SAS Programming 1: Esssentials
Suppose the data set shipping contains 25 observations and 3 variables (Product, BoxSize, and Rate). How many observations and variables does the data set shippingzones have? data shippingzones; set shipping; Zone=1; output; Zone=2; Rate=(Rate*1.5); output; Zone=3; Rate=(Rate*1.5); output; run; a. 25 observations, 4 variables b. 75 observations, 3 variables c. 75 observations, 4 variables
75 observations, 4 variables
Is this statement true? To create an accumulating total for a group, you first have to sort the data by the grouping variable(s). a. Yes b. No
yes
Which of the following ARRAY statements is correct? a. array grades{*} Q1 Q4 Q7 Q8 Q12 Q15; b. array sites{3} $10; c. array trials{*} _numeric_; d. array exp{5} _temporary_ (93 85 77 69 61); e. All of the above
e. All of the above
What does the SAS macro facility include? a. the SAS macro compiler b. the SAS macro processor c. the SAS macro debugger d. the SAS macro language e. b and d
e. b and d
If the value of Region is missing (.), do these two DATA steps produce the same output?
No
Will this statement convert the character variable AvgSale to numeric? AvgSale=input(AvgSale,comma6.); a. yes b. no
No
Which program correctly references the automatic macro variable SYSDATE? a. title "June Totals as of &sysdate"; data sales.juntot; set sales.total; if month=6 and year=2008; run; b. title "June Totals as of sysdate"; data sales.juntot; set sales.juntot; if month=6 and year=2008; run;
a. title "June Totals as of &sysdate"; data sales.juntot; set sales.total; if month=6 and year=2008; run;
Which statement creates the macro variable flower and assigns the value Plumeria? a. %let flower=Plumeria; b. %let flower="Plumeria"; c. %let &flower=Plumeria; d. %let &flower="Plumeria";
a. %let flower=Plumeria;
Which SQL statement can delete tables? a. DROP b. VOID c. DELETE d. SELECT
a. DROP
Which of the following data set options can be added to the MERGE statement to help identify data set contributors (that is, identify the matches)? a. IN= b. OBS= c. RENAME= d. MATCHES=
a. IN=
Which statement is false regarding an ARRAY statement? a. It is an executable statement. b. It can be used to create variables. c. It must contain either all numeric or all character elements. d. It must be used to define an array before the array name can be referenced.
a. It is an executable statement.
When you submit a program that includes references to macro variables, when does SAS replace those references with macro variable values? a. before compilation of the program b. during compilation of the program c. after compilation but before execution of the program d. during execution of the program
a. before compilation of the program
In which portion of a SAS data set are the following found? name of the data set type of the column Salary creation date of the data set a. descriptor portion b. data portion
a. descriptor portion
Which of the following functions can convert the values of the numeric variable Level to character values? a. put(Level,3.) b. input(3.,Level) c. put(3.,Level) d. input(Level,3.)
a. put(Level,3.)
The variables FmtName, Start, and Label are required in order to create a format from an input control data set. a. True b. False
a. true
Which data set is more appropriate for using PROC FREQ to determine the number of donations made in each of the four quarters?
b
Which of these data sets could be described as a narrow data set?
b
Given the assignment statement below, what is the value of AvgExp for the observation that is shown? AvgExp=mean(Exp1, Exp2, Exp3, Exp4); Exp1-----Exp2------Exp3------Exp4 10----------.-----------5----------9 a. 6 b. 8 c. . (missing value) d. The statement generates a syntax error.
b. 8
Which statement is true concerning the MEANS procedure? a. The VAR statement is required and identifies the analysis columns. b. The WAYS statement specifies the number of ways to make unique combinations of class columns. c. The MAXDEC= option is used in the VAR statement to specify the number of decimal places for the statistics. d. The _COUNT_ and _FREQ_ columns are automatically included in the output summary table that is produced by the OUT= option of the OUTPUT statement.
b. The WAYS statement specifies the number of ways to make unique combinations of class columns.
Which SELECT statement produces the given output? Name Height Thomas 57.5 Joyce 51.3 a. select Name Height from sashelp.class where age=12 order by Height; b. select Name, Height from sashelp.class where age=12 order by Height desc; c. select Name Height from sashelp.class where age=12 order by desc Height; d. select Name, Height from sashelp.class where age=12 order by desc Height;
b. select Name, Height from sashelp.class where age=12 order by Height desc;
Which report is created from the following PROC FREQ step? proc freq data=sashelp.cars; where Cylinders in (4,6) and Type in ('Sedan','SUV'); tables Type*Cylinders / nocol norow crosslist; run;
c
The data sets ensemble.spring and ensemble.summer both contain a variable named Blue, and Blue is not the BY variable. Which program prevents the values of the variable Blue from being overwritten when you merge the two data sets? a. data ensemble.merged; merge ensemble.spring(keep=blue) ensemble.summer; by fabric; run; b. data ensemble.merged; merge ensemble.spring(blue=navy) ensemble.summer; by fabric; run; c. data ensemble.merged; merge ensemble.spring(rename=(blue=navy)) ensemble.summer; by fabric; run;
c. data ensemble.merged; merge ensemble.spring(rename=(blue=navy)) ensemble.summer; by fabric; run;
Which statement about this PROC SORT step is true? proc sort data=orion.staff; out=work.staff; by descending Salary Manager_ID; run; a. The sorted table overwrites the input table. b. The rows are sorted by Salary in descending order, and then by Manager_ID in descending order. c. A semicolon should not appear after the input data set name. d. The sorted table contains only the columns specified in the BY statement.
c. A semicolon should not appear after the input data set name.
