Seeley's AP 1 Final Exam Study Guide

Arrange the following events in proper sequence: (1) The activating hormone interacts with a membrane-bound receptor. (2) Cyclic AMP causes the cell to carry out a function characteristic for that specific hormone. (3) Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the transformation of ATP to cyclic AMP. (4) Adenylyl cyclase is activated. 1, 4, 3, 2

1, 4, 3, 2

There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves.

12; 31

Arrange the following list of membranes in correct sequence. (1) tectorial membrane (2) vestibular membrane (3) tympanic membrane (4) basilar membrane

3, 2, 4, 1

A water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane. Arrange the events that follow in correct sequence. (1) alpha subunit-GTP complex alters cell activity (2) GTP binds to the alpha subunit replacing GDP (3) G-protein subunits separate from the receptor (4) alpha subunit separates from other two subunits (5) G-protein subunits bind to the receptor

5, 2, 3, 4, 1

Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the decomposition of ATP?

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy

Which type of transport proteins use cell energy to move molecules across the plasma membrane?

ATP-powered pumps

Hormonal secretion can be regulated by

All of these choices are correct.

Each voltage-gated Na+ ion channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?

Both activation and inactivation gates are open.

How does the urinary system contribute to osteoporosis?

Calcium ions released from the bones are excreted.

If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's _____ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department.

Golgi apparatus

How do the lymphatic and immune systems contribute to osteoporosis?

Immune cells resist infections and release chemicals that promote tissue repair.

The _________ _________ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in _____________ ___________ touch.

Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination

Why does inhaling deeply and slowly through the nose help to identify an odor?

More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium.

Which of the following statements concerning the ankle joint is true?

Most common injuries to this joint occur because of a forceful inversion of the foot.

Which of the following occurs in the formation of mineralized bone matrix?

Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans.

How does distribution of symapthetic nerves differ from the distribution of parasymapthetic nerves?

Spinal nerves contain sympathetic fibers, while cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers.

If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur?

Temporal summation occurs.

Which of the following statements is true?

The sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division.

Which of the following statements concerning bursae is TRUE?

They are formed by an extension of the synovial membrane

What do all hormones have in common?

They bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cell.

These are blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon and run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.

Volkmann canals

Genes on the X chromosomes are

X-linked.

What is a triad?

a T tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae

Rheumatoid arthritis is

a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease.

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue would be found in

a ligament.

A series of neurons involved in long-term retention of a thought is called

a memory engram.

An eccentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing.

An antagonist is

a muscle working in opposition to another muscle.

The anterior end of the iliac crest is the Select one: a. anterior superior iliac spine. b. sacroiliac joint. c. symphysis pubis. d. iliac fossa. e. ischial tuberosity.

a. anterior superior iliac spine.

A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a Select one: a. fibrous joint. b. synovial joint. c. complex joint. d. cartilaginous joint. e. partial joint.

a. fibrous joint. (repeated question)

Which of the following is mismatched? Select one: a. microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body b. astrocytes - blood-brain barrier c. oligodendrocytes - form myelin sheaths d. ependymal cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid e. ependymal cells - choroid plexus

a. microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body

The cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm is the _____ cavity.

abdominal

The minimum amount of energy that reactants must have to start a chemical reaction is called

activation energy.

Which of the following occurs when a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor?

activation of mRNA synthesis

Which pattern of hormone secretion, represented by epinephrine, can have dramatic changes in its concentration and circulating levels?

acute hormone secretion

Which type of respiration occurs in the mitochondria?

aerobic respiration

Stretch reflexes

aid in maintaining proper posture.

The semicircular canals

allow a person to detect movement in all directions.

The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _____ waves.

alpha

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't.

an all-or-none response.

Arthritis is

an inflammation of any joint.

Phospholipids

are found in cell membranes.

The mammillary bodies

are involved in emotional responses to odors.

The abducens nerves

are involved in eye movement.

The antecubital region is the

area in front of the elbow.

How do most water-soluble hormones travel in the bloodstream?

as free hormones

A neuroglial cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the

astrocyte.

The atlantoaxial joint is between the

atlas and axis

The smallest particle of an element that still exhibits the chemical characteristics of that element is a(n)

atom.

