sanitation & disinfection review

Explain Single Use items are.

Single-use disposable items cannot be used more than once, either because these cannot be cleaned of all visible residues.

Describe Diplococci.

Spherical bacteria that grow in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia.

How is HIV spread?

Spread from person to person through blood and through other bodily fluids.

Describe sterilization.

Sterilization is the complete elimination of all microbial life, including spores, and necessary only when surgical instruments cut into the vascular layers of the body. Since surgical procedures are not performed in a salon, sterilization of salon tools and equipment is not necessary.

What type of disease does Treponema pallida cause?

Syphilis

Where does Mycobacterium fortuitum furunculosis normally exist?

Tap water

What does the EPA do?

The EPA licenses different types of disinfectants.

What is required of all EPA disinfectants?

The EPA requires that all disinfectants, even aerosol spray products for clippers, require a 10-minute contact on pre-cleaned, hard, nonporous surfaces.

Explain Universal Precautions.

The Universal Precautions are a set of guidelines published by OSHA that require an employer and the employee to assume that all human blood and body fluids are infectious for bloodborne pathogens.

What is immunity?

The ability of the body to destroy and resist infection. Immunity against disease can be either natural or acquired.

What are the two distinct phases in the life cycle of bacteria?

The active stage and the inactive or spore-forming stage.

What can the state regulatory agency do if the salon owner and/or operator are found at fault?

The agency can issue penalties against both the salon owner and the operator's license ranging from warnings to fines, probation, and suspension or revocation of licenses.

How do you disinfect electrical equipment?

The contact points of equipment that cannot be immersed in liquid, such as hair clippers, electrotherapy tools, and nail drills, should be cleaned and disinfected using a regulatory oversight agency approved disinfectant designed for use on such devices. Follow the procedures recommended by the disinfectant product manufacture.

List all 9 Safety Tips for Disinfectants.

1. Always wear gloves and safety glasses when mixing disinfectants. 2. Always add disinfectant to water, not water to disinfectant. Disinfectants contain detergents and will foam when water is added to them; this can result in an incorrect mixing ratio. 3. Use tongs, gloves, or a draining basket to remove implements from disinfectants. 4. Always keep disinfectants away from children. 5. Never pour quats, phenols, alcohol, or any other disinfectant over your hands. If you get disinfectants on your skin, immediately wash your hands with soap and warm water and dry them thoroughly. 6. Carefully weigh and measure all products according to label instructions. 7. Never place any disinfectant or other product in an unmarked container. 8. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions for mixing, using, and disposal of disinfectants. 9. Change disinfectants every day, or more often if the solution becomes soiled or contaminated.

What are the three types of potentially infectious microorganisms?

1. Bacteria 2. Fungus 3. Virus

List the 5 ways Pathogenic bacteria or viruses or fungi can enter the body.

1. Broken skin, such as a cut or scratch - intact skin is an effective barrier to infection 2. The mouth (contaminated water, food, or fingers) 3. The nose (inhaling dusts) 4. The eyes or ears (less likely but possible) 5. Unprotected sex

List the 6 steps for cleaning and disinfecting non-electrical equipment.

1. Clean tools and equipment to remove all visible matter and residue. 2. Rinse thoroughly and pat dry with a clean towel. 3. Completely immerse implements in a properly mixed disinfecting solution for 10 minutes or per the manufacturer's directions. 4. Remove implements with tongs, basket, or gloves to avoid skin contact. 5. Rinse and dry tools thoroughly. 6. Store disinfected implements. Store disinfected implements in a clean container and in a sanitary manner between uses. A clean drawer can be used for storage if only clean items are in it. Never seal tools inside a closed airtight container; they may not be completely dry, which can promote bacterial growth.

List the 5 procedures for disinfecting foot spas after each client.

1. Drain and remove debris. Drain all water and remove all visible debris from the foot spa or basin; if there is a footplate or impeller, remove it and clean the areas behind or beneath. 2. Thoroughly clean. Clean the surfaces and walls of the foot spas or basin with a chelating detergent and a brush to remove all visible debris, and rinse with clean, clear water. Although modern detergents aren't affected by hard water, soaps cause the minerals in hard water to build up inside foot spas. Chelating detergents remove that mineral buildup are an important first step in sanitation. Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) is a very effective chelating agent commonly used in chelating detergents. Remember to clean and disinfect the brush. 3. Disinfect basin. Disinfect the foot basin with an EPA-registered, liquid hospital disinfectant for 10 minutes. If it is a whirlpool unit, the solution must be circulated. The solution must go every place the water was and must stay in there for 10 minutes (or as indicated by the product label). 4. Dry basin. Wipe dry with a disposable towel. Cloth towels can transmit pathogens if they are not properly laundered between each client. 5. Record the time and date these procedures were performed in the pedicure logbook, if required by your state regulatory agency.