The following program will execute without errors: data work.merged; merge blood.donors1 blood.donors2; by ID; run;
false
The following tables list the variables in three SAS data sets: a, b, and c. Can these three data sets be merged in one DATA step?
no
An input table must be pre-sorted by the columns listed in the CLASS statement of a PROC MEANS step. proc means data=sashelp.heart; var Cholesterol; class Weight_Status Sex; run; a. True b. False
b. False
The END= option in the SET or INFILE statement indicates that SAS should process the last observation. a. True b. False
b. False
In this PROC CONTENTS output, what is the default length of the Birth_Date column? # Variable Type 4 Birth_Date Num 3 Customer_Address Char 2 Customer_ID Num 1 Customer_Name Char
8 bytes
The width of the input field can be specified by an informat when used with formatted input. a. True b. False
True
Which listing output could be produced by the following code? proc print data=tropical(obs=3); where Plant='Orchid'; var Plant Location; run; a. Obs Plant Location 1 Orchid Hawai'i 2 Orchid Thailand 8 Orchid Hawai'i b. Obs Plant Location 1 Orchid Hawai'i 2 Orchid Thailand 3 Anthurium Hawai
a. Obs Plant Location 1 Orchid Hawai'i 2 Orchid Thailand 8 Orchid Hawai'i
Suppose you need to create the variable FullName by concatenating the values of FirstName, which contains first names, and LastName, which contains last names. Which DATA step results in values of FullName that have one blank between first and last names? a. data work.maillist; set retail.maillist; length FullName $ 40; FullName=trim(FirstName)||' '||LastName; run; b. data work.maillist; set retail.maillist; length FullName $ 40; FullName=trim(FirstName||' '||LastName); run;
a. data work.maillist; set retail.maillist; length FullName $ 40; FullName=trim(FirstName)||' '||LastName; run;
What is the length of the Car_Type column created in this program? data car_type; set sashelp.cars; if msrp>80000 then car_type="luxury"; else car_type="regular"; length car_type $ 8; run; a. 6 b. 7 c. 8
a. 6
Which value is returned from the following statement? x=int(7.89); a. 7 b. 7.8 c. 8
a. 7
Which statement about SAS dates is false? a. A SAS date is one of three SAS column types: numeric, character, and date. b. SAS dates represent the number of days from January 1, 1960. c. SAS date values can be positive or negative. d. SAS date values can be used in calculations.
a. A SAS date is one of three SAS column types: numeric, character, and date.
When you submit the following program, what will be listed in the log? data work.holdings; set work.catalog end=last; if _n_=1 then putlog 'books'; if last then do; putlog 'last of books'; putlog _all_; end; run; a. Books, last of books, and the values of all the variables for the last observation b. Books, last of books, and the values for all the variables in all observations c. The values of all the variables for the last observation
a. Books, last of books, and the values of all the variables for the last observation
Does this comment contain syntax errors? /* Report created for budget presentation; revised October 15. */ proc print data=work.newloan; run; a. No. The comment is correctly specified. b. Yes. Every comment line must end with a semicolon. c. Yes. The comment is on more than one line. d. Yes. There is a semicolon in the middle of the comment.
a. No. The comment is correctly specified.
What type of output file does this program create? libname mylib xlsx "s:/workshop/output/test.xlsx"; data class_list; set sashelp.class; run; a. SAS table b. delimited file c. Microsoft Excel XLS file d. Microsoft Excel XLSX file
a. SAS table
The variable Address2 contains values such as Piscataway, NJ. Select the statement that extracts and assigns the two-letter state abbreviation to a new variable named State. a. State=scan(Address2,2); b. State=scan(Address2,13,2); c. State=substr(Address2,2); d. State=substr(Address2,13,2);
a. State=scan(Address2,2);
Which statement is false concerning the FREQ procedure? a. The NOPROCTITLE option can be placed in the PROC FREQ statement to remove the procedure title The FREQ Procedure. b. The ORDER=FREQ option can be placed in the PROC FREQ statement to display the column values in descending frequency count order. c. The PLOTS= option can be placed in the TABLES statement after the forward slash to create bar charts based on counts or percentages. d. The OUT= option can be placed in the TABLES statement after the forward slash to create a table containing counts and percentages.
a. The NOPROCTITLE option can be placed in the PROC FREQ statement to remove the procedure title The FREQ Procedure.
Which statement is false concerning the options for the ODS statement? a. The STYLE= option names the desired font. b. The FILE= option specifies the output file to create. c. The STARTPAGE= option controls the behavior of page breaks. d. The PDFTOC= option controls the level of the expansion of the table of contents in PDF documents.
a. The STYLE= option names the desired font.
When you run this program, which title or titles appear in the final PROC PRINT results? title1 'The First Line'; title2 'The Second Line'; proc print data=sales; run; title2 'The Next Line'; proc print data=sales; run; title 'The Top Line'; proc print data=sales; run; a. The Top Line b. The Top Line The Next Line c. The Top Line The Second Line d. The Top Line The First Line The Next Line
a. The Top Line
By default, user-defined formats are stored in a temporary catalog named work.formats and are deleted at the end of your SAS session. a. True b. False
a. True
Generally, the most efficient place to put a subsetting IF statement is as early as possible in the DATA step. a. True b. False
a. True
The following program will execute without errors: data bonuses; merge managers(in=M) staff(in=S); by EmpID; if M=0 and S=1; run;; a. True b. False
a. True
The format name must include a period delimiter in the FORMAT statement. a. True b. False
a. True
Use a DO group in a DATA step when you want to execute multiple statements for a true IF-THEN expression. a. True b. False
a. True
The table insurance.claims contains the columns Policy, Claim_Num, and Status. The table insurance.accounts also contains the column Policy. These two tables are not sorted. Will this PROC SQL step create a report? proc sql; select accounts.Policy, Claim_Num, Status from insurance.claims, insurance.accounts where accounts.Policy = claims.Policy; quit; a. Yes b. No, because the FROM clause lists the tables in the wrong order. c. No, because the input tables were not sorted first. d. No, because some of the columns in the SELECT clause are not qualified. e. No, because this program creates an output table instead of a report.