What type of chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it?

autocrine

The hyoid bone is part of the

axial skeleton.

Arrange the following parts of the neuronal pathway for hearing in the correct sequence. (1) inferior colliculus (2) medial geniculate nucleus (3) superior olivary nucleus (4) auditory cortex (5) cochlear nucleus Select one: a. 4, 5, 3, 1, 2 b. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4 c. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 d. 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 e. 5, 4, 1, 3, 2

b. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4

Which of the following is true? Select one: a. Muscle fatigue has no influence on the force of contractions. b. A threshold stimulus will cause contraction of a muscle fiber. c. A subthreshold stimulus causes a muscle contraction. d. Motor units do not obey the "all or none" law. e. A threshold stimulus will not affect motor units.

b. A threshold stimulus will cause contraction of a muscle fiber.

In the process of tissue repair, which of the events listed below occurs last? Select one: a. The wound fills with blood and a clot forms. b. Granulation tissue develops. c. A scab forms to seal the wound. d. An inflammatory response occurs. e. Fibroblasts migrate to the area.

b. Granulation tissue develops

A genetic disease characterized by the inability to produce melanin is Select one: a. melanosomes. b. albinism. c. dermatitis. d. carotene. e. cyanosis.

b. albinism.

A genetic disease characterized by the inability to produce melanin is Select one: a. melanosomes. b. albinism. c. dermatitis. d. carotene. e. cyanosis.

b. albinism. (repeat)

What type of gene expression are the ABO blood types an example of? Select one: a. complete dominance b. codominance c. incomplete dominance d. recessiveness e. polymorphism

b. codominance

The thumb is ___ to the fifth digit (little finger). Select one: a. distal b. lateral c. medial d. proximal e. superficial

b. lateral

Consider the following five terms and determine which does NOT belong. Select one: a. medulla oblongata b. pons c. cardiac center d. pyramids e. olives

b. pons

Which of the following abdominal regions would contain the appendix? Select one: a. hypogastric b. right iliac c. right lumbar d. umbilical e. left iliac

b. right iliac

Joints are classified according to the Select one: a. bones that are united at the joint. b. structure of the joint. c. size of the joint. d. shape of the joint. e. type of fluid in the joint.

b. structure of the joint. (Repeat)

Classify a vertebra with the following characteristics: (1) superior articular processes face posteriorly (2) circular vertebral foramen (3) long spinous processes Select one: a. cervical b. thoracic c. lumbar d. sacral e. coccygeal

b. thoracic

Down Syndrome is an example of an aneuploidy called Select one: a. monosomy 21. b. trisomy 21. c. monosomy 23. d. trisomy 17. e. disomy 21.

b. trisomy 21

Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?

balance impairment

Damage to the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in loss of

balance.

Which of the following drugs would be the best choice to use in chronic asthma to dilate the bronchioles?

beta-adrenergic stimulating agents

How does the cardiovascular system contribute to osteoporosis?

blood clotting starts repair process

Which effector has no innervation with parasympathetic nerves?

blood vessels

A gland produces a watery secretion that contains solutes. The secretion also contains a substantial amount of phospholipid. The type of secretory process for this gland is probably

both merocrine and apocrine.

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus.

brachial

Which type of muscle tissue has cells that branch?

cardiac muscle

An example of a saddle joint is the

carpometacarpal joint.

Absence of a cytoskeleton might affect

cell shape

The locations where ossification begins in intramembranous ossification are known as

centers of ossification.

When the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called

central sensitization.

The type of lamellae that forms the outside surface of compact bone is

circumferential.

Proximal means

closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk.

An organic molecule such as a vitamin that makes an enzyme functional is called a/an

coenzyme.

Which type of bone has concentric lamellae?

compact bone

Lamellae are characteristic of

compact bone tissue.

Mechanoreceptors respond to

compression of receptors.

Lipid-soluble hormones can be more easily excreted once they have water-soluble molecules added to their structure in a process called

conjugation.

DNA

contains the sugar deoxyribose.

When two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS, a(n) _______ pathway is formed.

convergent

Which of the following occurs during recovery from oxygen deficit?

conversion of excess lactic acid to glucose

Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord?

corticospinal tract

Sarcoplasm is the

cytoplasm of muscle cells.

