Russell Brandon exam 2
a. functional fixedness. b. confirmation bias. *c. availability heuristic.
Because Jackie has seen so many documentaries about shark attacks, she is afraid to swim in the ocean. Chris tries to convince her that she's overreacting because more people actually die from bee stings than shark bites. Jackie's belief is an example of the
syntax
Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.
a. inactive *b. retroactive c. proactive
Amy studied German in high school but began studying French once in college. When she meets another German student, she can't seem to find any German words to stay, and instead only remembers French. This is an example of ________ interference.
a. one standard deviation below the mean b. 30 points below the average *c. two standard deviations below the mean
An IQ score of 70 would be described as
a. sensory memory *b. flashbulb memory c. arousal memory
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a ________.
a. somatosensation b. kinesthesia *c. proprioception
Anna is competing on Jeopardy!. She. can accurately judge the distance between her finger and the buzzer and knows just how hard to press because of
a. intellectual disability b. brain damage *c. learning disability
Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.
a. crystalized *b. fluid c. analytical
As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in ________ intelligence.
12 months old
Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around
a. reflex. b. condition. *c. instinct.
Based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a
a. Deondra and Daphne *b. Jake and Jack c. Jack and Deondra.
Jake and Jack are identical twins, but Jake was born almost 15 minutes before Jack. They also have two sisters, Deondra and Daphne, who are 3 years and 6 years younger than them. Who is most likely to have the same IQ score?
positive reinforcement.
Janelle gets a dollar from her mom every time she learns a song on the piano. This increases her desire to practice the piano and is an example of
*a. motivation-decision model. b. top-down processing effect. c. nociceptor model.
Mariah is nervous about giving birth to her first baby, but takes a hypnobirthing class and becomes excited about the possibility of having a pain-free birth. The idea that Mariah can control her pain experience in consistent with the
a. reflexes. b. conditioning. *c. learning.
Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen and he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies
a. receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. *b. receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. c. receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain.
Mason has a cochlear implant. He is able to hear because the implant
*a. attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. b. motivation, intuitiveness, desire, and replication. c. motivation, attention, replication, and retention.
Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:
a. peg-words. *b. mnemonic devices. c. chunks.
Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding are called
a. procedural *b. sensory c. effortful
Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory.
a. when you use the same algorithm to solve multiple problems. *b. when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective. c. when you erroneously attribute someone else's behavior to current mental state.
Mental sets occur
*a. mechanoreceptors. b. thermoreceptors. c. chemoreceptors.
Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of
a. mechanical senses. b. photochemical senses. *c. chemical senses.
Because taste and smell have sensory receptors that respond to molecules, they are considered
audience design.
Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing he specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called
*a. secondary b. primary c. operant
Money is an example of which type of reinforcer?
a. fixed ratio *b. fixed interval c. variable ratio
Monthly paychecks are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?
a. James Flynn. b. Alfred Binet. *c. David Wechsler.
Most modern intelligence tests, such as the newly developed WISC-V, are based off of work done by
a. the perception of one sense inhibits the experience of another. b. the senses work independently. *c. various sensory modalities are integrated.
Multi-modal perception is the idea that
a. natural concept. *b. artificial concept. c. category.
Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a
a. primary olfactory cortex *b. olfactory bulb c. nasal cavity
Olfactory receptor cells pick up odor molecules which get turned into electrical impulses that send messages to the brain via the ________.
a. intrapersonal b. naturalistic *c. interpersonal
Oprah is known for her ability to understand others and help them feel comfortable. What type of intelligence does she have a lot of?
*a. Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell. b. Ring a bell directly after turning the lights off, for at least 15 times. Then ring the bell. c. Turn the lights off twenty times while a bell is rung, then turn the lights off without the bell.
Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let it more light from the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate?
a. special or interesting b. nonobvious *c. having a low probability, unique
Define originality
a. intrapersonal b. spatial *c. bodily kinesthetic
Demarco was good at every sport growing up, but decided to focus on just baseball and the discus once he got to college. What area of intelligence does he exemplify?