a. Yes
Will this PROC SQL step run? proc sql; select SaleDate from company.sales where SaleAmt>500; quit; a. Yes b. No
a. Yes
In which phase does the DATA step check for syntax errors? a. compilation b. execution
a. compilation
Which LIBNAME statement has the correct syntax? a. libname reports "filepath/workshop"; b. libname orion filepath/workshop; c. libname 3456a "filepath/workshop";
a. libname reports "filepath/workshop";
Formatted input cannot be used to read which of the following types of raw data? a. standard free-format data b. standard data in fixed fields c. nonstandard data in fixed fields
a. standard free-format data
What is the name of the ouput data set in the program below? data work.us; set orion.sales; where Country='US'; run; a. work.us b. orion.sales c. Country d. sales
a. work.us
Which DATA step creates Mth2Dte as an accumulating variable with an initial value of 0? a. data mnthtot; set orion.aprsales; retain Mnth2Date; Mth2Dte=Mth2Dte+SaleAmt; run; b. data mnthtot; set orion.aprsales; retain Mth2Dte 0; Mth2Dte=Mth2Dte+SaleAmt; run;
b. data mnthtot; set orion.aprsales; retain Mth2Dte 0; Mth2Dte=Mth2Dte+SaleAmt; run;
Within the data set Furn.Bookcase, the variable Finish contains values such as ash, cherry, teak, and matte-black. Which of the following creates a subset of the data in which the values of Finish contain the string walnut? Make the search for the string case-insensitive. a. data work.bookcase; set furn.bookcase; if find(Finish,'walnut',I); run; b. data work.bookcase; set furn.bookcase; if find(Finish,'walnut','I')>0; run;
b. data work.bookcase; set furn.bookcase; if find(Finish,'walnut','I')>0; run;
Due to growth within the 919 area code, the telephone exchange 555 is being reassigned to the 920 area code. The data set clients.piedmont includes the variable Phone, which contains the telephone number in the form NNN-NNN-NNNN. Which of the following programs correctly changes the values of Phone? a. data work.piedmont(drop=AreaCode Exchange); set clients.piedmont; AreaCode=substr(Phone,1,3); Exchange=substr(Phone,5,3); if AreaCode='919' and Exchange='555' then Phone=substr('920',1,3); run; b. data work.piedmont(drop=AreaCode Exchange); set clients.piedmont; AreaCode=substr(Phone,1,3); Exchange=substr(Phone,5,3); if AreaCode='919' and Exchange='555' then substr(Phone,1,3)='920'; run;
b. data work.piedmont(drop=AreaCode Exchange); set clients.piedmont; AreaCode=substr(Phone,1,3); Exchange=substr(Phone,5,3); if AreaCode='919' and Exchange='555' then substr(Phone,1,3)='920'; run;
Which program contains an error? a. data stresstest (drop=timemin timesec); set physical; TotalTime=(Timemin*60)+Timesec; run; b. proc print data=stressdata; label TotalTime='Duration of Test'; drop TimeMin; run; c. proc print data=stresstest (keep=TotalTime TimeMin); label TotalTime='Duration of Test'; format TimeMin 5.2; run;
b. proc print data=stressdata; label TotalTime='Duration of Test'; drop TimeMin; run;
Which value statement correctly creates a nested format definition? a. value $country ' '='Not Available' other=[$country30.]; b. value $extra ' '='Not Available' other=[$country30.];
b. value $extra ' '='Not Available' other=[$country30.];
How many times does this DO loop execute? data test; x=15; do until(x>12); x+1; end; run; a. 0 b. 1 c. 12 d. unknown
b. 1
Based on the following program and data, how many rows will be included in the payment table? proc sort data=payment dupout=dups nodupkey; by ID; run; ID-------AMOUNT A-------$997.54 A-------$833.88 B-------$879.05 C-------$894.77 C-------$894.77 C-------$998.26 a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 6
b. 3
What is the value of the macro variable rate after this statement is processed? %let rate=4+3; a. 7 b. 4+3 c. _NULL_
b. 4+3
How many times does the DO loop execute for the first iteration of the DATA step? data work.compare(drop=i); set finance.cdrates; Investment=5000; do i=1 to Years; Investment+Rate*Investment; end; run; a. 1 b. 5 c. 3 d. 4
b. 5
What is the value of Result? ProdCode=" 808:9670-100"; Result=substr(left(ProdCode),1,3); a. 3 blanks b. 808 c. 100 d. 8.9
b. 808
Which statement correctly defines a SAS macro variable? a. A SAS macro variable is a data set variable whose value depends on the observation that is being processed. b. A SAS macro variable is independent of a SAS data set and contains a text string. The value of the macro variable remains constant until you change it.
b. A SAS macro variable is independent of a SAS data set and contains a text string. The value of the macro variable remains constant until you change it.
Which statement is true about the following program? data payroll.empmast; set payroll.employee; by gender jobcode; run; a. A change in the value of LAST.JobCode causes the value of LAST.Gender to change. b. A change in the value of LAST.Gender causes the value of LAST.JobCode to be set to 1. c. Both LAST.JobCode and LAST.Gender are stored in the new data set.
b. A change in the value of LAST.Gender causes the value of LAST.JobCode to be set to 1.
What happens when you submit the following code? data temperate tropical; set flora; output; run; a. Because the OUTPUT statement does not specify a data set, both output data sets are empty. b. All observations in the flora data set are written to both output data sets. c. The DATA step writes the first observation to each output data set and then stops processing because no RETURN statement is specified.
b. All observations in the flora data set are written to both output data sets.
This program contains a syntax error because National is in different cases. data national; set sashelp.baseball; BatAvg=nHits/nAtBat; run; proc means data=NATIONAL; var BatAvg; run; a. True b. False
b. False
To disassociate a libref that you previously assigned, you can use the UNASSIGN option in the LIBNAME statement. a. True b. False
b. False
To process an Excel file with the DATA step, you must first create a copy of the data as a SAS table. a. True b. False
b. False
When a logic error occurs, SAS writes an error message to the log. a. True b. False
b. False
When you are joining tables using PROC SQL, you never use a WHERE clause. a. True b. False
b. False
What does this code do? proc import datafile="d:/collect817/bird_count.csv" dbms=csv out=bird817 replace; run; a. It creates a SAS data set named bird817 in the work library from the CSV file bird_count and replaces bird817 whenever the CSV file is updated. b. It creates a SAS data set named bird817 in the work library from the CSV file bird_count. c. It uses the CSV engine to directly read the data file bird_count.csv,
b. It creates a SAS data set named bird817 in the work library from the CSV file bird_count.
Which of the following SAS functions returns a number from 1 to 12? a. YEAR(SAS-date-value) b. MONTH(SAS-date-value) c. WEEKDAY(SAS-date-value) d. none of the above
b. MONTH(SAS-date-value)
Which of the following steps is typically used to generate reports and graphs? a. DATA b. PROC c. REPORT d. RUN
b. PROC
Which of the following is not a SAS programming interface? a. SAS Enterprise Guide b. SAS Manager c. SAS Studio d. SAS windowing environment
b. SAS Manager
What happens if you submit the following program? porc print data=work.newsalesemps; run; a. SAS does not execute the step. b. SAS assumes that PROC is misspelled and executes the step.
b. SAS assumes that PROC is misspelled and executes the step.
