Scholarship in OT 1 Midterm
How to cite a webpage or piece of online content
Author, A. (Date of publication). Title of Page. Retrieved from www.asdhasbdjaklhsdals.com
How to reference a book
Author, A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Location: Publisher.
BASIC CITATION OUTLINE
Author, A. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. doi link If no DOI link, "Retrieved from _________"
Are field studies and naturalistic observations qualitative or quantitative research methods?
can be either
If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, what words of the title should be capitalized? For when is there an exception to this?
capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs
How word "abstract" is written how on the abstract
centered not bolded, italicized, formatted, underlined, or anything along those lines
For multiple articles by the same author, how should they be ordered on a reference list
chronological order from earliest to most recent
What if there is no author?
cit source by its title
APA font
clear font highly readable, preferably size 12 times new roman
what other variable should you consider? (other than IV and DV)
confounding variables
the outcome measure the response that is the result of the IV
dependent variable
psychometric studies
designed to investigate the properties of clinical assessment tools or data collection instruments that are intended for use in research
APA Spacing
double spaced
how to do in text citations for 6 or more authors
first author's name followed by "et al."
single-subject studies
follows the logic of experimentation by examining the impact of interventions on single subjects who serve as their own control
field studies & naturalistic observation
forms of research that take place in actual settings, as events happen
How to place a long quote into the body
free standing block of lines without quotation marks indented 1/2 inch from left margin
Example of databases
google scholar MEDLINE PubMed
Experimental and quasi-experimental studies includes _______________ & __________ and tries to find the interaction between the two
independent and dependent variables
variable manipulated by researcher "the intervention" expected to cause an effect
independent variable
methods of collecting qualitative research
interviews, note taking of actions, examining written and visual documents, making audio and video recordings
Authors' names are _________ in reference list citations
inverted (last name first)
survey studies
investigate unknown characteristics in a defined population according to a non experimental design
How to in-text cite titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums
italicize
On the reference list, longer works such as books and journals should be _________
italicized
what else is on the abstract page?
italicized keywords, followed by a list of non italicized relevant keywords
What should you use as keywords?
keywords from your clinical question (population, condition, treatment, outcome)
2 constructs of survey studies
large samples valid instruments
Reference list: formatting for one author
last name first, followed by author initial then period
how to do in text citations for three to five authors
list all authors the first time in subsequent citations, use first author's name followed by "et al."
3 major classifications of research
major methodological design research design research purposes
How to do in text citations for two authors
name both authors in single phrase or put both in parenthesis with an "and" between
Should the first word of an abstract be indented
no u idiot
quantitative research is characterized by ___________
objectivity
how much should second and following lines of a citation be indented from the first on a reference page
one half inch
When referencing a title of a book, chapter, article, or webpage, what should be capitalized?
only the first letter of the first word in a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper nouns
How to do in text citations when there are two or more works in same quote/fact
order them the same way they appear in reference list within parenthesis, followed by a ; (Carnahan, 1996; Young, 2019)
What makes referencing a newspaper article different from referencing other periodicals
p. or pp. precedes page numbers in the reference p. is if it was one single page(p.B2) pp. is if it was multiple (pp. B2, B4)
Places you may find evidence (not just databases)
peer reviewed journals library resources Medline/PubMed google scholar apps social media
transformative research is always grounded in ________________
practical context
How to in-text cite titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles
put quotation marks around it
experimental and quasi-experimental studies are qualitative or quantitative?
quantitative
Without ________, an experimental study is quasi-experimental
random assignment
quantitative research
researchers create and test theories using standardized and predetermined designs, measures, sampling approaches, and procedures deals with numerical data
Quasi-experimental studies are the same as experimental studies, but they lack the same degree of ________
rigor
Title page header
same as regular just with "RUNNING HEAD" before title abbreviation
experimental and quasi-experimental studies
seek to examine the effects of experimental manipulation (OT intervention)
How to cite a webpage or piece of online content without the author
start with the title instead, followed by the date. Spotlight Resources. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.jsiofjsdijfsodjf.com
research design
the plan of how the research is structured
design of quasi-experimental studies
time-series design pretest-posttest nonequivalent group design
3 things a title page contains
title of paper author's name w/o credentials institutional affiliation
Four major essay parts
title page abstract main body references
-involves people not simply as data sources but as partners in research process
transformative research
emphasizes the power sharing between researchers and local stakeholders
transformative research
The bottom four layers of the 6 layers of research are ______________________ information, the top two are ___________ information
unfiltered filtered
Should you include well known abbreviations of organizations when citing them?
