SCMG
Suppose the demand rate for flow units of type 1 is 4 units per hour and implied utilization is 125%. What is the flow rate for flow units of type 1?
3.2 units per hour
Which of the following could represent inventory in a restaurant process?
30 eggs
Takt time depends on ________.
Demand
If a resource produces more defects then its yield will go _____.
Down
Inventory is the number of-------- , units within the process.
Flow
The time a flow unit spends in a process, from start to finish, is know as _____.
Flow time
The longer the average flow time, the _______ the average inventory level.
Larger
The phenomenon of improving performance over time is called the ---- curve.
Learning
A process wherein each step reliably performs high-quality work will have ____ attrition losses.
Low
The ------ time of a resource is how long that particular resource takes to complete one flow unit.
Processing
Inflexibility is the inability of an operation to------ and cheaply change in response to new information.
Quickly
If a process is demand constrained, what should you focus on to improve profits?
Reducing variable costs Reducing fixed costs
Which could be an appropriate unit for a processing time?
Seconds/customer Minutes/burger
In the context of the power law, the faster someone learns the _____ the learning rate.
Smaller
the aim of process ---- is to ensure that when an experienced worker leaves, his/her cumulative experience is not lost.
Standards
As process capacity increases, takt time ______.
Stays the same
Leveled demand is turned into a ---- time
Takt
What shape is used for inventory in process flow digram?
Triangles
True or false: A beginning step in using the "minutes of work" concept when analyzing a rework problem is to establish a flow unit type for rework.
True
True or false: A process flow diagram outlines a directional flow in the process.
True
True or false: A process metric is quantitative.
True
True or false: Another name for the learning curve is the experience curve.
True
True or false: Implied utilization can be greater than 100%.
True
When a computer manufacturer makes 250 personal computers on Monday and 100 on Tuesday, it is experiencing a ------- in supply.
Variability
Because -----does not add value to the customer, the customer is not willing to pay for it.
Waste
Identify the three system inhibitors that make it complicated to match supply with demand, while making a profit.
Waste, inflexibility, and variability
The yield in good flow units of a resource ______ be greater than 0, if the yield of a subsequent resource equals 0.
Will not
In a machine-paced line, each step ______ at the same rate.
Works
Production ---- follows a pattern of diminishing returns.
Yield
Cost reductions tend to follow a pattern of exponential -----.
decay
As the learning rate decrease the cost to make the Nth unit _______.
decrease
In contrast to exponential growth some learning curves represent ---- returns.
diminishing
Capacity in patients per time unit equals demand ______ implied utilization.
divided by
The capacity of a resource in terms of flow units per time period equals the demand--in terms of good flow units per time period--______ the yield.
divided by
Processes that are demand constrained _______ have bottlenecks.
do
Induced learning _____ depend on managerial intervention.
does
Autonomous learning ___ depend on managerial intervention.
does not
Another name for the cumulative output of commonly used learning curves is cumulative ______.
experience
The aim of process standardization is to assist new workers benefiting from the cumulative ---- of those that came before.
experience
In terms of improving a process with multiple flows--through capacity addition--which of the following is the most important goal?
find the bottleneck
The more time employees spend with the company on average, the _____ the company's average tenure.
higher
Rework can ________ the demands placed upon a resource.
increase
When analyzing a multiple flow process with a single flow, if the yield increases, then the capacity of good flow units per time period ______.
increases
Learning that occurs due to training is an example of _______ learning.
induced
If takt time is 30 seconds and cycle time is 40 seconds then all demand ____ satisfied.
is not
If cycle time stays constant but inventory goes down what will happen to lead time?
it will go down
If inventory goes up but flow time stays constant what will happen to cycle time?
it will go down
A common performance metric for learning curves is ---- content.
labor
Induced learning seeks to improve which of the following?
learning rate
Capacity alone does not dictate the bottleneck because the resource with the lowest capacity may be visited the ______ often.
least
If the average time employees spend with a company equals X, then the average tenure is ______ than X.
less
The higher the implied utilization, the ______ the capacity per unit of time.
lower
If a process with multiple flows is supply constrained, then the actual flow rate equals the ______ rate.
maximum flow rate
Which is an appropriate unit for measuring the demand rate when analyzing a process with flow unit dependent processing times?
minutes
The flow unit is the basic unit that ________ a process.