*a. retrograde b. anterograde c. flashbulb
Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia.
a. retroactive *b. proactive c. inactive
Derek's email log-in forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of ________ interference.
a. logical-mathematical *b. spatial c. naturalist
Destiny is excellent at working with shapes and models. Her dream job is to design for Lego one day. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
a. bottom-up processing *b. top-down processing c. signal detection theory
Did you read the second "the" in the sentence in the image? You probably didn't, because your brain doesn't expect to have "the" a second time and skips over it so that the sentence works in the context of what you are familiar with. This is an example of
*a. operant conditioning b. associative learning c. classical conditioning
Doing something and then being influenced by what happens as a consequence of the thing you did is the basic idea behind ________.
a. blocking *b. absentmindedness c. transience
Doug cannot find his keys, but cannot remember where. This is an example of
law of effect
Edward Thorndike's ________ says that behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated.
*a. explicit b. short-term c. implicit
Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory.
a. sensory *b. semantic c. procedural
Explicit memories include ________ and episodic memory.
a. retroactive b. inactive *c. proactive
Ezra got a new phone number, but keeps giving out his old phone number on accident when people ask him. This is an example of ________ interference.
a. ossicles *b. cochlea c. semicircular canal
Fluid found in the part of the ear pictured here stimulate hair cells in the organ of Corti.
a. signal detection theory. *b. inattentional blindness. c. inattentional responsiveness.
Participants in Daniel Simons' and Christopher Chabris' study were asked to watch people pass a basketball. Because they were focused on doing so, the didn't see a gorilla walk across the screen. This phenomenon is called
a. what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor *b. the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced. c. the available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts that influence sensation.
Perception is
*a. frequency b. decibels c. amplitude
Pitch is determined by the ________ of sound waves.
a. a behavior increased, regardless of whether something was gained or lost *b. a behavior is increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior c. a behavior is decreased because something undesirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior
Positive Reinforcement refers to a situation where ________.
a. indigenous b. individualistic *c. collectivist
Pronoun drop is more likely to occur in ________ cultures.
individualistic
Pronouns like "I", "me", and "my" are used more often in ________ cultures.
*a. decreases; increases b. increases; decreases c. decreases; decreases
Punishment ________ the likelihood that a behavior will occur while reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior.
a. semantic b. acoustic *c. visual
Raul can remember exactly where on the page in his textbook he saw a picture of a pie chart about the percentages of the U.S. population that say their favorite colors are either red, yellow, green, blue, or purple. This is an example of ________ encoding.
*a. reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior b. reinforcement is good and punishment is bad c. reinforcement involves desirable outcomes and punishment involves undesirable outcomes
Reinforcement differs from punishment in that ________.
a. what the word January means *b. your first day of school c. how to use the microwave
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
Researchers ________ concluded that language determines thoughts.
*a. shaping. b. reinforcement. c. learning
Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as
a. dysgraphia *b. dyslexia c. dysthymia
Rihanna has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?
*a. misinformation effect paradigm b. false construction hypothesis c. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm
Janet was involved in a car accident when traveling with her mom at age 7. She remembers asking her mom a question, causing her mom to look backwards and hit the car in front of them. While talking about it with her mom, she says that it was, in fact, her brother who asked the question, but he had always blamed it on Janet. This is an example of the ________.
a. reward people who correctly copy the behavior of a character on a t.v. show. b. blindfolding participants and have them walk to another side of the room while other voices distract them. *c. determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else.
How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory?
a. the perceived hole size had no impact on putting performance. b. participants putted better when they perceived the hole as smaller. *c. participants putted better when they perceived the hole as larger.
How did the perceived hole size affect the putting performance of participants?
*a. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. b. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain. c. It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve.
How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?
a. The individual carefully observes everyone's behavior in the Starbucks and then imitates it. b. The individual carefully observes the Starbucks, creates a new concept for Starbucks, and acts accordingly. *c. The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks.