Within the data set hrd.temp, PayRate is a character variable and Hours is a numeric variable. What happens when the following program is submitted? data temp; set hrd.temp; Salary=PayRate*Hours; run; a. SAS converts the values of PayRate to numeric values. No message is written to the log. b. SAS converts the values of PayRate to numeric values. A message is written to the log. c. SAS converts the values of Hours to character values. A message is written to the log.
b. SAS converts the values of PayRate to numeric values. A message is written to the log.
When the NOFMTERR system option is in effect, what happens when SAS encounters a format it can't locate? a. SAS creates the format in the default work.formats directory and continues processing. b. SAS substitutes the $w. or w. format and continues processing. c. SAS stops processing and writes an error message to the log. d. SAS skips processing at that step and continues with the next step, and writes a note to the log.
b. SAS substitutes the $w. or w. format and continues processing.
Which statement retains the value of Sales2Dte in the PDV across iterations of the DATA step? a. Total_Retail_Price+Sales2Dte; b. Sales2Dte+Total_Retail_Price; c. Sales2Dte=Sales2Dte+Total_Retail_Price;
b. Sales2Dte+Total_Retail_Price;
When using the DATA step to summarize grouped data, what is the first step in the process? a. Output the first observation of each BY group. b. Set the accumulating variable to zero at the start of each BY group. c. Increment the accumulating variable with a sum statement (automatically retains).
b. Set the accumulating variable to zero at the start of each BY group.
If you submit the following program, which variables appear in the new data set? data falltryout; set school.sports(keep=Month Sport Coach); if Month="Aug"; drop Month; run; a. Month, Sport, Coach b. Sport, Coach c. None
b. Sport, Coach
In which location can you not use a FORMAT? a. PUT statement b. TITLE statement c. FORMAT= option d. FORMAT statement
b. TITLE statement
What does the following ARRAY statement do? array seed{*} _character_; a. This statement creates a temporary array of character variables. b. This statement creates an array of all previously defined character variables in the DATA step. c. Nothing. This is not an accurate ARRAY statement.
b. This statement creates an array of all previously defined character variables in the DATA step.
Which statement about DROP= and KEEP= data set options is true? a. The options apply to all output data sets created in the DATA statement b. Using the options with input data affects the content of the program data vector. c. When the options are used in the same DATA step that includes a DROP or KEEP statement, the options are applied first. d. If you don't need all the variables in your input data for processing, it's most efficient to eliminate them using one of these data set options in the DATA statement.
b. Using the options with input data affects the content of the program data vector.
What result would you expect from submitting this step? proc print data=work.newsalesemps run; a. a report of the work.newsalesemps data set b. an error message in the log c. the creation of a table named work.newsalesemps
b. an error message in the log
Which code fragment correctly completes the WHERE clause in this PROC SQL step joining the two tables by Policy? proc sql; select claims.Policy, Claim_Num, Dependents from insurance.claims insurance.accounts where _______________= _______________; quit; a. Policy=Policy b. claims.Policy=accounts.Policy c. claims.Policy=insurance.Policy d. insurance.Policy=insurance.Policy
b. claims.Policy=accounts.Policy
For the program below, select the interative DO statement that processes all elements in the contrib array. data work.contrib; array contrib{4} qtr1-qtr4; _____________ contrib{i}=contrib{i}*1.25; end; run; a. do i=4; b. do i=1 to 4; c. do until i=4; d. do while i le 4;
b. do i=1 to 4;
Which of the following FORMAT statements was used to create this output? Obs---Order_ID----Order_Date----Delivery_Date 1------1230058123----11JAN07----------01/11/07 2------1230080101----15JAN07---------01/19/07 3------1230106883---20JAN07---------01/22/07 4------1230147441----28JAN07---------01/28/07 5------1230315085----27FEB07---------02/27/07 a. format Order_Date date9. Delivery_Date mmddyy8.; b. format Order_Date date7. Delivery_Date mmddyy8.; c. format Order_Date ddmmmyy. Delivery_Date mmddyy8.; d. format Order_Date monyy7. Delivery_Date mmddyy8.;
b. format Order_Date date7. Delivery_Date mmddyy8.;
Which DATA step statement indicates to continue processing the last observation of a BY group? a. if first.jobtype; b. if last.jobtype; c. if first.jobtype then output; d. if last.jobtype then output=1;
b. if last.jobtype;
Which of the following LIBNAME statements correctly assigns the libref mymusic to the file AllMusic.xls, which is stored in the Entertainment directory of the C: drive on the Windows operating environment? a. libname mymusic 'Allmusic.xls'; b. libname mymusic 'C:\Entertainment\Allmusic.xls'; c. libname mymusic 'C:\Entertainment\Allmusic'; d. libname mymusic 'C:\Entertainment\Allmusic' filetype='excel';
b. libname mymusic 'C:\Entertainment\Allmusic.xls';
Which statement disassociates the sales libref? libname sales xlsx 'c:\mydata\midyear.xlsx'; a. libname sales end; b. libname sales clear; c. libname sales close; d. libname sales disassociate;
b. libname sales clear;
In this table, what type of column is Employee_ID? Obs-----Employee_ID--------Last---------Salary 1---------------.--------------Ralston-------29250 2------------120101-------------Lu---------163040 3------------120104---------Billington-----46230 4------------120105-----------Povey--------27110 5------------120106----------Hornsey---------.
b. numeric
Which PROC EXPORT step contains valid syntax? a. proc export outfile="c:\temp\cars.txt" tab data=sashelp.cars replace; run; b. proc export data=sashelp.cars dbms=csv outfile="c:\temp\cars.csv"; run; c. proc export data=sashelp.class; dbms=csv; outfile="c:\temp\cars.csv"; run; d. proc export dbms=tab data=sashelp.cars replace=yes outfile="c:\temp\cars.txt"; run;
b. proc export data=sashelp.cars dbms=csv outfile="c:\temp\cars.csv"; run;
If an inner join is performed on the following tables based on the ID and IDNO columns, how many rows will be in the PROC SQL report? Name ID Jack 111 Mary 333 Jane 555 IDNO Salary 111 75000 222 83000 333 82000 a. one b. two c. three d. four
b. two
What is the value of X at the completion of the DATA step? data test; x=15; do while(x>12); x+1; end; run; a. 12 b. 15 c. 16 d. This loop executes infinitely.
d. This loop executes infinitely.