moves through a process
When different products require different amounts of a resource's time, the process has _______ flow unit(s).
multiple
When the learning rate is less than one, the slope of the log-log plot with output on the x-axis and unit costs on the y-axis will be _____.
negative
Statistical---- can also influence output variables.
noise
If takt time is less than cycle time then we are ______ demand.
not satisfying all demand
We refer to the improvement strategy of moving work away from the bottleneck step as _____.
off-loading the bottleneck
In a table used to calculate implied utilization, each resource will occupy ----- row(s)
one
A process metric is something that we can measure that informs us about the ------ and capability of a process.
performance
The D in PDCA cycle stands for ----
plan - do - check- act
A rigorous framework for understanding the detailed operations of a business is known as _____.
process analysis
A -----,-----,----- is a graphical way to describe a process.
process, flow, digram
A common performance metric for learning curves is ---- time.
processing
To calculate the workload of a resource that serves different flow unit types, one must know which of the following?
processing time for each patient type demand rate for each patient type
Specialization ______ the need for equipment replication.
reduces
When determining the bottleneck in the presence of multiple flow units you must recognize that not every flow unit is going to every --------
resource
Specialization usually leads to __________ set-ups.
set-ups
A smaller slope of the log-log plot with output on the x-axis and costs on the y-axis requires a ---- learning rate.
smaller
The smaller the slope of the log-log curve, the __________ the learning rate.
smaller
The best practice of how to conduct an activity in a process is documented in a---- work sheet.
standard
For learning to happen, we need a _____ signal-to-noise ratio.
strong
When quantity demanded goes up, ________.
takt time decreases target manpower increases
what is the impact of employee turnover to the experience of the average employee will have with their job?
the higher the turn over the less the average employee will have with their job
What is the cumulative learning coefficient and its purpose?
A cumulative learning curve coefficient, CLCC(x, y), gives the cost to produce 1 unit in a process with an initial cost of 1, a cumulative output of x, and a learning rate of y.
Which of the following statements are true about a process that involves rework?
A process that includes rework has multiple flows. A process involving rework can be solved using the "minute of work" flow unit concept. A process that involves rework has different processing times.
To calculate the flow rate across all units, you ____ the flow rates of each unit.
Add
The calculation of labor content requires ______ all of the processing times for serving one flow unit.
Adding
What does a workload table capture?
Amount of work that each flow unit type requires for each resource.
A company uses two steps to make a toy. Step 1 takes 20 seconds. Step 2 takes 15 seconds. Each step is staffed by one worker, for a total of two workers. Each worker is paid $15 per hour. Each toy is sold for $20. Material costs are $5 per toy and fixed costs are $500 per hour. Demand rate is 120 toys per hour. What will be the impact on C&A's profit per hour if the processing time of step 1 is reduced by 5 seconds? Assume the worker's pay is a variable cost.
As flow rate remains the same, there won't be any impact on profit
Off-loading the bottleneck by reassigning activities to another resource is called line----
Balancing
Attrition Losses flow units that exit the process ---- completion
Before
In a process flow diagram what shape is used to represent a resource?
Box
What shape is used for activties in process flow digram?
Boxes
Flow units waiting in the process without being worked on are often referred to as ------- inventory.
Buffer
The amount of work that goes into serving one customer is called labor---
Content
A common performance metric for learning curves is unit---
Cost
With exponential ---- ,the rate of performance improvement decreases over time.
Decay
Being able to line balance without having to observe a fixed sequence will _______ costs of direct labor.
Decrease
If the cycle time for a process goes down then the time to finish X units starting with empty inventory buffers will _________.
Decrease
If the cycle time increases--and everything else remains constant--average labor utilization ______.
Decrease
When the takt time increases, the demand rate must have ___.
Decreased
If the yield increases--and everything else remains the same--the required capacity in flow units per time period ______.
Decreases
When the demand rate increases, the takt time ____.
Decreases
You can off-load the bottleneck by ______ the processing time it spends per flow unit.
Decreasing
If the first customer to a restaurant wants a salad and the second wants a sandwich then there is variability in customer--------
Demand
In a table used to calculate implied utilization, each column is used to find the resources capacity and total ______.
Demand
Takt time is solely driven by ----rate.
Demand
The-------rate is the number of flow units that customers want per unit of time.
Demand
A process flow diagram is a graphical way to _______ the process.
