SCMT 364 - Midterm
Which of the following statements that might be made by a business executive best expresses the overall philosophy of Total Quality Management?
"There's always room for improvement."
Maxmo Corporation identified the following costs for the most recent fiscal year Vendor evaluation = $20,000 Design engineering = $100,000 Scrap = $15,000 Training = $30,000 Warranty = $40,000 What was Maxmo's total prevention cost for the year?
$150,000
For the same data as given in the preceding question, what is the lower control limit for the three sigma (z = 3) p-chart?
0.000
Forty samples of 100 are taken, with the total number of defective units being 150. What is the upper control limit of the three sigma (z = 3) p-chart?
0.0945
The managers of a production line that fills cereal boxes would like to reach a Six Sigma level of quality in terms of product weight. The desired range of output extends from 10 to 16 ounces. In order to reach Six Sigma quality, what would the maximum standard deviation of output need to be?
0.5 ounces
A packaging plant is running a filling process where packages are filled with 24 oz. +/- 0.08 oz. A capability study reveals that the process mean is 24 oz. with a standard deviation of 0.02 oz. What is the capability of the packaging line?
1.33
Using the information from the previous problem, what is Cpk?
1.34
The specifications for the diameter of a molded part are 10 mm ± 0.5 mm. The actual average and standard deviation from 250 parts sampled is 10.1 mm and 0.1 mm, respectively. What is the process capability as measured by Cp?
1.67
XYZ distribution center receives 1,000 deliveries each day. Arrivals are on time if they are within plus or minus 10 minutes of the targeted arrival. In order to have only 3.4 late or early arrivals per million deliveries, what would the standard deviation of arrival times need to be?
1.67 minutes
An advantage of "early supplier involvement" is that it
A and B
Which of the following types of businesses would most likely use a batch process structure?
A company that produces automobile seats
The Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle is best defined as
A method used to guide problem identification and solution
After you have drawn the "current state" process map, you decide that you need a tool for showing the actual moves of material (and their locations) that take place in the manufacture of Widget A. Which of the following tools would be most appropriate?
A physical layout diagram
You realize that you need a tool for recording all the move distances, process flow symbols, people involved, value add designations, and time required for each step to get an overall grasp for where waste exists in the process. The best tool for this would be:
A process flow table
Which of the following conditions does a "critical" process satisfy
A process that is visible to the key customers
Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of an "order winner"?
A product characteristic that causes customers to choose the product over that of a competitor.
A process is
A system of activities that transforms inputs into valuable outputs.
The "house of quality" is best described as
A template that guides identification and translation of customer requirements into product specifications
Which of the following functions would NOT have to think about "processes"?
All of these have to think about "processes."
Which of the following statements is true regarding product/process innovation
All of these statements are true.
John Jones, CEO of Joes Corp., is unhappy because each product his company makes takes a unique route through the facility, so processing times tend to be high. His company most likely has a:
Functional layout
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding supply chain management?
Globalization has slowed the growth of supply chain management
The principles of process improvement suggest that an effective, efficient process
Minimizes the number of entry points of a workpiece into the process
The use of a tablet computer such as an iPad for a restaurant's wine list is an example of:
Mobility
In conducting a failure modes effects analysis, the following data were developed for three modes Mode 1: Severity = 5, Occurrence = 2, and Undetectability = 7 Mode 2: Severity = 3, Occurrence = 6, and Undetectability = 5 Mode 3: Severity = 7, Occurrence = 2, and Undetectability = 4 Which has the highest risk?
Mode 2
_______________ transform product specifications and new process technology into a new or revised production system.
New process design and development projects
Acton Corporation has identified a way to combine several existing technologies into a new product. This is most likely to have occurred in a
Next-generation development project
An activity identified by a "?" is typically a(n):
None of these
A disadvantage of "component standardization" is that it
None of these are disadvantages
If a company can eliminate all sources of variance in a process
None of these are true
Which is the most important category (as evaluated in terms of weightings used by the outside assessors) of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Program?
None of these is the most important for the award
We are experiencing a problem where a process keeps shifting over time. If we were to use a histogram to collect and display the resulting data, what type of shape would it most likely display?
Plateau-shaped distribution
The width of a histogram showing a distribution of data indicates the __________ of the process that generated the distribution.
