Section 3 Enigma Game

The stress response can trigger the release of:

ACTH

A mass on the anterior pituitary that increases production of growth hormone will cause increased height if the metaphyseal plate has not yet closed (children/adolescents) and is called Gigantism. This same condition, when it occurs in adults, causes enlargement of the face, jaw, hands and feet with simultaneous muscle atrophy, and is called:

Acromegaly

A patient's blood pressure is low, so the RAAS system kicks in. This causes the adrenal gland stretch receptors to be stimulated, which results in the release of this hormone

Aldosterone

Hepatic encephalopathy associated with chronic liver disease occurs because this substance cannot be metabolized by the liver, so high levels of it are able to cross the blood/brain barrier.

Ammonia

Which cancer is associated with Epstein Barr viral infection?

B-Cell lymphoma

What electrolyte is associated with the parathyroid gland?

Calcium

Which ion is responsible for the contraction of muscles?

Calcium

A client presents with elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. What underlying condition should be investigated?

Cancer

An accumulation of infected hair follicles that occur at the base of the neck:

Carbuncle

which birth anomaly involves incomplete fusion of the nasomedial process?

Cleft lip

What is the most potent, naturally occurring glucocorticoid?

Cortisol

A client presents with truncal obesity, moon face, a buffalo hump, and purple striae on the abdomen. Which condition should be investigated?

Cushing Syndrome

Hyponatremia is a key characteristic for which hormone disorder?

Diabetes Insipidus

Which condition involves a deficiency of anti-diuretic hormone and results in the production of increased volumes of dilute urine?

Diabetes Insipidus

True or False: A third degree burn is the most painful

False

A 48-year-old female presents with diffuse pain, fatigue, and tender points. Which diagnosis is most likely?

Fibromyalgia

Infection with Helicobacter pylori that causes peptic ulcers, will also increase the risk of what type of cancer?

Gastric

Which lab test provides a three month 'average' of blood glucose levels and is appropriate for monitoring long-term serum glucose levels?

Glycosolyated hemoglobin (HbA1c/A1c)

Absence of intrinsic ganglion cells resulting in impaired peristalsis is the cause of which pediatric condition?

Hirschsprung disease with megacolon development

Addison's disease can cause low sodium levels, high potassium levels, or low cortisol levels levels. When the patient with Addison's reports feeling weak and easily fatigued, which electrolyte disturbance is most likely?

Hypocortisolism

What is the most common cause of cervical cancer?

Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)

Severe protein deficiency in children can result in:

Kwashiorkor

When a tumor is successful in angiogenesis (making its own blood supply), it is able to send fragments of itself into the blood and lymphatics, where it can migrate to further sites and create a new tumor. This creation of a new tumor in a distant site is referred to as:

Metastasis

What is the most common cause of cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder)?

Obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone

The exophthalmos (bulging eyes) that can occur with Graves' disease is caused by:

Orbital edema and protrusion of the eyeball

_______________________is a condition that causes pain and swelling below the knee joint, where the patellar tendon attaches to the top of the shinbone (tibia), a spot called the tibial tuberosity. There may also be inflammation of the patellar tendon, which stretches over the kneecap.

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Vitamin D deficiency is an underlying risk factor for development of:

Osteomalacia

____________most often occurs in the long bones that make up the arms and legs, though it can occur in any bone. It tends to occur in children and young adults. Symptoms include localized bone pain and swelling. Treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

Osteosarcoma

Which hormone is involved with bonding, childbirth and lactation, and helps to prevent intrauterine bleeding after childbirth?

Oxytocin

which gland responds to light that reaches the brain from the eyes and regulates production of melatonin, which influences sleep?

Pineal Gland

Administration of insulin can impact which three electrolytes?

Potassium, magnesium, phosphate

___________is a potentially life-threatening syndrome resulting from the breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers with leakage of muscle contents, including the protein pigment myoglobin, into the circulation. The high levels of myoglobin cannot be cleared by the kidneys and result in dark urine.

Rhabdomyolysis

Which is true about cancer staging?

