RTE 2563 Exam 3 w/ chapter 15 quiz
The effective dose (EfD) limit for the lens of the eye is a. 150 mSv. b. 15 mSv. c. 50 mSv. d. 5 mSv.
a. 150 mSv.
The theory of radiation hormesis suggests that radiation doses below 0.1 mGy are _____________. a. lethal b. harmful c. carcinogenic d. beneficial
d. beneficial
Radiographers must limit the patient's exposure to ionizing radiation by 1. employing appropriate radiation reduction techniques. 2. using protective devices that minimize radiation exposure. 3. selecting radiographic exposures factors that only use low kVp and high a. 1 and 2 only b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 1 and 3 only d. 2 and 3 only
a. 1 and 2 only
Fluoroscopic devices are capable of subjecting the patient, the equipment operator, and other personnel near the fluoroscopic equipment to substantial doses of ionizing radiation. These devices include 1. C-arm fluoroscopes. 2. fluoroscopes on stationary equipment with HLC mode used for interventional procedures. 3. interventional fluoroscopic systems. a. 1, 2, 3, and 4 b. 1 and 2 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 2 and 4 only
a. 1, 2, 3, and 4
Some mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. In humans, a hereditary disorder is present in approximately _________ of all live births in the United States. a. 10% b. 20% c. 30% d. 25%
a. 10%
Which of the following are responsibilities of a health care facility's radiation safety committee (RSC)? 1. Delegate operational funds in the budget for the radiation safety program 2. Provide guidance for the radiation safety program 3. Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program a. 2 and 3 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 1, 2, and 3 d. 1 and 2 only
a. 2 and 3 only
Total filtration of _______________________ for fixed x-ray units operating above 70 kVp is the regulatory standard. a. 2.5-mm aluminum equivalent b. 2.0-mm aluminum equivalent c. 1.5-mm aluminum equivalent d. 1.0-mm aluminum equivalen
a. 2.5-mm aluminum equivalent
The period of major organogenesis is during the ________________ of pregnancy. a. 2nd to 10th week b. 2nd trimester c. first 2 weeks d. 3rd trimester
a. 2nd to 10th week
When performing a mobile radiographic procedure, to reduce the radiation exposure to the patient, the radiographer must use a minimal source-skin distance of a. 30 cm. b. 45 cm. c. 38 cm. d. 15 cm.
a. 30 cm.
Depending on the area of the body being examined with a fluoroscopic image intensification system, a range of ___________ kVp is generally used for adult patients. a. 75 to 110 b. 110 to 140 c. 60 to 75 d. 30 to 60
a. 75 to 110
Breast dose from a scoliosis exam can be reduced by using the __________________. I. AP projection II. PA projection III. lead shielding a. II and III b. I and III c. I d. II
a. II and III
Which of the following terms involves a random effect of ionizing radiation? a. Stochastic event b. Reddening of the skin c. Change in white blood cell count d. Early tissue reactions
a. Stochastic event
Any image that must be performed more than once because of human or mechanical error during the production of the initial image is considered to be a repeat image. What effect does a repeat image have on the radiation dose received by the patient? a. The patient's skin and possibly the gonads, if they were in the included imaged area, receive a double radiation dose. b. The patient's critical organs receive a radiation dose that is 10 times greater than the initial radiation dose. c. The patient's superficial tissues only receive a radiation dose that is four times as great as that of the original radiation dose. d. The patient receives no additional radiation dose.
a. The patient's skin and possibly the gonads, if they were in the included imaged area, receive a double radiation dose.
What do agents such as specific chemicals, viruses, and ionizing radiation have in common? a. They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations. b. They always cause spontaneous abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy. c. They can increase the frequency of mutations in only those members of the population who are already genetically impaired. d. Nothing
a. They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations.
What is the purpose of radiographic beam filtration? a. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam. b. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing all of the higher-energy photons from the homogeneous beam. c. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the higher-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam. d. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by removing all the lower-energy photons from the homogeneous beam.
a. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam.
