science grade 10 1st quarter
transform plate boundary
-called constructive boundary -zone between 2 plates that slide horizontally past one another.
divergent boundaries
-called constructive plate boundary - a zone where two lithosphere plates move apart from each other.
Convergent (colliding)
-called destructive plate boundary -occurs where 2 plates are pushing towards each other.
oceanic-oceanic
2 oceanic plates meet & one oceanic plate is pushed underneath the other.
tectonic plates
describe movement of the lithosphere
isostacy
describing the naturally occuring balance of masses w/in earth's crust that keeps planet's gravity in equilibrium.
Clarence Edward Dutton
developed and named the principle of isostacy.
Orogeny
forces and events leading to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere due to the interaction between tectonic plates.
Fault
fracture in the rocks that make-up the earth's crust.
Seiche
a large wave that moves up and down instead of forward. cause by disturbances at the crustal plates.
3 types of tectonic convergence
arc- continental, oceanic-continental, continental- continental
mantle plume
areas / columns where heat/rocks in the mantle are rising toward Earth's surface.
Edward Shess
australian scientist that describe how plants in the late paleozoic coal bed of india, australia, south america, were all similar.
Loess
predominantly silt-sized sediments formed by the accumulation of wind blown dust.
evidence from structure & rock type.
presence of various geological features which sharply terminate.
Volcanism
process & phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of the molten rock and other materials into the surface of earth& other heavenly bodies such as the moon & other planets in the solar system.
Arthur Holmes
proposed Mantle Convection Theory
sea-floor spreading
proposed by an american geologist,professor & military officer, Harry Hess in the 1960's. First coined by Robert S. Dietz
magnetic field
protect us from the sun.
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
published by Abraham Ortelius
plate tectonics
regarded as the most important theory ever developed in the field of geology.
mushroom rock
rock pedestal
Estuaries
body of water
classification of seismic waves
body waves and surface waves
Aeolian landforms
Are formed by the chemical and mechanical action of the wind
Alfred Wegener
A German scientist who proposed the theory of continental drift.
Anatomy of earthquakes
Fault, epicenter, focus, plates, seismic waves
Tsuanmis
Japanese word for tidal waves or big waves in the port.the term was coined by fisherman.
Epicenter
Point at the surface of the earth directly above the focus.
Subduction zone
The region where a portion of the tectonic plates are dividing beneath other plates into earth's interior.
Seismology
The study of earthquakes
continental-continental
Two continental plates meet head on.
seismic waves
Waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake
peninsula
called byland connected to the mainland by an isthmus.
Northern Lights
charge particles from the suns energy.
3 types of plate boundaries
convergent, divergent, transform
erosional landforms
created by exclusively erosional and weathering activities
Evidence from Glaciation
glaciation or glacial period is an interval of time w/in the ice age.
mantle convection theory
heat transferred from 1 place to another through process known as "convection", a method of heat transfer~observed among fluid molecules (gas & liq.)
Asthenosphere
hot& viscus
Movement Magnitude Scale (MMS)
introduced by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori in 1979.
Charles F. Richter
invented the Richter scale
seismic tomography
inverting seismological data to retrieve a 3 dimensional image of anomalies in seismic wave velocity w/in the media they cross.
mountain
large and elevated landform that is formed through tectonic forces and volcanism. have steep,sloping sides and sharp or slightly rounded ridges and peaks
Mantle
largest and thickest part(iron, aluminum, magnesium, and oxygen).
outer core
liquid, 5,000 c
Hotspots
locations on earth's surface that has experience active volcanic activities for a long period of time.
dynamo effect
mechanism by which a celestial body such as earth or star generates a magnetic fied.
dunes
mounds or small hills made up of sand, measuring between 1-10 m high. they may be dome shaped, linear shaped, crescent shaped, star- shaped, & parabolic.
volcano
mountain that opens downward to a resevoir of molten rock called magma below the surface of earth.
earthquake
natural phenomenon that is characterized by a sudden, violent shifting of massive plates underneath earth's surface form of wave energy that are transmitted through bedrock.
3 classification of fault
normal fault, reverse fault, strike-slip fault
oceanic-continental
oceanic plate pushes one into & moves underneath a continental plate.
3 types of convergent boundaries
oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, continental-continental
John Tuzo Wilson
one of the founders of theory of plate tectonics. and found 3 linear chains.
Lithosphere
outer solid of the earth(solid&rigid)
Moho
separate mantle and crust.
Foreshocks
small earthquakes that commonly precede a major earthquake
aftershock
smaller earthquake after the major earthquake
inner core
solid, 5,000- 6,000 c
slab pull theory
states that gravity and the plates themselves are the ones responsible for the plate tectonics through subduction process.
paleotological evidence
striking similarity of certain fossils found on the continents on both sides of atlantic which is diff. to explain if the continents were not once connected as once.
Robert Mallet
studied earthquake motion
Paleomagnetism
study of ancient magnetic fields
Geomorphology
study of landforms and the processes that shape them
Paleoclimatology
study of the extended climatic conditions of past geological ages.
Rheology
study of the flow of matter
Topography
study of the terrain features of region & the graphic representation.
Core
the innermost layer of the earth and responsible for the magnetic field.
Landforms
the natural physical features on the surface of the earth. formed by various forces of the nature such as water, wind, ice, & tectonic plates of earth.
Focus
the point within Earth where the earthquake rupture starts(hypocenter)
Crust
thinest layer 1% of the earth.
compressional or primary (P)waves
travel faster at a speed from 4 to 8 km per second at the Earth's crust, hence they are the first to arrive at a location.
Antonio Snider-Pellegrini
used identical plant fossils found in the coal beds of europe & us to support his idea that all were once connected during the pensylvanian period.
Shear or Secondary (S) waves
usually travel at approximately 2.5- 4 km per second and can only travel through solid materials, unlike P waves which can move through all states of matter.
surface waves
waves that can only travel along the surface.
body waves
waves that travel below the surface of the Earth