Describe
Fill in the blank: A process flow diagram is used to ______ a process.
Describe
The labor cost associated with serving one customer is called the costs of ----- labor.
Direct
Average labor utilization equals labor content ______ (cycle time multiplied by number of employees).
Divided by
The maximum rate of a flow equals the demand rate for the flow ______ the process' maximum implied utilization
Divided by
The cumulative learning curve coefficients _____ depend on the initial cost.
Do not
For inventory to accumulate in a process the bottleneck must be _______.
Downstream
Which are ways to address some of the shortcoming's of specialization
Each employee is assigned a team to perform a job.
The total demand at the resource is always _______ implied utilization. (Check all that apply.)
Equal to
A learning curve captures the relationship between a performance metric of an operation and the---- as measured in the number of ---- with which the operation has been performed.
Experience, repetitions
Match level of performance
Exponential growth---> Performance improves by a factor more than one Exponential decay --> Performance improves by a factor less than one
Do all flow units have the same exit point in a production process
False
True or false: A cooking recipe is an example of a standard work sheet.
False
True or false: A process manager participates in a process.
False
True or false: A process that is demand constrained can have utilization of 100%.
False
True or false: Average labor utilization can be greater than 100%.
False
True or false: If a resource has implied utilization greater than 100%, then it is always the bottleneck.
False
True or false: If the capacity at a resource with multiple employees went up then the processing time definitely decreased.
False
True or false: If the initial cost estimate changes, but learning rate and cumulative output remain the same, a new set of learning curve coefficients must be calculated.
False
True or false: In a process with multiple flows, all of the resources have the same demand.
False
True or false: In a supply-constrained process with multiple flows, the capacity for some flows will exceed demand.
False
True or false: In a worker-paced line each worker always works at the same rate.
False
True or false: In terms of a process, inventory can only refer to physical things.
False
True or false: Input variables are the only factors that influence output variables of a process.
False
True or false: Over the long run, production yield can exhibit exponential growth.
False
True or false: Patient is an appropriate flow unit for process analysis when different patients require different amounts of time with a doctor.
False
True or false: Process analysis is only applicable to manufacturing settings.
False
True or false: Some processes do not require inputs.
False
True or false: The LCC method allows one to quickly compute the learning rate as a function of the costs and cumulative experience.
False
True or false: The capacity of a worker should always be expressed in "minutes of work per hour."
False
True or false: The first step in determining the bottleneck of a complicated process with multiple flows is calculating the implied utilization of each resource.
False
True or false: The flow rate for a process should be greater than the demand rate.
False
True or false: The standard work sheet defines who should perform the activity.
False
True or false: There is one processing time for a process that requires rework.
False
True or false: Utilization can be greater than 100%.
False
True or false: When average price exceeds variable cost the firm is profitable.
False
Given a supply-constrained process, which of the following actions enables management to control the maximum flow rate for a given type of customer?
Given one customer type a higher priority status. Shift resources among customer types.
If a supply chain manager can reduce Inventory while keeping the Flow Rate constant, what does Little's Law predict will happen to Flow Time?
Go down
If a plant manager can reduce the time it takes to manufacture a part (i.e. the Flow Time) and the Flow Rate stays the same, what does Little's Law predict will happen to Inventory?
Goes down
Assuming the production increases with demand, if the sales department can increase the number of customers that request a product per day (i.e. the Flow Rate) and the time needed to make that product stays the same, what will happen to Inventory according to Little's Law prediction?
Goes up
Match
Gravity matches---> Law of nature Learning curve matches---> Empirically-observed trend
The longer the processing time at a resource, the ______ the target manpower for a desired capacity.
Greater
Which strategy leads to greater employee specialization?
Having an employee perform just a few tasks
Consider a capacity-constrained process producing a high profit margin product. What will the impacts on revenue and profits be if processing time for the bottleneck resource is reduced by 10% while everything else remains the same?
Higher revenue and profits A 10% reduction in processing time of the bottleneck resources increases flow rate by 10%.
As cycle time increases, the time to make Q units __________.
Increase
Being able to line balance without having to observe a fixed sequence should ________ average labor utilization.
Increase
When takt time is less than cycle time target, manpower should ________.
Increase
Which is NOT a strategy to off-load the bottleneck?
Increase wages for production workers.
As the learning rate increases the cost to make the Nth unit _______.
