Science Chapt 3

Passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport

1. substances freely pass, 2. doesn't require energy but can't occur without the help of specialized proteins 3. requires energy output

Endosymbiont Hypothese

Mitochondria are an evolved form of primitive bacteria that lived in a symbiotic relationship

Stroma

body of the chloroplast

Organelles

cell components that perform particular funtions

Difference in Plant cells

cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole

Cristae

cellular respiration reactions occur along the folds of the internal membrane

Mitochondria

centers of cellular respiration, self replicating, containing their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes.

Eukaryotic(type of cell)

contains membrane bound intracellular organelles including a nucleus. ~DNA is organized into chromosomes ~Plant, fungi, animal cells

Lysosomes

digestive enzymes

Microfilaments

double stranded chains of proteins, give structure to cell. form cytoskeleton.

Endocytic Vesicles

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Endoplasmic reticulum

folded membranes, responsible for the delivery of lipids and proteins to certain areas within the cytoplasm(a sort of cellular highway) ~Rough endoplasmic Reticulum has attached ribosomes, RER is instrumental to protein synthesis ~SER is a network of membranous channels.

Chlorophyll

give the chloroplast their green color

Prokaryote(type of cell)

have no nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles DNA usually forms a single chromosome which floats within the cytoplasm ~includes all bacteria

Golgi Apparatus

instrumental in storing packaging and shipping of proteins, looks like stacks of hollow pancakes

Microtubules

long, hollow, cylindrical protein filaments, which give structure to the cell.

Secretory vesicles

packets of material packaged either by the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum ~carry substances produced within the cell to the cell membrane

Nuclear pores

points at which the double nuclear membrane fuses together forming a passageway between the inside of the nucleus and the cytoplasm

anabolism

process that cells build molecules and store energy in the form of chemical bonds

Endocytosis

process whereby large molecules are taken up into a pocket of membrane

Diffusion

process whereby molecules and ions flow through the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration(thus tending to equalize concentrations)

Microvilli

projections of the cell extending from the cell membrane, also contain enzymes involved in digesting.

Exocytosis

reverse process, exporting substances from the cell

Nucleolus

rounded area within the nucleus of the cell where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

Chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis within plant cells

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis within cells

Osmosis

special process of diffusion occurring only with water molecules, occus when water concentration inside the cell differs from the concentration outside the cell

ATP

store energy that is later used in cell processes

Central Vacuole

stores water and soluble nutrients for the plant's use, expelling waste and excess water

Centrioles

structural components of many cells. their function includes the formation of new microtubules but primarily the formation of structural skeleton around which cells split during mitosis and meiosis

Cell walls

surround plant cells, cellulose, lignin, allows plant cells to store water under relatively high concentration

Exocytosis

the vesicle membrane fuses with the cell membrane in a process allowing the substance to escape the cell.

Nucleus

two lipid bilayer membrances. contains chromosomes, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, nucleoli

Grana

within the body of the chloroplast embedded stacked disk-like plates.