Which of the following programs correctly reads july.orders data set and creates the fastorder data set? a. data fastorder(drop=Ordertime); set july.orders(keep=Product Units Price); if Ordertime<4; Total=Units*Price; run; b. data orders(drop=Ordertime); set july.fastorder(keep=Product Units Price); if Ordertime<4; Total=Units*Price; run; c. data fastorder(drop=Ordertime); set july.orders(keep=Product Units Price Ordertime); if Ordertime<4; Total=Units*Price; run;
c. data fastorder(drop=Ordertime); set july.orders(keep=Product Units Price Ordertime); if Ordertime<4; Total=Units*Price; run;
Which of the following SELECT groups correctly writes observations to the tropical data set based on values of Region? a. select region; when (2,3,5) output tropical; otherwise; end; b. select; when (region=2,3,5) output tropical; otherwise; end; c. select (region); when (2,3,5) output tropical; otherwise; end;
c. select (region); when (2,3,5) output tropical; otherwise; end;
Which of the following statements creates a macro variable named rate that has a value of 23? a. let rate="23"; b. &let rate=23; c. %let rate=23; d. %let rate="23";
c. %let rate=23;
In the program below, what is the value of Credit if Country is 'au'? data work.bonus; set orion.sales; if Country='US' then Credit=300; else if Country='AU' then Credit=500; else Credit=0; run; a. 300 b. 500 c. 0 d. missing
c. 0
Based on this DATA step, how many observations will the earnings data set contain? data earnings; Earned=0; do Count=1 to 12; Earned+(Amount+Earned)*(Rate/12); output; end; run; a. 0 b. 1 c. 12 d. 13
c. 12
During each execution of the following DO loop, the value of Earned is calculated and is added to its previous value. How many times does this DO loop execute? data finance.earnings; Amount=1000; Rate=.075/12; do Month=1 to 12; Earned+(Amount+Earned)*Rate; end; run; a. 0 b. 1 c. 12 d. 13
c. 12
What is the value of X at the completion of the DATA step? data test; x=15; do until(x>12); x+1; end; run; a. 12 b. 15 c. 16 d. unknown
c. 16
What is the value of the index variable that references Jul in the statements below? array quarter{4} Jan Apr Jul Oct; do i=1 to 4; yeargoal=quarter{i}*1.2; end; a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
c. 3
When using an array to restructure the data, how many array elements would you use if you wanted work.a to look like work.b? a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
c. 4
If the value of PctDec is -3.272, which statement will NOT return a value of -3 for Decrease? a. Decrease=round(PctDec,1); b. Decrease=ceil(PctDec); c. Decrease=floor(PctDec); d. Decrease=int(PctDec);
c. Decrease=floor(PctDec);
Which statement is false regarding nested DO loops? a. Each DO statement must have a corresponding END statement. b. Each DO loop must have its own index variable. c. Each DO loop must use the same increment value. d. Each DO loop can contain iterated SAS statements.
c. Each DO loop must use the same increment value.
If you process a BY group that consists of a single observation, what are the correct values of FIRST.BY-variable and LAST.BY-variable? a. FIRST.BY-variable=0 LAST.BY-variable=0 b. FIRST.BY-variable=1 LAST.BY-variable=0 c. FIRST.BY-variable=1 LAST.BY-variable=1 d. FIRST.BY-variable=0 LAST.BY-variable=1
c. FIRST.BY-variable=1 LAST.BY-variable=1
Which function returns the greatest integer less than or equal to the argument? a. CEIL b. INT c. FLOOR
c. FLOOR
Which of the following is false regarding the SQL procedure? a. Column names are separated with commas. b. The procedure ends with a QUIT statement. c. Formats can be specified in the FROM clause. d. The SELECT and FROM clauses are required in the SELECT statement.
c. Formats can be specified in the FROM clause.
What is the new value of Code? Code="HNL:96701-006"; Code=substr(Code,1,length(Code)-4); a. 96701-006 b. HNL: c. HNL:96701 d. 1-006
c. HNL:96701
Which PROC FORMAT statement option is used to create a permanent format? a. CNTLIN= b. FMTLIB= c. LIBRARY= d. CNTLOUT=
c. LIBRARY=
What does a forward slash (/) indicate when used in an INPUT statement? a. Load the next file in the input buffer. b. Load the next field in the input buffer. c. Load the next record in the input buffer. d. none of the above
c. Load the next record in the input buffer.
What is the result of including the following line in your program? options symbolgen; a. Messages about macro variable resolution are listed in the program output. b. Messages about macro variable resolution are suppressed in the program output. c. Messages about macro variable resolution are written to the SAS log. d. Messages about macro variable resolution are suppressed in the SAS log.
c. Messages about macro variable resolution are written to the SAS log.
Which assignment statement replaces all occurrences of the string MISS with the string MS. in values of the variable Name? a. Name=transwrd(Name,"MISS","MS."); b. Name=tranwrd(Name,"MS.","MISS"); c. Name=tranwrd(Name,"MISS","MS.");
c. Name=tranwrd(Name,"MISS","MS.");
Which assignment statement correctly converts the value in Company to the value in New_Company? Company Lana'i pineapple&sugarcane,inc. New_Company Lana'i Pineapple&Sugarcane,Inc. a. New_Company=propcase(Company); b. New_Company=propcase(Company,'&'); c. New_Company=propcase(Company,' ,&'); d. New_Company=propcase(Company,' &');
c. New_Company=propcase(Company,' ,&');
Which procedure enables you to manage a SAS catalog? a. PROC COPY b. PROC CATMOD c. PROC CATALOG d. PROC CONTENTS
c. PROC CATALOG
In this PROC SQL step, which clause or clauses are written incorrectly? proc sql; select Employee_ID Name Dependents from orion.employees where Salary < 50000; quit; a. FROM b. WHERE c. SELECT
c. SELECT
Which statement is used to read a SAS data set in a DATA step? a. DATA statement b. WHERE statement c. SET statement d. assignment statement
c. SET statement
Which statement is true regarding a BY statement in a reporting procedure such as PROC PRINT? a. The BY statement is responsible for sorting the table. b. Only one column can be specified in the BY statement. c. The BY statement groups the report by the specified columns. d. The BY statement must be the first statement after the PROC statement.
c. The BY statement groups the report by the specified columns.