Predictability
The process of "stapling yourself to an order" refers to:
Pretending you are the workpiece moving through a process
Xanadu Inc. decided to increase the training received by new employees. The expense of this training is an example of which of the following costs of quality
Prevention costs
The types of costs included in a cost of quality analysis include
Prevention, appraisal, and failure
Three processes have the following costs: Process A has a fixed cost of $2,000 and variable cost of $3.00/unit. Process B fixed cost is $4,000 and variable cost is $2.60/unit. Process C fixed cost is $8,000 and variable cost is $2.40/unit. If the projected total demand is for 6,000 units, which process should be used?
Process B
The Taguchi methods link process design to:
Process capability
You are given the following data for taillight assemblies: Which of the following tools does this data represent?
Check sheet
A growing emphasis on involving supply chain partners in product/process innovation is known as
Codevelopment
Compared to a functional layout, cellular layouts have
Compared to a functional layout, cellular layouts have
The stage of a product/process innovation in which managers determine the target values of product attributes, volume, and price is
Concept development
Scantron Inc. claims that its competitors have to recall 10 percent of their products to fix defects, while it only has to recall 5 percent. Scantron is emphasizing which dimension of quality?
Conformance
In its promotional material for bed linens, Scarsdale Corporation states that all sheets and pillowcases sold to customers should have and actually do have a thread count of exactly 600 threads per inch. Scarsdale is apparently emphasizing:
Conformance quality
Jones Company has a make-to-order orientation. It most likely does NOT use
Continuous process structure
The initial focus of the DMAIC process is on
Critical-to-quality characteristics
"Zero defects" is a concept of quality management of which thought leader?
Crosby
Which process activity is due to other factors (e.g., insufficient operating capacity, lack of material, equipment breakdowns)?
Delay
You walk into a hair stylist shop. All stylists are busy and you sit in the waiting area. You are in which of the following process activities?
Delay
Which of the following activities is most likely to be overlooked when doing a process flow analysis?
Delays
Variability as the source of most quality problems was a major contribution of which quality management thought leader?
Deming
Which of the following forms of capacity can only be determined AFTER the completion of activities?
Demonstrated capacity
An application of the DMAIC process to product design is known as
Design for Six Sigma
Which of the following is NOT one of the processes included in operations management?
Finance
Zanda Corp. has determined that it has too many products returned from customers. Zanda is interested in determining what factors or elements could contribute to the large number of returns. Which of the following quality tools would Zanda use to achieve this objective?
Fishbone diagram
"When operational capabilities are consistent with and supportive of the value proposition and the outcomes desired by critical customers" best describes the concept of:
Fit
Ensuring that all the right people, equipment, and materials arrive on time is especially challenging when using which layout
Fixed-position layout
Which of the following is considered a "process-related" competitive priority?
Flexibility
Systems that combine automated machines, robots, and material handling systems and are controlled by a single computer are
Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS).
A tool used to quickly communicate proposed process changes effectively is called a
Process summary table
Kaizen Events are most appropriate for which type of operations problem
Process-based
The principles of process improvement suggest that an ineffective, inefficient process
Produces products in large batch sizes.
Every organization operates which of the following types of supply chains
Product and resource/technology supply chains.
Zanadu Corp. has dedicated equipment and workers in a regularly occurring sequence of activities. Zanadu has which type of operations layout
Product layout
Which of the following categories of causes would be most appropriate for a Marriott (an international hotel chain) or McDonalds (an international fast food chain) or the local hair stylist?
Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People/personnel, Process, Physical evidence
Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of a core capability?
Production/design processes unique to the firm.
Which of the following tools is most appropriate when we are interested in determining if a process that was generating attribute-type data (pass/fail, good/bad) was under control?
p control chart
Structural operations management decisions include:
Capacity, facilities, and technology.
Make/buy/subcontract is typically considered at what time horizon when doing capacity planning?
Medium-term
Which of the following is a measure common to both the strategic profit model and the SCOR model?
Return on assets
Using the same information as the previous question, LCL for the three sigma X chart for the process is approximately (for a sample size of 10, A2 = 0.31):
10.12
Sample means and ranges were obtained for five samples of 10 units per sample from a production process. Assume the process was considered to be in control during the period these samples were collected. The results are as follows: Sample # Mean Range 1 10.58 .23 2 9.97 .25 3 9.99 .21 4 10.23 .28 5 10.23 .28 What is the central line of the X chart for this process
10.20
In the preceding question, suppose the utilization is 70 percent of effective capacity. What is the actual output of the process?