The skin discoloration most likely to result from liver disease is Select one: a. pallor. b. erythema. c. hematoma. d. jaundice. e. cyanosis.

d. jaundice.

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? Select one: a. left cerebral hemisphere - analytical hemisphere b. left cerebral hemisphere - speech area for most of the population c. right cerebral hemisphere - recognition of faces d. left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception e. left cerebral hemisphere - mathematical hemisphere

d. left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception

The main components of the plasma membrane are Select one: a. carbohydrates, ions, and lipids. b. lipids and ions. c. proteins and carbohydrates. d. proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. e. ions, lipids, and proteins.

d. proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. (repeat)

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.

The cutaneous sensory distribution of a spinal nerve can be mapped as a

dermatome.

The direction from which a sound is coming can be determined by the

differences in the time that sound waves take to reach each ear.

The movement of oxygen from the alveoli of the lungs into the bloodstream is an example of

diffusion. (repeat)

When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions

dissociate or separate from one another.

Sensory neurons carrying action potentials from pain receptors synapse within the spinal cord with interneurons. These interneurons synapse with motor neurons leading back to an effector and ascending neurons that carry action potentials toward the brain. This is an example of a(n) _____ pathway.

divergent

In order to put on a glove, the fingers are abducted by hand muscles called the

dorsal interossei.

In some forms of diabetes, an insensitivity to insulin seems to be present. This insensitivity could be the result of

down-regulation.

When a hormone binds to a membrane-bound receptor and activates G proteins, Select one: a. ion channels could be opened. b. IP3 may be activated/ c. cyclic AMP production may be increased. d. DAG may be activated. e. All of the choices may occur from activated G proteins.

e. All of the choices may occur from activated G proteins.

Which of the following movements is possible at the hip or coxal joint? Select one: a. rotation b. flexion c. adduction d. circumduction e. All of these are possible.

e. All of these are possible.

Afferent fibers terminating in the hypothalamus provide input from the Select one: a. visceral organs. b. taste receptors of the tongue. c. limbic system. d. the prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum. e. All of these choices are correct.

e. All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is false? Select one: a. Rods cannot detect color. b. The visual pigment of cones is iodopsin. c. Most of the optic tract axons terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. d. Association neurons in the inner retinal layers modify signals of rods and cones. e. Most of the optic tract axons terminate in the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

e. Most of the optic tract axons terminate in the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

Which of the following situations will lead to hyperpolarization? Select one: a. increase the permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ ions b. decrease the permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ ions c. decrease the permeability of the plasma membrane to chloride ions d. any positive ion entering the cell e. None of these situations will lead to hyperpolarization.

e. None of these situations will lead to hyperpolarization.

If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut? Select one: a. stratum corneum b. stratum basale c. dermis d. hypodermis e. all of these layers

e. all of these layers

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? Select one: a. visceroreceptors - associated with organs b. adaptation - decreased sensitivity to continued stimulus c. projection - sensation is perceived at the site of the stimulus d. proprioceptors - information about body position e. cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera

e. cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera

A bone fracture generally found in children that is incomplete is a(an) Select one: a. complicated fracture. b. hairline fracture. c. spiral fracture. d. dentate fracture. e. greenstick fracture.

e. greenstick fracture

Which of the following is NOT the correct name of an organ system? Select one: a. integumentary b. lymphatic c. cardiovascular d. muscular e. hormonal

e. hormonal

A term that means "toward the attached end of a limb" is Select one: a. medial. b. lateral. c. superficial. d. distal. e. proximal.

e. proximal.

The study of the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures is Select one: a. systemic anatomy. b. regional anatomy. c. molecular biology. d. microbiology. e. surface anatomy.

e. surface anatomy.

Gap junctions are functional __________ synapses.

electrical

Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called

electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current.

Which of the following connective tissue layers is outside all the others?

epimysium

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

epiphyseal plate

Which of the following will help cool the body?

evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

Skeletal muscles

extend from one bone to another bone.

Which abdominal wall muscle is the most superficial of the oblique muscles?

external abdominal oblique

Which of the following nerves has parasympathetic axons?

facial

The flat bones of the skull develop from

fibrous connective tissue.