When obtaining a dorsoplantar projection of a foot, which of the following types of filters should be used to provide a greater uniform density of the anatomy? a. Wedge filter b. Bilateral wedge filter c. Trough filter d. Thoraeus filter
a. Wedge filter
People who were employed painting radium watch dials later showed an especially excess risk for ______________ cancer. a. bone b. mouth c. thyroid d. stomach
a. bone
Studies showed that postpartum patients treated with ionizing radiation for relief of mastitis are a group of individuals in whom the results of radiation exposure to healthy breast tissue via scattered radiation indicate that radiation a. can cause breast cancer. b. cannot cause breast cancer. c. can cause breast enlargement. d. can cause breast shrinkage.
a. can cause breast cancer.
Dose limits are described as _______________________. a. effective dose b. threshold dose c. exposure dose d. dose equivalent
a. effective dose
Personnel working in interventional radiography should be provided with ______________________. a. extremity monitoring b. collar monitoring only c. waist monitoring under the apron d. gonadal monitoring
a. extremity monitoring
To visualize smaller and lower contrast objects during interventional procedures, high level control fluoroscopy uses exposure rates that are ____________ those normally used in routine fluoroscopy. a. higher than b. lower than c. the same as d. None of the above, because smaller and lower contrast objects cannot be visualized by fluoroscopy during interventional procedures.
a. higher than
To assess the magnitude and severity of late effects on the exposed population from the 1986 nuclear power station accident at Chernobyl a. long-term follow-up studies are necessary. b. short-term follow-up studies are necessary. c. minimal follow-up is only necessary because the exposed population did not receive sufficient radiation exposure to cause severe late effects. d. follow-up is not necessary because the radiation received by the entire exposed population was fatal.
a. long-term follow-up studies are necessary.
A __________ effect increases in incidence but not severity as the dose increases. a. stochastic b. deterministic c. localized d. non-stochastic
a. stochastic
Radiation protection guidelines in diagnostic imaging are based on _______________________. a. stochastic effects of radiation b. deterministic effects of radiation c. lethal effects of radiation d. Both A and B
a. stochastic effects of radiation
In the event that a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated a. the radiation safety officer or the medical physicist should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. b. the imaging department manager should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. c. the radiographer performing the examination should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. d. the administrator of the hospital or imaging facility should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.
a. the radiation safety officer or the medical physicist should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.
According to the U.S. Public Health Service, the genetically significant dose (GSD) for the population of the United States is approximately a. 1.00 mSv. b. 0.20 mSv. c. 0.40 mSv. d. 0.80 mSv.
b. 0.20 mSv.
The dose limit to the general publicfor frequent exposures to non-medical radiation is _________________. a. 100 mSv/yr (10 rem/yr) b. 1 mSv/yr (100 mrem/yr) c. 10 mSv/yr (1000 mrem/yr) d. 1 Sv/yr (100 rem/yr)
b. 1 mSv/yr (100 mrem/yr)
A radiation safety officer in a health care facility must have sufficient authority, organizational freedom, and management prerogative to 1. identify radiation safety problems. 2. initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action. 3. stop unsafe operations involving by-product material. 4. verify implementation of corrective actions. a. 1, 3, and 4 only b. 1, 2, 3, and 4 c. 1, 2, and 3 only d. 2, 3, and 4 only
b. 1, 2, 3, and 4
The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures from a variety of sources, including 1. radioactive materials 2. radiation-producing machines 3. radiation accidents a. 1 and 3 only b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 2 and 3 only d. 1 and 2 only
b. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are considered to be benefits of an aggressive repeat analysis program? 1. Increased awareness among staff and student radiographers of the need to produce optimal quality recorded images from the start. 2. Radiographers become more careful in producing radiographic images because they are aware that images are being reviewed. 3. When the repeat analysis program identifies problems or concerns, in-service education programs covering these specific topics may be designed for imaging personnel. a. 1 only b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 2 only d. 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are functions and/or responsibilities of the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)? 1. Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry 2. Regulates occupational exposure to radiation through Part 1910 of Title 29 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR 1910) 3. Responsible for regulations concerning an employee's "right to know" with regard to hazards in the workplace a. 1 and 3 only b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 2 and 3 only d. 1 and 2 only
b. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are sources of low-level radiation exposure? 1. X-rays and radioactive materials used for diagnostic purposes. 2. Employment-related exposure in medicine and industry. 3. Natural background radiation. a. 2 and 3 only b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 1 and 2 only d. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3
The threshold dose for cataract formation is known to be _____ mSv of acute exposure to the eyes. a. 4 b. 2 c. 20 d. 10
b. 2
Radiation-induced abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to a. somatic cells in the human body. b. DNA molecules in the sperm or ova of an adult. c. epithelial cells in the human body. d. all stem cells in the human body.
b. DNA molecules in the sperm or ova of an adult.