Increases
If the flow rate of good output of a process increases--and everything else remains the same--then the process yield ______.
Increases
When available time goes up, the takt time ________.
Increases
When labor content goes up, target manpower ________.
Increases
When the demand quantity goes down, the takt time ________.
Increases
What would automating some activities at a non-bottleneck resource do for the overall process?
Increases the amount of idle time for that resources.
________ the flow rate improves profits.
Increasing
If an accountant wanted to know how much money is typically tied up in a process, which process metric would he/she need?
Inventory
Stock on hand is sometimes defined as the amount of goods a company has at a particular time. It is a synonym for which process metric?
Inventory
Think of a restaurant as a process. Which would be a combination of inputs and outputs for such a process?
Investments by the owner(s) of the restaurant become revenues Hungry customers become satisfied customers Ingredients become meals
Labor utilization ______ a measure of efficiency.
Is
Imagine a capacity constrained, single resource process with multiple employees working at the single resource. If the number of employees increases then what will happen to the cycle time for the process?
It will decrease
Consider a process with two resources where the first has capacity of 2 customers/minute and the second has capacity of 1.5 customers/minute. If the processing time at the first resource goes down then what will happen to the capacity of the process?
It will stay the same
The higher the margin, the _________ the profits.
Larger
The larger the average flow rate, the ______ the average inventory level.`
Larger
The larger the slope of the log-log curve the ________ the learning rate.
Larger
From the log-log representation of the learning curve we can infer the ---- ----
Learning Rate
Which is hard to know for certain?
Learning rate
Which are inputs used to calculate learning curve coefficients?
Learning rate Cumulative output
Every time the cumulative output is doubled, c(i) gets multiplied by a positive number less than one which is known as ---- ----- Here, c(i) is the cost of making the ith unit of the process.
Learning, rate
Setting an expected demand rate for a given period of time is referred to as ______ the demand.
Leveling
With diminishing returns, the performance metric ultimately----- out as it reaches an asymptote
Levels
To estimate the learning rate with the log-log curve accurately, the log-log curve must be ----
Linear
What is NOT indicated by a process flow diagram?
Location of the process
The earlier the patient arrives for the same departure time the ______ the flow time.
Longer
For a given number of new employees recruited per year, the higher the employee turnover the ______ the average number of employees.
Lower
If demand is the constraint should you lower or raise the staffing level to lower capacity?
Lower
The higher the average amount of time employees spend, on average, in the company the --- the employee turnover.
Lower
The more a resource is idle the ____ its utilization.
Lower
The more a resource produces defects (given the same input flow rate) the ____ its yield.
Lower
The bottleneck in a process is the resource with the ______ capacity.
Lowest
Which of the following is the correct measure of capacity for an orthopedic doctor who treats a variety of patients?
Minutes of work per hour
If the process yield decreases then that process needs to produce _____ units to get the same number of good units.
More
To determine hourly capacity expressed in minutes of work per hour at a resource, ______ the number of workers by 60 minutes per hour.
Multiply
To determine the yield of a resource in good flow units, ______ that resource's yield by the yields of all subsequent resources in the process.
Multiply
Which are the inputs used to calculate cumulative learning curve coefficients?
Number of units Learning rate
The learning rate is a ______ number.
Positive
Flow rate is the rate at which flow units travel through a -------
Process
---------, --------identifies and analyzes all the activities involved in serving one unit of demand or, put differently, in providing one unit of supply.
Process, analysis
-------------are shown as rectangular boxes in the process flow diagram.
Resources
-----------help the flow units to move from being a unit of input to becoming a unit of output.
Resources
Companies employ individuals to manage the ------ needed to serve their customers.
Resources
What can be inferred from a doctor's statement that "some patients have simple issues whereas other have more complex problems."
The process has flow-dependent processing times. The process has multiple flows
An organization that wants to fulfill customer orders more quickly should make the cycle time of their fulfillment process __________.
a decrease
In a demand-constrained process with multiple flows, the capacity for each flow is ______ its demand.
greater than
To be profitable, margins should be ______ zero.
greater than
With exponential ---- Unavailable, the rate of performance improvement increases over time.
growth
A process that is efficient is one where labor utilization is as ______ as possible.
high
For a given level of costs, the higher the revenue the ______ the profits.
higher
The higher the desired capacity at a resource, the ______ the target manpower.
higher
The higher the total demand at a resource, the _____ its implied utilization.
higher
The less a process produces defective flow units, the _____ its yield.
higher
With multiple flow unit types the bottleneck is the resource with the ______ implied utilization.
highest
The time a resource is paid but not working is referred to as -----time.
idle
A process flow diagram indicates-------
both where a flow unit is processed and where it is held in inventory.
