to Christian Gothic manuscripts -style similarities to French Gothic manuscript in the handling f space, architecture, figure style, facial/gestural expression and the manuscript medium itself -56 miniatures (small painting) using gold leaf background found within the manuscript -ree\ad right to left -book used to tell the story of Passover around the seder table each year - 1. Plagues of Egypt 2. Scenes of Liberation 3. Preparation for Passover
Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation and Preparation for Passover, c. 1320, illuminated manuscript, pigment on vellum, in Spain )
Three architectural features: pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress, big windows with stained glass that allowed more light into it,pointed arch, highness, flying buttresses, vertical lines, ribbed vaulting was more complicated,
Gothic architecture
1140-1400
Gothic art time period
What is the primary focus of medieval architecture?
Huge churches because of pilgrimages ,Relic: body part, the arm of John the Baptist, clothing of Jesus
in Christianity, the judgment before God at the end of the world
Last Judgment
-Largest Romanesque tympanum -Christ as a strict judge, dividing the world into those going to heaven/those going to hell -Christ's welcoming right hand, cast down left hand -Dividing line runs vertically through the cross in the middle of the composition -Archangel Michael and the devil at the Christ's feet, weighing the souls -Hell with damned on the right; saved on left; people enter the church on the right and exit saved, on left -Subject of the tympanum reminds pilgrims of the point of their pilgrim -124 figures originally richly painted, densely packed together -saved move towards Christ/Mary/Saint Peter in the lead -Paradise, on lower level, portrayed as the heavenly Jerusalem -In left triangle, arches of Conques Abbey with dangling chains- Sainte Foy interceded for those enslaved by the Moslems in Spain; she herself appears kneeling before a giant hand of God -on right lower level, the devil presides over a chaotic tangle of tortured condemned sinners -inscription of lintel: "O Sinners, change your morals, before you might face a cruel judgement)
Last Judgment (1107-1125, painted stone, Sainte-Foy, Conques)
When, how and where was glass discovered and made?
Light is Divine -Windows were expensive; commissioned by kings -Stained glass illustrated stories/figures from the Bible -Glass was discovered- product of molten sand made from obsidian/pot- ash, - first glass was discovered by ancient in Syria over 5000 years ago by Phoenicians pirates
Where did the term "Romanesque" come from?
Links back to Roman art, coined 19th century, characteristics include series of arches, cathedrals are made of stone. Similarity: revival of (large) sculptures -Materials: stone, vaulting system (groin/barrel), large sculptural decoration on the exterior of the cathedrals (new Romanesque architecture design)
Describe the political and economic system known as feudalism.
Lord who would own a castle, Vassals started the middle class and then the Peasants, symbiotic relationship, being fulfilled with someone, Lords have people who work for them
- Mary is crowned as Queen of heaven with Christ Child in her lap - Light as a manifestation of the divine; shades color patterns across the grey stone of the cathedral - Part of a lancet window - Undamaged by the fire of 1994; reset with framing angles on either side of the main scene -Bands across the surface are typical of early Gothic stained glass -Shows a younger version of Mary portrayed as a queen; Dove of Holy Spirit, multiple angels around her -Figure of Mary is very stiff but figures around her are more animated
Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere ( of the Chatres Cathedral, c.1770 A.D, stained glass)
-Shows a younger version of Mary portrayed as a queen. Dove of Holy Spirit. Multiple angels around her. -stained glass
Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere of Chartes Cathedral
associated with the royal Parisian Court of Saint Louis (Sainte Chapelle Chapel)
Rayonnant (Radiant) Style
-Reliquary of a young girl martyred in early 4th century; refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods in a pagan ritual -Relics of her body stolen from a nearby town and enthroned in Conques in 866 -one of the earliest large scale sculptures in the Middle Ages -jewels/gems/crown added over the years by the faithful -child's skull is housed in the rather mannish looking enlarged head
Reliquary of Sainte-Foy (gold, silver, gemstones, enamel over wood, 9th century, Sainte Foy, Conques)
1050-1200 A.D.
