Science: Ch. 3 Elements & the Periodic Table

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oxygen family

Group 16-contains three nonmetals; oxygen, sulfur & selenium. These elements usually gain or share two electrons when reacing with other elements

halogen family

Group 17 of the periodic table contains flourine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine

lanthanides and actinides

The elements at the bottom of the periodic table - fit in periods 6 & 7

group

Vertical column of elements in the periodic table

period

a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

diatomic molecules

a molecule compound of two identical atoms

electron

a negatively charged particle

nuclear fusion

a nuclear reaction in which 2 nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy

pure substance

a sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties

plasma

a state of matter in which atoms are stripped of their electrons and the nuclei packed closely together

element

a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

nonmetal

an element that conducts heat and electricity POORLY

metalloid

an element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals

metal

an element that is shiny and that conducts heat and electricity WELL

supernova

an enormous explosion of a giant star

isotope

atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

ductile

can be drawn into thin wires

malleable

can be hammered into thin sheets

nonmetals

elements that are usually dull in appearance, poor conductors of heat and electricity, gases at room temperature

carbon family

group 14 - gain lose or share 4 electrons

nitrogen family

group 15 - gain or share 3 electrons

alkaline earth metals

group 2 on the periodic table;very reactive metals

semiconductors

metalloids are called semiconductors, have properties of both metals and nonmetals; somewhat malleable and ductile

alloys

mixture of metals

neutron

neutral particle of an atom

synthetic elements

not found in nature, made in machines called accelerators, some of the elements with an atomic number higher than 92

noble gases

one of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table(helium, neon,argon, krypton, xenon, and radon); noble gases are unreactive

chemical symbol

one or two letters that represent an element's name

proton

positively charged particle of an atom

atomic mass

the average mass of all the isotopes of an element

nucleus

the center of an atom

reactivity

the ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements and compounds

corrosion

the gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction

alkali metals

the highly reactive metallic elements located in group 1 of the periodic table

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom


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