How does someone who has never been to a Starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter and then wait for their food to be ready?
availability heuristic.
Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel his flight to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on a/an
a. no correlation *b. higher correlation c. negative correlation
Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit ________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together.
a. be at the low end of the human hearing range. b. be a high-pitched sound. *c. sound loud.
If a sound wave has a high amplitude, it will
a. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study. b. think of your favorite animals from each state. *c. memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size.
If you need to remember the names of all 50 states, the most recommended technique would be for you to
*a. confirmation bias. b. the availability heuristic. c. functional fixedness.
If you think baseball is boring and reluctantly agree to join your friend at the ballpark, chances are good you will be ready to go by the seventh inning stretch, even though it has been a high-scoring game. This is an example of
*a. fluid b. analytic c. crystallized
Learning how to operate new program on your computer would require ________ intelligence
a. observational learning. b. applied learning *c. latent learning
Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called
functional fixedness.
Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of
*a. high b. low c. average
Lewis Termin did research on those with ________ IQs and found them to be well-adjusted adults.
a. blue *b. dim c. bright
Light energy with very low amplitude would be perceived as ________.
*a. misattribution. b. transience. c. absentmindedness.
London remembers a time when she was young when she got lost in a department store and couldn't find her mom. When talking to her family about it, they corrected her memory and said that it was actually her sister who was lost, and that she had just been present. Over time, the source of her original memory became confused. This is an example of
*a. explicit memories b. implicit memories c. sensory memories
Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are
a. functional fixedness. *b. confirmation bias. c. the availability heuristic.
Looking for evidence to back up the way you already feel about something is an example of
a. After an unpleasant run-in with some poison ivy, Justin puts ointment on his rash to b. thermoreceptors c. chemoreceptors *d. mechanoreceptors
If you walk through a busy crowd and feel a few different people bump and push past you as they walk by, which skin receptors would be activated?
*a. the McGurk effect. b. unimodal perception. c. The Rosenblum influence.
If your eyes see someone saying "ball" but the word you hear is "doll", the struggle to make sense of that information in your brain is consistent with
bias
If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called
a. prove that the world is not always as it seems and demonstrate how to overcome the effect of an illusion. *b. explore what people experience and what parts of the brain are involved in perception. c. discover ways to improve the perceptual experience and prevent perceptual decline with age.
Illusions are valuable to psychologists because they are used to
a. the bell; salivation *b. salivation; salivation c. food; salivation
In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the unconditioned response is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.
*a. acquisition b. extinction c. stimulation
In order for ________ to occur, it is best if the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is small, sometimes just a matter of seconds.
*a. useful, and surprising. b. flexible, and inspiring. c. valuable, and unique.
In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be original
a. motivation, intuitiveness, desire, and replication. *b. attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. c. motivation, attention, replication, and retention.
In the modeling process, you learn by watching someone else. Sophie learns by watching her older brother get in trouble for staying out too late that she should also not stay out late. Sophie learned this by following the steps of the modeling process, which are
*a. anterograde b. retrograde c. graduated
In the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia
a. fear b. the rabbit *c. the loud sound
In the study with Little Albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit because it was paired with a frightening loud sound. In this example, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
a. convergent thinking. *b. divergent thinking. c. creative-cognitive processing.
Madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. She quickly searches the apartment and finds a brown grocery bag to use instead. This is an example of
a. blocking. *b. transience. c. misattribution.
Ronaldo was on the state champion soccer team in high school and has fond memories of his experiences with the team. When his son asks Ronaldo about his old coach and what it was like to play on such a great team, Ronaldo remembers only a couple of things about the season, even though he spent hours everyday with the team. This is an example of
she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office.
Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because
a. acoustic b. visual *c. semantic
Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.
a. reflexes b. learning *c. instincts
Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are examples of ________.
a. reward his dog when she turns it on by command, when she touches it, when she looks at it, and when she pushes it. *b. reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command c. reward his dog when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, when she looks at it, and when she turns it on by command
Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? might he do that using the concept of shaping?
a. egocentric bias. *b. hindsight bias. c. persistence.