What 7 steps should you follow if an exposure incident should happen?

1. If a cut occurs during service, stop the service. 2. Wear gloves to protect yourself against contact with the client's blood. 3. Clean the injured area with an antiseptic-each salon must have a first aid kit. 4. Bandage the cut with an adhesive bandage. 5. Clean the workstation as necessary. 6. Discard the contaminated objects. Discard all disposable contaminated objects such as wipes, cotton balls by double-bagging (place the waste in a plastic bag and then in a trash bag). Use a biohazard sticker (red or orange) or a container for contaminated waste. Deposit sharp disposables in a sharps box. 7. Disinfect tools and implements. Remember, before removing your gloves, all tools and implements that have come in contact with blood or any body fluids must be thoroughly cleaned and completely immersed in an EPA-registered, hospital disinfectant solution or 10% bleach solution for 10 minutes. Because blood can carry pathogens, you should never touch an open sore or wound.

List the three steps of the decontamination process.

1. Sanitation 2. Disinfection 3. Sterilization

In order to be effective, the concentration of ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol is?

70% or higher.

Bacteria are so small. They can only be seen with what type of equipment?

A Microscope.

What is a general infection?

A general infection results when the bloodstream carries the bacteria or virus and their toxins (poisons) to all parts of the body.

What is a local infection?

A local infection, such as a pimple or abscess, is one that is confined to a particular part of the body and is indicated by a lesion containing pus.

What is a virus?

A virus is a microorganism capable of infecting almost all plants and animals including bacteria.

How often should tools and equipment be cleaned and disinfected?

After each use and before they may be used on another client.

Explain disinfecting foot spas and pedicure equipment.

All equipment that holds water for pedicures, including whirlpool spas, "pipeless" units, foot baths, basins, tubs, sinks, and bowls must be cleaned and disinfected after every use.

Explain proper handling of disposable supplies.

All items designed to be disposed of after single use, such as orangewood sticks, cotton, gauze, neck strips, nail wipes, and paper towels, should be thrown away after one use. Anything exposed to blood, including skincare treatment debris, must be double-bagged and marked with a bio-hazard sticker or disposed according to OSHA standards.

What is an exposure incident?

An exposure incident happens if a client's skin is cut during a salon service, blood or body fluid can be present.

What is an infection?

An infection occurs when body tissues are invaded by disease-causing or pathogenic bacteria.

What are antiseptics?

Antiseptics are agents formulated for use on skin. Antiseptics can contain either alcohol or benzalkonium chloride (less drying to the skin than alcohol). Both types of antiseptics are effective for cleaning (sanitizing) hands if soap and water are not available, but should not replace washing with soap, soft bristle brush, and water. These agents are not the same as surface or implement disinfectants, so never use an antiseptic to disinfect instruments or other surfaces.

What are bacteria?

Bacteria are one-celled microorganisms with both plant and animal characteristics.

How do bacteria multiply best?

Bacteria multiply best in warm, dark, damp, or dirty places where food is available.

Disinfectants are one step in many that are designed to prevent infection or disease. What type of disinfectants must be used in the salon?

Bacterial, fungicidal, and virucidal.

Why should all implements be thoroughly cleaned of all visible matter or residue before soaking in disinfectant solution?

Because residue will interfere with the disinfectant and prevent them from being effective.

How is the HIV virus NOT transmitted?

By holding hands, hugging, kissing, sharing food, or household items like the telephone or even toilet seats.

Describe Inactive or spore-forming stage.

Certain bacteria. Such as, the anthrax and the tetanus bacilli, coat themselves with a waxy outer shell that is able to withstand long periods of famine, dryness, and unsuitable temperatures. In this stage, spores can be blown about and are not harmed by disinfectants, heat, or cold. When favorable conditions are restored, the spores change into the active form and begin to grow and reproduce.

What are disinfectants?

Chemical agents that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but not spores, on surfaces. Please keep in mind that disinfectants are not for use on human skin, hair, or nails.

Explain what must be done to maintain the safety for the public for Towels, Linens, and Capes.

