Science Chp 21 test review guide

Vaccines against cold and flu viruses _________ _________ proved very successful

Have not

Villi

he microscopic, finger-like structures that line the small intestine and absorb digested

Give the name and letter of the structure that contracts to help you breathe:

diaphragm, D

Carbon dioxide and oxygen pass between the alveoli and the capillaries by __________

diffusion

List the following in the order that an inhaled breath passes by or through them: __________, ________, __________, _________

epiglottis, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

List the following in the order that food passes through them: __________, ________, ____________, ______ _______, _______

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

The trachea, alveoli, and the bronchi are all part of the ___________ system.

respiratory

Give the name and letter of the accessory organ that produces the first digestive enzyme food is exposed to:

salivary glands, B

Give the name and letter of the organ in which most digestion and absorption occurs:

small intestine, I

___________ are substances are made up mainly of amino acids

Proteins

The two branches of the trachea are the ___________

Bronchi

___________ are used mainly for cutting and biting

Incisors

Compare the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Where does the chemical digestion of each of these substances occur? What smaller substances are these substances broken down into?

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth when an enzyme in saliva breaks down the carbohydrates into simpler sugars. The small intestine later finishes carbohydrate digestion, and the carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and other simple sugars. Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where proteins are broken down into amino acid chains. The small intestine completes protein digestion by breaking down the amino acid chains into individual amino acids. Lipid digestion begins and ends in the small intestine. Bile is made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and sent to the small intestine to break the lipids up into droplets by emulsification. Other enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine then break up the droplets into smaller lipid molecules that can be absorbed by the small intestine.

____________ involves moving the food along the alimentary canal.

Peristalsis

When your diaphragm contracts you ___________

Inhale

_________ are an important component of cell membranes

Lipids

What is the relationship between the respiratory, circulatory, and digestive system? Describe how these three systems depend on each other.

The digestive system supplies energy for the body in the form of food. Food must be broken down to produce ATP, the usable form of energy for body cells. This happens during aerobic cellular respiration, which requires oxygen.The respiratory system supplies oxygen during breathing. The circulatory system gets the oxygen and sugar to the body cells. Oxygen enters the bloodstream through the alveoli in the lungs, and nutrients enter the bloodstream by being absorbed from the digestive system (primarily in the small intestine). Without all of these systems working together to supply necessary materials and transport them to the body cells, the body could not function.

Assimilation

The growth process by which living cells convert nutrients from food into cellular structure

Describe three of the liver's many functions

The liver produces bile, which is used for digestion. The liver also cleanses blood that passes through it, removing harmful substances such as alcohol. It adjusts the blood contents such as sugar to meet the body's needs. The liver filters out old red blood cells and secretes various substances into the blood plasma, including materials used in blood clotting.

Chyme

The semiliquid mixture of digestive juices and partly digested

Drinking alcohol poses harm to the body because the liver converts the alcohol into a _________ substance

Toxic

Although ____________ does not provide nutrients tot he body, it is still essential for life.

Water

Tuberculosis

a bacterial infection that results in clumps of damaged lung tissue; may cause the person to cough up blood

Pneumonia

a respiratory disease that causes the alveoli to become inflamed and fill with fluid; can be cause by bacteria, viruses, or fungi

Emphysema

a respiratory disease that causes the walls of alveoli to become stiff and less able to exchange gases; often associated with smoking

The esophagus, stomach, and small intestine are all part of the __________ ___________

alimentary canal

Give the name and letter of the structure where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between blood and air:

alveoli, E

Stomach

an organ of the digestive system that adds hydrochloric acid and enzymes to food and then churns the food

If something other than air tries to pass through the glottis, the body responds by ___________

coughing

Give the name and letter of the organ that stores bile:

gallbladder, G

Give the name and letter of the organs that absorbs extra water and minerals:

large intestine, H

Give the name and letter of the structure that contains the vocal cord:

larynx, B

Bile is used to break up ___________

lipids

Give the name and letter of the organ that produces bile:

liver, F

The chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the _______________

mouth

Give the name and letter of the accessory organ that produces enzymes for digestion and also produces insulin to control blood sugar level:

pancreas, E

Trachea is to lungs as esophagus is to ___________

stomach

The enzymes in the stomach don't digest the stomach itself because _____________

the stomach is protected by a thick layer of mucus that coats the stomach lining.

Epiglottis

the structure that prevents food from entering the lungs

Uvula

the structure that prevents food from entering the nasal cavity when you swallow

Mechanical digestion

the type of digestion that involves grinding and mixing

Name structure C

tranchea

The function of the mucus and cilia lining the nasal cavity is to _____________

trap dust and other foreign substances floating in the air and preventing the substances from entering the lungs.