During the preimplantation stage of development, the fertilized ovum divides and forms a ball-like structure containing undifferentiated cells. If this structure is irradiated with a dose in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 Gyt which of the following will result? a. Microcephaly b. Embryonic death c. Delayed bone growth d. Congenital abnormalities
b. Embryonic death
During a radiographic examination, which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors reduce patient radiation dose? a. Lower kVp, higher mAs b. Higher kVp, lower mAs c. Higher kVp, higher mAs d. Lower kVp, lower mAs
b. Higher kVp, lower mAs
Which of the following statements is true? a. Medical imaging personnel almost always receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit. b. Medical imaging personnel hardly ever receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit. c. Medical imaging personnel always receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit. d. Medical imaging personnel absolutely never receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit.
b. Medical imaging personnel hardly ever receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit.
________________________ are the sensing devices most often used to measure skin dose directly. a. A sequence of aluminum equivalent filters of varying thicknesses b. Thermoluminescent dosimeters c. Lead-impregnated filters d. Molybdenum and rhodium filters
b. Thermoluminescent dosimeters
When using digital fluoroscopy systems, making use of the last image hold feature can a. lead to a 50% reduction of technical exposure factors. b. be an effective dose reduction technique. c. eliminate the need to collimate the primary beam. d. eliminate the need for body or part immobilization.
b. be an effective dose reduction technique.
The control panel, where technical exposure factors are selected and visually displayed for the equipment operator, must be located a. at the foot end of the radiographic examining table. b. behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure. c. behind any regular wall that has a regular glass window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure. d. at the head end of the radiographic examining table.
b. behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure.
Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to radiobiologists who use the information from these studies to formulate dose-response curves for making predictions of the risk of ____________ in human populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation. a. cataract formation b. cancer c. genetic effects d. spontaneous abortions
b. cancer
Revised concepts of radiation exposure and risk have brought about more recent changes in NCRP recommendations for limits on exposure to ionizing radiation. Because many conflicting views exist on assessing the risk of cancer induction from low-level radiation exposure, the trend has been to a. leave radiation protection standards the same as they have been for the last 20 years. b. create more rigorous radiation protection standards. c. eliminate radiation protection standards. d. reduce rigorous radiation protection standards.
b. create more rigorous radiation protection standards.
The term linear nonthreshold relationship implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is a. inversely proportional to the square of the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero. b. directly proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero. c. directly proportional to the square of the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero. d. inversely proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
b. directly proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
The most radiosensitive period during pregnancy for radiation induced congenital abnormalities is during the _____________________. a. first 2 weeks b. first trimester c. third trimester d. second trimester
b. first trimester
Computed radiography, because of its higher exposure latitude, makes grid use on the pediatric population a. absolutely necessary for all radiographic examinations. b. less necessary than was previously believed. c. unnecessary for any examination. d. necessary only for extremity examinations.
b. less necessary than was previously believed.
When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers rises as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in the population, the risk is considered to be a. quadratic. b. relative. c. excess. d. absolute.
b. relative.
The effective dose (EfD) limiting system supersedes a. all Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. b. the maximum permissible dose (MPD) system. c. all Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations. d. the Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981.
b. the maximum permissible dose (MPD) system.
To provide a low-exposure cut-off level so that regulatory agencies may consider a level of effective dose as being of negligible risk, an annual negligible individual dose (NID) of ________________ per source or practice has been set. a. 0.001 mSv/year b. 1.0 mSv/year c. 0.01 mSv/year d. 0.1 mSv/year
c. 0.01 mSv/year
Epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero have provided conclusive evidence of a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of severe intellectual disability for fetal doses greater than approximately a. 0.3 Sv. b. 0.1 Sv. c. 0.4 Sv. d. 0.2 Sv.
c. 0.4 Sv.
