Science Chapt 3
Passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport
1. substances freely pass, 2. doesn't require energy but can't occur without the help of specialized proteins 3. requires energy output
Endosymbiont Hypothese
Mitochondria are an evolved form of primitive bacteria that lived in a symbiotic relationship
Stroma
body of the chloroplast
Organelles
cell components that perform particular funtions
Difference in Plant cells
cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole
Cristae
cellular respiration reactions occur along the folds of the internal membrane
Mitochondria
centers of cellular respiration, self replicating, containing their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes.
Eukaryotic(type of cell)
contains membrane bound intracellular organelles including a nucleus. ~DNA is organized into chromosomes ~Plant, fungi, animal cells
Lysosomes
digestive enzymes
Microfilaments
double stranded chains of proteins, give structure to cell. form cytoskeleton.
Endocytic Vesicles
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Endoplasmic reticulum
folded membranes, responsible for the delivery of lipids and proteins to certain areas within the cytoplasm(a sort of cellular highway) ~Rough endoplasmic Reticulum has attached ribosomes, RER is instrumental to protein synthesis ~SER is a network of membranous channels.
Chlorophyll
give the chloroplast their green color
Prokaryote(type of cell)
have no nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles DNA usually forms a single chromosome which floats within the cytoplasm ~includes all bacteria
Golgi Apparatus
instrumental in storing packaging and shipping of proteins, looks like stacks of hollow pancakes
Microtubules
long, hollow, cylindrical protein filaments, which give structure to the cell.
Secretory vesicles
packets of material packaged either by the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum ~carry substances produced within the cell to the cell membrane
Nuclear pores
points at which the double nuclear membrane fuses together forming a passageway between the inside of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
anabolism
process that cells build molecules and store energy in the form of chemical bonds
Endocytosis
process whereby large molecules are taken up into a pocket of membrane
Diffusion
process whereby molecules and ions flow through the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration(thus tending to equalize concentrations)
Microvilli
projections of the cell extending from the cell membrane, also contain enzymes involved in digesting.
Exocytosis
reverse process, exporting substances from the cell
Nucleolus
rounded area within the nucleus of the cell where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
Chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis within plant cells
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis within cells
Osmosis
special process of diffusion occurring only with water molecules, occus when water concentration inside the cell differs from the concentration outside the cell
ATP
store energy that is later used in cell processes
Central Vacuole
stores water and soluble nutrients for the plant's use, expelling waste and excess water
Centrioles
structural components of many cells. their function includes the formation of new microtubules but primarily the formation of structural skeleton around which cells split during mitosis and meiosis
Cell walls
surround plant cells, cellulose, lignin, allows plant cells to store water under relatively high concentration
Exocytosis
the vesicle membrane fuses with the cell membrane in a process allowing the substance to escape the cell.
Nucleus
two lipid bilayer membrances. contains chromosomes, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, nucleoli
Grana
within the body of the chloroplast embedded stacked disk-like plates.