140 chips/hour
Fifteen samples of size 10 are taken from a stable process. The average of the sample means is 32.8, and the average range of the samples is 1.5. What is the upper control limit for the R chart? Use the information contained in the attached chart.
2.666
A bakery has a choice of leasing different types of ovens. Oven A will cost $1,000 per year to lease and operate, plus $0.50 per cake baked. Oven B will cost $3,000 per year to lease and operate, plus $0.40 per cake baked. Find the indifference point at which the annual costs of the two ovens are equal.
20,000 cakes
A company needs to produce 1,000 units per day (the day is defined as 8 hours of production). There are six tasks to be completed, with a total task time of 12 minutes. The company should have
25 workstations
A process with Six Sigma quality is expected to produce how many defects?
3.4 defects per million opportunities
An FMEA estimates the risk priority number (RPN) for a given failure mode to be 36. The occurrence rating is 3 and the severity rating is 3. Thus, the undetectability rating is
4
A company needs to produce 400 units per day (the day is defined as 12 hours of production). There are three tasks to be completed, with a total task time for all three tasks of 6 minutes. The company should have
4 workstations
Use the information contained in the attached chart to determine your answer. Twenty samples of size 8 were taken from a stable process. From past studies of the process, you know that the overall mean is 42.5 and that the average of the samples range is 2.0. What is the upper control limit for the x-bar chart?
43.25
Under Juran's Law, whenever a problem occurs, what percentage of the time is the problem the result of a system/process error?
85 percent
Which of the following statements are reasons why operations management is important?
All of these are reasons why operations management is important
An example of a short-term capacity decision is:
Adding low-skilled labor
Which of the following is NOT true about "order qualifiers"?
All of the above are true about order qualifiers.
Growth of the supply chain management perspective in operations management results from the advent of:
All of these
Process thinking causes managers to address critical process elements, including
All of these
Which of the following products is most likely to use an assemble-to-order market orientation
An upholstered sofa
Sanford Corp. bought new technological systems to inspect the quality of products as they come off the production line. The expense of operating these systems would be an example of which of the following types of quality-related costs?
Appraisal cost
When should the metrics used in evaluating a process be developed?
As soon as we have identified the value proposition
Which of the following identifies the most appropriate time to set the metrics when doing a process flow analysis?
At the start of the process
"Pass/ fail" and "go/no go" are both examples of
Attribute data.
A contemporary process layout in which product "families" with similar processing characteristics are identified and produced on "mini-assembly lines" is referred to as
Cellular layout
You are an upper-level manager in a firm. You believe that corporate objectives are not effectively disseminated throughout the organization and that line-level managers do not take them into account in their decision making. Which of the following would best help you to try to correct this problem?
Balanced scorecard model.
Cross-functional integration is needed in innovation projects because
Both B and C are correct
Why is product quality sometimes poorly defined in a firm?
Both B and C are correct
"Quality at the source" suggests quality should be
Built into the product.
ISO 9000 defines a set of internationally accepted standards for
Business quality management
Wanda Corp. currently uses a job shop process. It wants to maintain the advantages of this but increase efficiency. Wanda should investigate
Cellular manufacturing
Which of the following is NOT a principle of process improvement?
Change process design to facilitate product improvements
Use the data from the preceding two questions to address this question. Management has decided that they must do something with the inability of the taillight assemblies to pass the quality specifications. Yet currently they do not know what areas they should look at. To help management in dealing with this issue, which of the following quality control tools would be most appropriate?
Cause-and-effect diagrams
The process analyzed in the previous two questions can be characterized as:
Capable
At the heart of the Six Sigma program is a five-step process called D-M-A-I-C. These letters denote a major activity that must be completed to achieve the objectives of Six Sigma. These activities are
Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control
Xanadu Inc. has a project team interested in reducing the projected production cost of a new product. The team would find which one of the following tools most useful?
DFM
An example of strategic planning is:
Deciding where to locate a new manufacturing plant.
Suppose you learn that a process has a very long waiting time. Which of the following would decrease the waiting time?