Currently, evidence of radiation-induced hereditary effects has not been observed in persons employed in diagnostic imaging or in persons undergoing radiologic examinations. Even with this information, it is still recommended that 1. gonadal shielding be effectively used. 2. all radiation exposure be maintained as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). 3. alternative procedures be substituted for x-ray procedures whenever diagnostic information must be obtained. a. 3 only b. 1 only c. 1 and 2 only d. 2 only
c. 1 and 2 only
Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following? 1. Sperm of a man 2. Ova of a woman 3. Somatic cells of men and women a. 3 only b. 1 only c. 1 and 2 only d. 2 only
c. 1 and 2 only
Occasional exposure for the purpose of education and training is permitted, provided that special care is taken to ensure that the annual effective dose limit of ____________ is not exceeded for persons under the age of 18 years. a. 2 mSv annually b. 3 mSv annually c. 1 mSv annually d. 0.5 mSv annually
c. 1 mSv annually
In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable? 1. All patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sv 2. Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages 3. Atomic bomb survivors a. 3 only b. 2 only c. 1 only d. 2 and 3 only
c. 1 only
Which of the following are areas of the body that should be shielded from the useful beam whenever possible? 1. Lens of the eye 2. Breasts 3. Thyroid gland 4. Reproductive organs 5. All muscle tissues a. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only b. 1, 2, 3, and 5 only c. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only d. 1, 2, 3, and 5 only
c. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only
Analysis of an imaging department's repeats rate 1. provides valuable information for process improvement. 2. helps minimize patient exposure. 3. improves overall performance of the department. a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 1, 2, and 3 d. 2 and 3 only
c. 1, 2, and 3
Neglecting to use standardized technique charts necessitates estimating the technical exposure factors, which may result in 1. poor-quality images. 2. repeat examinations. 3. additional and unnecessary exposure of the patient. a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 1, 2, and 3 d. 2 and 3 on
c. 1, 2, and 3
Of the following radiologic procedures, which is (are) considered nonessential? 1. A chest x-ray examination automatically scheduled on admission to the hospital 2. Lumbar spine x-ray examination as part of a preemployment physical 3. Whole-body computed tomography (CT) screening a. 1 and 3 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 1, 2, and 3 d. 2 and 3 only
c. 1, 2, and 3
Upper boundary radiation exposure limits for occupationally exposed persons are associated with risks that are similar to those encountered by employees in other industries that are generally considered to be reasonably safe. These industries include 1. manufacturing. 2. trade. 3. government. a. 2 and 3 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 1, 2, and 3 d. 1 and 3 only
c. 1, 2, and 3
When a fluoroscopic image is electronically amplified by the use of an image intensification system, which of the following benefits results? 1. Increased image brightness 2. Saving of time for the radiologist 3. Patient dose reduction a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 1, 2, and 3 d. 2 and 3 only
c. 1, 2, and 3
What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans, as determined from studies of the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? a. 5.67 Sv b. 1.00 Sv c. 1.56 Sv d. 3.00 Sv
c. 1.56 Sv
Occupational radiation monitoring is required if the individual may get _____ of the recommended dose limit. a. 50% b. 25% c. 10% d. 100%
c. 10%
The lens of the eye should never receive more than ____________ per year. a. 10 mSv (1 rem) b. 50 mSv (5 rem) c. 150 mSv (15 rem) d. 500 mSv (50 rem)
c. 150 mSv (15 rem)
The main function of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is to 1. inspect imaging facilities. 2. oversee the nuclear energy industry. 3. regulate imaging facilities. a. 3 only b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 2 only d. 1 only
c. 2 only
Which of the following must always be the first step in protection of the reproductive organs? a. Use of digital imaging equipment b. Use of gonadal shielding c. Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest d. Use of a mobile protective shielding device
c. Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest
Which of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is considered to be most important in diagnostic imaging? a. Cataract formation b. Embryologic or birth defects c. Cancer d. None; all are considered to be of equal importance.