Romanesque Art Time Period
massive, low, and solid-looking. Round Roman arches, thick walls, and small windows are typical of the buildings. Churches were built in the shape of a cross, using the basilica (a type of Roman building) as the basis for the design, use of a separate bell tower, or campanile, that was built beside the main church, small windows-rooms were dimly lit
Romanesque architecture
Name similarities and differences between Romanesque and Gothic architecture
Romanesque: large, internal spaces, barrel vaults, thick walls, and rounded arches on windows and doors. Gothic: features like highness, flying buttresses, and vertical lines. One of the main differences between the two architectures is in the use of the buttress
-andachtsbild: used for private devotion -Christ emaciated, drained of all blood, all tissue, all muscle -horror of the Crucixifixion manifest -humanizing of religious themes -grape-like drops of christ blood a reference to christ as mystical vineyard -features are exaggerated; christ's head is huge, mary looks like she is in agony -lots of instability in Europe at the time; awareness of hell death pain suffering -appalling icon of agony -involve emotions - -pita: pity/compassion in Italian
Rottgen Pieta
-repository for the crowd of thorns relic -prime example of the Rayonnant of the High Gothic age -in Paris, not a church but a reliquary -rayonnant: magnification of light through stained glass -royal medieval Gothic chapel -size is key: much smaller than a cathedral -built under Louis the 3rd -time of peace/prosperity -Raenent style because all stained glass -important relics such as crown of throne -built to house relics -High Gothic style -claim that Christ is crowning Louise the 9th with his own crown -divided into two houses- lower area for all visitors, upper area for only Lois and high ranking priests Rayonnant style: Gothic church that has a lot of windows
Saint Chapelle Chapel
France's royal church. Tombs in crypt. Stained glass (lux nova) influenced by manuscript illumination. Built by Abbot Suger. Pointed rib vaulting. Severy= skin of masonry between vaults. Because of the columns and vaulting, walls are virtually not needed. Compound piers in church proper.
Saint-Denis (Ambulatory and Radiating Chapels), (Plan of Choir), (Vaults of the ambulatory and radiating chapels)
Give an example of Romanesque arc.
Sainte Foy
-built to house the relics of ________ -built to be a pilgrimage site along the road to Santiago de Compostela -Features: long nave, wide transept, ambulatory used to accommodate large numbers of pilgrims, long nave used for processions -large ambulatory around the altar allows for a free flow of pilgrims to the various chapels and relics on display -nestled amid other buildings downtown (symbolically mixing with people) -important religious experience for medieval Christians: cross like ground plan reflects the Crucixfixion of Jesus, lack of nave windows contribute to dark interior (symbolizes mysteries of Christian faith) -sculpture of the facade of the Last Judgement warns pilgrims of the dangers of Hell ad encourages them toward salvation -stone walls enhance the echo effect that characterized medieval chanting
Sainte-Foy
Early Christian, c. 422-432 AD, brick/stone, wooden church, no transept only apse (Saint Sernin: typical pilgrimage church, Toulose France)
Santa Sabina (Rome, Italy)
eight medallions, format derives from stained glass windows -two vertical columns of four painted scenes -each scene has text with a summary of the event depicted in the rounded
Scenes from the Acocalypse from a Bible moralisse (Moralized Bible, c. 1226-1234, illuminated manuscript, ink, tempera and gold leaf on Vellum, Cathedral, Toledo ),
What happened to the Vikings?
Seafarers who went to the British isles, violent, eventually their colonies were christianized and stayed after a while...stayed in Normandy, France, (Descendants colonized Normandy)
Give an example of Gothic arc.
St. Denis
What has been retained from the classical past?
The elements that have been retained from the classical past is the basilica. The basilica was built in the shape of a cross and were incorporated in the design of a church. Also the rounded Roman arch has been retained from the classical past.
What new elements are implemented in the construction of the Romanesque cathedrals?
The new elements that were implemented in the construction of the Romanesque cathedrals were thick walls, rounded arches, groin vaults, large towers, rib vaults and decorative arcading. Other elements include a separate bell tower that was built beside the church.
Discuss the sculpture that was integrated into the exteriors of Romanesque churches. Why was it there? Whom did it address? What were the prominent messages?
The sculpture that was integrated into the exteriors of Romanesque churches were animals, monsters, plants, geometric ornaments and allegorical figures. The events take place in a medieval setting and are drawn from a viewer's life. As well, these images represent the artistic achievements of Romanesque artwork. A figural sculpture appeared at the entrances, exterior piers, columns and were spread behind moldings.
