SCMG

Suppose the demand rate for flow units of type 1 is 4 units per hour and implied utilization is 125%. What is the flow rate for flow units of type 1?

3.2 units per hour

Which of the following could represent inventory in a restaurant process?

30 eggs

Takt time depends on ________.

Demand

If a resource produces more defects then its yield will go _____.

Down

Inventory is the number of-------- , units within the process.

Flow

The time a flow unit spends in a process, from start to finish, is know as _____.

Flow time

The longer the average flow time, the _______ the average inventory level.

Larger

The phenomenon of improving performance over time is called the ---- curve.

Learning

A process wherein each step reliably performs high-quality work will have ____ attrition losses.

Low

The ------ time of a resource is how long that particular resource takes to complete one flow unit.

Processing

Inflexibility is the inability of an operation to------ and cheaply change in response to new information.

Quickly

If a process is demand constrained, what should you focus on to improve profits?

Reducing variable costs Reducing fixed costs

Which could be an appropriate unit for a processing time?

Seconds/customer Minutes/burger

In the context of the power law, the faster someone learns the _____ the learning rate.

Smaller

the aim of process ---- is to ensure that when an experienced worker leaves, his/her cumulative experience is not lost.

Standards

As process capacity increases, takt time ______.

Stays the same

Leveled demand is turned into a ---- time

Takt

What shape is used for inventory in process flow digram?

Triangles

True or false: A beginning step in using the "minutes of work" concept when analyzing a rework problem is to establish a flow unit type for rework.

True

True or false: A process flow diagram outlines a directional flow in the process.

True

True or false: A process metric is quantitative.

True

True or false: Another name for the learning curve is the experience curve.

True

True or false: Implied utilization can be greater than 100%.

True

When a computer manufacturer makes 250 personal computers on Monday and 100 on Tuesday, it is experiencing a ------- in supply.

Variability

Because -----does not add value to the customer, the customer is not willing to pay for it.

Waste

Identify the three system inhibitors that make it complicated to match supply with demand, while making a profit.

Waste, inflexibility, and variability

The yield in good flow units of a resource ______ be greater than 0, if the yield of a subsequent resource equals 0.

Will not

In a machine-paced line, each step ______ at the same rate.

Works

Production ---- follows a pattern of diminishing returns.

Yield

Cost reductions tend to follow a pattern of exponential -----.

decay

As the learning rate decrease the cost to make the Nth unit _______.

decrease

In contrast to exponential growth some learning curves represent ---- returns.

diminishing

Capacity in patients per time unit equals demand ______ implied utilization.

divided by

The capacity of a resource in terms of flow units per time period equals the demand--in terms of good flow units per time period--______ the yield.

divided by

Processes that are demand constrained _______ have bottlenecks.

do

Induced learning _____ depend on managerial intervention.

does

Autonomous learning ___ depend on managerial intervention.

does not

Another name for the cumulative output of commonly used learning curves is cumulative ______.

experience

The aim of process standardization is to assist new workers benefiting from the cumulative ---- of those that came before.

experience

In terms of improving a process with multiple flows--through capacity addition--which of the following is the most important goal?

find the bottleneck

The more time employees spend with the company on average, the _____ the company's average tenure.

higher

Rework can ________ the demands placed upon a resource.

increase

When analyzing a multiple flow process with a single flow, if the yield increases, then the capacity of good flow units per time period ______.

increases

Learning that occurs due to training is an example of _______ learning.

induced

If takt time is 30 seconds and cycle time is 40 seconds then all demand ____ satisfied.

is not

If cycle time stays constant but inventory goes down what will happen to lead time?

it will go down

If inventory goes up but flow time stays constant what will happen to cycle time?

it will go down

A common performance metric for learning curves is ---- content.

labor

Induced learning seeks to improve which of the following?

learning rate

Capacity alone does not dictate the bottleneck because the resource with the lowest capacity may be visited the ______ often.

least

If the average time employees spend with a company equals X, then the average tenure is ______ than X.

less

The higher the implied utilization, the ______ the capacity per unit of time.

lower

If a process with multiple flows is supply constrained, then the actual flow rate equals the ______ rate.

maximum flow rate

Which is an appropriate unit for measuring the demand rate when analyzing a process with flow unit dependent processing times?

minutes

The flow unit is the basic unit that ________ a process.