The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as
*a. why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests. b. why children who live in poverty are rarely tests by legitimate intelligence tests. c. why children who grow up wealthy perform better on intelligence tests.
The pervasive daily stress of poverty and resulting impact on brain development may explain
a. effortful processing. *b. memory. c. automatic processing.
The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as
false memory syndrome.
The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as
a. factual information. b. families or family matters. *c. gossip.
Two-thirds of typical conversations are about ________.
semantic, acoustic, and visual
What are the three types of encoding?
a. suggested there is no genetic component to intelligence *b. revealed a genetic component to intelligence c. demonstrated that female twins are more intelligent than male twins
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.
*a. they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of creativity test. b. they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of an intelligence test. c. they all bring back memories of childhood, and can be used during psychoanalysis.
What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common?
a. they drew the hole larger than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles. *b. they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles. c. they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by smaller circles.
What happened when the participants were asked to draw the size of the hole?
a. transduction b. perception *c. sensation
When Janet feels the wind blowing on her face this is an example of ________.
a. observational learning. b. operant conditioning. *c. classical conditioning.
When Justin's dog hears the sound of a car door slam outside, she excitedly runs to the door and barks. This is an example of
a. bottom-up processing *b. Sensory Adaptation c. top-down processing
When Martha first visits her Aunt and Uncle's house, the smell of fish is overwhelming, but after an hour, she doesn't even notice it's there. What explains this?
a. memory enhancing strategy b. chunking *c. levels of processing theory
Which idea says that if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information?
. p *b. un c. lg
Which is an example of a morpheme?
a. using an umbrella to stop the rain on your head b. having to stay in your room until it's clean *c. being told "nice work!" after completing your homework
Which is an example of a positive reinforcer?
*a. being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes. b. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room c. telling students if they fill up a jar with tokens for good behavior, then they will get a pizza party at the end of the year.
Which is an example of classical conditioning?
buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car
Which is an example of negative reinforcement?
a. getting awakened with a glass of water each day for a week *b. giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem c. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing
Which is an example of operant conditioning?
*a. pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve b. pinna - tympanic membrane - auditory canal - ossicles - cochlea - auditory canal c. auditory canal - pinna - tympanic membrane - cochlea - ossicles - auditory nerve
Which is the correct sequence that describes how sound reaches the brain?
a. trial-and-error b. algorithms *c. heuristics
Which is the faster technique for solving a problem?
a. The number of successful putts. b. The distance to the putting hole. *c. The size of the holes projected around the golf hole.
Which is the independent variable in Jessica Witt's study?
a. Lau and Johnston b. Chomsky *c. Sapir and Whorf
Which linguist(s) proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined by the language that he or she uses?
*a. Participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words. b. Participants are asked to come up with as many uses for a common object as they can c. Participants are asked whether adjectives such as "resourceful" and "unconventional" describe them.
Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?
a. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June *b. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year c. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day
Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
*a. getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin b. playing the slot machine c. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m.
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
*a. when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot b. when a rabbit learns to jump at the sound of the door opening c. when a rabbit chases after another rabbit
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
phoneme, morpheme, syntax
Which of the following sequences demonstrates the correct order of the components of language from the smallest component to the broadest?
a. Eyewitness testimony is the most valuable tool for defense attorneys. *b. Eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions. c. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable.
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
*a. semicircular canal b. tympanic membrane c. auditory canal
Which part of the ear is most involved in motion and balance?
*a. the vestibular sense b. kinesthesia c. proprioception
Which sense pertains to balance?
a. kinesthesia b. the vestibular sense *c. proprioception
Which sense pertains to body movement and awareness?
*a. practical b. analytic c. creative
Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?
a. operant *b. primary c. secondary
Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?