Decrease utilization
What decisions do supply managers make that potentially impact quality?
Design of contracts and associated incentives and penalties
If a product includes features that customers care most about, we would say that it has high
Design quality
A supply chain is a global network of organizations and activities involved in:
Designing, transforming, consuming, and disposing of goods and services.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the business model?
Desired outcome statement
Companies usually first build product prototypes in which stage of product/process innovation?
Detailed design and development
The objective of statistical process control (SPC) is to
Detect assignable cause variations versus normal random variations in the process.
Johnson Company makes widgets, which it then sends to Smith Company. Smith Company puts the widgets in packages. Smith Company is considered by Johnson to be a:
Downstream product supplier
All of the following are potential benefits of decoupling front and back offices in service processes EXCEPT
Easier customization of services
Which of the following statements about economies of scale is NOT true?
Economies of scale refers to the fact that as volume increases, total cost of production decreases.
An example of an integrative technology is a/an
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system
A project team interested in identifying and correcting potential quality problems in a product design would find which one of the following tools most useful?
FMEA
If a company spends more on prevention, what would be the expected impact on other costs of quality?
Failure costs will go down
Currently, our system is characterized by a lack of fit between what the customer wants and what the SCM system is best able to provide. As a result, which of the following would apply? I. The firm must change the market segment it is going after. II. Unless something is done, our firm will not be the most effective and efficient long-term supplier. III. Any firm can successfully counter such inconsistencies through the use of patents and aggressive advertising.
II only.
You, as a supply chain analyst, have been approached by the vice president of supply chain operations to come up with a recommendation for improving the throughput time for the manufacture of Widget A. You quickly realize that you need a process map before you proceed. What is the first step you should undertake to map the process?
Identify the desired outcomes of the process
What is the first step in conducting value engineering/value analysis
Identify the functional purposes of a product
Overall, it is clear that well-managed innovation projects
Increasingly involve input from multiple functions in a company
An automated process can be compared to a more labor-intensive process using
Indifference analysis
Most processes involve two basic types of flows:
Information flows and physical flows.
Joe Jones, plant manager at Waco Industries, told a friend that if it was necessary, his plant could produce 1,000 items a day if all conditions were just right. Joe is describing his plant's
Maximum capacity
Government regulations belong to which of the following elements of a process?
Inputs/outputs/feedback
The primary difference between integrated/concurrent engineering development and functional/sequential development is
Integrated development spends more money up front to order to save money in later stages.
During the "mass production" era, operations management focused primarily on:
Internal production
Value stream mapping:
Is more comprehensive than typical process mapping
Which of the following is NOT considered a key characteristic of a core capability:
It does not need to be extendable to many market opportunities
A well-designed value proposition possesses four characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of those characteristics?
It offers the highest product quality in each quality dimension
Which of the following process structures can produce the widest variety of products?
Job shop
A short-term, highly focused effort for improving a process is known as a
Kaizen Event
Which functional activities are the most related to operations management attempts to manage the flow of materials and information in a firm?
Logistics, supply, and customer management
Physical goods can be differentiated from services in the operations management process by
Longer lead times and they can be inventoried
Sequential product development projects are likely to have ____________ development costs and ____________ development times than concurrent engineering product development projects
Lower; longer
Which of the following identifies the ultimate goal of process mapping
Make the desired outcome inevitable.
For which market orientation is accurately forecasting the amount of finished goods needed likely to be the most important for a firm's financial performance?
Make to stock
The TQM view of organizational structure states that
Management must support employees
Using the data from the preceding question, management has decided to carry out a Pareto analysis focusing on problem areas. Which of the following conclusions does the Pareto analysis support?
Management should focus attention on "inability to meet heat specs" and "scratched lens."
Which of the following actions will NOT increase output
Managing the flow of work into the system
Customer service management connects what functional groups?
Marketing, logistics management, and sales and distribution.
Zanda Corp. wants to have a process structure that has cost advantages similar to continuous or repetitive processes, but wants to produce greater variety than those processes normally allow. Zanda should consider
Mass customization
Using technology, such as self-checkouts in grocery stores, to enable customers to complete the service delivery and transaction themselves is most commonly used for
Mass services
The stage of the product life cycle in which process innovation becomes an important way to increase efficiencies is:
Maturity
Production planning and scheduling is most likely to be associated with which of the following activities?