c. Cancer
____________ is a stochastic effect of radiation exposure. a. Epilation b. Erythema c. Cancer d. Nausea
c. Cancer
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico who mined uranium for fuel for nuclear weapons and power plants developed lung cancer years after their exposure. This provides an example of which of the following? a. Late genetic effects b. Early tissue reactions c. Late stochastic effects d. Late tissue reactions
c. Late stochastic effects
Which of the following is frequently a problem in diagnostic pediatric radiography? a. Finding imaging equipment that can accommodate pediatric imaging b. Lack of cooperation of parents or guardian c. Patient motion d. Lack of availability of appropriate pediatric immobilization devices
c. Patient motion
Which of the following types of gonadal shielding provide maximal gonadal protection for a male patient when AP, oblique, and lateral projections are obtained? a. Flat contact shield containing 1 mm of lead b. Shadow shield c. Shaped contact shield containing 1 mm of lead d. None of the above, because gonadal shielding is unnecessary for male patients of any age.
c. Shaped contact shield containing 1 mm of lead
Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans a. prove conclusively that radiation causes only minor genetic effects. b. prove conclusively that radiation causes major genetic effects. c. are both contradictory and inconclusive. d. prove conclusively that radiation does not cause genetic effects.
c. are both contradictory and inconclusive.
Because multiple bony areas span the entire body, the radiation dose absorbed by the organ called bone marrow a. can only be measured to a small degree by a direct method. b. can be accurately measured by a direct method. c. cannot be measured by a direct method; it can only be estimated. d. is not of concern during any diagnostic radiography examinations.
c. cannot be measured by a direct method; it can only be estimated.
If a certain dose of radiation produces a skin burn, a higher dose of radiation will cause the skin burn to be more severe; however, a dose below the threshold level for skin burn will a. demonstrate this effect to moderate degree. b. demonstrate this effect to a lesser degree. c. not demonstrate the effect. d. demonstrate this effect to a much greater degree.
c. not demonstrate the effect.
The tissue weighting factor has a higher value for tissues with more ______________. a. radioresistance b. density c. radiosensitivity d. thickness
c. radiosensitivity
Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called a. stochastic mutations. b. sporadic mutations. c. spontaneous mutations. d. carcinogenic mutations.
c. spontaneous mutations.
The monthly dose limit for a technologist during pregnancy is __________________. a. 50 mSv/mo (5000 mrem/mo) b. 5 mSv/mo (500 mrem/mo) c. 0.05 mSv/mo (5 mrem/mo) d. 0.5 mSv/mo (50 mrem/mo)
d. 0.5 mSv/mo (50 mrem/mo)
Specific area shielding may be selectively used during some x-ray procedures to protect which of the following? 1. Lens of the eye 2. Breast 3. Upper extremities 4. Lower extremities a. 3 and 4 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 1, 2, 3, and 4 d. 1 and 2 only
d. 1 and 2 only
The cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit does not include 1. exposure acquired as a consequence of a radiation worker undergoing medical imaging procedures. 2. radiation exposure from natural background radiation. 3. radiation exposure received while radiographers perform imaging procedures on patients. a. 2 and 3 only b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 1 and 3 only d. 1 and 2 only
d. 1 and 2 only
Working in conjunction with their partners in other agencies, the FDA intends to take action to 1. promote safe use of medical imaging devices. 2. support informed clinical decision. 3. increase patient awareness. a. 2 and 3 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 1 and 2 only d. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
When generator settings are changed from one mA and time combination to another, the most that linearity can vary is a. 20%. b. 0%. c. 50%. d. 10%.
d. 10%.