*a. syntax b. lexicon c. semantics
While traveling to the Canada from his home in Europe, Gunther often asks people, "Excuse me, can you please the time tell me?" Even though people understand what he is asking and politely tell him the time, Gunther's incorrect use of ________ threatens his attempts at communicating with others in a language that is foreign to him.
*a. Weber's law b. absolute threshold c. relative threshold
While you may not notice the change in the music's volume while at a party, you would definitely notice the change if you were trying to study in a quiet library. This supports the idea that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus, also known as
a. Atkinson and Shiffrin *b. Baddeley and Hitch c. Stroop
Who developed the idea that short-term memories get "filed away" in three different areas of the brain: a visuo-spatial area, a phonological loop for auditory memories, and an episodic buffer for multi-modal memories with storylines?
a. sweet. *b. umami. c. salty.
You are trying to describe the taste of a cheeseburger to your vegetarian friend. A good descriptor for the meaty, savory taste you experience would be
*a. variable interval b. variable ratio c. fixed ratio
You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
a. you identified the just noticeable difference between the billboards. b. the image on the billboard passed your absolute threshold of detection. *c. you subliminally processed the image.
You walk by the same billboard on the way to school each day, but have never actually looked at it. When asked to guess which billboard it was from a selection of billboards, you somehow identify the right one because
a. Observational learning; classical conditioning *b. Latent learning; behaviorism c. Latent learning; operant conditioning
________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.
a. Binocular b. Trichromatic *c. Monocular
________ cues require only one eye
*a. Nociceptors b. Chemoreceptors c. Thermoreceptors
________ fire in response to any potential tissue-damaging stimuli.
a. retroactive; proactive *b. proactive; retroactive c. inactive; active
________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while ________ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.
a. suggestibility. b. false construction. *c. misattribution.
________ is confusing the source of information.
a. memory construction. *b. false memory syndrome. c. misinformation effect paradigm.
________ is the recall of false autobiographical memories.
a. Edward Thorndike b. Ivan Pavlov *c. B.F. Skinner
________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.
a. Working backwards b. Heuristics *c. Algorithms
________ provide step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task
*a. continuous b. primary c. partial
________ reinforcement is giving a reinforcer every time that a behavior is displayed.
a. Alfred Binet. b. James Flynn. *c. David Wechsler.
________ revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale to include more subfields. There are now many offshoots of his original test, including the popular WAIS.
a. David Wechsler *b. Alfred Binet c. James Flynn
________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school.
a. elaborative rehearsal. b. using peg-words. *c. a mnemonic device.
"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of
*a. frog. b. newt. c. salamander.
4-year old Jada is learning about animals. Her prototype for an amphibians is most likely a
*a. carrot. b. onion. c. tomato.
5-year-old Camille is learning about the food groups. Her prototype for a vegetable is most likely a
a. small b. reliable *c. large
A bell curve relies on a ________ sample.
a. positive reinforcement b. negative punishment *c. negative reinforcement
A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rat small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is to press a lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of
a. common in older people, particularly those who had professions surrounded by lots of noise. b. the same thing as Ménière's disease. *c. something someone is born with.
Congenital deafness is
*a. subliminal b. tranduction c. just noticeable
A stimulus presented below the absolute threshold is called
a. IQs above 115. *b. IQs below 70. c. IQs between 90-110.
About 2% of the population have
a. IQs between 90-110. *b. IQs above 130. c. IQs below 85.
About 2% of the population have
recognize their voice.
According to research by Rosenblum, Miller, and Sanchez, watching (but not hearing) a person speak enables you to
a. to be discouraged. b. to be extinguished. *c. to be repeated
According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely
*a. sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character. b. watches her brother act out and get in trouble for it. c. has a dream about getting in a fight with her parents.
According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she
a. rods *b. cones c. afterimages
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, ________ in the retina are responsive to red, green, and blue.
*a. learning b. conditioning c. an instinct
Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.
a. multisensory enhancement explanation. *b. with the results of the Sumby and Pollack study on the audiovisual advantage. c. with the McGurk and McDonald effect on white noise.