Operation
Value in a process flow analysis is most often associated with which of the following activities
Operation
While there is overlap between operations management and supply chain management, the two are different in that
Operations management focuses on processes, supply chain management focuses on relationships and flows.
A company with a number of physically separate plants has a centralized tool room. This tool room in the past has been responsible for emergency repairs. Whenever equipment (e.g., a spindle, boring machine, transfer line) in one of these separate plants breaks down, the affected items are brought to the tool room, where they are repaired. In some cases, the breakdowns affect production schedules. In other cases, the breakdowns are more annoying but do not adversely affect schedules. Complicating the operations in the tool room is the fact that many of the plans for the equipment are incomplete or out-of-date, thus resulting in "make from sample" requests (the broken part is provided and the tool room is asked to make the replacement piece just like the broken part). It is difficult to predict what equipment will break down and when. Furthermore, the company owns a wide variety of equipment. What are the order winners and order qualifiers in this scenario?
Option D
Which of the following statements about operations management processes is NOT true?
Outputs of operations management processes are always tangible goods.
You are involved in the implementation of a quality improvement program. Your immediate goal is to identify what problems you should focus on (ideally you want to focus on those that give you the biggest bang for the buck). Which of the following quality control procedures is the most appropriate?
Pareto analysis
Which three elements make up the triple bottom line?
People, Profit, Planet.
Xanadu makes HD televisions. It claims that its HD televisions have the clearest picture clarity in the industry. Xanadu is emphasizing which dimension of quality?
Performance
Which of the following is NOT a core value of TQM
Quality assurance managers should have the most power in the organization.
Which of the following statements is false
Quality dimensions are easy to measure for tangible goods, while they are difficult to measure for services.
Stu Johnson, CEO of Johnson, Inc., attended a seminar on Total Quality Management. Which of the following is NOT something he is likely to have learned at that seminar?
Quality is primarily the responsibility of operations management.
A common goal when designing a functional layout is to
Reduce the time and cost of moving people and materials between departments
If a tangible good or service performs the promised function dependably, we say that it has high:
Reliability.
Companies with a make-to-stock orientation are most likely to use which of the following process structures?
Repetitive process
Which process type is not correctly matched with its descriptive characteristic?
Repetitive process-customized products
Which of the following is NOT a basic activity type in processes?
Reporting
A project aimed at finding new core products or processes is called a(n):
Research and advanced development project
You observe three different people doing the same task using three different approaches (with differing levels of quality, output, and lead time). Which of the following disposition options is most appropriate for this situation?
Rethink
The performance measurement approach that would be most useful in measuring and describing supply chain processes would be
SCOR model
Suppose that you are a process manager in a manufacturing plant, and you suspect that there is a relationship between the room temperature of the plant and the weights of the plastic caps produced by an injection molding process. What quality improvement tool would you use to investigate this claim?
Scatter diagram
All of the following represent external failure cost EXCEPT the cost of:
Scrapping defective raw material
An approach that analyzes the interface between customers and service processes is called
Service blueprinting
Joe's Quick Oil Change shop is interested in improving its ability to satisfy customers. The most appropriate mapping tool for a company such as this is called
Service blueprinting
Choose the service type that is correctly matched with one of its key characteristics
Service factory-facilities and equipment represent a large proportion of total costs
Implementation of a Six Sigma program typically involves
Setting up training at various levels including green belt and black belt training
Which of the following is an example of an activity that is "necessary but not value-adding"?
Setups
Little's Law suggests that the key to increased throughput is
Shorter flow times
Phil Bord is a CEO for a large auto manufacturer and is interested in improving the product quality. Phil had overheard his friend mention Six Sigma. Considering that Phil has no idea what Six Sigma is, what are some key points to help Phil out?
Six sigma quality is the result of a well-defined and structured process
Hugging in a control chart usually indicates
Something is occurring that is masking natural variation
The following sequence shows four operations for a computer chip assembly process and the effective capacity of each. Which step is the bottleneck? Step 1: 500 chips/hour Step 2: 250 chips/hour Step 3: 200 chips/hour Step 4: 550 chips/hour
Step 3
The symbol indicates what type of activity in a process
Storage
A vice president of operations wants to evaluate the impact of reducing manufacturing expenses on the firm's return on assets. A measurement approach that he might consider for this is the:
Strategic profit model.