Determine the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years old. a. 46 mSv b. 4600 mSv c. 4.6 mSv d. 460 mSv
d. 460 mSv
The dose limit to the extremities is ______________________. a. 5000 mSv/yr (500 rem/yr) b. 50 mSv/yr (5 rem/yr) c. 5 mSv/yr (50 rem/yr) d. 500 mSv/yr (50 rem/yr)
d. 500 mSv/yr (50 rem/yr)
When a pregnant patient must undergo a radiographic procedure, which of the following practices will minimize radiation exposure? a. Selecting technical exposure factors that are appropriate for the part of the body to be radiographed b. Opening the x-ray beam collimator shutters as wide as possible to ensure complete coverage of the image receptor c. Precisely collimating the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest and shielding the lower abdomen and pelvis when this area does not need to be included in the area to be irradiated d. A and C
d. A and C
Every radiology department should provide a radiation safety program that includes ___________________. a. training new employees b. periodic in-services for all employees c. counseling during pregnancy d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following materials is commonly used in the tabletop of a radiographic examination table to make the tabletop as radiolucent as possible so that it will absorb only a minimal amount of radiation, thereby reducing the patient's radiation dose? a. Formica b. Granite c. Slate d. Carbon fiber material
d. Carbon fiber material
Which of the following is not an x-ray beam limitation device? a. Cone b. Extension cylinder c. Collimator d. Filter
d. Filter
During a radiographic examination, which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors and filtration reduce patient radiation dose? a. Lower kVp, lower mAs, increased filtration b. Higher kVp, higher mAs, decreased filtration c. Lower kVp, higher mAs, decreased filtration d. Higher kVp, lower mAs, increased filtration
d. Higher kVp, lower mAs, increased filtration
Which of the following agencies was previously known as the Atomic Energy Commission? a. FDA b. ICRP c. NCRP d. NRC
d. NRC
Which of the following groups is run by the government of Japan, primarily to study Japanese atomic bomb survivors? a. International Commission on Radiological Protection b. Nuclear Regulatory Commission c. National Commission of Radiation Protection d. National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
d. National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
Performing routine x-ray exams without indication is acceptable for ______________. a. preemployment physicals b. all hospital admissions c. annual routine physicals d. None of the above
d. None of the above
Radiation induced skin cancer in radiotherapy patients has occurred with _____________________. a. 50% of the patients treated b. a nonthreshold dose-response c. 100% of the patients treated d. a threshold dose-response
d. a threshold dose-response
If the luminance of the collimator light source is adequate, the localizing light beam will satisfactorily outline the margins of the radiographic beam on the area of clinical interest on a. teenagers and adults only. b. children only. c. infants only. d. all patients.
d. all patients.
The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that a. no organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. b. only critical organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. c. only the reproductive organs in male and female humans are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. d. any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation.
d. any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation.
Digital radiography images can be accessed a. at no more than two workstations at a time, thereby decreasing convenience for physicians providing patient care. b. at only one workstation at a time, thereby decreasing convenience for physicians providing patient care. c. digital images cannot be accessed at any workstations by physicians. d. at several workstations at the same time, thus making image viewing very convenient for physicians providing patient care.
d. at several workstations at the same time, thus making image viewing very convenient for physicians providing patient care.
The responsibility for maintaining radiation monitoring records for all personnel and for providing counseling for individuals who receive monitor readings in excess of allowable limits belongs to the a. director of human resources of a health care facility. b. hospital administrator. c. radiologic technologist in charge of quality control. d. designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility.
d. designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility.
Reducing the field size to the anatomic features of interest not only reduces patient exposure, but also a. increases recorded image quality by increasing scatter. b. decreases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter. c. decreases recorded image quality by increasing scatter. d. increases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter.
d. increases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter.
The ALARA concept adopts an extremely conservative model with respect to the relationship between a. radiation dose and health care spending. b. health care education and radiation research. c. ionizing and nonionizing radiation. d. ionizing radiation and potential risk.
d. ionizing radiation and potential risk.
According to the American College of Radiology (ACR), abdominal radiologic examinations that have been requested after full consideration of the clinical status of a patient, including the possibility of pregnancy, need a. to be postponed or selectively scheduled. b. to be postponed and scheduled at least 10 days after the start of the next menstrual period. c. to be postponed and scheduled 10 days before the end of the next menstrual period. d. not be postponed or selectively scheduled.
d. not be postponed or selectively scheduled.
Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose-response relationship. a. threshold, linear b. nonthreshold, nonlinear c. nonthreshold, linear d. threshold, nonlinear
d. threshold, nonlinear
People who had radiation treatments to their thymus gland as children later showed excess risk for ____________. a. bone cancers b. skin cancers c. leukemia d. thyroid cancers
d. thyroid cancers
