SEHS Topic 11.2: Notation and analysis

5 applications of notation in physical education and sporting contexts

1. Tactical evaluation: Analysis of the tactics and strategies used in play 2. Technical evaluation: Analysis of the technique(s) chosen during play. 3. Analysis of movement: Tracking of player positions, speeds and distances covered, biomechanics, etc. 4. Development of databases and models: Tracking information over time in order to develop models of ideal play/movement which can be compared to in the future. 5. Educational use with teacher/coach and athlete: Can be used as feedback. Research shows that the more objective or quantitative the feedback, the greater effect it has on learning and performance.

How a Flowchart system can be used for match analysis in a team invasion game.

Flowcharts help athletes/coaches visualize data showing: • the player who has possession • the location (in the field of play) for a change in possession • the player who gains possession • the method of change in possession (for example, tackle or interception).

Qualitative biomechanical analysis for an individual sports technique

evaluation of technique in the performance of sports. It is based on observation and can be supplemented with visual recordings of performance

How to develop a simple notation system for team games

• scattergrams Aim is to visually represent a particular outcome of a action. • frequency tables the number of fouls committed, goals scored etc. • sequential systems The sequence of events is analyzed to determine if it leads to a particular outcome.

Cons of using technologies in sport analysis

- Coaches need training to make most effective use of interpreting data - Limited use in all situations and locations (during matches or in remote locations) - limited availability in many regions - May lead to over-reliance on objective data - Access to the technology at sub-elite level may be affected by expense - technology has the potential to malfunction - if technology overrides the umpire's original decision can lead to crowd pressure / abuse

Pros of using technologies in sport analysis

- Provides data that is not available through traditional analysis techniques - Provides data over shorter/longer timescales - Data is objective (unbiased) and accurate - Feedback is immediate - Feedback information is manageable and specifically adjusted for athletes - When used correctly can assist in ensuring the right decision is made • Processed data improves visualization and allows image comparison.

3 examples of the use of digital technology in sports analysis

1. Motion tracking and capture devices (Hawkeye, Dartfish) - Record games or practices. Import footage and identify key actions during the match through video analysis. - Quantifies performance in a consistent and reliable manner 2. Performance-analysis software (Prozone) - real-time, post-match and opposition analysis. 3. Nutrition, fitness and training analysis software (Bodybyte) - organizes and manages information associated with nutrition, training and fitness for for exercise planning.

Performance outcome model

Method of examining performance based on mechanical factors/relationships underpinning performance. This model suggests that there is a hierarchy of factors on which successful performance is based. Identifying specific factors affecting performance For example: Speed principles Force principles Coordination principles specific performance principles

Phase analysis model

Method of examining technique based on sequential movement patterns. Principles of the Phase Analysis Model: - Preparation: all of the decision movements to prepare the athlete for the skill - Retraction: Withdrawal of arm/eg in a build up up to the main action - Action: main effort of movement which contributes most to the technique - Follow through: final part of the sequence, following the main action

The reasons for using notational analysis in physical education and sports

Notational analysis = the study of movement patterns, strategy and tactics in team sports It is primarily used to inform the coaching process, and so improve athlete performance through: • providing an objective way of recording performance • quantifying performance in a consistent and reliable manner • facilitating quantitative and qualitative feedback.