Clean towels and linens must be used for each client. Once a towel or linen has been used on a client, it must NOT be used again until it has properly been laundered. Sore soiled linens and towels separate from clean linens and towels.

Name the three classifications of Pathogenic bacteria.

Cocci, bacilli, and Spirilla.

Why was OSHA established and what part of the federal branch of government runs it?

Created as part of the U.S. Department of Labor to regulate and enforce safety and health standards to protect employees in the workplace.

Explain blood-borne pathogens.

Disease causing bacteria or viruses that are carried though the body in the blood or body fluids, such as hepatitis and HIV.

Explain efficacy.

Disinfectants must have efficacy claims on the label. This is a list of the specific germs the product is proven to kill when used according to label instructions.

Describe the active stage of bacteria.

During the active stage, bacteria grow and reproduce.

Why should salons avoid using Electric or bead "sterilizers"?

Electric or bead "sterilizers" do not disinfect or sterilize implements. In fact, these devices can spread potentially infectious diseases and should never be used in salons. Remember state laws require the use of liquid disinfecting solutions!

How do state regulatory agencies ensure that everyone working in a spa or the spa itself follow procedures?

Enforcement of the rules through inspections and investigations of consumer complaints.

What does EPA stand for?

Environmental Protection Agency.

What are the two types of alcohol used as disinfectants in the salon?

Ethyl alcohol and Isopropyl alcohol. Both of these alcohols are considered to be useful and powerful disinfectants.

Why do different state and federal agencies regulate the practice of Cosmetology?

Federal agencies set guidelines for the manufacturing, sale, and use of equipment and chemical ingredients, and for safety in the workplace. State agencies regulate licensing, enforcement, and conduct when working in the salon.

Describe HIV.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body's immune system.

Explain why washing hands are so important in a salon.

Hand washing is one of the most important actions to prevent spreading germs from one person to another. Hand washing removes germs from the folds and grooves of the skin and from under the free edge of the nail plate by lifting and rinsing them from the surface. In the salon, hands-both yours and the client's-should be thoroughly washed with soap and water before and after each service.

What virus is the most difficult to kill on a surface?

Hepatitis B. So, be sure, to check the label of the disinfectant you use to make sure it is effective against it.

What bleach is an effective use in a salon?

Household bleach (sodium hydrochloride).

62. Describe disinfection.

The second step of decontamination is disinfection. Disinfection is the process that kills most, but not necessarily all, microorganisms on non-living surfaces.

What should you remember if you spray a clean surface with cleaning solution?

The solution must remain there for the time required by the product label. Merely spraying and wiping is cleaning and NOT considered proper disinfection.

How do blood-borne pathogens spread?

The spread of blood-borne pathogens is possible through shaving, nipping, clipping, facial treatments, waxing, or tweezing any time the skin is broken.

What do the standards set by OSHA are important to the cosmetology industry because of the products used in the salon?

These standards address issues relating to handling, mixing, storing, and disposing of products, general safety in the workplace, and, most importantly, your right to know the hazardous ingredients in the products you use.

What types of ailments do viruses cause?

They cause common colds and other respiratory and gastrointestinal (digestive tract) infections. Other viruses that plague humans are measles, mumps, chicken pox, smallpox, rabies, yellow fever, hepatitis, polio, influenza, and HIV, which causes AIDS.

How do you identify bacteria?

They have distinct shapes that help to identify them.

How should you decontaminate salon implements when accidentally come in contact with blood, body fluids, or unhealthy conditions?

They should be cleaned and then completely immersed in an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant solution or 10% bleach solution.

Why do state regulatory agencies exist?

To protect the consumer's health, safety, and welfare while receiving services in the salon.

What do you use to remove implements from disinfectant solution?

Tongs.

Why use Tuberculocidal disinfectants?

Tuberculocidal disinfectants are proven to kill the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, which is more difficult to kill (these products are also hospital products).

How are ultraviolet (UV) sanitizers best used in a salon?

Ultra violet sanitizers are useful storage containers, but they do not disinfect or sterilize.

Describe fungi.

Includes molds, mildews, and yeasts. They can produce contagious diseases, such as ringworm.

What do MSDS sheets include?

Information about hazardous ingredients, safe use, and handling procedures, precautions to reduce the risk of harm and overexposure, flammability and data in case of fire, proper disposal guidelines, and medical information.

What is glutaraldehyde?

It is a dangerous chemical used to sterilize surgical instruments in hospitals. It is not safe for salon use.

