science grade 10 1st quarter

transform plate boundary

-called constructive boundary -zone between 2 plates that slide horizontally past one another.

divergent boundaries

-called constructive plate boundary - a zone where two lithosphere plates move apart from each other.

Convergent (colliding)

-called destructive plate boundary -occurs where 2 plates are pushing towards each other.

oceanic-oceanic

2 oceanic plates meet & one oceanic plate is pushed underneath the other.

tectonic plates

describe movement of the lithosphere

isostacy

describing the naturally occuring balance of masses w/in earth's crust that keeps planet's gravity in equilibrium.

Clarence Edward Dutton

developed and named the principle of isostacy.

Orogeny

forces and events leading to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere due to the interaction between tectonic plates.

Fault

fracture in the rocks that make-up the earth's crust.

Seiche

a large wave that moves up and down instead of forward. cause by disturbances at the crustal plates.

3 types of tectonic convergence

arc- continental, oceanic-continental, continental- continental

mantle plume

areas / columns where heat/rocks in the mantle are rising toward Earth's surface.

Edward Shess

australian scientist that describe how plants in the late paleozoic coal bed of india, australia, south america, were all similar.

Loess

predominantly silt-sized sediments formed by the accumulation of wind blown dust.

evidence from structure & rock type.

presence of various geological features which sharply terminate.

Volcanism

process & phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of the molten rock and other materials into the surface of earth& other heavenly bodies such as the moon & other planets in the solar system.

Arthur Holmes

proposed Mantle Convection Theory

sea-floor spreading

proposed by an american geologist,professor & military officer, Harry Hess in the 1960's. First coined by Robert S. Dietz

magnetic field

protect us from the sun.

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

published by Abraham Ortelius

plate tectonics

regarded as the most important theory ever developed in the field of geology.

mushroom rock

rock pedestal

Estuaries

body of water

classification of seismic waves

body waves and surface waves

Aeolian landforms

Are formed by the chemical and mechanical action of the wind

Alfred Wegener

A German scientist who proposed the theory of continental drift.

Anatomy of earthquakes

Fault, epicenter, focus, plates, seismic waves

Tsuanmis

Japanese word for tidal waves or big waves in the port.the term was coined by fisherman.

Epicenter

Point at the surface of the earth directly above the focus.

Subduction zone

The region where a portion of the tectonic plates are dividing beneath other plates into earth's interior.

Seismology

The study of earthquakes

continental-continental

Two continental plates meet head on.

seismic waves

Waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake

peninsula

called byland connected to the mainland by an isthmus.

Northern Lights

charge particles from the suns energy.

3 types of plate boundaries

convergent, divergent, transform

erosional landforms

created by exclusively erosional and weathering activities

Evidence from Glaciation

glaciation or glacial period is an interval of time w/in the ice age.

mantle convection theory

heat transferred from 1 place to another through process known as "convection", a method of heat transfer~observed among fluid molecules (gas & liq.)

Asthenosphere

hot& viscus

Movement Magnitude Scale (MMS)

introduced by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori in 1979.

Charles F. Richter

invented the Richter scale

seismic tomography

inverting seismological data to retrieve a 3 dimensional image of anomalies in seismic wave velocity w/in the media they cross.

mountain

large and elevated landform that is formed through tectonic forces and volcanism. have steep,sloping sides and sharp or slightly rounded ridges and peaks

Mantle

largest and thickest part(iron, aluminum, magnesium, and oxygen).

outer core

liquid, 5,000 c

Hotspots

locations on earth's surface that has experience active volcanic activities for a long period of time.

dynamo effect

mechanism by which a celestial body such as earth or star generates a magnetic fied.

dunes

mounds or small hills made up of sand, measuring between 1-10 m high. they may be dome shaped, linear shaped, crescent shaped, star- shaped, & parabolic.

volcano

mountain that opens downward to a resevoir of molten rock called magma below the surface of earth.

earthquake

natural phenomenon that is characterized by a sudden, violent shifting of massive plates underneath earth's surface form of wave energy that are transmitted through bedrock.

3 classification of fault

normal fault, reverse fault, strike-slip fault

oceanic-continental

oceanic plate pushes one into & moves underneath a continental plate.

3 types of convergent boundaries

oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, continental-continental

John Tuzo Wilson

one of the founders of theory of plate tectonics. and found 3 linear chains.

Lithosphere

outer solid of the earth(solid&rigid)

Moho

separate mantle and crust.

Foreshocks

small earthquakes that commonly precede a major earthquake

aftershock

smaller earthquake after the major earthquake

inner core

solid, 5,000- 6,000 c

slab pull theory

states that gravity and the plates themselves are the ones responsible for the plate tectonics through subduction process.

paleotological evidence

striking similarity of certain fossils found on the continents on both sides of atlantic which is diff. to explain if the continents were not once connected as once.

Robert Mallet

studied earthquake motion

Paleomagnetism

study of ancient magnetic fields

Geomorphology

study of landforms and the processes that shape them

Paleoclimatology

study of the extended climatic conditions of past geological ages.

Rheology

study of the flow of matter

Topography

study of the terrain features of region & the graphic representation.

Core

the innermost layer of the earth and responsible for the magnetic field.

Landforms

the natural physical features on the surface of the earth. formed by various forces of the nature such as water, wind, ice, & tectonic plates of earth.

Focus

the point within Earth where the earthquake rupture starts(hypocenter)

Crust

thinest layer 1% of the earth.

compressional or primary (P)waves

travel faster at a speed from 4 to 8 km per second at the Earth's crust, hence they are the first to arrive at a location.

Antonio Snider-Pellegrini

used identical plant fossils found in the coal beds of europe & us to support his idea that all were once connected during the pensylvanian period.

Shear or Secondary (S) waves

usually travel at approximately 2.5- 4 km per second and can only travel through solid materials, unlike P waves which can move through all states of matter.

surface waves

waves that can only travel along the surface.

body waves

waves that travel below the surface of the Earth