Which statement is true based on the given program? data baseball2; set sashelp.baseball; BatAvg=CrHits/CrAtBat; label BatAvg="Batting Average"; run; proc print data=baseball2; var Name Team BatAvg; run; proc means data=baseball2; var BatAvg; class Team; run; a. The column BatAvg will have a permanent label in the sashelp.baseball data set. b. The label for BatAvg will appear in the PROC PRINT report. c. The label for BatAvg will appear in the PROC MEANS report. d. The label for BatAvg will appear in both reports.
c. The label for BatAvg will appear in the PROC MEANS report.
Which statement in a PROC MEANS step lets you specify the numeric columns to analyze? a. TABLES b. VARS c. VAR d. KEEP=
c. VAR
Which of the following is not a task of the PUTLOG statement? a. Write text to the log. b. Write formatted values to the log. c. Write all the logic errors to the log. d. Write the values of all the variables to the log.
c. Write all the logic errors to the log.
Which style of INPUT statement specification is used to read data in fixed columns? a. column input b. formatted input c. a and b d. none of the above
c. a and b
Which of these programs creates a Microsoft Excel file? a. ods excel file="s:/workshop/output/class.xlsx"; proc print data=sashelp.class; run; ods excel close; b. libname mylib xlsx "s:/workshop/output/class.xlsx"; data mylib.class_list; set sashelp.class; run; c. both d. neither
c. both
The single trailing @ releases a record when which of the following conditions occurs? a. An INPUT statement without a trailing @ executes. b. The next iteration of the DATA step begins. c. both a and b
c. both a and b
Which of the following INPUT statements correctly reads the values for Fname (in the second field), Lname, Department, and Salary (in that order)? 1 1 2 2 1---5----0----5----0----5 ABRAMS THOMAS SALES $45,209.03 BARCLAY ROBERT ACCTING $49,180.36 COURTNEY MARK EDUC $44,006.16 a. input @14 Fname $10. @1 Lname $10./ Department $7./ Salary comma10.; b. input @14 Fname $10. @1 Lname $10. #2 Department $7. #3 Salary comma10.; c. both a and b
c. both a and b
Which library name (libref) is valid? a. 2010Car b. car/2010 c. car2010 d. cars_2010
c. car2010
The SELECT statement creates a report. Which clause can be added before the SELECT clause to create a table? a. create work.new = b. create work.new table c. create table work.new as d. create table=work.new as
c. create table work.new as
Which of the following statements will not execute a DO loop? a. do i=8, 10, 4, 14; b. do i=.30 to .20 by -.1; c. do i=(x+10) to x; d. do i=-1 to -3 by -1;
c. do i=(x+10) to x;
The data set orion.sales contains nine columns. Given this DATA step, how many columns does work.comp have? data work.comp; set orion.sales; keep employee_id gender job_title salary; run; a. four b. nine c. five
c. five
How many steps does this program contain? data national; set sashelp.baseball; BatAvg=nHits/nAtBat; run; proc contents data=national; run; proc print data=national; run; proc means data=national; var BatAvg; run; a. one b. two c. four d. eight
c. four
Which FROM clause properly creates aliases? a. from empsau=e inner join phonec=p b. from empsau(e) inner join phonec(p) c. from empsau as e inner join phonec as p d. from empsau of e inner join phonec of p
c. from empsau as e inner join phonec as p
Which subsetting IF statement selects observations for subsequent processing only if all three input data sets contribute to the current observation? data merged.flowers; merge spring.roses(rename=(red=BrickRed) in=yellow) spring.lilacs(in=purple) spring.petunias(in=pink); by ID; _________________________ run; a. if yellow=1 and purple=1 or pink=1; b. if yellow=0 or purple=0 or pink=0; c. if yellow=1 and purple=1 and pink=1; d. if yellow=1 or purple=1 and pink=0;
c. if yellow=1 and purple=1 and pink=1;
Which set of instructions does not correctly read the values for Quantity (in the third field) after the values for Item (in the first field)? 1 1 2 2 3 1---5----0----5----0----5----0 Envelopes $13.25 20 4 Cards $12.50 10 3 Ribbon $14.20 12 1 Paper $15.95 25 8 a. input Item $9. @20 Quantity 3.; b. input Item $9. +10 Quantity 3.; c. input Item $9. +11 Quantity 3.;
c. input Item $9. +11 Quantity 3.;
Which of the following functions converts the character values of Base to numeric values? a. put(comma10.2,Base) b. put(Base,comma10.2) c. input(Base,comma10.2) d. input(comma10.2, Base)
c. input(Base,comma10.2)
Which LIBNAME statement has the correct syntax for reading a Microsoft Excel file? a. libname excel "filepath/myexcelfile"; b. libname mydata xlsx "filepath/myexcelfile"; c. libname mydata xlsx "filepath/field_data.xlsx";
c. libname mydata xlsx "filepath/field_data.xlsx";
Which PROC FREQ step creates the results shown here? a. proc freq data=sashelp.shoes; tables Region nocum; run; b. proc freq data=sashelp.shoes levels; tables Region / nocum; run; c. proc freq data=sashelp.shoes nlevels; tables Region / nocum; run; d. proc freq data=sashelp.shoes / levels; tables Region nocum; run;
c. proc freq data=sashelp.shoes nlevels; tables Region / nocum; run;
The variable Title is 22 characters long. One of the values for Title is My House on the Lane. Which of the following statements would provide the full value of the variable in the log if the data included two leading spaces? a. putlog Title $quote20.; b. putlog Title $quote22.; c. putlog Title $quote30.;
c. putlog Title $quote30.;
Which of the following tables is available at the beginning of a new SAS session? a. sales b. work.newsalesemps c. sashelp.class
c. sashelp.class
Which statement has the correct syntax for performing an inner join? a. select ID, Name, Salary from one join two on ID=IDNO; b. select ID, Name, Salary from one join two where ID=IDNO; c. select ID, Name, Salary from one inner join two on ID=IDNO; d. select ID, Name, Salary from one inner join two where ID=IDNO;
c. select ID, Name, Salary from one inner join two on ID=IDNO;
How many statements does this program contain? *Create a cars report; title "European Cars Priced Over 30K"; footnote "Internal Use Only"; proc print data=sashelp.cars; where Origin='Europe' and MSRP>30000; var Make Model Type Mpg_City Mpg_Highway; run; a. five b. six c. seven d. eight
c. seven
Which of the following is NOT a valid name for a user-defined macro variable? a. month b. _year c. sysver d. total_sales
c. sysver
The tables orion.orders and orion.customers have the common column Customer_ID. What output does this program generate? proc sql; select Order_ID, Customer_ID, Order_Type from orion.orders; select Customer_ID, Customer_Age_Group, Order_Type from orion.customers; quit; a. no output b. one report that contains a Cartesian product c. two reports that contain query results d. two reports and two output data sets