At a football game, your friend from ten rows down yells at you to bring them some of your popcorn. At first you couldn't understand what they were asking, but once you saw their mouth, you could make out the request. This is consistent with the
*a. basilar membrane; cochlea b. pinna; cochlea c. auditory canal; ossicles
Auditory receptor cells are embedded within the ________, which is found in the ________.
a. the perceptual power of audition. b. the multimodal relationship between hearing and sight. *c. the crossmodal relationship between auditory speech and visual information.
Austin has never met one of his work colleagues, having only interacted online or on the phone. He's still able to pick out his coworker at a conference in a room full of people because of
a. encoding b. semantic *c. sensory
Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory.
a. proprioception b. somatosensation *c. vestibular
Braden has a pounding headache and is disoriented after riding a twisting roller coaster. What sense was impacted by the ride?
*a. retrograde; anterograde b. flashbulb; retro-antero c. anterograde; retrograde
Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.
*a. lexicon. b. audience design. c. syntax.
Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same
a. chunking. *b. a mnemonic device. c. using peg-words.
Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is an example of
a. are not encouraged to reach their potential. b. are exposed to a greater degree of diversity, which causes their brains to function differently, thus resulting in a type of intelligence that IQ tests do not measure. *c. experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores.
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.
a. may be less likely to describe time on a vertical axis than English speakers. b. are not susceptible to linguistic determinism. *c. may be more prone to think of time on a vertical or horizontal plane.
Chinese speakers
a. mnemonic device *b. chunking c. elaborative rehearsal
Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. He is using the technique of ________.
a. attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) b. dyslexia *c. dysgraphia
Colton is an average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
*a. analytical b. practical c. creative
Comparing which cell phone to buy and contrasting the different contracts that come with each purchase in an example of using ________ intelligence.
a. false construction. b. suggestibility. *c. misattribution.
Confusing the source of information is called
a. encoding *b. relearning c. effortless processing
Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
a. modeling b. classical conditioning *c. operant conditioning
Gillian's kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill they chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of ________.
*a. ingroups and outgroups b. social networks and friendships c. friendships and ingroups
Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ in regulating the social world.
a. practical b. analytic *c. creative
Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the room without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on ________ intelligence.
a. amygdala *b. hippocampus c. prefrontal cortex
H.M. was unable to form any new semantic memories because of the removal of his ________
a. conductive hearing loss. b. ossicle deafness. *c. sensorineural hearing loss.
Hearing aids are ineffective in treating
a. fixed interval *b. variable interval c. variable ratio
Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
a. cue overload principle. *b. encoding specificity principle. c. recall effect.
Holly was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she had needed to call. She retraced her steps back to her bed, then suddenly rememberd the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the
a. trial-and-error b. heuristics *c. algorithms
Internet search engines use ________ to show the appropriate results.
*a. unique. b. interesting in some way. c. valuable.
It something is original, it is
Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying teach her do, Dodger, at at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of
Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying teach her do, Dodger, at at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of
a. trial-and-error. *b. heuristics. c. algorithms.
Jaimie doesn't have much time before her class, and she still needs to find a ride to the airport, print off her assignment, and text her manager about changing her shift. Her best strategy for solving these problems will be to use
a. proactive b. inactive *c. retroactive
Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.
a. audience design *b. common ground c. priming
Jaxon sat down next to Harvey on the bus and immediately asked, "did you see Harper's stats last night?" Because they share ________, Jaxon didn't need to explain that he was talking about the baseball game.
*a. how the perception of the size of a golf hole affects golfing performance. b. how an illusion alters the perceived location of the golf hole. c. how successful people can perceive slight differences when the golf hole size changes between putts.
Jessica Witt's study tested
a. operant conditioning. *b. latent learning. c. observational learning.
Jimmy rides home from karate practice with his friend and his friend's mom each Tuesday night. One night, his friend's mom can't come, and he needs to get a ride from someone else. He's never driven the route before, but he's able to explain exactly where to turn to get home. This is an example of
*a. logical-mathematical b. spatial c. interpersonal
Jonas loves working as a TA for his Physics professor and especially loves the excitement involved in solving problems. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
*a. acquisition b. extinction c. stimulation
Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
lexicon.