What types of vaulting were common during this period? Why did architecture change to the masonry vaulting system?
The types of vaulting that were common during this period included ribbed groin vaults, groin vaults and a barrel vault. Architects changed to the masonry vaulting system for the sake of fire resistance.Masonry is very effective for architecture as it is very durable and is stone.
. Discuss what is meant by the term "Romanesque" and distinguish some of the key stylistic features associated with architecture in this style.
The word "Romanesque" means in the Roman manner and came up in the nineteenth century to describe early medieval European church architecture. The Romanesque architecture often displayed solid masonry walls, rounded arches and vaults that were similar to Roman buildings.
True or False- Relics were held to have spiritual power-to effect healing miracles and time off from Purgatory
True
True or False: Images of Heaven/hell caused medieval people to consider their eternal fate?
True
True or False: Images of heaven/hell caused medieval people to consider their eternal fate.
True
True or False: Relics were held to have spiritual power- to effect healing miracles and take time off from Purgatory
True
True or False: Saint Denis served as the burial place for the French royal family.
True
-Last Judgement: scene is depicted on the tympanum -Larger figure- more significance -Christ is damming people on the left
Tympanum of the Last Judgement
wedge shaped stone that forms the curved part of an arch
Voussoir
Name the ports of a Romanesque portal.
Voussoirs on left/right, Tympanum in the middle with lintel underneath, Jambs on the bottom with trumeau in the middle., archivoles within the Voussoirs
-in Houses of Parliament -thousand years old -built by William Rufus -Interior: wall was flat, then in Reign of Rich, second gothic became popular -Second gothic: in Reign of Rich, an oak roof was put on it survived two world wars and fire -Roof put on in 1295 -Windows: one was put on for the Queen, (not there for a long time, but looks that it has been there forever) -Function: three parts of Parliament come together which are House of Commons, Queen Monarch, House of Lords, very famous people had visited, Queen addresses Parliament from steps -Original Use: built a as a monastery service industry then it became the Supreme Court and then a court of law. important trials has occurred here. Besides law, sad state funerals Material: banners which represent things that has occurred in legislation over the years. The inside of the hall is very plain and is made of limestone. Limestone is very soft which makes it easy to carve. There used to be Norman Kings above the king but my tour guide said it was taken away for cleaning. As well, the Norman Kings sits in the window, you can see the braces and since they are so delicate, they crumble easily. -hammerbeam ceiling
Westminister Hall
-largest hall in England at the time -meant for grand ceremonial occasions; coronations, feats, used as a law court to dispense justice -bare windows were decorated with tapestries -windows placed big up surrounded by Romanesque arches -original roof replaced; debate over how the roof was originally vaulted; perhaps with beams that came down to the floor denoting a main aisle and two side aisles -Hammerbeam style; made of oak; beams curve to meet in center of roof like a corbelled arch -six statues of kings at one entrance -
Westminister Hall (stone/wood)
monastery for monks, or a convent for nuns, and the church that is connected to it
abbey
WHAT IS advantage of rib vault?
allows the weight to be higher;
passageway around the apse of a church
ambulatory
Name the parts of a Cruciform church plan.
ambulatory, apse, bay, buttress, crossing, nave, transept, radiating chapel, aisles, choir, altar
end point of a church where the altar is
apse
series of arches supported by columns. when the arches face a wall and are not self supporting, called blind arcade
arcade
Romanesque art shows a revitalization of large-scale __________ and sculpture. Pilgrimage to sacred European shrines increase the flow of people and ideas around the continent. In order to accommodate. Church portal sculptures stress themes of the ___________ and the need for salvation. In order to accommodate large crowds who came to the Romanesque buildings for pilgrimages, master builders designed an addition to the east end of a building, called an ambulatory
architecture, Last Judgment
series of concentric moldings around an arch
archivolt
How is this part of the "court style"---> Saint Chapelle (Parisian style of this period is often called the Court style)
associated with the court of Saint Louis was one reason it spread beyond the capital to the courts of other European rulers (as a result Parisian works became trans European benchmarks of artistic quality and cosmopolitan sophistication)
church with a long nave whose focus is the apse, so called because it is designed along an axis
axial plan (basilican plan, longitudinal plan)
a vault forming a half cylinder.