c. two reports that contain query results
What does the following program create? libname sales xlsx 'c:\mydata\midyear.xlsx'; data sales.q1_2018; set sasdata.qtr1_2018; run; data sales.q2_2018; set sasdata.qtr2_2018; run; a. two SAS tables: sales.q1_2018 and sales.q2_2018 b. two Excel workbooks: sales.q1_2018 and sales.q2_2018 c. two worksheets in the Excel workbook: midyear: q1_2018 and q2_2018 d. two worksheets in the Excel workbook: sales: q1_2018 and q2_2018
c. two worksheets in the Excel workbook: midyear: q1_2018 and q2_2018
Given the following OPTIONS statement, in what order will SAS search to find a user-defined format? options fmtsearch=(orion.MyFmts); a. orion.MyFmts only b. work.formats→orion.MyFmts→library.formats c. work.formats→library.formats→orion.MyFmts d. orion.MyFmts→work.formats→library.formats
c. work.formats→library.formats→orion.MyFmts
Consider the program and data below. What is the value of Count after the third observation is read? data newnums; set nums; retain Count 100; Count+Tens; run; a. Missing b. 0 c. 100 d. 130
d. 130
In the following DATA step, how many times does the inner DO loop execute? data invest; do Year=2008 to 2012; Capital+5000; do Quarter=1 to 4; Capital+(Capital*.03); end; end; run; a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 20
d. 20
In the data set invest, what would be the stored value for Year? data invest; do Year=2008 to 2012; Capital+5000; Capital+(Capital*.03); end; run; a. missing b. 2008 c. 2012 d. 2013
d. 2013
What belongs within the braces of this ARRAY statement? array contrib{?} qtr1-qtr4; a. quarter b. quarter* c. 1-4 d. 4
d. 4
There are 300 observations in the trials data set . How many observations does the test data set contain? data test; set trials(firstobs=150 obs=200); run; a. 200 b. 201 c. 50 d. 51
d. 51
Consider the revised program and data below. What is the value of Count after the fourth observation is read? data newnums; set nums; Count+Tens; run; a. Missing b. 0 c. 30 d. 70
d. 70
Airline.expenses and airline.revenue both have 30 rows, and one column in common named Flight_ID. Each row in the first table has a value of Flight_ID that matches the Flight_ID value in one and only one row in the second table. When you run this PROC SQL program, how many rows appear in the result set? proc sql; select expenses.Flight_ID, Amount, Date from airline.expenses, airline.revenue; quit; a. 0 b. 30 c. 60 d. 900
d. 900
In the INPUT statement, what is the syntax used to move the input pointer to a specified column? a. /n b. +n c. #n d. @n
d. @n
When you use a trailing @, which of the following things occur? a. The pointer position does not change. b. No new record is loaded into the input buffer. c. The next INPUT statement for the same iteration of the DATA step continues to read the same record. d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which assignment statement for Total correctly uses a SAS variable list and the SUM function to add the values for Year1, Year2, Year3, and Year4? PDV Year2 Year1 Year3 Year4 Sales 100 105 130 125 115 a. Total=sum(of Year1-Year4); b. Total=sum(of Year2--Year4); c. Total=sum(of Year:); d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which assignment statement sets the value of Day to a text string that contains the day of the week that the current SAS session began? a. Day=sysday; b. Day=&sysday; c. Day='&sysday'; d. Day="&sysday";
d. Day="&sysday";
Which of the following is a SAS syntax requirement? a. Begin each statement in column one. b. Put only one statement on each line. c. Separate each step with a line space. d. End each statement with a semicolon
d. End each statement with a semicolon
Suppose you have a table that includes flower sales to all your retail outlets. You want to see the distinct values of Flower_Type with a count and percentage for each. Which procedure would you use? a. PRINT b. MEANS c. UNIVARIATE d. FREQ
d. FREQ
The variable IDCode contains values such as 123FA and 321MB. The fourth character identifies gender. Select the statement that assigns this character code to a new variable named Gender. a. Gender=scan(IDCode,4); b. Gender=scan(IDCode,4,1); c. Gender=substr(IDCode,4); d. Gender=substr(IDCode,4,1);
d. Gender=substr(IDCode,4,1);
Which syntax is valid for creating a computed column in the SELECT clause? a. Ratio = Height/Weight b. Ratio as Height/Weight c. Height/Weight = Ratio d. Height/Weight as Ratio
d. Height/Weight as Ratio
Which expression creates the value shown in ID? State $ 3 Region $ 6 Area $ 3 ID $ 14 58 0040 11 58-0040-11 a. ID=catx(State,Region,Area,'-'); b. ID=cat(State,Region,Area); c. ID=cats(State,Region,Area); d. ID=catx('-',State,Region,Area);
d. ID=catx('-',State,Region,Area);
A typical value for the numeric variable SiteNum is 12.3. Which statement correctly converts the values of SiteNum to character values when creating the variable Location? a. Location=Dept||'/'||put(SiteNum, $3); b. Location=Dept||'/'||put(SiteNum,4); c. Location=Dept||'/'||put(SiteNum,3.1); d. Location=Dept||'/'||put(SiteNum,4.1);
d. Location=Dept||'/'||put(SiteNum,4.1);
Which statement below is false regarding the use of arrays to create variables? a. The variables are added to the program data vector during the compilation of the DATA step. b. You do not need to specify the array elements in the ARRAY statement. c. By default, all character variables are assigned a length of eight. d. Only character variables can be created.
d. Only character variables can be created.
PROC SQL stops running when it encounters which of the following? a. Semicolon b. FROM clause c. RUN statement d. QUIT statement e. A second SELECT statement
d. QUIT statement
Which statement is false about BY-group processing when you use the BY statement with the SET statement? a. The data sets listed in the SET statement must be indexed or sorted by the values of the BY variable(s). b. The DATA step automatically creates two new variables, FIRST. and LAST., for each variable in the BY statement. c. The FIRST. and LAST. variables identify the first and last observation in each BY group, respectively. d. The FIRST. and LAST. variables have values of 0 when SAS is processing an observation with the first occurrence of a new value for those variables, and a value of 1 for the other observations.
d. The FIRST. and LAST. variables have values of 0 when SAS is processing an observation with the first occurrence of a new value for those variables, and a value of 1 for the other observations.