To increase the capacity of a process one must increase the capacity of the resource that is the--------
bottleneck
Understanding the location of the ----- is critical for improving a process.
bottleneck
If we know the flow rate and capacity of each labor resource that work in a process, we ______ compute the average labor utilization across employees.
can
If process capacity is 60 units per hour and customers desire 80 units per hour then the process is ------ constrained.
capacity
The learning curve ----- is based on the cost of producing one unit in a process that has an initial cost of c(t) = 1, a cumulative output of x, and a learning rate of LR.
coefficient
Companies seeking external help with managing and improving their operations often hire----------- , ---------
consulting companies
If the flow time for a process goes down then the time to finish X units starting with empty inventory buffers will ________.
decrease
If variable costs go up, then margin will ________.
decrease
When flow rate goes up but wages per unit of time stay the same, costs of direct labor _________.
decrease
If the process' maximum implied utilization increases and everything else remains the same, then the maximum flow rate of a flow ______.
decreases
Increasing the yield ______ the number of flow units that need to be processed to get a certain number of good flow units.
decreases
Rework is performed on----- flow units that are not scrapped.
defective
If the utilization of the bottleneck is less than 100% then the process is -------- constrained
demand
The ----- rate is the number of flow units that customers want per unit of time.
demand
When the flow rate is less than the capacity the process is referred to as ------ constrained.
demand
If a process with multiple flows is demand-constrained, then the actual flow rate equals the ______.
demand for the flow
When determining how much work each resource is capable of doing, indicate which of the following are the goals that we want to accomplish.
find the bottleneck determine the maximum flow rate evaluate the actual flow rate through the process
The cost to make the Nth item is calculated as a multiple of the cost to make the ---- item.
first
What information is required to calculate the weighted average processing time?
fraction of each flow that passes through a resource the processing time for each flow that passes through a resource
When a firm increases the number of new employees they recruit per year, but the average number of employees stays the same, then turnover has _______.
gone up
To analyze a multiple flow process using a single flow, we must define what constitutes a ______ flow unit.
good
When wages per unit of time go up but flow rate stays the same, costs of direct labor _________.
increase
To increase profit a firm can do the following:
increase average price decrease average cost increase flow rate
To increase the capacity of a process, one should __________.
increase the capacity of the bottleneck resource regardless of where it is located in the process
If the processing time of flow units that require rework increases, then the weighted average processing time at the resource where rework is done, ______.
increases
If the processing time per flow unit ______ and everything else remains the same, the workload of a resource increases.
increases
Resources help the flow units to move from being a unit of ---- to a unit of ------
input, output
Arrows in a process flow diagram can indicate _______.
inputs outputs movement of people
To calculate the demand for a resource in minutes per hour, you _______ the demand rate per hour by the minutes spent per flow unit.
multiply
A good flow unit is one that successfully passes all -----.
resources
The extra or repeated activities performed on a defective flow unit are collectively called -----
rework
Which of the following are correct expressions of the capacity of a worker?
seconds of work per hour minutes of work per hour
An accurate measure of labor content is ______.
seconds per customer
An appropriate unit for takt time is: (Select all that apply.)
seconds/burger hours/customers
When dealing with flow-dependent processing times, the processing times for each flow unit ______.
vary depending upon the particular patient type
To calculate the capacities in good flow units per time period, one multiplies the capacity of flow units per time period by the----
yield
A learning curve can slope
Up or down
Which is NOT an example of a flow rate?
10 dollars per customer
Which are not flow units for a restaurant?
Cash register
If one resource in a process ALWAYS produces defective parts, then the process yield is------ %.
0 %
What are the key questions the manager of a process should ask?
1) How can we make the process better? 2)Is the process performing well?
Rank--from first to last--the following steps for finding the bottleneck and capacity in a process with rework.
1. At each resource--- 2. Evaluate the capacity 3.Evaluate each
List--from the beginning to the end--the order of steps required to find the bottleneck and flow rates in a process with multiple flows.