The area of greatest visual acuity is the

fovea centralis.

Ringworm is an infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by a

fungus.

An organism's genetic makeup is its ____ while its physical appearance is its ___.

genotype; phenotype

The joint between the teeth and the mandibular alveolus is an example of a

gomphosis

DNA replication results in two new DNA molecules. Each of these new molecules

has one strand of nucleotides from the parent DNA and one newly synthesized strand of nucleotides.

Rapid changes in altitude can rupture the eardrum. Symptoms that may occur include

hearing impairment.

Hormones are intercellular chemical signals that

help coordinate growth, development and reproduction.

The popliteal region is the

hollow behind the knee.

What term means that both alleles are the same?

homozygous

The genotype WW is best described as

homozygous dominant.

Secretion of one hormone by the action of another hormone is control by _______ stimuli.

hormonal

If the resting membrane potential becomes more negative, which of the following has occurred?

hyperpolarization

Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to potassium. You would expect his cells to

hyperpolarize.

If a 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a solution of 3.5% NaCl would be

hypertonic to the cell.

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic fibers?

hypoglossal

A 13-year-old child exhibited retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. What part of the child's brain is most likely involved?

hypothalamus

What part of the CNS integrates thoughts and emotions to produce ANS responses?

hypothalamus

The photoreceptor cells are located

in the photoreceptive layer of the retina.

How does the digestive system contribute to osteoporosis?

inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet

When the dominant allele does not completely mask the effects of the recessive allele in the heterozygote, it is called

incomplete dominance.

A child ingested an organophosphate poison used to kill insects. Soon the child's muscles began spastic contractions. Predict what occurred at the synaptic cleft.

increased accumulation of acetylcholine in the synapse

Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic system is stimulated?

increased motility of the digestive tract

Which portion of the ear contains the sense organs for hearing and balance?

inner ear

The taste area is located in the

insula.

What back muscle originates on the vertebral spinous processes?

interspinales

You are looking at a cell with the electron microscope and you notice the following characteristics: presence of many mitochondria and lysosomes; few, if any, Golgi apparatus; and many ribosomes. Which of the following is the most likely function of that cell?

intracellular digestion

The fibrous capsule

is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum.

The limbic system

is associated with basic survival instincts of nutrition, memory, and reproduction.

When comparing the dermis with the hypodermis, the dermis

is divided into two layers; the hypodermis is not.

Thick skin

is found in areas subject to pressure or friction such as palms.

Baldness

is more common in men than in women.

Hyaluronic acid

is responsible for the lubricating properties of synovial fluid.

Once a lipid-soluble hormone is conjugated in the liver

it can be more quickly eliminated from the body.

Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called

lanugo hairs.

The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the

levator ani and coccygeus muscles.

The synovial membrane

lines the joint everywhere except over the articular cartilage.

Which chemical class of hormone is more likely to need a binding protein for transport in the blood?

lipid-soluble

Which back muscle extends the head?

longissimus capitis

A neutral atom will become a cation if it

loses electrons.

The intracellular digestive organelle of a cell is the

lysosome.

Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people?

mathematics and speech

An injury to the wrist that results in edema in the carpal tunnel would compress the

median nerve.

All of the chemical reactions within a cell are known as cell

metabolism.

Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?

moving your feet in walking

If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut

nerves.

Viagra is used to treat erectile dysfunction by prolonging the effects of _____ on blood vessels.

nitric oxide (NO)

Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called

nuclei.

The size of various regions of the primary somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the _______ sensory receptors in that area of the body.

number of

In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region

of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone

on the surface of the bone.

Closing or puckering the lips is the action of the _____ muscle.

orbicularis oris

Which type of bone cells possess extensive ER and ribosomes?

osteoblasts

Which type of bone cells possess extensive ER and ribosomes?

osteoblasts (repeat)

Which type of bone cells have ruffled borders and secrete acids?

osteoclasts

The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the

osteocyte

Which type of bone cells lie in lacunae?

osteocytes

This is the dermal layer closest to the epidermis.

papillary layer

Which of the following muscles of the chest has its insertion on the humerus?

pectoralis major

What type of covalent bond is formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis?

peptide bond

The covering of the outer surface of bone is the

periosteum.

