Rome

In addition to the construction of massive buildings, the Romans also built a. pyramids. b. toll roads. c. aqueducts. d. skyscrapers. e. underwater harbors.

C. Aqueducts

The first Christian Emperor of the Roman Empire was a. Augustus. b. Hadrian. c. Diocletian. d. Constantine. e. Theodosius.

D. Constantine

Roman antagonism toward Christianity was deepened by a. Christian rejection of Roman religious practices. b. the public nature of Christian gatherings. c. Christian universality as a force for strengthening of public order. d. the activities of Matthew and Mark. e. its Germanic origins.

A. Christian rejection of Roman religious practices.

The chief executive officers of the Roman Republic who were responsible for leading the Roman army into battle and administering the government were the a. consuls. b. praetors. c. senators. d. centuriates. e. tribunes.

A. Consuls

Crassus was killed in battle, Caesar defeated Pompey and was later assassinated, Octavian defeated Antony, who committed suicide, and Octavian attained sole power and was named Augustus. As a result of the preceding, the traditional Roman Republic a. ended. b. was restored. c. increased senatorial power. d. eliminated the monarchy. e. became a dyarchy.

A. Ended

The "good news" concerning Jesus was contained in the written a. gospels. b. Old Testament. c. Sermon on the Mount. d. Dead Sea scrolls. e. Analects of John the Baptist.

A. Gospels

The Roman general who began a new system of military recruitment that made soldiers loyal to their general and not the Senate was a. Marius. b. Tiberius Gracchus. c. Crassus. d. Caesar. e. Pompey.

A. Marius

In addition to the inventing of the rudder and fore-and-aft rigging, another significant Chinese invention of the Han era was a. paper. b. rubber. c. steel. d. silk. e. rayon.

A. Paper

The success of Christianity is widely believed by historians to have been due to its a. promise of salvation, its familiarity, and its universality. b. complexity of initiation and its ability to satisfy people's desire to be part of a political community. c. acceptance by Diocletian. d. strong following among aristocratic Romans after 75 C.E. e. anti-Semitism.

A. Promise of salvation, its familiarity, and its universality

Signs of Roman decline were manifested by a. a series of Germanic barbarian invasions. b. agricultural and economic prosperity which undermined the values of Rome. c. the weakening of Rome's army which was forced to use Middle Eastern barbarians as soldiers. d. the years of ongoing military chaos between 35 and 184 C.E. e. the celibacy of the emperors.

A. a series of Germanic barbarian invasions.

Although at the time of the first Han dynasty census, in 2 C.E., the population of China was estimated at sixty million, within two centuries the oppressive Han policies had reduced the population to: a. less than twenty million. b. less than thirty million. c. around thirty-five million. d. less than forty million. e. around fifty million.

A. less than twenty million

In comparison to Han China, in the Roman Empire a. merchants were more highly regarded. b. merchants were less highly regarded. c. large-scale manufacturing fueled its economy. d. trade played little role. e. all officials were selected on the basis of merit only.

A. merchants were more highly regarded.

The major stages of Roman imperial expansion before 100 B.C.E. included a. the involvement and seizures of the Hellenistic kingdoms in the eastern Mediterranean. b. seizure of the Atlantic coastline of northwestern Africa to outflank Carthage. c. the defeat of the Gauls by Sulla and Pompey. d. only military, not economic considerations. e. revenge for the death of Cincinnatus at the hands of the Latins.

A. the involvement and seizures of the Hellenistic kingdoms in the eastern Mediterranean.

The third century C.E. was notable for all of the following except a. the official adoption of Christianity as the religion of the empire. b. the invasion by German tribes. c. the onset of plagues. d. the frequent turnover of "military" emperors. e. inroads by the Sassanid Persian empire.

A. the official adoption of Christianity as the religion of the empire

Roman jurists were able to provide a systematic framework for Roman law because a. they came to assume that natural law, or universal law, was based upon reason. b. the Twelve Tables provided an enduring basis for legislation. c. the legal interpretation of the praetors maintained legal order. d. of the universality of the law of nations. e. of the influence of Plato and Aristotle.

A. they came to assume that natural law, or universal law, was based upon reason.

Constantine's "New Rome" was established at the site of ancient a. Alexandria. b. Byzantium. c. Ephesus. d. Delhi. e. Thesolonnica.

B. Byzantium

During the centuries of Roman history, from Republic to Empire, the paterfamilias' authority a. increased. b. decreased. c. fluctuated. d. remained the same. e. was eliminated entirely.

B. Decreased

Which of the following were among the Jewish population of Judea? a. Latians b. Essenes c. Mithraists d. Kuomintang e. Zanj

B. Essenes

The founder of the Han dynasty was a. Huang Chiau. b. Liu Bang. c. Wang Mang. d. Lie Ch'in. e. Ho Chi.