1. Evaluate the demand table 2. Determine the capacity for each resource 3. calculate and evaluate the implied utilization for each resource. 4. Determine the capacity for each type of flow
What are strategies to off-load the bottleneck?
1. Reassigning activities other non-bottleneck resources 2. Automating some of the activities at the bottleneck 3. outsourcing some of the bottleneck activities
Using the "minutes of work" concept, indicate the order of steps from first to last for analyzing the resource where rework occurs.
1. given-- 2. For each 3.compute 4. divide
If, on average, 10 customers arrive per hour to a store, then ------ customers must depart per hour.
10
If each resource in a process has a yield of 100%, then the process will have a yield of ---- %.
100%
Four workers will provide an hourly capacity of ______.
240 minutes
Suppose the demand rate for flow units of type one is 4 units per hour and implied utilization is 80%. What is the flow rate for flow units of type one?
4 units per hour
Given the following information, calculate the daily profit for the firm. Flow rate = 100 units/day, Average price = $5.00, Average cost = $2.50
5-2.50= 2.50 X100= $250
Consider a process that has multiple flow units with different demand rates and different paths through the process flow diagram. Consider the following statements: I. The resource with the largest total demand rate is the bottleneck. II. The implied utilization can never be bigger than 100%. III. The resource that has the highest implied utilization is the bottleneck. Which of the following choices identifies the correct statement(s)? A)III only B)I and II C)I and III D)None of these are correct
A ----> III only is correct.
If 10 customers show up between 9 am and 10 am and 25 customers show up between 10 am and 11 am then there is variability in customer------
Arrivals
Inventory ______ accumulate between workers in a worker-paced line.
Can
Management ______ affect the maximum flow rate of a given customer type.
Can
Process analysis ______ be used with both manufacturing and service businesses.
Can
If cycle time is greater than the takt time then the process is ----constrained.
Capacity
When the flow rate is less than the demand rate the process is referred to as --------constrained.
Capacity
Which could be an appropriate unit for a demand rate?
Cars per day
Costs of direct labor measure the labor cost associated with serving one--------
Customer
With a capacity constrained process with multiple flow units, the maximum flow rate for all units is determined by summing the maximum ______ rate for each type of flow.
Flow
If a restaurateur wanted to know how many dollars his/her restaurant made per day, which process metric would he/she need?
Flow rate
In a process flow diagram, triangles are used to represent ________ waiting in a system.
Flow units
Standard worksheet document
The best practice of how to conduct a particular activity in a process. it should include: 1. The processing time of an activity 2. The work sequence of all steps making up the activity. 3. The standard amount of inventory at the resource.
Which of the following is not part of a standard worksheet?
The salary of the operator
Which of the following contribute to labor content?
The time a worker works on the flow unit The time a worker spends inspecting a flow unit
What best describes learning curves?
They are an empirical regularity
True or false: Consider the applications for a driver's license in the department of motor vehicles. Suppose those who are getting a driver's license for the first time must take an extra test that is administered by a designated staff member. To analyze the processes in this department, one would need a different flow unit for those who have to renew their driver's license and a different one for those who are getting a driver's license for the first time.
True
True or false: In a machine-paced process, all steps are connected through a conveyor belt and all of the steps must work at the same rate.
True
True or false: Matching supply with demand is complicated by inhibitors such as demand variability.
True
True or false: One uses "minutes of work" to express capacity, because it enables one to add together different types of work.
True
True or false: The flow rate for a process can be less than the demand rate.
True
True or false: The utilization of a process is defined as the ratio between the flow rate and the process capacity.
True
True or false: The yield of a resource is between 0% and 100%.
True
True or false: To calculate total idle time, one must know the amount of idle time per flow unit.
True
True or false: To evaluate a process with rework, it is necessary to compute a weighted average processing time.
True
True or false: When two products require different resources in a process you must define them as different flow units.
True
True or false: Without a strong signal-to-noise ratio, we can not tell if improvement ideas are the reason for process improvement.
True
To calculate the total demand for a resource, you ______ the workloads associated with each customer type.
add
To calculate demand for a resource in minutes per hour with different flow unit types, you _______ the times spent serving each flow unit type.
add
------ --------- time is the amount of idle time per flow unit added up across all resources.
total. idle
A process is a set of activities that takes a set of inputs and ___________.
turns them into a set of outputs.
match
unit cost ---> y-axis Cumulative experience ---> x-axis
