SDI LE 1

In what four ways are leaders wary of the federal government?

1. it creates gov.t jobs for the unemployed 2. makes health, unemployment, and social security benefits more generous 3. helping employees gain greater workplace rights and protections 4. investing tax dollars in publicly controlled enterprises all of these could cause people to either avoid doing unsafe, poorly paid jobs, or could cut into their profit margin in a similar fashion

class situation

1. procuring goods 2. gaining position in life 3. finding inner satisfactions

3 types of classes

1. property class 2. acquisition class 3. social class

Levels of discrimination

1. verbal expression 2. avoidance 3. exclusion 4. physical abuse 5. extermination

Who coined the concept of intersectionality?

Kimberly Crenshaw (1989)

self-justification and prejudice

denigrating a person or a group to justify maltreatment of them; if we can convince ourselves that another group is inferior, immoral, or dangerous, we may feel justified in discriminating against its members, enslaving them, or even killing them

acquisition class

determined by marketability of goods and services

property class

determined by property differences

social class

determined by the totality of those class situations within which individual and generational mobility is easy and typical

What does tradition imply? (traditional authority)

an inherent, natural, or metaphysical quality in the state of affairs that makes it resistant to challenges by reason

inequality

difference in size, degree, circumstances, etc.; lack of equality

social restrictions, such as marriage patterns, residence, and so forth, follow from ___________ in ________ reflected in __________.

differences in wealth; prestige

possession of power in a sphere results in ___________

dominance

What does societal power include?

economic power, social power, legal or political power, etc.

What do individuals function to do?

either to call attention to and explain the contrasts between the property owners and the property-less workers, or to obscure them.

cognitive level of prejudice

encompasses a person's beliefs and perceptions of a group as threatening or non-threatening, inferior or equal, seclusive or intrusive, impulse gratifying, acquisitive, or possessing other positive or negative characteristics.

ethnoviolence

encompassing a range of action committed against people targeted solely because of their race, ethnic background, or sexual orientation

PTSD triggers

experiences or events that cause a trauma survivor to re-experience an incident, go into avoidance mode, or "numb out."

rigidity

extent to which access to social classes is closed

[trigger warnings] Other students might indeed be ready to confront a personal trauma in an academic context but will benefit from a ___________ of certain topics so that they can ______ ____________ prior to (for example) participating in a classroom discussion about it.

forewarning; brace themselves

Parties are always directed by a ______.

goal

Parties represent a _____ degree of rationality in ______ _______. Parties require planning; their motives are ____________.

high; social action; strategic

Why would people have an open relationship?

if the members expect that letting others join would lead to some type of improvement of their situation

Why would people have a closed relationship?

if the members think that excluding or limiting the participation of some would improve their situation

In what system are status distinctions possible?

in a system where social distinctions are reinforced by legal and ritual restrictions

where can patterns of institutional discrimination exist?

in banking, criminal justice, employment, education, healthcare, housing, etc.

Why have pretax incomes of the top 1% exploded?

in the case of CEOs, this has to do with value. They're paid more to compensate for the impact they have. Additionally, one high-quality CEO would be more effective in many ways than 2 mediocre CEOs

traditional authority is based on what belief?

in the legitimacy of well-established forms of power

displaced aggression

in this situation, the frustrated individual or group usually redirects anger against a more visible, vulnerable, and socially sanctioned target, one unable to strike back such as a minority.

When does charismatic authority emerge?

in times of social crisis

Various scholars suggests frustrations tend to _________ __________ toward others.

increase aggression

Considered from this perspective, trigger warnings give students ___________ ____________ over their learning, and are an affirmation that the instructor cares about their wellbeing (Centre for Teaching Success University of Waterloo).

increased autonomy

Why was the 1964 Civil Rights Act amended in 1972?

it gave the courts the power to enforce affirmative action standards; preference programs became the rule, through reserved minority quotas in college and grad school admissions and in job hiring's and promotions, as well as through government set-aside work contracts for minority firms

How does wealth impact lifestyle differences?

it's a key determinant of the lifestyle differences upon which status depends

What is frustration the result of?

it's the result of relative deprivation in which expectations remain unsatisfied

exclusion [discrimination]

keep people out (of jobs, education, social organizations, etc.)

major strata or classes

levels of society

traditional authority is based on what?

loyalty to the leadership

extermination [discrimination]

massacres, genocide, or pogroms (an organizational massacre of a particular ethnic group) conducted against people

What does Weber note are the most effective motives for the exclusiveness of a status group?

material monopolies

George Allport: History demonstrates that _________ ______ serve as ______________ as a result of others' frustrations, ex. Jews vs. Germany and Russia

minority groups; scapegoats

social

needing companionship and therefore best suited to living in communities

Are status distinctions usually ethnic?

nope!