B. Liu Bang

Rome was a. located in the valley of Attica. b. located on the plain of Latium. c. in legend, defended by the extreme bravery of Horatius. d. an ally of Athens in the Peloponnesian War. e. founded by the Etruscans.

B. Located on the plain of Latium

The key figure in the spread of Christianity outside the Jewish community was a. Peter. b. Paul of Tarsus. c. Jesus. d. Tiberius. e. Joseph of Arimethea.

B. Paul of Tarsus

The First Punic War a. resulted from a Roman invasion of Spain. b. was waged between Carthage and Rome over control of the island of Sicily. c. was begun with an attack by Hannibal. d. discouraged the Romans from developing their naval power. e. was caused by a Macedonian assault on Sicily.

B. Was waged between Carthage and Rome over control of the island of Sicily

A development during the period of Julio-Claudian rule was that emperors a. increased the responsibilities that Augustus had given the senate. b. acted more openly as real rulers than as "first citizens of the state." c. had fewer opportunities to act in an arbitrary and corrupt way. d. lost power to the revitalized senate and assemblies. e. sincerely attempted to restore the Republic

B. acted more openly as real rulers than as "first citizens of the state."

Roman military commanders a. such as Marius refused to change the recruitment system. b. became deeply involved in politics after 133 B.C.E. c. were required to retire after two years of high command. d. always deferred to their superiors in the Senate. e. always came from the upper plebeian class.

B. became deeply involved in politics after 133 B.C.E.

During the Han dynasty a. the emperors were unable to enlarge the territorial domain of the Chinese Empire. b. merchants brought Buddhism to China for the first time. c. imperial armies incorporated all of Southeast Asia into the Chinese realm. d. dynastic continuity lasted only seventy years. e. The state of Qin became dominant.

B. merchants brought Buddhism to China for the first time.

The basic message of Jesus of Nazareth was that a. the church must be financially solvent. b. people should love God and each other. c. the written requirements of Judaism should be literally obeyed. d. he was providing a foundation for a value system for Western civilization. e. he saw a need to replace traditional Judaism.

B. people should love God and each other.

Traditional Roman religion a. was quite similar to Jainist thought and practice in India. b. was based on the proper implementation of rituals by state priests. c. involved worship of a variety of officially recognized gods. d. was replaced by Zoroastrianism during the principate. e. could best be described as ethical monotheism.

B. was based on the proper implementation of rituals by state priests.

Early Roman legends and tales a. served no purpose beyond entertainment. b. were incorporated into Livy's historical accounts to teach moral values and virtues. c. closely resembled those of China during the Zhou Dynasty. d. owed nothing to Etruscan or Greek influences. e. disappeared when Rome was sacked by the Celts.

B. were incorporated into Livy's historical accounts to teach moral values and virtues.

The Roman Senate a. met, in sequence, on each of the seven hills of Rome. b. was composed of elected representatives chosen by the slaves. c. had 300 members who were chosen for life. d. was led by three tribunes and five praetors. e. was selected by the clientes.

C. Had 300 members who were chosen for life

Which of the following is a true statement about the centuriate assembly? a. It prevented the Roman army from functioning in a political role. b. It had an organizational pattern that assured a majority for its poorest members. c. It had the responsibilities of electing the chief magistrates and passing legislation. d. It had the power of declaring war and peace. e. It was abolished during the Punic Wars.

C. It had the responsibilities of electing the chief magistrates and passing legislation

The government of Rome a. was originally established as a representative democracy. b. contained an element of republicanism from its beginnings. c. was originally a monarchy but later became a republic. d. was developed as a monarchy under the Celts. e. was ruled by the upper-class plebeians.

C. Was originally a monarchy but later became a republic

The plebeians a. were less numerous than the patricians. b. could not be elected to governmental offices before 150 C.E. c. were less privileged and often poorer than the patricians. d. were barred from military roles. e. became slaves when they could not pay their debts.

C. Were less privileged and often poorer than the patricians

A fundamental difference between the Roman Empire and China's Han Empire was that the a. Roman Empire was based upon manufacturing and the Han Empire upon agriculture. b. Roman Empire had emperors but the Han Empire was ruled by viceroys. c. essentials of the Han Empire were replicated by later dynasties but the Roman Empire disappeared except as an idea. d. family played a less important role in Han China than in the Roman Empire. e. Roman Empire lasted for centuries while the Han Empire only survived for three decades.

C. essentials of the Han Empire were replicated by later dynasties but the Roman Empire disappeared except as an idea.

Octavian a. was badly defeated by Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 B.C.E. b. gave up his military authority once he was given the title of Augustus in 27 B.C.E. c. established the praetorian guard to guard him and his successors. d. was officially installed as emperor in 21 B.C.E. e. was the biological brother of Julius Caesar.