use it in brackets the first time it is cited, then use just the abbreviation in following citations 1st time: (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 2000) following: (AOTA, 2000)
How to cite to or more works by the same author in the same year
use lowercase letters with the year to order them in the reference list, then use those same lowercase letters after the year when citing in text (Carnahan, 2019a)
How to do in text citations when there are two authors with the same last name
use their first initial with a period prior to last name (K. Carnahan, 2009; M. Carnahan, 2019)
Psychometric studies are aimed at determining the ___________ and ________ of data collection instruments
validity reliability
When should you include a date of access to a citation
when the page's content is likely to change over time
In-text citation: do you capitalize the first word after a dash or colon?
yes
new assessments or new intervention strategies are often _____________ research
applied
Contents of the abstract (5)
-1 to 2 sentences of background info on topic of study -objectives of the study -the research question/hypothesis -description of the participants and methods -description of results and conclusion
Three possible ways to format a short quotation including all necessary aspects
-According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). -Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? -She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
Things to consider with experimental and quasi-experimental studies
-control group -placebo -random assignment -blinding
Some things to consider with a research study
-sample size -what participants are being asked to do -how info is gathered -how data is analyzed
Some benefits of using social media to promote EBP
-shares real-time information and evidence -exchange and access information on the go -social networking activities -informal peer feedback -inter-professional practices
APA margins
1" on all sides
6 levels of research: base level to top level
1. background information/expert opinions 2. case studies 3. cohort studies 4. randomized control trials 4. evidence syntheses + clinical guidelines 5. systematic reviews
explain the abstract
150-200 word summary of the research
design of experimental and quasi-experimental studies
2 or more groups of participants that are randomly assigned to different groups of one or more independent variables
Cut off from short to long quotes in text
40 words or longer=long quotation
For reference list citations, give the last name and initials for all authors for up to and including _________ authors. If the work has more, list the first _____ authors then use an ellipses after, then list the last author's name of the work
7 6
Boolean search terms
AND, OR, NOT, NEAR used in search strings to refine the scope of the search ex: ankle sprain vs. Ankle AND sprain
Examples of resources for APA confusion
APA.org Purdue Owl APA manuals SRU library
APA heading level 1
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Headings
Example of research vendor
EBSCO host
APA heading level 4
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.
APA heading level 3
Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period.
APA heading level 5
Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.
Reference list: formatting for more than 7 authors
Last by last name and initial, commas between 1-6 author, an ellipsis after the 6th, then a final author name. Carnahan, B., Carnahan, D., Carnahan, J., Carnahan, K., Carnahan, L., Carnahan, M., . . . Carnahan, P.
APA heading level 2
Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Reference list: formatting for three to seven authors
List by name name and initial as always, separate each with a comma and an & between 6th and 7th
investigations that seek to solve a practical problem or generate information specifically to inform practice
applied research
qualitative research
approach that aims to describe and explain individual's subjective experiences, actions, interactions, and social contexts through various approaches
How to format titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays on a reference page
NO italicizing, underline, or quotes
APA page header (not title page)
Running head (not those words, actual abbreviation of title) in all caps, flush left Page number at the top, flush right
Reference list: formatting for two authors
Same as above with a comma and & between Carnahan, M., & Young, T. (2019)
For a short quotation, if you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include:
author year of publication page number
transformative research
broad classification for inquiry that is designed to bring change in a practical solution
undertaken primarily in a lab or other controlled setting for the purpose of understanding some phenomena or testing a model or theory that explains some phenomena
basic research
When capitalizing titles, what words should be capitalized in a hyphenated compound word
both words
what is the running head
abbreviated version of your title in 50 characters/12 words or less
what words are capitalized in journal titles
all major words
How should reference lists be ordered
alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work
valid instrument
an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
reliable instrument
an instrument provides stable information across different circumstance