moves through a process

When different products require different amounts of a resource's time, the process has _______ flow unit(s).

multiple

When the learning rate is less than one, the slope of the log-log plot with output on the x-axis and unit costs on the y-axis will be _____.

negative

Statistical---- can also influence output variables.

noise

If takt time is less than cycle time then we are ______ demand.

not satisfying all demand

We refer to the improvement strategy of moving work away from the bottleneck step as _____.

off-loading the bottleneck

In a table used to calculate implied utilization, each resource will occupy ----- row(s)

one

A process metric is something that we can measure that informs us about the ------ and capability of a process.

performance

The D in PDCA cycle stands for ----

plan - do - check- act

A rigorous framework for understanding the detailed operations of a business is known as _____.

process analysis

A -----,-----,----- is a graphical way to describe a process.

process, flow, digram

A common performance metric for learning curves is ---- time.

processing

To calculate the workload of a resource that serves different flow unit types, one must know which of the following?

processing time for each patient type demand rate for each patient type

Specialization ______ the need for equipment replication.

reduces

When determining the bottleneck in the presence of multiple flow units you must recognize that not every flow unit is going to every --------

resource

Specialization usually leads to __________ set-ups.

set-ups

A smaller slope of the log-log plot with output on the x-axis and costs on the y-axis requires a ---- learning rate.

smaller

The smaller the slope of the log-log curve, the __________ the learning rate.

smaller

The best practice of how to conduct an activity in a process is documented in a---- work sheet.

standard

For learning to happen, we need a _____ signal-to-noise ratio.

strong

When quantity demanded goes up, ________.

takt time decreases target manpower increases

what is the impact of employee turnover to the experience of the average employee will have with their job?

the higher the turn over the less the average employee will have with their job

What is the cumulative learning coefficient and its purpose?

A cumulative learning curve coefficient, CLCC(x, y), gives the cost to produce 1 unit in a process with an initial cost of 1, a cumulative output of x, and a learning rate of y.

Which of the following statements are true about a process that involves rework?

A process that includes rework has multiple flows. A process involving rework can be solved using the "minute of work" flow unit concept. A process that involves rework has different processing times.

To calculate the flow rate across all units, you ____ the flow rates of each unit.

Add

The calculation of labor content requires ______ all of the processing times for serving one flow unit.

Adding

What does a workload table capture?

Amount of work that each flow unit type requires for each resource.

A company uses two steps to make a toy. Step 1 takes 20 seconds. Step 2 takes 15 seconds. Each step is staffed by one worker, for a total of two workers. Each worker is paid $15 per hour. Each toy is sold for $20. Material costs are $5 per toy and fixed costs are $500 per hour. Demand rate is 120 toys per hour. What will be the impact on C&A's profit per hour if the processing time of step 1 is reduced by 5 seconds? Assume the worker's pay is a variable cost.

As flow rate remains the same, there won't be any impact on profit

Off-loading the bottleneck by reassigning activities to another resource is called line----

Balancing

Attrition Losses flow units that exit the process ---- completion

Before

In a process flow diagram what shape is used to represent a resource?

Box

What shape is used for activties in process flow digram?

Boxes

Flow units waiting in the process without being worked on are often referred to as ------- inventory.

Buffer

The amount of work that goes into serving one customer is called labor---

Content

A common performance metric for learning curves is unit---

Cost

With exponential ---- ,the rate of performance improvement decreases over time.

Decay

Being able to line balance without having to observe a fixed sequence will _______ costs of direct labor.

Decrease

If the cycle time for a process goes down then the time to finish X units starting with empty inventory buffers will _________.

Decrease

If the cycle time increases--and everything else remains constant--average labor utilization ______.

Decrease

When the takt time increases, the demand rate must have ___.

Decreased

If the yield increases--and everything else remains the same--the required capacity in flow units per time period ______.

Decreases

When the demand rate increases, the takt time ____.

Decreases

You can off-load the bottleneck by ______ the processing time it spends per flow unit.

Decreasing

If the first customer to a restaurant wants a salad and the second wants a sandwich then there is variability in customer--------

Demand

In a table used to calculate implied utilization, each column is used to find the resources capacity and total ______.

Demand

Takt time is solely driven by ----rate.

Demand

The-------rate is the number of flow units that customers want per unit of time.

Demand

A process flow diagram is a graphical way to _______ the process.