Kyle from Mississippi asks Brandon from Boston if he wants a "coke," and Brandon says, "No thanks, I'll have a Sprite instead," even though Sprite cans were the only drinks Kyle had to offer. Brandon didn't understand that Kyle refers to all sodas and soft drinks and cokes. This is due to differences in
a. signal threshold b. perception *c. sensation
Kyle sees a flashing light in the distance. This is an example of
a. fixed interval b. variable interval *c. fixed ratio
Napoleon works at the golf course. In addition to his salary, they told him he can get $10 for every bucket he fills with stray balls he finds scattered throughout the course. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
*a. a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior b. a behavior is decreased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior c. a behavior increased because something undesirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior
Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________.
a. flashbulb b. retrograde *c. anterograde
Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?
*a. primary reinforcers. b. positive reinforcers. c. secondary reinforcers.
Shelter, sex, and touch are examples of
a. social network. b. priming. *c. audience design.
Shianne tells the group of people at the table at her workshop that she's from Salt Lake City. A young man replies that he is also from Salt Lake, so he askes Shianne what area she's from. Shianne admits that she is really from Bountiful, which is north of Salt Lake City. The fact that she gives this additional information is an example of
*a. taste aversion b. unconditioned response c. taste response
Sierra and her family are on vacation at the beach. They eat lasagna for dinner and then head out to the waves. Sierra tries boogie boarding and ends up swallowing a mouthful of salt water, which makes her sick to her stomach. The next time someone offers her lasagna, the thought of it makes Sierra feel sick. This is an example of a/an ________.
a. similarity *b. closure c. continuity
Sierra turns off her car right before the last line of chorus of a popular song. Moments later while inside the store, she finds herself singing the last line. This exemplifies the gestalt principle of
*a. olfaction. b. audition. c. gustation.
Smelling the lingering scent of the fish you reheated in the microwave is an example of
a. logical *b. emotional c. naturalist
Someone who understands their own emotions, shows empathy, and understands social relationships and cues would have high ________ intelligence.
a. primary b. operant *c. secondary
Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?
*a. students were more likely to report that there was broken glass involved in the accident b. students were more less likely to report that the cars were traveling at high speeds c. students were more likely to report that no one was injured in the accident
Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________.
a. can strongly influence behavior. *b. can mildly influence behavior. c. is not real.
Subliminal messaging
a. the doctor's office *b. nausea c. chemotherapy
Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?
a. eating popcorn b. wanting popcorn *c. watching a movie
Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
optic nerve
The ________ carries visual information from the retina to the brain
a. Baddeley-Hitch model b. Stroop model *c. Atkinson-Shiffrin model
The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.
*a. Flynn Effect b. IQ curve c. WAIS
The ________ shows that each generation tends to have a higher IQ than the last generation.
a. 120 *b. 100 c. 70
The average IQ score is
a. 80 b. 70 *c. 100
The average IQ score is
*a. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. b. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. c. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals.
The basic idea behind observational learning is that
a. archetype. b. category. *c. prototype.
The best example of a concept is a
*a. enabled Aron Ralston to be happy about cutting off his arm. b. prevented Aron Ralston from feeling any pain while severing his arm. c. initially increases the awareness of pain, but decreases its lingering effects.
The brain's descending pain modulatory system
a. bottom-up processing b. top-down processing *c. Sensory Adaptation
The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation?
*a. linguistic determinism. b. language acquisition. c. language relativism.
The fact that Chinese speakers may be more likely to think about time on a vertical or a horizontal plane is an example of
*a. encoding specificity principle. b. recall effect. c. cue overload principle/
The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the
*a. place b. temporal c. conductive
The fact that the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies supports the ________ theory of hearing.
