science test, unit 2

plasma membrane is a semipermeable ___ layered membrane; contains the ___

double; protoplasm

are cell extensions used for cell motility and movement; only human cells with flagella?

flagella and cilla; sperm cells

Cristae

folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria; increase efficiency of chemical reactions

how many cells do we have; how many different types?

30 trillion; 200

electron microscope

displays objects up to x1000

what is cytoplasm made of?

about 75% water and 25% proteins.

centrioles are only present in ___ cells

animal

the basic building block of all forms of life

cell

Which theory suggests all living things are made up of a cell or cells?

cell theory

the idea of Schleiden and Schwann that the basic unit of life is the cell and that all living organisms are composed of cells

cell theory

5 levels of cellular organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

the basic building block of all forms of life the rigid wall that surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells the tiny body that contains chlorophyll; part of the cell in which photosynthesis takes place the living substance of a cell, excluding the nucleus a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and/or organelles as its major characteristic

cell; cell wall; chloroplast; cytoplasm; eukaryote

a rod-shaped structure on the side of an animal cell nucleus; thought to play a role in the formation of the spindle during cell division a green pigment in plants that serves to trap the Sun's energy for photosynthesis the part of the cell division that causes the separation of the cytoplasm protein fibers that provide support and shape for the cell a series of tubes in the cytoplasm of a cell that are believed to be used as channels for transporting molecules within the cell a protein molecule that is specialized to speed up a specific chemical reaction in biological systems whip-like cell extensions that give the cell motility

centriole; chlorophyll; cytokines; cytoskeleton; endoplasmic rectum; enzyme; flagella

8 cellular functions

convert energy synthesize complex chemicals decompose chemicals perform maintenance perform elective exchange route and transfer chemicals interpret coded information duplicate itself

Robert Hook discovered cells when viewing a _____ under a microscope.

cork

an extension of the endoplasmic reticulum; involved in producing and packaging secretions packets within the cell cytoplasm that contain digestive enzymes structures within the cell cytoplasm responsible for the production of energy and the storage of energy in ATP small, dark structure within the nucleus of a cell; thought to make r-RNA to construct the ribosomes location of DNA and RNA; contains chromosomes and the nucleolus a small structure within the cell that serves specialized functions

golgi body; lysosome; mitochondria; nucleolus; nucleus; organelle

2 types of microscopes; most common

light and electron; bright field (object is darkened)

2 types of enzymes

lysosomes (helps with digestion) and peroxisomes

All cells have...

membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and protoplasm

a protein and fat structure serving as a covering and enclosure for cells small, dark structure within the nucleus of a cell; thought to make r-RNA to construct the ribosomes he protoplasmic substance separate from the cytoplasm; the cell headquarters or information center; location of DNA and RNA; contains chromosomes and the nucleolus; a group of tissues working together as a unit for a particular purpose in the body a small structure within the cell that serves specialized functions

membrane; nucleolus; nucleus; organ; organelle

how do you calculate the amount of magnification?

multiplying the magnifying powers of the objective and the eyepiece.

Which theory suggests that the basic unit of life is the creature or organism, which may be divided into cells?; Which theory suggests that cells are the basic building blocks of life but don't constitute life itself?

organismal theory

theory that states that the basic unit of life is the organism itself, which may be divided into cells for efficiency

organismal theory

the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane packets within the cell cytoplasm that contain powerful enzymes the semipermeable membrane surrounding human and animal cells; made of phospholipids and proteins tiny sacs in the cell that may either contain starch or oils as stored food or a plant pigment

osmosis; peroxisome; plasma membrane; plastid

Chloroplast

plant cells; inner (filled with stroma) and outer membrane;

cell wall surrounds ___; main function__

plasma membrane; support

a cell whose nucleus is not bound by a membrane the organic substance making up the cells of all living things limiting a cell to a specific function a group of organs working together for a common purpose a group of organs working together for a common purpose a cell storage body that increases in size with age; included within, but not a part of the cytoplasm; often stores water and poisonous by-products of cell activities differs from a cell and consists of a nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) in a protein coat

prokaryote; protoplasm; specialization; system; tissue; vacuole; virus

2 main groups of cells; differences

prokaryotic and eukaryotic; p are smaller and less complex, no dna within nucleus;

the ability to clearly distinguish between two objects

resolving power

tiny, dot-like bodies in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum; important in protein synthesis the fibers that direct the even distribution of chromosomes to each daughter cell during nuclear division a cell storage body that increases in size with age; included within, but not a part of the cytoplasm; often stores water and poisonous by-products of cell activities sacs containing protein produced by the endoplasmic reticulum

ribosome; spindle; vacuole; vesicle

low power vs. high power

scanning slide; focus on a specific component;

Prokaryotic (consist of bacteria)

shape vary, plasma membrane surrounded by cell wall (made of polypeptides and polysaccharides), microvilli (absorb nutrients), pilus (latch on to hosts), flagella (promote movement), no membrane bound organelles, no true nuclues

Eukaryotic

single or multi celled, larger than prokaryotes, membrane-bound organelles, nuclear envelope contains nucleus.

The _____ demonstrates the cell theory because it develops cells that fuse to form one giant cell, making up the whole organism.

slime mold

each cell carries out ____ and the instruction comes from __

specific duties; DNA

how is energy created within the mitochondria; what membranes enclose the mitochondria

uses oxygen to break down glucose, into carbon dioxide and water; inner (filled with mitochondrial matrix) and outer membrane

are storage sacs. They can contain water, food, and waste. They are mostly found in plant cells and help plant tissues stay rigid. They tend to be the largest organelle of plant cells, taking up most of the cell's interior

vacuoles

Where do all of your mitochondria come from?

your mother