Describe

Fill in the blank: A process flow diagram is used to ______ a process.

Describe

The labor cost associated with serving one customer is called the costs of ----- labor.

Direct

Average labor utilization equals labor content ______ (cycle time multiplied by number of employees).

Divided by

The maximum rate of a flow equals the demand rate for the flow ______ the process' maximum implied utilization

Divided by

The cumulative learning curve coefficients _____ depend on the initial cost.

Do not

For inventory to accumulate in a process the bottleneck must be _______.

Downstream

Which are ways to address some of the shortcoming's of specialization

Each employee is assigned a team to perform a job.

The total demand at the resource is always _______ implied utilization. (Check all that apply.)

Equal to

A learning curve captures the relationship between a performance metric of an operation and the---- as measured in the number of ---- with which the operation has been performed.

Experience, repetitions

Match level of performance

Exponential growth---> Performance improves by a factor more than one Exponential decay --> Performance improves by a factor less than one

Do all flow units have the same exit point in a production process

False

True or false: A cooking recipe is an example of a standard work sheet.

False

True or false: A process manager participates in a process.

False

True or false: A process that is demand constrained can have utilization of 100%.

False

True or false: Average labor utilization can be greater than 100%.

False

True or false: If a resource has implied utilization greater than 100%, then it is always the bottleneck.

False

True or false: If the capacity at a resource with multiple employees went up then the processing time definitely decreased.

False

True or false: If the initial cost estimate changes, but learning rate and cumulative output remain the same, a new set of learning curve coefficients must be calculated.

False

True or false: In a process with multiple flows, all of the resources have the same demand.

False

True or false: In a supply-constrained process with multiple flows, the capacity for some flows will exceed demand.

False

True or false: In a worker-paced line each worker always works at the same rate.

False

True or false: In terms of a process, inventory can only refer to physical things.

False

True or false: Input variables are the only factors that influence output variables of a process.

False

True or false: Over the long run, production yield can exhibit exponential growth.

False

True or false: Patient is an appropriate flow unit for process analysis when different patients require different amounts of time with a doctor.

False

True or false: Process analysis is only applicable to manufacturing settings.

False

True or false: Some processes do not require inputs.

False

True or false: The LCC method allows one to quickly compute the learning rate as a function of the costs and cumulative experience.

False

True or false: The capacity of a worker should always be expressed in "minutes of work per hour."

False

True or false: The first step in determining the bottleneck of a complicated process with multiple flows is calculating the implied utilization of each resource.

False

True or false: The flow rate for a process should be greater than the demand rate.

False

True or false: The standard work sheet defines who should perform the activity.

False

True or false: There is one processing time for a process that requires rework.

False

True or false: Utilization can be greater than 100%.

False

True or false: When average price exceeds variable cost the firm is profitable.

False

Given a supply-constrained process, which of the following actions enables management to control the maximum flow rate for a given type of customer?

Given one customer type a higher priority status. Shift resources among customer types.

If a supply chain manager can reduce Inventory while keeping the Flow Rate constant, what does Little's Law predict will happen to Flow Time?

Go down

If a plant manager can reduce the time it takes to manufacture a part (i.e. the Flow Time) and the Flow Rate stays the same, what does Little's Law predict will happen to Inventory?

Goes down

Assuming the production increases with demand, if the sales department can increase the number of customers that request a product per day (i.e. the Flow Rate) and the time needed to make that product stays the same, what will happen to Inventory according to Little's Law prediction?

Goes up

Match

Gravity matches---> Law of nature Learning curve matches---> Empirically-observed trend

The longer the processing time at a resource, the ______ the target manpower for a desired capacity.

Greater

Which strategy leads to greater employee specialization?

Having an employee perform just a few tasks

Consider a capacity-constrained process producing a high profit margin product. What will the impacts on revenue and profits be if processing time for the bottleneck resource is reduced by 10% while everything else remains the same?

Higher revenue and profits A 10% reduction in processing time of the bottleneck resources increases flow rate by 10%.

As cycle time increases, the time to make Q units __________.

Increase

Being able to line balance without having to observe a fixed sequence should ________ average labor utilization.

Increase

When takt time is less than cycle time target, manpower should ________.

Increase

Which is NOT a strategy to off-load the bottleneck?

Increase wages for production workers.

As the learning rate increases the cost to make the Nth unit _______.