Did Weber believe that class interests necessarily led to uniformity in social action?

nope!

does a system based in charismatic authority survive the death of the original leader typically?

nope!

What must workers see for communal or societal action to take place?

not only must they recognize the differences in wealth and opportunity, but these differences must be seen as the result of the distribution of property and economic power

open relationship

one that does not deny participation to anyone that would like to be a part of the group or relationship.

closed relationship

one that excludes or limits participation of certain people

artificial kinship

people who are closely connected but not related by blood

Bureaucracy tends to separate the ___________ and ________ spheres. ______ _______________ is extensive within the bureaucracy.

personal and public; task specialization

________ relates to the ability to command resources in a particular domain.

power

What did Title VII section 703 (j) of the Civil Rights Act ban in particular?

preference by race, ethnicity, gender, and religion in business and government

Praejudicum

prejudgement

sociological understanding of prejudice

prejudice attitudes are a result from the objective conditions of social reality and social behavior

behaviorist understanding of prejudice

prejudice attitudes are a result of imitation or conditioning

cognitive understanding of prejudice

prejudice attitudes are a result of perceived similarity or dissimilarity of beliefs

psychoanalytic understanding of prejudice

prejudice attitudes are a result of specific personality characteristics

we learn the the ____________ of our parents and others, which then becomes a part of our ________ and ___________.

prejudices; values and beliefs

principal assets

principal resources

What has the Supreme Court been more reluctant to use since 1989?

race-conscious remedies—the practice of trying to overcome the effects of past discrimination by helping minorities (ex. job hiring, voting, and school desegregation)

in the bureaucracy, __________ _______ ________ is exercised on the basis of knowledge and experience, not on personality or custom.

rational-legal power

differential scarcity of personnel

relates to the level of skill or specialization for a given field of work

What do low status groups project their sense of worth on?

salvation hopes; they believe their due is guaranteed in the life to come

Parameters for Stratification for eight ideal-typical systems

see chart on phone every time you see this flashcard

In what ways are workers classified according to Weber? What are these distinctions based on?

skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled; the value of different kinds of labor. Different wages result in different qualities in terms of the standard of living

How widespread is institutional discrimination?

so much so that individuals helping to perpetuate them may be completely unaware of their existence

Differential Functional Importance

societies must see that less essential positions do not compete successfully with more essential ones

Intersectionality acknowledges what?

that everyone has their own unique experiences of discrimination and oppression and we must consider everything and anything that can marginalize people—gender, race, class, sexual orientation, physical ability, etc/ (Birdie Taylor)

What did John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925 stipulate?

that government contractors would "take affirmative action that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."

What case highlighted reverse discrimination?

the 1978 University of California case Regents vs. Bakke (ruled that quotas were banned, but race could be a factor in college admissions)

economic power

the ability to control material resources; to direct production, monopolize accumulation, and dictate consumption

social discrimination

the creation of a "social distance" between groups; people tend to associate with those of a similar ethnic and socioeconomic background in their intimate primary relationships

intersectionality

the examination of race, sex, class, national origin, and sexual orientation and how their combination plays out in various settings (Delgado and Stefancic)

domination (power)

the exercise of authority

crystallization

the extent to which the various dimensions of inequality come together to form a consistently advantaged upper class

What were trigger warnings based on/from whence did they arise?

the idea of PTSD triggers

package deal

the idea that a father must have some sort of relationship with the mother to be near their child (or vice versa); the family as a set

winner-takes-all perspective

the idea that those in the positions of most power earn more and reap more benefits due to the increase in impact of their work on others within the corporation

Oxford Dictionary definition of intersectionality

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or discrimination

What defines the property-less class?

the kinds of services individual workers provide in the labor market

collective action centers on what?

the labor market; workers seek higher wages, and see this as the goal of their struggle

Whose character does charismatic domination rest upon?

the leader

status

the likelihood that life chances are determined by social honor or prestige

parties

the organizations of power; their purpose is the struggle for domination

Which group has a definite advantage and some cases a monopoly on action in the market of commodities and especially labor in the class system? (Weber)

the owners of property

What defines the main class difference according to Weber?

the possession of property

discrimination

the practice of differential and unequal treatment of other groups of people, usually along racial, religious, or ethnic lines

ethnocentrism

the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture or the tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture, and thereby misrepresent them

diversity

the practice or quality of including or involving people from a range of different social and ethnic backgrounds and of different genders, sexual orientation, etc.

authority functions by means of what?

the rules, rather than persons

Why might people act out in displaced aggression?