The joint between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae is a _____ joint.

plane

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic end which is

polar and water-soluble.

When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the

power stroke.

If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the

premotor neurons.

Nucleoli

produce ribosomal subunits.

Which of the following organic groups does hemoglobin belong to?

protein

If a toxic drug inhibited mRNA synthesis, which of the following would be most directly affected?

protein synthesis

The main components of the plasma membrane are

proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers in connective tissues all contain

proteins.

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue contains

proteoglycans.

The opposite of retraction is

protraction.

Branches of the ____ nerve are anesthetized before a doctor performs an episiotomy for childbirth.

pudendal

The component of the autonomic reflex arc that detects a change in stimulus is the

receptor.

The elevated oxygen consumption relative to activity level after exercise has ended is called

recovery oxygen consumption.

The abdominal muscle that has its origin at the pubic crest and symphysis pubis is the

rectus abdominis

When an intramuscular injection is given in the anterior aspect of the thigh, the injection is in the

rectus femoris.

Hormones with short half-lives

regulate activities of rapid onset and short duration.

What is smooth muscle tone?

relatively constant tension maintained for a period of time

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

reticular layer of dermis

When rhodopsin is exposed to light,

retinal separates from opsin.

Which muscle retracts, rotates, and fixes the scapula?

rhomboideus major

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

rib

Which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory?

riding a bicycle

The portion of the hair below the surface of the skin is the

root

The portion of the hair below the surface of the skin is the

root.

Turning a structure around its longitudinal axis is called

rotation.

The muscle that is used to cross the legs is the

sartorius.

What is formed from granulation tissue?

scar

When a person sits on a hard surface for a period of time, his foot or leg may "go to sleep." This sensation is the result of compressing the _____ nerve.

sciatic

Which of the following is classified as a holocrine gland?

sebaceous gland

The endocrine system

secretes chemicals that reach their targets through the bloodstream.

The type of membrane that protects internal organs from friction is a ________ membrane.

serous

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by

short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate.

Some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air-filled spaces called

sinuses.

Which body system would be affected by degeneration of cartilage in joints?

skeletal

What type of muscle tissue has neuromuscular junctions?

skeletal muscle

Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of

smooth muscle.

If you feel someone touch you on the shoulder, the person has stimulated a(n) ____ sense.

somatic

Which of the following is NOT a means of parasympathetic innervation of effectors?

spinal nerves

The nail proper is composed of the

stratum corneum.

This epidermal stratum has several layers of cells held together by desmosomes.

stratum spinosum

Joints are classified according to the

structure of the joint.

During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?

subarachnoid space

In order to stabilize the hyoid so that the larynx can be elevated in swallowing, the _____ muscle group is used.

suprahyoid

Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ____ division of the ANS.

sympathetic

The junction of two pubic bones is the

symphysis pubis.

Which of the following is part of the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?

tectorial membrane

The cerebrum develops from the embryonic region called the

telencephalon.

Which muscle abducts and flexes the thigh?

tensor fasciae latae

Parasympathetic ganglia are called ____ ganglia.

terminal

In a syndesmosis

the bones are held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes.

Projection fibers will connect

the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and the spinal cord.

The two divisions of the ANS have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT

the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles

As an object moves closer to the eye,

the eyes rotate medially.

Increase in the distance from the eye to the near point of vision can be caused by

the lens becoming more rigid with age.

The blue color of superficial blood vessels results from

the light-scattering properties of collagen.

What is the power stroke?

the movement of myosin head while attached to actin myofilament

Increased strength of a trained muscle is due to

the nervous system's ability to recruit a large number of motor units simultaneously.

In the sympathetic division of the ANS,

the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.

Chemical synapses are characterized by

the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.

A neutral atom contains

the same number of electrons and protons.

The various types of epithelium are classified by

the shape of cells and number of cell layers.

The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is a classic example of

the stretch reflex.

Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the

thoracic and lumbar regions

Which nerve is involved when a dancer points his/her toes?

tibial

What is the permeability barrier that joins the cell membranes of adjacent cells to form a tight seal?

tight junction

Medial means

toward the middle or midline of the body

Which of the following sequences is correct?

transcription → translation → protein synthesis

The malleus, incus, and stapes

transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.