Different levels of planning in supply chain operations management include:
Strategic, tactical, and operational planning.
Operations managers answer questions of what, how, when, where, and who by defining both the ___________ and _____________ aspects of the operations management system.
Structural and infrastructural
Joe Jones was asked to undertake a project to determine the resources and capacity his firm would need in the next three to 10 years. These types of decisions are considered to be:
Structural aspects of operations management.
A manager is currently unhappy with the capabilities of a particular process and wants to improve its capabilities. To accomplish this, the manager needs to focus on the process
Structure
Which of the following factors is NOT a major change driver that supply chain managers are concerned about?
Supply chain managers are concerned about All of these changes.
If you were developing a service blueprint, how would you classify "delivery of gasoline to a service station"?
Support processes
Xanadu Inc. claims that its manufacturing processes result in fewer greenhouse gases than those of its primary competitors. This suggests that Xanadu has a focus on:
Sustainability.
Which of the following mapping techniques identifies and integrates functional responsibilities into the process mapping process
Swim lanes
A process can be said to be capable when
The Cpk is greater than 1.5.
A bottleneck activity in a process is generally the activity with
The least capacity
Operations management is:
The management of processes
To an operations manager, the "critical customer" is:
The person who has the greatest impact on design, sales, and growth opportunities for the product.
You have been given the following data: Specification information: Anything between 10 and 20 units per order is acceptable. Process Mean: 13 Upper limit of the process: 16 Lower limit of the process: 10 Using this information, which of the following conclusions is most appropriate?
The process is barely capable but not centered
A firm has an existing process that it would like to use for producing a part it will sell to an industrial customer. The customer requires that defective (out of specification) parts be kept to 3,000 parts per million (three-tenths of 1 percent) or less. A process capability study done on the process revealed that it has a process capability index (Cpk) of 1.00 for this part. What should the firm conclude from the study?
The process is capable, but just barely, and will require careful monitoring in order to meet customer requirements.
You have been given the following sample information that has been drawn from the last sample taken: Mean of the sample: 12.50 Lower control limit for the range: 0 Upper control limit for the range: 10.6 Observations: 13, 12, 8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 8, 17, 18, 20, 14 Which of the following conclusions does this data support?
The sample is out of specification
"Concurrent engineering" is best described as
The simultaneous design and development of all the processes and information needed to manufacture a product, to sell it, to distribute it, and to service it.
Why are processes that are visible to the customer considered to be critical?
They affect the customer perceptions of value
Fast innovators typically gain which advantages
They produce a more continuous stream of new product introductions that create a greater and more constant market awareness of their brands
High-quality innovators typically gain which advantages
They satisfy customers more effectively, building strong brand image and customer loyalty
Jones Manufacturing sells a part to Lear Corporation. Lear puts this part into a radio, which Lear then sells to Ford. From Ford's point of view, Jones Manufacturing is a(n) __________ supplier.
Tier 2
The purpose of quality function deployment (QFD) is
To base product and process design decisions more directly on what the customer thinks is important
What is the primary objective of line balancing?
To match output rates with actual demand
The symbol indicates what type of activity in a process?
Transportation
Adam Smith described his company's process as follows: "Under ideal conditions we can produce 10,000 units a day. However, our normal production is 6,000 units a day. Today, we actually produced 8,000 units." Which of the following is true?
Utilization was 133 percent of effective capacity
The two types of data involved in quality control are:
Variables and attributes
Integrated development spends more money up front to order to save money in later stages.
Voice of the customer.
Which of the following is NOT considered in the service process matrix
Volume
One implication of increased utilization in a process is that
Waiting time typically will go up
You are given the following information. Which of these statements can you support with this information?
We need to further investigate whether the problem is in input or capacity
Corporate strategic planning involves decisions related to:
What businesses should we be in?
Which of the following decisions would NOT be under the direct control of operations managers?
What customers should be targeted with greatest priority?
Functional strategic planning involves decisions related to:
What metrics should be used to ensure progress in operations management?
Under what conditions would we be required to recalculate the parameters for an X-bar-R chart?
When we change the production process
"Bounding" a process is necessary because
Without bounding, it is difficult to determine the beginning and ending points for the analysis.