Increases

If the flow rate of good output of a process increases--and everything else remains the same--then the process yield ______.

Increases

When available time goes up, the takt time ________.

Increases

When labor content goes up, target manpower ________.

Increases

When the demand quantity goes down, the takt time ________.

Increases

What would automating some activities at a non-bottleneck resource do for the overall process?

Increases the amount of idle time for that resources.

________ the flow rate improves profits.

Increasing

If an accountant wanted to know how much money is typically tied up in a process, which process metric would he/she need?

Inventory

Stock on hand is sometimes defined as the amount of goods a company has at a particular time. It is a synonym for which process metric?

Inventory

Think of a restaurant as a process. Which would be a combination of inputs and outputs for such a process?

Investments by the owner(s) of the restaurant become revenues Hungry customers become satisfied customers Ingredients become meals

Labor utilization ______ a measure of efficiency.

Is

Imagine a capacity constrained, single resource process with multiple employees working at the single resource. If the number of employees increases then what will happen to the cycle time for the process?

It will decrease

Consider a process with two resources where the first has capacity of 2 customers/minute and the second has capacity of 1.5 customers/minute. If the processing time at the first resource goes down then what will happen to the capacity of the process?

It will stay the same

The higher the margin, the _________ the profits.

Larger

The larger the average flow rate, the ______ the average inventory level.`

Larger

The larger the slope of the log-log curve the ________ the learning rate.

Larger

From the log-log representation of the learning curve we can infer the ---- ----

Learning Rate

Which is hard to know for certain?

Learning rate

Which are inputs used to calculate learning curve coefficients?

Learning rate Cumulative output

Every time the cumulative output is doubled, c(i) gets multiplied by a positive number less than one which is known as ---- ----- Here, c(i) is the cost of making the ith unit of the process.

Learning, rate

Setting an expected demand rate for a given period of time is referred to as ______ the demand.

Leveling

With diminishing returns, the performance metric ultimately----- out as it reaches an asymptote

Levels

To estimate the learning rate with the log-log curve accurately, the log-log curve must be ----

Linear

What is NOT indicated by a process flow diagram?

Location of the process

The earlier the patient arrives for the same departure time the ______ the flow time.

Longer

For a given number of new employees recruited per year, the higher the employee turnover the ______ the average number of employees.

Lower

If demand is the constraint should you lower or raise the staffing level to lower capacity?

Lower

The higher the average amount of time employees spend, on average, in the company the --- the employee turnover.

Lower

The more a resource is idle the ____ its utilization.

Lower

The more a resource produces defects (given the same input flow rate) the ____ its yield.

Lower

The bottleneck in a process is the resource with the ______ capacity.

Lowest

Which of the following is the correct measure of capacity for an orthopedic doctor who treats a variety of patients?

Minutes of work per hour

If the process yield decreases then that process needs to produce _____ units to get the same number of good units.

More

To determine hourly capacity expressed in minutes of work per hour at a resource, ______ the number of workers by 60 minutes per hour.

Multiply

To determine the yield of a resource in good flow units, ______ that resource's yield by the yields of all subsequent resources in the process.

Multiply

Which are the inputs used to calculate cumulative learning curve coefficients?

Number of units Learning rate

The learning rate is a ______ number.

Positive

Flow rate is the rate at which flow units travel through a -------

Process

---------, --------identifies and analyzes all the activities involved in serving one unit of demand or, put differently, in providing one unit of supply.

Process, analysis

-------------are shown as rectangular boxes in the process flow diagram.

Resources

-----------help the flow units to move from being a unit of input to becoming a unit of output.

Resources

Companies employ individuals to manage the ------ needed to serve their customers.

Resources

What can be inferred from a doctor's statement that "some patients have simple issues whereas other have more complex problems."

The process has flow-dependent processing times. The process has multiple flows

An organization that wants to fulfill customer orders more quickly should make the cycle time of their fulfillment process __________.

a decrease

In a demand-constrained process with multiple flows, the capacity for each flow is ______ its demand.

greater than

To be profitable, margins should be ______ zero.

greater than

With exponential ---- Unavailable, the rate of performance improvement increases over time.

growth

A process that is efficient is one where labor utilization is as ______ as possible.

high

For a given level of costs, the higher the revenue the ______ the profits.

higher

The higher the desired capacity at a resource, the ______ the target manpower.

higher

The higher the total demand at a resource, the _____ its implied utilization.

higher

The less a process produces defective flow units, the _____ its yield.

higher

With multiple flow unit types the bottleneck is the resource with the ______ implied utilization.

highest

The time a resource is paid but not working is referred to as -----time.

idle

A process flow diagram indicates-------

both where a flow unit is processed and where it is held in inventory.