A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the

trigeminal nerve.

The symphysis pubis is between the

two pubic bones.

The brachial region is commonly known as the

upper arm.

What system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance?

urinary

Which of the following is a part of the quadriceps femoris muscle group?

vastus lateralis

Neurons synapsing on the hair cells of the maculae and the crista ampullaris have cell bodies in the

vestibular ganglion.

The pain a person experiences with acute appendicitis results from stimulating nerve endings called

visceroreceptors

An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is

vitamin D.

Osteoarthritis usually is caused by

wear and tear of the joint.

What type of cell would have an abundance of lysosomes?

white blood cell, a phagocyte

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a

canaliculus.

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a

canaliculus. (also on Midterm)

Which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side? (1) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the left side (2) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the right side (3) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side (4) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on right side (5) loss of fine motor control on the right side below the injury (6) loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury Select one: a. 1, 3, 5 b. 2, 4, 6 c. 2, 3, 6 Correct d. 1, 3, 4, 6 e. 1, 4, 5, 6

c. 2, 3, 6 (2) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the right side (3) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side (6) loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury

Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification? Select one: a. Osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts. b. A membrane of delicate collagen fibers develops. c. Cancellous bone is formed. d. Periosteum is formed. e. Many tiny trabeculae of woven bone develop.

c. Cancellous bone is formed.

Which of the following statements is false? Select one: a. Both divisions of the ANS can produce stimulatory effects. b. Both divisions cooperate to achieve normal reproductive function. c. Structures receiving dual innervation by the ANS are regulated equally by both divisions. d. The sympathetic division has more influence under conditions of physical activity than does the parasympathetic division. e. Dual innervation of organs by both divisions of the ANS is not universal.

c. Structures receiving dual innervation by the ANS are regulated equally by both divisions

Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following? Select one: a. histology b. physiology c. gross anatomy d. radiology e. cytology

c. gross anatomy (repeat)

Which of the following is NOT true of water-soluble hormones? Select one: a. can dissolve in the blood as free hormones b. large hormones need fenestrated capillaries to move out of the blood stream c. most readily diffuse through capillary walls d. rapidly degraded by proteases in the bloodstream e. some may have carbohydrates attached to give a longer half-life

c. most readily diffuse through capillary walls

Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

c. skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle is regulated by all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. the autonomic nervous system. b. neurotransmitters. c. the somatic nervous system. d. hormones. e. prostaglandins.

c. the somatic nervous system.

Voltage-gated sodium channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of

calcium ions.

Taste buds

can only perceive taste if the molecules are in solution.

Which of the following are consistent with facilitated diffusion? (1) movement is against a concentration gradient (2) movement is with a concentration gradient (3) involves a carrier molecule (4) involves cotransport (5) involves counter transport (6) exhibits competition and saturation

2, 3, 6

Which of the following is NOT associated with interphase? Select one: a. The centrioles duplicate. b. The cell grows. c. The cell does what it is designed to do. d. The cell does nothing but rest. e. The DNA replicates.

The cell does nothing but rest.

What is the girdle of glycoproteins just below the tight junction between epithelial cells?

adhesion belt

Eccrine sweat glands

aid in cooling the body.

What genetic disorder is characterized by lack of skin, hair, eye coloration?

albinism

If an albino (aa) mates with a person homozygous for normal pigment (AA),

all offspring are carriers.

A different form of an allele at a particular locus that can have no effect to major effects on the phenotype is a(n)

allelic variant.

Intermolecular forces

are electrostatic attractions between different molecules.

Chromosomes that are NOT associated with sex determination are known as Select one: a. structural genes. b. autosomes. c. genotypes. d. polygenic. e. y-linked.

autosomes.

Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,

body heat is conserved.

By reducing body temperature during hot weather, skin helps to maintain

body temperature homeostasis.

Which of the following chromosome anomalies can be found in either sex? Select one: a. Turner's Syndrome (XO) b. Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY) c. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) d. Barker's Syndrome e. They all can be found in either sex.

c. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Which of the following statements concerning the process of tissue repair is FALSE? Select one: a. In regeneration, destroyed cells are replaced by the same type of cells. b. In replacement, a new type of tissue develops that eventually results in scar production. c. Labile cells cannot be replaced by the process of regeneration. d. Stable cells do not actively replicate after growth but retain the ability to regenerate. e. Permanent cells have a limited ability to replicate.

c. Labile cells cannot be replaced by the process of regeneration.