the true source of their frustration is too vague to identify or too powerful to act against

What do individuals acquire in the socialization process?

the values, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of their culture or subculture, including religion, nationality, and social class

talent vs. market demand

there is a higher demand for skilled CEOs, so those who are more talented are given higher rewards. this also results in hiring outside of the company, rather than promoting internally.

what do studies on trigger warnings report?

they don't impact students' performance, but they do convince people that they're needed. they're basically inert for the average student

Why did white people resent the legislation in 1972 amending 1964 Civil Rights Act?

they resented "reverse discrimination"

What do prejudices shape and influence, even when based on false stereotypes?

they shape our perceptions of various people and influence our attitudes and actions toward particular groups

nonprejudiced nondiscriminators (all-weather liberals)

this person is neither prejudiced nor practices discrimination

nonprejudiced discriminators (fair-weather liberals)

this person may be free of racial prejudice, but they will join clubs that exclude people who belong to outgroups, they will vote for regressive measures if they benefit materially from these, and they will support efforts to keep African Americans out of their neighborhood for fear of its deterioration.

prejudiced discriminators (active bigots)

this person openly expresses their beliefs, practices discrimination, and defies the law if necessary, but they consider such conduct virtuous.

prejudiced nondiscriminators (timid bigots)

this person will believe many of the stereotypes about other groups and definitely feel hostility toward these groups; however, they keep silent in the presence of those who are more tolerant

How is rational-legal authority routinized?

through bureaucracy; tends to remain independent of particular individuals because authority resides in the office, or the organizational position of the role

charismatic authority

through inspiration, coercion, communication, and leadership, a particular individual may succeed in occupying a central role in the planning and co-ordination of social action

What is the purpose of a trigger warning?

to allow students to emotionally prepare for the content or decide to forego interacting with it

discriminatus

to divide or distinguish

Weber argued that the extent of the contrasts between the property owners and the property-less workers must become ____________ (Marx "consciousness") to the workers in order for __________ ______ around the issue of class to occur

transparent; collective action

Institutional discrimination

unequal treatment of subordinate groups inherent in the ongoing operations of society's institutions

physical abuse [discrimination]

violent attacks on members of the disliked group

Proponents of trigger warnings contend that certain course content can impact the __________ and ____________ _______________ of students who have experienced corresponding traumas in their own lives. Such students might not yet be ready to confront a personal trauma in an academic context.

wellbeing and academic performance

Is the dignity of high status groups always worldly?

yep!

Herbert Blumer

"Prejudice always involves the sense of group position in society."

Characteristics of a scapegoat (Allport)

1) Highly visible in physical appearance or observable customs or actions. 2) not strong enough to strike back. 3) situated within easy access of the dominant group and ideally, concentrated in one area. 4) a past target of hostility for whom latent hostility still exists. 5) the symbol of an unpopular concept.

things to keep in mind with prejudice and discrimination

1) Prejudice can lead to discrimination. 2) Discrimination can lead to prejudice. 3) No certainty exists that one will lead to another. 4) Our attitudes and our overt behavior are closely related, but they are not identical. 5) We may harbor hostile feelings toward certain groups without ever making them known through word or deed. 6) Conversely, our overt behavior may effectively conceal our real attitudes.

characteristics of the acquisition class (AC)

1) The AC monopolizes the management of productive enterprises for the sake of its members and their business interests. 2) The AC safeguards its interests through influence on the economic policy of the political parties and other organizations.

characteristics of the property class (PC)

1) The PC can monopolize the acquisition of high-priced consumer goods. 2) The PC can control the opportunities of pursuing a systematic monopoly policy in the sale of economic goods. 3) The PC can monopolize the opportunities for the accumulation of property. 4) The PC can monopolize the opportunities to accumulate capital 5) The PC can monopolize the privileges of education.

characteristics of the social classes

1) The SC is the working class. 2) The SC is the petty bourgeoisie. 3) The SC is the intelligentsia and specialists [technicians, civil servants, engineers, } 4) However, the SC occupy a privileged position through property ownership and education.

levels that prejudice exists on

1) cognitive: encompasses a person's beliefs and perceptions of a group as threatening or non-threatening, inferior or equal, seclusive or intrusive, impulse gratifying, acquisitive, or possessing other positive or negative characteristics. 2) emotional: Encompasses the feelings that a minority group arouses in an individual. Emotional attitudes may be negative or positive, such as fear, anger, happiness, sadness. 3) action orientation: Suggests the positive or negative predispositions to engage in discriminatory behavior. A person who harbors strong feelings about members of a certain racial or ethnic group may have a tendency to act for or against them (being aggressive or non-aggressive, offering assistance or withholding it).