To increase the capacity of a process one must increase the capacity of the resource that is the--------

bottleneck

Understanding the location of the ----- is critical for improving a process.

bottleneck

If we know the flow rate and capacity of each labor resource that work in a process, we ______ compute the average labor utilization across employees.

can

If process capacity is 60 units per hour and customers desire 80 units per hour then the process is ------ constrained.

capacity

The learning curve ----- is based on the cost of producing one unit in a process that has an initial cost of c(t) = 1, a cumulative output of x, and a learning rate of LR.

coefficient

Companies seeking external help with managing and improving their operations often hire----------- , ---------

consulting companies

If the flow time for a process goes down then the time to finish X units starting with empty inventory buffers will ________.

decrease

If variable costs go up, then margin will ________.

decrease

When flow rate goes up but wages per unit of time stay the same, costs of direct labor _________.

decrease

If the process' maximum implied utilization increases and everything else remains the same, then the maximum flow rate of a flow ______.

decreases

Increasing the yield ______ the number of flow units that need to be processed to get a certain number of good flow units.

decreases

Rework is performed on----- flow units that are not scrapped.

defective

If the utilization of the bottleneck is less than 100% then the process is -------- constrained

demand

The ----- rate is the number of flow units that customers want per unit of time.

demand

When the flow rate is less than the capacity the process is referred to as ------ constrained.

demand

If a process with multiple flows is demand-constrained, then the actual flow rate equals the ______.

demand for the flow

When determining how much work each resource is capable of doing, indicate which of the following are the goals that we want to accomplish.

find the bottleneck determine the maximum flow rate evaluate the actual flow rate through the process

The cost to make the Nth item is calculated as a multiple of the cost to make the ---- item.

first

What information is required to calculate the weighted average processing time?

fraction of each flow that passes through a resource the processing time for each flow that passes through a resource

When a firm increases the number of new employees they recruit per year, but the average number of employees stays the same, then turnover has _______.

gone up

To analyze a multiple flow process using a single flow, we must define what constitutes a ______ flow unit.

good

When wages per unit of time go up but flow rate stays the same, costs of direct labor _________.

increase

To increase profit a firm can do the following:

increase average price decrease average cost increase flow rate

To increase the capacity of a process, one should __________.

increase the capacity of the bottleneck resource regardless of where it is located in the process

If the processing time of flow units that require rework increases, then the weighted average processing time at the resource where rework is done, ______.

increases

If the processing time per flow unit ______ and everything else remains the same, the workload of a resource increases.

increases

Resources help the flow units to move from being a unit of ---- to a unit of ------

input, output

Arrows in a process flow diagram can indicate _______.

inputs outputs movement of people

To calculate the demand for a resource in minutes per hour, you _______ the demand rate per hour by the minutes spent per flow unit.

multiply

A good flow unit is one that successfully passes all -----.

resources

The extra or repeated activities performed on a defective flow unit are collectively called -----

rework

Which of the following are correct expressions of the capacity of a worker?

seconds of work per hour minutes of work per hour

An accurate measure of labor content is ______.

seconds per customer

An appropriate unit for takt time is: (Select all that apply.)

seconds/burger hours/customers

When dealing with flow-dependent processing times, the processing times for each flow unit ______.

vary depending upon the particular patient type

To calculate the capacities in good flow units per time period, one multiplies the capacity of flow units per time period by the----

yield

A learning curve can slope

Up or down

Which is NOT an example of a flow rate?

10 dollars per customer

Which are not flow units for a restaurant?

Cash register

If one resource in a process ALWAYS produces defective parts, then the process yield is------ %.

0 %

What are the key questions the manager of a process should ask?

1) How can we make the process better? 2)Is the process performing well?

Rank--from first to last--the following steps for finding the bottleneck and capacity in a process with rework.

1. At each resource--- 2. Evaluate the capacity 3.Evaluate each

List--from the beginning to the end--the order of steps required to find the bottleneck and flow rates in a process with multiple flows.