What genetic disorder is the failure to produce clotting factors? Select one: a. albinism b. sickle-cell disease c. hemophilia d. Down syndrome e. achondroplasia

c. hemophilia

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? Select one: a. synthesis reaction −two reactants combine to form a larger product b. decomposition reaction −large reactant broken into smaller products c. oxidation −gain of electrons d. dehydration reaction −water is a product of the reaction e. hydrolysis −water is used in decomposition reaction

c. oxidation −gain of electrons

The anatomical arm refers to the part of the upper limb from the Select one: a. shoulder to the wrist. b. elbow to the wrist. c. shoulder to the elbow. d. elbow to the fingers. e. shoulder to the fingers.

c. shoulder to the elbow.

Which of the following is NOT found in the epigastric region? Select one: a. liver b. stomach c. urinary bladder d. duodenum e. large intestine

c. urinary bladder

What is a malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial tissue?

carcinoma

A gland with branching ducts that end in acini would be classified as

compound acinar.

Sodium chloride is considered a(n)

compound.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Select one: a. Secretory epithelial cells are usually cuboidal or columnar in shape. b. The movement of materials through epithelium is enhanced by simple squamous epithelium. c. Stratified epithelium is adapted for a protective role. d. Columnar epithelial cells promote diffusion. e. Cuboidal epithelium is found in areas where absorption occurs.

d. Columnar epithelial cells promote diffusion.

What genetic disorder is caused by having three chromosomes 21? Select one: a. albinism b. sickle-cell disease c. hemophilia d. Down syndrome e. achondroplasia

d. Down syndrome

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a(n) Select one: a. neurologist. b. anatomist. c. engineer. d. physiologist. e. histologist.

d. physiologist.

A mutation involving a single nucleotide is a _____ mutation. Select one: a. deletion b. duplication c. nondisjunction d. point e. aneuploidy

d. point

When more than one gene pair is involved in an inheritance pattern, it is called Select one: a. structural gene. b. autosome. c. genotype. d. polygenic. e. y-linked.

d. polygenic.

All of the following terms relate to lipids. Which does not belong with the other four? Select one: a. cholesterol b. estrogen c. steroid d. triglyceride e. bile salts

d. triglyceride

Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin? Select one: a. black b. brown c. red d. white e. auburn

d. white

Which of the following is NOT a complication of a major burn?

decreased protein demand

What is a disk-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another?

desmosomes

The movement of oxygen from the alveoli of the lungs into the bloodstream is an example of

diffusion. (also on Midterm)

Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer therapy? Select one: a. killing tissue with x-rays b. killing tissue with lasers c. surgical removal of the tissue d. use of drugs to kill cells e. use of drugs to increase the blood supply to the tumor.

e. use of drugs to increase the blood supply to the tumor.

Genes that are passed from male to male are called Select one: a. structural genes. b. autosomes. c. genotypes. d. polygenic. e. y-linked.

e. y-linked

Heat energy is

energy that flows between objects with different temperatures.

The inguinal region is commonly known as the

groin.

Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following?

gross anatomy

A tissue is a

group of cells with similar structure and function.

What term means that both alleles are different?

heterozygous

A group of water molecules are held together by

hydrogen bonds.

The stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail is the

hyponychium.

Microvilli

increase the surface area of the cell.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of age-related changes at the tissue level?

injuries heal rapidly and more completely in older people

Energy

is the capacity to do work.

A display of the chromosomes of a somatic cell during metaphase of mitosis is the

karyotype.

Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubules have extensions that increase their surface area called

microvilli.

Carbon dioxide is considered a(n)

molecule and a compound.

Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move.

move by osmosis from solution B to solution A

The mass number of an atom is the number of

neutrons plus protons in the atom.

The shoulder is _____ to the elbow. a. lateral b. dorsal c. distal d. ventral e. proximal

proximal

What genetic disorder is the inability to produce normal hemoglobin?

sickle-cell disease

Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together?

systemic

Homeostasis is defined as

the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.