What offices are considered state regulatory agencies?

Licensing agencies, state boards of cosmetology, commissions, and health departments.

What does OSHA and some state regulatory agencies require of the MSDS?

MSDS's must be kept available in the salon for all products that can cause harm.

What are chelating surfactant soaps and why are they best used in a salon?

Using chelating surfactant soaps or detergents, which work to sequester debris, is very important for removing the residue from pedicure products like scrubs, salts, and masques. These detergents work in all types of water, are low-sudsing, and are especially formulated to work in the areas where hard water is prevalent.

Describe Mitosis.

When a cell reaches their largest size, they divide into two new cells. This division is called Mitosis.

What does contagious mean?

When a disease spreads from one person to another by contact, it is said to be contagious.

What does communicable mean?

When a disease spreads from one person to another by contact. Contagious.

What are formalin tablets?

Years ago, formalin tablets were used as fumigants in dry cabinet "sanitizers". This was before the EPA disinfectants came to market and before it was known that formaldehyde vapors may cause cancer in high concentrations.

What must you first do in order to use a disinfectant properly?

You must read and follow the manufacturer's instructions. Mixing ratios (dilution) and contact time is very important.

Name the 2 different types of immunity.

• Natural immunity - Partly inherited and partly developed through healthy living. • Acquired immunity - Immunity that the body develops after overcoming a disease, through inoculation (such as a flu vaccination).

What paperwork does Federal Law require manufacturer's to provide important product information, precautions, safety information, and ingredients on?

Material Safety Data Sheet

What two types of items are used in salons?

Multi-use and single-use.

Explain Multi-use items.

Multi-use items can be cleaned, disinfected, and used on more than one person, even if the item is exposed to blood or body fluid.

What was the rod-shaped microorganism that infected over 100 clients due to improper disinfection of a whirlpool foot spa in California in 2000?

Mycobacterium Fortuitum furunculosis.

What is the most common reason that Nail Fungus spreads?

Nail Fungus is spread by using dirty implements or by not properly preparing the surface of the natural nail before enhancements products are applied.

Name some examples of multi-use items.

Nippers, shears, combs, pushers, some nail files and buffers.

What is the agency that regulates and enforces safety and health standards to protect employees in the workplace?

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

What is one difference between a virus and bacteria?

One difference between a virus and bacteria is that a virus can live and reproduce only by penetrating other cells and becoming part of them, while bacteria can live and reproduce on their own.

What is a parasite?

Parasites are plant or animal organisms that live in, or on, another living organism and draw their nourishment from that organism. They must have a host to survive. Head Lice is an example.

Name the two main classifications of bacteria. Describe them.

Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic. Pathogenic: Considered harmful because they may cause disease or infection. Non-Pathogenic: Completely harmless; do not cause disease.

Head lice can cause what disease?

Pediculous capititis.

What are phenolics?

Phenolics are powerful tubercidal disinfectants. Phenolics have a very high pH and can cause damage to the skin and eyes; and some can be harmful to the environment.

Explain porous.

Porous means made or constructed of an absorbent material. Some porous items can be safely cleaned, disinfected, and used on more than one client. NOTE: If a porous item contacts broken skin, blood, body fluid or any unhealthy conditions, it must be discarded immediately.

What is the outer wall of a cell containing liquid called?

Protoplasm

Name some examples of single-use items.

Pumice Stones (used for pedicures), orangewood sticks, cotton balls, gauze, tissues, paper towels, paper towels, nail files and buffers.

Describe Staphylococci.

Pus forming bacteria that will grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes. They cause abscesses, pustules, and boils.

What is pus and Pus is a sign of what?

Pus is a fluid created by tissue inflammation, and contains white blood cells, bacteria and dead cells. The presence of pus is a sign of infection.

Describe Streptococci.

Pus-forming bacteria arranged in curved lines resembling a string of beads. They cause infections, such as, strep throat and blood poisoning.

What is a very safe and useful type of disinfectant, commonly called "quats", is?

Quaternary ammonium compounds.

Describe Cocci.

Round shaped bacteria that appear singly (alone) or in groups. They rarely show active motility (self- movement.)

Describe sanitation.

Sanitation or sanitizing is simply cleaning. Removing all visible dirt and debris is sanitizing. A surface must be properly cleaned, or it cannot be properly disinfected.

What is the technical term for bacteria that live on dead matter?

Saprophytes.

What is a disease that one gets from an itch mite?

Scabies