1. Evaluate the demand table 2. Determine the capacity for each resource 3. calculate and evaluate the implied utilization for each resource. 4. Determine the capacity for each type of flow

What are strategies to off-load the bottleneck?

1. Reassigning activities other non-bottleneck resources 2. Automating some of the activities at the bottleneck 3. outsourcing some of the bottleneck activities

Using the "minutes of work" concept, indicate the order of steps from first to last for analyzing the resource where rework occurs.

1. given-- 2. For each 3.compute 4. divide

If, on average, 10 customers arrive per hour to a store, then ------ customers must depart per hour.

10

If each resource in a process has a yield of 100%, then the process will have a yield of ---- %.

100%

Four workers will provide an hourly capacity of ______.

240 minutes

Suppose the demand rate for flow units of type one is 4 units per hour and implied utilization is 80%. What is the flow rate for flow units of type one?

4 units per hour

Given the following information, calculate the daily profit for the firm. Flow rate = 100 units/day, Average price = $5.00, Average cost = $2.50

5-2.50= 2.50 X100= $250

Consider a process that has multiple flow units with different demand rates and different paths through the process flow diagram. Consider the following statements: I. The resource with the largest total demand rate is the bottleneck. II. The implied utilization can never be bigger than 100%. III. The resource that has the highest implied utilization is the bottleneck. Which of the following choices identifies the correct statement(s)? A)III only B)I and II C)I and III D)None of these are correct

A ----> III only is correct.

If 10 customers show up between 9 am and 10 am and 25 customers show up between 10 am and 11 am then there is variability in customer------

Arrivals

Inventory ______ accumulate between workers in a worker-paced line.

Can

Management ______ affect the maximum flow rate of a given customer type.

Can

Process analysis ______ be used with both manufacturing and service businesses.

Can

If cycle time is greater than the takt time then the process is ----constrained.

Capacity

When the flow rate is less than the demand rate the process is referred to as --------constrained.

Capacity

Which could be an appropriate unit for a demand rate?

Cars per day

Costs of direct labor measure the labor cost associated with serving one--------

Customer

With a capacity constrained process with multiple flow units, the maximum flow rate for all units is determined by summing the maximum ______ rate for each type of flow.

Flow

If a restaurateur wanted to know how many dollars his/her restaurant made per day, which process metric would he/she need?

Flow rate

In a process flow diagram, triangles are used to represent ________ waiting in a system.

Flow units

Standard worksheet document

The best practice of how to conduct a particular activity in a process. it should include: 1. The processing time of an activity 2. The work sequence of all steps making up the activity. 3. The standard amount of inventory at the resource.

Which of the following is not part of a standard worksheet?

The salary of the operator

Which of the following contribute to labor content?

The time a worker works on the flow unit The time a worker spends inspecting a flow unit

What best describes learning curves?

They are an empirical regularity

True or false: Consider the applications for a driver's license in the department of motor vehicles. Suppose those who are getting a driver's license for the first time must take an extra test that is administered by a designated staff member. To analyze the processes in this department, one would need a different flow unit for those who have to renew their driver's license and a different one for those who are getting a driver's license for the first time.

True

True or false: In a machine-paced process, all steps are connected through a conveyor belt and all of the steps must work at the same rate.

True

True or false: Matching supply with demand is complicated by inhibitors such as demand variability.

True

True or false: One uses "minutes of work" to express capacity, because it enables one to add together different types of work.

True

True or false: The flow rate for a process can be less than the demand rate.

True

True or false: The utilization of a process is defined as the ratio between the flow rate and the process capacity.

True

True or false: The yield of a resource is between 0% and 100%.

True

True or false: To calculate total idle time, one must know the amount of idle time per flow unit.

True

True or false: To evaluate a process with rework, it is necessary to compute a weighted average processing time.

True

True or false: When two products require different resources in a process you must define them as different flow units.

True

True or false: Without a strong signal-to-noise ratio, we can not tell if improvement ideas are the reason for process improvement.

True

To calculate the total demand for a resource, you ______ the workloads associated with each customer type.

add

To calculate demand for a resource in minutes per hour with different flow unit types, you _______ the times spent serving each flow unit type.

add

------ --------- time is the amount of idle time per flow unit added up across all resources.

total. idle

A process is a set of activities that takes a set of inputs and ___________.

turns them into a set of outputs.

match

unit cost ---> y-axis Cumulative experience ---> x-axis