barrel vaults
Explain vaults for Romanesque arc.
barrel/groin vaults
vertical section of a church that is embraced by a set of columns and is usually composed of arches and aligned windows
bay
romanesque use of repeated vertical elements became standard in gothic period
bays
Why are flying buttresses important?
building is more open up for window space, display stained glass, help to stabilize the building, prevents wind stresses from damaging the very vertical/narrow structures
Why and how did Abott Suger design the Church of Saint-Denis in a way that allowed for more light? Compare this to Romanesque radiating chapels and ambulatories. How are they different?
burial place of the royal, Sugar was an advisor to the royal family, open up space to allow light to flood in, , replaced by colored glass, walls can basically disappear and be replaced
bell tower of an italian building
campanile
principal church of a diocese, where a bishop sits
cathedral
Why are Gothic buildings tall and narrow?
causes the worshipper to look up upon entering, reinforces the religious symbolism of the building
east end of a Gothic church
chevet
The space around the altar is called the _______ and the space behind the arches/columns is called the ___
choir, ambulatory
In the Gothic period, what did sculptures focus on?
church facades
third, or window, story of a church
clerestory
pier that appears to be a group or gathering of smaller piers put together
compound pier
The subject of this tympanum is associated with which series of events in the Late Middle ages...?
crusades
Explain the mood of Romanesque arc.
dark
woven product in which the design is stitched into a pre made fabric
embrodiery
What new architecture is used in the Gothic period?
flying buttress
stone arch and its pier that support a roof from a pillar outside the building, stabilize a building and protects it from wind sheer
flying buttress
Explain main vault support for Gothic arc.
flying buttresses on the outside
Abbot Suger wanted to create an architecture style that would express the growing power of...
french monarchy
intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults
groin vaults
specifically book containing the Jewish story of Passover and the ritual of the Seder
haggadah
a type of roof in the English Gothic architecture, in which timber braces curve out from walls and meet high over the middle of the floor
hammerbeam
The increased use of stained glass created a space inside the church that medieval people would have described as .__________
heavenly
Explain main vault support for Romanesque arc.
heavy ceiling, stone, thick walls, buttresses
The Tympanum of Sainte Foy has ________ of scale.
hierachy
Explain elevation for Romanesque arc.
horizontal; tall
What was the purpose/function of the Sainte Chapelle chapel?
house the relics, huge reliquary, hold the crowd of thorns of Jesus when he died,
Explain exterior for Gothic arc.
intricate, lots of detailing, sculptures
side posts of a medieval portal
jamb
stand in front of the wall, no longer in front of it
jamb statues
central vossouir
keystone
a tall narrow window with a pointed arch usually filled with stained glass
lancet
What are stained-glass windows? What was the significance of these windows? Describe what is illustrated in the Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere of Chartres Cathedral?
lets brilliant luminous color into space, complex web of interlocking pointed vaulting
Explain the mood of Gothic arc.
light
A barrel-vaulted nave provided setting as well as excellent acoustics for church services, failed in one critical requirement: ____________ -Not a lot of windows-space in the stone, pierce through the stone was very difficult, limited -Due to the great outward thrust the barrel vaults exerted along their full length, a clerestory was difficult to construct -More complex/efficient type of vaulting was needed -Covering the nave with groin vaults instead of barrel vaults became the solution
lighting
Explain clerestory for Romaneque arc.
limited windows due to the stone material
Explain sculptural decoration for Romanesque arc.
long, thin, not realistic
religious, rejects images, centered on specific fields that were transmitted throughout Europe through trade, pilgrimage and military activity
medieval art
a bible, in which the old/new testament stories are paralled with one another in illustrations, text and commentary
moralized bible
one book, thousands of illustrations (very expensive), commissioned by royal families
moralized bible
vestibule, or lobby, of a church
narthex
What does medieval painting e avoid?
naturalistic depictions,
High Gothic art is more ____________ than early Gothic art.
naturalistic;
arch formed by two s shaped curves that meet tat the top,
ogee arch
Explain vaults for Gothic arc.
only groin vaults
a painting or sculpture of a crucified Christ lying on the lap of a grieving Mary
pieta
painting or sculpture of a crucified Christ laying on the lap of a grieving Mary
pieta
pointed sculpture on piers or flying buttresses
pinnacle
Explain exterior for Romanesque arc.