C. established the praetorian guard to guard him and his successors.

The Third Punic War a. began with an unprovoked Carthaginian attack on Gaul. b. took place immediately after the end of the Second Punic War. c. resulted in Carthage being destroyed and its territory becoming a Roman province. d. saved North Africa from Roman influence. e. was caused by the assassination of Cato the Elder.

C. resulted in Carthage being destroyed and its territory becoming a Roman province.

Roman slaves a. rarely rebelled, due to the fair treatment they received. b. were never involved in agriculture but only in manufacturing enterprises. c. staged a number of massive rebellions, the largest led by Spartacus in 71 B.C.E. d. made up well over half the population of the empire. e. received their freedom as reward for the military assistance at the battle of Actium.

C. staged a number of massive rebellions, the largest led by Spartacus in 71 B.C.E.

All of the following are correct about the Roman army by the fourth century B.C.E. except a. there were four legions. b. each legion consisted of 4000 to 5000 men. c. the phalanxi formation was employed by the Romans. d. the infantry consisted of three lines of battle. e. the first lines were armed with heavy spears, short swords, oval shields, helmets, and breastplates.

C. the phalanxi formation was employed by the Romans.

Under the reigns of the five "good emperors" a. the power of the senate increased. b. nearly a century of chaos consumed Rome. c. the range of responsibilities that were affected by the policies of the emperors increased. d. public works construction decreased. e. Rome gained control of the British Isles and the Arabian peninsula.

C. the range of responsibilities that were affected by the policies of the emperors increased.

The Second Punic War a. saw the eventual victory of Carthage. b. saw Hannibal invade Italy from Greece. c. won Spain for Rome and resulted in Roman control over the western Mediterranean. d. produced a great victory for the Romans over Hannibal at the battle of Cannae. e. all of the above

C. won Spain for Rome and resulted in Roman control over the western Mediterranean.

Members of the aristocratic governing class in Rome were known as the a. hoplites. b. Gracchi. c. Latins. d. patricians. e. plebs.

D. Patricians

The Roman general who returned from Spain as a military hero in 71 B.C.E. was a. Marius. b. Sulla. c. Caesar. d. Pompey. e. Cato.

D. Pompey

Roman imperialism was characterized by a. a desire to improve the economies of conquered peoples. b. unsuccessful diplomatic moves. c. pure accident and fate. d. diplomacy, strategic fortifications, road construction, and allied military support. e. the successful employment of the phalanx.

D. diplomacy, strategic fortifications, road construction, and allied military support

A central aspect of early Roman conquest was that all conquered peoples a. immediately received Roman citizenship. b. could do business with Rome. c. could never intermarry with Romans. d. had an interest in the success of Rome, since they could improve their status by demonstrating their loyalty to their conquerors. e. were generally enslaved by Roman patricians.

D. had an interest in the success of Rome, since they could improve their status by demonstrating their loyalty to their conquerors.

A the Zealots were a. a Jewish sect who established a religious community near the Dead Sea. b. members of the Roman Emperor's private bodyguard. c. a Jewish group who favored cooperation with Rome. d. militant extremists who advocated the violent overthrow of Rome's rule. e. the special Roman legions whose major function was to defend the empire from barbarians.

D. militant extremists who advocated the violent overthrow of Rome's rule.

Roman literature a. drew heavily from Etruscan models. b. was unusually resistant to external influences. c. was dominated by the preeminent prose of Virgil during the Augustan Age. d. reached it high point in the age of Augustus. e. was almost always oriented towards philosophical subject matter.

D. reached it high point in the age of Augustus.

Julius Caesar a. was a member of the plebeian class. b. defeated Octavian's army and obtained the titles of dictator, then dictator for life. c. saw the need for change and strengthened the Senate's power. d. was assassinated by leading senators convinced his death would restore the republic. e. all of the above

D. was assassinated by leading senators convinced his death would restore the republic.

Under ____, Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire. a. Augustus b. Hadrian c. Diocletian d. Constantine e. Theodosius

E. Theodosius

The defenders of the plebeians were known as the a. consuls. b. praetors. c. senators. d. centuriates. e. tribunes.

E. Tribunes

The greatest epic poet of the Late Republic was a. Livy. b. Plautus. c. Catullus. d. Cicero. e. Virgil.

E. Virgil

As it prospered, the early Roman Empire a. saw trade and manufacturing become significantly more important than agriculture. b. eliminated the practice of slavery. c. required people in the entire empire to speak Latin. d. saw the supply of gold and silver coins decrease in the eastern part of the empire. e. saw the development of a large gap between rich and poor.

E. saw the development of a large gap between rich and poor.