Relationships can be open or closed based on what factors?

1) communal relationships (family) 2) personal affect (emotional connection) 3) value-rational (commitment to certain values) 4) economic-rational (economic and monopolistic connection)

3 aspects of Weber's class system

1. "have in common a specific. causal of their life chances (Lebenchancen) in so far as... 2. ...this component is represented exclusively by economic interests in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and... 3. ...it is represented under the conditions of the commodity or labor market."

4 principles of stratification

1. Social stratification is a trait of society 2. Social stratification carries over from generation to generation 3. Social stratification is universal but variable 4. Social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as well

2 types of exclusion [discrimination]

1. de jure segregation: specifically assigning children to certain schools to maintain separation and/or the creation of segregationist laws in public places to keep people separate (theaters, restaurants, restrooms). 2. de facto segregation: residential patterns become embedded in social customs and institutions. For example, the standard practice of building and maintaining neighborhood schools in racially segregated communities creates and preserves segregated schools.

trigger warning

A statement cautioning that content (as in a text, video, or class) may be disturbing or upsetting

personality and prejudice

Adorno; in essence, harsh discipline as a child may result in an authoritarian personality; this may result in displaced aggression and prejudice against undeserving groups; these people tend to come from homes that emphasized obedience

emotional level of prejudice

Encompasses the feelings that a minority group arouses in an individual. Emotional attitudes may be negative or positive, such as fear, anger, happiness, sadness.

Which Executive Order was the first to use the term affirmative action?

John F. Kennedy's Order 10925 in 1961

power

Macht; the chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own will in a communal action even against the resistance of others who are participating in the action

What did Weber think would develop from a common class situation in certain conditions? What plays a large role in this determination?

communal or societal action; general cultural conditions

economic competition

People tend to be more hostile toward others when they feel that their security is threatened; thus many social scientists conclude that economic competition and conflict breed prejudice.

Who began affirmative action?

President Franklin D. Roosevelt through Executive Order 8802, which obligated defense contractors "not to discriminate against any worker because of race, creed, color, or national origin."

What title and section of the Civil Rights Act are key in relation to discrimination? What did it address?

Title VII, section 703 (j); it addresses the need for fairness, openness, and color-blind equal opportunity

Social norms

Some sociologists have suggested that a relationship exists between prejudice and a person's tendency to conform to societal expectations. Social norms...the norms of one's culture...form the generally shared rules defining what is and is not proper behavior. By learning and automatically accepting the prevailing prejudices, an individual is simply conforming to those norms. Social norm theorists hold that a direct relationship exists between degree of conformity and degree of prejudice. Consequently, people's prejudices should decrease or increase significantly when they move into areas where the prejudicial norm is lesser or greater.

action orientation level of prejudice

Suggests the positive or negative predispositions to engage in discriminatory behavior. A person who harbors strong feelings about members of a certain racial or ethnic group may have a tendency to act for or against them (being aggressive or non-aggressive, offering assistance or withholding it).

stratification

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

What are some arguments against trigger warnings?

They unnecessarily insulate students from the harsh realities of life that they need to engage with in academic settings; they may establish a precedent for making instructors or universities legally responsible for protecting students from emotional trauma; it's impossible to anticipate all the topics that might be potentially triggering for students

regime

a system or planned way of doing things

What links status groups?

a common style of life, and the attendant social restrictions

justifying ideology

a comprehensive normative vision; a way of looking at things

relative deprivation

a lack of resources, or rewards, in one's standard of living in comparison with those others in society

avoidance [discrimination]

a prejudiced person takes steps to avoid social action with a group (ex. choice of residence, organizational membership, primary relationships in any social setting)

verbal expression [discrimination]

a statement of dislike or the use of a derogatory term

status groups are normally ____________

communities

Most class antagonism was directed at whom according to Weber?

at managers, not the owners, because they seem like they can set the price of labor power

rational-legal authority

based on a set of rules, and the belief in the legitimacy of the process of rule creation and enforcement

Blumer argued that prejudice could include what three things? What does this motivate?

beliefs, feelings, and predisposition to action; behavior that derives from the social hierarchy

Which kind of authority is personal and tends to be unstable?

charismatic authority

For ___________ ___________ to be sustained, it must be _____________.

charismatic authority; routinized

generally, the _____ _________ to the parents' ____________ in acquiring an understanding of the world and its people; being impressionable and knowing no alternative conceptions of the world, they usually ______ ______ ________ without questioning

child conforms; expectations; accept these concepts

social cohesion develops through what two types of relationships?

common membership in specific social institutions and friendships based on social interactions within those institutions