Stage 3 occurs when the tumor has succeeded in angiogenesis, and has gained access to the blood stream and has successfully taken up residence in a lymph node, but has not yet metastasized.

When the pituitary gland receives the increased thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) message from the hypothalamus to increase thyroid production, it will send increased levels of which hormone to act on the thyroid gland?

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which genetic anomaly increases the risk for development of leukemia?

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

T/F: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe type of muscular dystrophy that primarily affects boys. Muscle weakness usually begins around the age of four, and worsens quickly. Muscle loss typically occurs first in the thighs and pelvis followed by the arms. This can result in trouble standing up.

True

T/F: diarrhea is more dangerous in children because they have lower fluid reserves than adults.

True

T/F: staphylococcus aureus is the main culprit responsible for osteomyelitis.

True

True or false: about 70% or more of childhood cancers are cured.

True

A mother took diethylstilbestrol (DES) to prevent miscarriage in 1968. In 2020, her daughter is diagnosed with cancer as a result of exposure to DES in utero. Which cancer is most likely?

Vaginal

Parents bring their 5-year-old to the physician because they found a mass on his abdomen while giving him a bath. Testing shows a tumor on the kidney. What condition does this describe?

Wilms Tumor

Esophageal atresia involves:

a congenital anomaly resulting in the esophagus ending in a blind pouch instead of being connected to the rest of the GI tract

Cancer in situ is:

a preinvasive epithelial tumor of glandular or squamous cell origin

In which cells are pancreatic enzymes secreted?

acinar cells

What is the main site of aldosterone synthesis?

adrenal cortex

Growth hormone is secreted by:

anterior pituitary

Rheumatoid arthritis is an __________ disease that causes bilateral inflammation of small joints.

autoimmune

This type of skin cancer is the most common skin cancer, and occurs on sun exposed areas like the head and neck. It occurs in the lower part of the epidermis or outer layer of the skin.

basal cell carcinoma

When the sphincter of oddi is blocked with a stone, what will happen?

bile will not be able to flow into the duodenum

Portal hypertension is a potential complication of cirrhosis of the liver or alcoholic hepatitis. It causes increased pressure of the blood vessels that serve the liver, and the pressure extends upward in the GI system. One of the most lethal complications associated with portal hypertension is:

bleeding esophageal varices

This occurs when nearby cells that were not directly irradiated become changed.

bystander effect

A malignant tumor is often referred to as:

cancer

Exposure to this environmental factor increases the risk of many cancers, including lung, throat, larynx, esophagus, stomach, kidney, pancreas, liver, bladder, cervix, colon, rectum, and acute myeloid leukemia..

cigarette smoke

Reflux esophagitis can lead to a condition called "Barrett's Esophagus", which is highly linked to:

esophageal cancer

a child with osteogenesis imperfecta is at an increased risk for developing:

fractures

What is the master gland, that regulates many of the other glands throughout the body?

hypothalamus

where is free bilirubin is converted into conjugated biliribuin?

in the hepatocytes of the liver

Which nutrient is required for thyroid hormone synthesis?

iodine

What manifestation is associated with biliary atresia?

jaundice

A clot that causes blockage of the superior or inferior mesenteric artery could result in ischemia to what organ?

large intestine

Which signs and symptoms can occur if calcium levels are low following removal of the thyroid or parathyroid glands?

laryngeal spasms and hyperreflexia

A child develops dome shaped lesions on the skin of the trunk, face, and extremities that was caused by exposure to a virus. Which diagnosis is most likely?

molluscum contagiosum

Pancreatitis causes a back up of these substances, which can lead to damage to the pancreas.

pancreatic enzymes

Gastric surgeries that remove stomach tissue can reduce the number of functioning parietal cells and result in:

pernicious anemia

This type of genetic alteration has been tied to increased risk for cancer production, and involves changes in only one or a few nucleotide bases:

point mutations

Antidiuretic hormone is released from which gland?

posterior pituitary

The risk for what type of cancer increases with ingestion of arsenic?

skin