*a. there is a genetic component to intelligence. b. female twins are more intelligent than male twins. c. intelligence is affected by early adoption
The findings from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggested that
a. James Flynn. *b. Alfred Binet. c. David Wechsler.
The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by
*a. afterimages. b. the trichromatic theory. c. colorblindness.
The opponent-process theory is supported by
*a. multi-modal perception. b. cross-modal phenomena. c. gestalt psychology
The idea that we perceive the world while utilizing a combination of senses is known as
a. decibels b. frequency *c. amplitude
The loudness of a sound is determined by the ________ of sound waves.
a. cochlea *b. pinna c. auditory canal
The most visible part of the ear is the
a. morpheme, phoneme, syntax. *b. phoneme, morpheme, syntax. c. syntax, phoneme, morpheme.
The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are
a. tympanic membrane b. pinna *c. auditory canal
The vibration of the ________ causes the ossicles to move.
*a. pinna
This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?
a. auditory canal b. semicircular canal *c. cochlea
This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?
a. pinna *b. auditory canal c. semicircular canal
This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?
a. dysgraphia *b. dyslexia c. dysthymia
Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have?
*a. binocular b. trichromatic c. monocular
Using the different images that each eye receives in order to perceive depth is called using ________ cues.
a. positive reinforcers. b. secondary reinforcers. *c. primary reinforcers.
Water, food, and sleep are examples of
natural concept.
Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a
a. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. b. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. *c. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.
What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?
a. IQ tests administered to the same individuals during their lifespan show dramatically different results. b. The length and breadth of IQ tests does not sufficiently cover Gardner's multiple intelligences. *c. Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.
What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?
a. syntax *b. phoneme c. morpheme
What is the basic sound unit of a language?
*a. aids in balance and movement b. sends vibrations to the inner ear c. contains sensory receptor cells
What is the function of this part of the ear?
a. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. b. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. *c. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
a. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. b. Food is the greatest motivator. *c. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
What was the most important takeaway from Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
a. equipotentiality hypothesis *b. misinformation effect paradigm c. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
a. nociceptor model. b. top-down processing effect. *c. motivation-decision model.
When Brad got into a minor car accident, he hopped right out of the car to assess the damage. He didn't notice until later that night that he had a pretty serious cut on his leg. The fact that he didn't notice is consisted with the
*a. unable to form new semantic memories. b. unable to retrieve any semantic memories prior to the surgery. c. unable to experience fear.
When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was
a. conditioned stimulus. *b. neutral stimulus. c. unconditioned stimulus.
When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a
a. absentmindedness. *b. transience. c. blocking.
When a memory fades over time, it is called
extinction
When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________
a. reflexive *b. associational c. instinctive
When an person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together, they are exemplifying ________ learning.
a. mechanoreceptors. *b. peripheral or central nervous system. c. nociceptors.
When pain signals get exaggerated, it is because of damage to the
a. ask specific questions, like, "where did he hurt you?" instead of "did he hurt you?" b. give a lineup of potential suspects and ask which one is the culprit. *c. be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.
When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should
a. hippocampus b. cerebellum *c. amygdala
When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.
*a. larger b. the same c. smaller
When surrounded by smaller circles, a center circle will appear ________ than if surrounded by larger circles.
a. the experience of pain will be lessened if we focus on the injury. b. they can be amplified by focusing on a distraction. *c. they can be blocked by the brain's descending pain modulatory system.
When the brain receives nociceptive signals from the body,
*a. misattribution. b. transience. c. absentmindedness.
When the source of a memory is confused, like you think the storyline of a t.v. show you watched actually happened to you in real life, it is called
a. word aid b. mnemonic word *c. peg word
When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ________ technique.
a. neutral stimulus. *b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned stimulus.
Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.
a. auditory canal - pinna - tympanic membrane - cochlea - ossicles - auditory nerve b. auditory nerve - cochlea - tympanic membrane - ossicles -pinna - auditory canal *c. pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve
Which correctly describes the process of hearing?
*a. Gestalt b. biometric c. somatosensory
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of similarity, and proximity?