plain, simple, not intricate
Explain arch type for Gothic arc.
pointed
seen in islamic spain, arch directs thrusts down to the floor more efficiently than rounded arches, more fanciful S shaped arches -(ogee arches)
pointed arch
What are (high) Gothic elements of the Sainte Chapelle Chapel?
pointed spires, pinnacle, flying buttresses, rose window,
a doorway, in medieval art they ca be significantly decorated
portal
doorway, in medieval art they can be significantly decorated
portals
Most great Romanesque sculpture was done around the main ______ of churches. Themes related to the Last Judgment /the punishment of the bad alongside the salvation of the good. Most Romanesque sculpture is _____ within the frame of the work it is conceived in and rarely presses against the side or emerges forward.
portals, content
tangentially from one of the bays or divisions of the apse. It is reached generally by a semicircular passageway, or ambulatory, exteriorly to the walls or piers of the apse.
radiating chapels
Explain sculptural decoration for Gothic arc.
realistic, features aren't the same as other sculptures
Medieval architecture is mostly ________, sculptures/paintings avoids ________ depictions and at times medieval religions will reject images
religious, naturalistic
vessel for holding a sacred relic, took the shape of the objects they held, precious metal/stones were common material
reliquary
vault in which diagonal arches form rib like patterns, arches partially support a roof, in some cases forming a weblike design
rib vault
vault in which diagonal arches form rib like patterns; arches partially support a roof, in some cases forming a weblike design
rib vault
What are the four things that is new with gothic architecture?
rib vault, bays, rose window, pointed arch
standard vaulting practice of Gothic period
rib vaults
Gothic architecture is built on advances in the Romanesque: the ______ vault, ________ arch, and the bay system of construction. Gothic architecture reached new vertical heights through the use of ____________ buttresses that carry the weight of the roof to the walls outside of the building and deflect wind pressure. Gothic sculpture- in portals- are more 3- dimensional than Romanesque (Gothic- lots of portals in sculpture) -More Height -Stained Glass
rib, pointed, flying
What is the difference between romanesque and gothic portals?
romanesque stresses Last Judgment and threat of being dammed to hell, Gothic focuses on possibility of salvation; believer is empowered with the choice of salvation
circular window, filled with stained glass, placed at the end of a transept or on the facade of a church
rose window
Explain arch type for Romanesque arc.
rounded
What is reflected in Roman architecture and often reflected in the Romanesque tradition?
rounded arches, heavy walls
Was the Bayeux Tapestry secular or religious?
secular
Explain radiating chapels and apse for Romanesque arc.
separate compartments
reused materials
spolia
Explain clerestory for Gothic arc.
stained glass windows, large
What is the focus Romanesque?
stone, sculpture, vaults
woven product in which the design and backing are produced at the same time on a device called a loom
tapestry
Pointed arches allowed for _________ supports that did not need as much buttressing, allowing for the creation of a more elegant space.
thinner
aisle in a church perpendicular to the nave
transept
arch that spans an interior space connecting opposite walls by crossing from side to side
transverse arch
How did Romanesque builders react to the increased mobility of Europeans?
traveling on pilgrimages by enlarging the size of their buildings, new vaulting techniques are development, Romanesque style includes thick walls/piers that give the buildings a monumentality/ massiveness (lacked in medieval art)
narrow passageway with arches opening onto a nave, usually directly below a clerestory
triforium
central pillar of a portal that stabilizes the structure, elaborately decorated
trumeau
The semi-circular space above a Romanesque portal is called a....
tympanum
emi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window, bounded by a lintel and arch. It often contains sculpture or other imagery or ornaments.
tympanum
rounded sculpture placed over the portal of a medieval church
tympanum
semicircular space above a Romanesque portal
tympanum
Explain radiating chapels and apse for Gothic arc.
unbroken space
How is this different than a typical Gothic cathedral, such as the Chartes--> Saint Chapelle
unusually large for a chapel, in Paris, built as one of the tallest and most elaborately decorated buildings in French capital, hides the structural support in the wall
What were the liturgical purpose of Romanesque buildings?
use of ambulatories and radiating chapels and their dark interiors give these churches a religious feeling quite different from the Roman predecessors
Explain elevation for Gothic arc.
vertical soaring