Which statement is true concerning the FMTLIB option in PROC FORMAT when generating a report for permanent formats? a. The FMTLIB option in PROC FORMAT prints information about all permanent formats in your SAS session. b. The FMTLIB option in PROC FORMAT prints information about all of the formats in the work.formats catalog. c. The FMTLIB option in PROC FORMAT prints information about all of the formats in the LIBRARY.FORMATS option. d. The FMTLIB option in PROC FORMAT prints information about all formats in the catalog that is specified in the LIBRARY= option.
d. The FMTLIB option in PROC FORMAT prints information about all formats in the catalog that is specified in the LIBRARY= option.
Which statement is false concerning the options for the PROC EXPORT statement? a. The DATA= option identifies the input SAS table. b. The REPLACE option specifies to overwrite an existing file. c. The DBMS= option specifies the database identifier for the type of file being created. d. The OUT= option specifies the path and file name of the external data file being created.
d. The OUT= option specifies the path and file name of the external data file being created.
Which statement best describes the purpose of the output control data set? a. The output control data set enables you to output one value for one observation that contains the information about the format. b. The output control data set enables you to output formats without writing VALUE statement in the PROC FORMAT step. c. The output control data set contains information that describes formats. It is the data set that is created with the CNTLIN= option in the PROC FORMAT statement. d. The output control data set contains information that describes formats. It is the data set that is created with the CNTLOUT= option in the PROC FORMAT statement.
d. The output control data set contains information that describes formats. It is the data set that is created with the CNTLOUT= option in the PROC FORMAT statement.
Which statement is true concerning match-merging? a. The MERGE statement must refer to permanent data sets. b. The variables in the BY statement can be in only one of the data sets. c. Only two data sets can be specified in the MERGE statement. d. When you use the MERGE statement with the BY statement, the data must be sorted or indexed on the BY variable
d. When you use the MERGE statement with the BY statement, the data must be sorted or indexed on the BY variable
Running a SAS program can create which of the following? a. log b. output data c. results d. all of the above
d. all of the above
What is the benefit of using the SAS macro facility? a. The SAS macro facility enables you to reduce the amount of text you must enter in your programs. b. The SAS macro facility enables you to write programs that are easily modified and customized. c. The SAS macro facility enable you to automatically reference system information in your programs. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following statements selects rows in which Amount is less than or equal to $5,000 or Rate equals 0.095? a. where amount <= 5000 or rate=0.095; b. where amount le 5000 or rate=0.095; c. where amount <= 5000 or rate eq 0.095; d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which statement substitutes the value of the macro variable Year in the footnote? %let Year=2018; a. footnote 'year Sales'; b. footnote '&year Sales'; c. footnote "%year Sales"; d. footnote "&year Sales";
d. footnote "&year Sales";
Which ON clause has valid qualifying syntax? a. from empsau inner join phonec on e.empid=p.empid; b. from empsau inner join phonec on left.empid=right.empid; c. from empsau inner join phonec on first.empid=second.empid; d. from empsau inner join phonec on empsau.empid=phonec.empid;
d. from empsau inner join phonec on empsau.empid=phonec.empid;
Which function calculates the average of the variables Var1, Var2, Var3, and Var4? a. mean(Var1,Var4) b. mean(Var1-Var4) c. mean(of Var1,Var4) d. mean(of Var1-Var4)
d. mean(of Var1-Var4)
In the SELECT statement, when is a WHERE clause required? a. always b. only when querying one table c. only when joining tables d. never
d. never
Which statement contains valid syntax for specifying a worksheet name? a. ods excel sheet_name='Males'; b. ods excel (sheet_name='Males'); c. ods excel option(sheet_name='Males'); d. ods excel options(sheet_name='Males');
d. ods excel options(sheet_name='Males');
Which statement needs to be added to the end of this program? ods pdf file='c:\temp\myfile.pdf'; proc print data=sashelp.class; run; a. ods clear; b. ods close; c. ods pdf clear; d. ods pdf close;
d. ods pdf close;
Which of the following is not a valid ODS statement? a. ods csvall file='c:\temp\myfile.csv'; b. ods pdf file='c:\temp\myfile.pdf'; c. ods powerpoint file='c:\temp\myfile.ppt'; d. ods word file='c:\temp\myfile.doc';
d. ods word file='c:\temp\myfile.doc';
Which statement from PROC MEANS contains valid syntax for creating a summary output table? a. out=work.summary mean; b. out work.summary mean(Weight)=TotW; c. output out work.summary Weight=TotW; d. output out=work.summary mean(Weight)=TotW;
d. output out=work.summary mean(Weight)=TotW;
Which row or rows will be selected by the following WHERE statement? where Job_Title like "Sales%"; Obs--Last_Name--First_Name--Country--Job_Title 1----------Wu--------Christine-----AU----Sales Rep I 2--------Stone-------Kimiko-------AU--Sales Manager 3-------Hoffman-----Fred--------AU--Insurance Sales a. row 1 b. row 2 c. row 3 d. rows 1 and 2 e. all rows
d. rows 1 and 2
What is the correct order of the following four clauses? a. from ... select ... where ... order by ... b. order by ... from ... select ... where ... c. select ... where ... order by ... from ... d. select ... from ... where ... order by ...
d. select ... from ... where ... order by ...
Which of the following statements selects from a table only those rows where the value of the column Style is RANCH, SPLIT, or TWOSTORY? a. where Style='RANCH' or 'SPLIT' or 'TWOSTORY'; b. where Style in 'RANCH' or 'SPLIT' or 'TWOSTORY'; c. where Style in (RANCH, SPLIT, TWOSTORY); d. where Style in ('RANCH', 'SPLIT', 'TWOSTORY');
d. where Style in ('RANCH', 'SPLIT', 'TWOSTORY');
Which code fragment completes the FROM clause in this PROC SQL step? proc sql; select x.Policy, Claim_Num, Status from insurance.claims ___ insurance.accounts x where x.Policy = y.Policy; quit; a. x b. x, c. y d. y, e. c
d. y,
