SEMESTER 2 APUSH

Yellow Dog Contracts

- Companies could compel them to sign THESE agreements, which made them promise they couldn't join a labor union

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

- Congress passed, prohibited all further immigration from china - Some even tried to strip native born Chinese Americans of their citizenship.

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was often used against labor unions instead of trusts

(phrase)- The Sherman Antitrust Act went against its original intent, and started to curb labor unions that were deemed to be restraining trade - Significant because at first it didn't work, and many new trusts were being formed and labor unions were being demolished. A year later, it added that private greed should be lowered to public need

Black Lists

- Companies could put the names of agitators on THIS and circulate it among fellow employers - This shows how the giant industries talk amongst each other about the people who rebel, riot, and disobey the rules. This will ensure that the people who do that might not get another job at a different company because they are now put on these lists.

Gold vs Silver - Who wins and who loses by backing gold or silver?

(?) - The Treasury maintained that 1 ounce of Silver was worth 1/16 as much as 1 ounce of gold despite open market prices for silver being higher. The demand for the coinage of silver was a scheme to promote inflation. - Farmers would benefit from Silver backed currency because it would cause inflation and would therefore increase the price of farm-goods. Gold-backed currency limited government power and reduced the risk of economic crisis.

155,504,994 acres of Federal land given away to companies as a sweetener to encourage the growth of new railroad tracks. States threw in another 49 million acres of land, as well.

(phrase)- This refers to the large sum of land state and federal legislatures were willing to give to Railroad companies in order to encourage this large development of railroads - This is significant because it made investing in a railroad safer, as it was often a risky financial investment, and ended up giving Railroad Companies the land size equivalent to Texas

Checkboard pattern of how this land was given away to railroad companies

(phrase)- This refers to the way the land was given out in grants, using long belts of land that could use alternate square mile sections on either side of the tracks. - This is significant because Railroad Companies would have to wait to figure exactly where their rails would have to run before choosing the land, stalling the giving out of land with holding it from all other users

America goes from 35,000 miles of railroad in 1865 to 192,556 miles of railroad by 1900

(phrase)- This shows a rapid industrialization in transportation that occurs at the end of the Reconstruction Era and continues to the end of the Gilded Age - This is significant because these rail roads would encourage national unity and economic growth as well as lead to problems like corruption and bankruptcy.

"not a Chinaman's chance"

(quote) - Referred to Chinese immigrants and meant little or no chance at all - Worked for extremely low wages, faced racism and higher taxation, and prohibited from testifying in court for violence committed against them.

Samuel J. Tilden

- 25th governor of New York and was the Democratic candidate for president in the 1876 presidential election. - he supported the Union during the Civil war and helped reorganize the Democratic party. He nearly won the presidency, having beat his opponent Rutherford B Hayes in the popular vote but voting fraud took over and landed Hayes the presidency.

Jay Gould

- A Large business and rail way mogul who made money in a series of boom and bust schemes - He is significant because through stock watering and other schemes he would extort and generate a significant profit for nearly 30 years

Gospel of Wealth

- A doctrine published by Andrew Carnegie in 1889. It preached that the wealthy were only temporary agents of society's riches. "The man who dies rich, dies disgraced" - Significant because this made them somewhat responsible for the uplift of the less fortunate

The National Labor Union, 1866

- A large group that came together to challenge their powerful bosses. It represented a large bootstride by workers. It lasted 6 years and attracted 600,000 members, excluding both the Chinese, and allowed women and blacks to make small contributions - Significant because it aimed to unify workers across all trades and companies to come together and fight for proper rights amongst their bosses.

Pullman Palace Car

- A larger sleeping Car that was advertised as gorgeous traveling Hotels - They are significant because the addition of these comfort carts would then encourage personal passengers starting in the 1860s.

Lynching Memorial/The National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama

- A national memorial to remember the Blacks who were lynched - Its purpose is to focus on and acknowledge past racial terrorism and the fight for social justice in America.

Panic of 1873

- A periodic market plummet that boosted unbridled capitalist expansion. Many businessmen deluded themselves into thinking that the war-fueled economy boom would go on forever as they laid more railroads, built more factories, and increased agriculture. This was more than the peacetime economy could handle and it resulted in an economic crash - This is significant because it was the US's first "Great Depression", later called the "Long depression" because it lasted until 1878/9. This panic ultimately lead to the rise of the American Labor movement (tried to stop child labor and improve working conditions for laborers)

Lockouts

- A procedure that allowed employers to lock their doors against rebellious workers and then starve them into submission - Significant because it showed one of the many reasons how individual workers were powerless to battle a giant industry

The Bessemer Process

- A process in which the cold air blown on red hot iron causes the metal to become "white hot", which eliminates the impurities. It helped the United states produce more than 1⁄3 of the world's supply of steel - Significant because it helped them outdistance all foreign competitors in the production of steel, including Britain and Germany combines

The Westinghouse Airbrake

- A safer break that allowed a train to run more efficiently and safely - It is significant because it would make using trains for transport more favorable, thus making them more profitable to their owners and those financing them.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

- A scandal that occurred during the construction of the Union Pacific RailRoad, in which insiders created their own construction company and hired themselves at super inflated prices - This is significant because it shows the corruption of the "new Millionaires" of this time period

The first transcontinental railroad in the US was completed in 1869

- After a "wedding" of central Pacific and Union Pacific Rails the Union Pacific RailRoad was thus finished, establishing a complete Railroad across the entire United States, the Central building 698 miles, and the Union building 1086 - This is significant because it connected the entire United States from coast to Coast as well as generated immense wealth for the projects Financial Backers

Sharecropping

- Agricultural system where blacks and poor white rented land from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a share of each year's crop. - Dominant form of southern agriculture. Land owners manipulated this system to keep tenants in debt and unable to leave their plantations.

The Compromise of 1877

- An informal and unwritten agreement that settled the heavily disputed election of 1876, ending in Hayes winning the presidency. - This is significant because it settled the election and landed a Republican the presidency. It also ended the Reconstruction era and lessened the desires of many Republicans to send money and "enlisted sons" to support southern state governments.

Presidential Election of 1892

- Definition: Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison both ran for a second term. Benjamin loses and Cleveland wins - Significance: Cleveland was the first Democrat to ever be nominated three times in a row. Cleveland makes a comeback and wins against Harrison

Presidential Election of 1888

- Definition: Cleveland was nominated by the Democrats and Harrison (Grandson of William Henry Harrison) was nominated by the Republicans. The Tariff was the main issue during this time. Benjamin Harrison wins - Significance: Politics of alliances with bug business raised around 3 million dollars that was used to corrupt voting, like buying votes in Indians. A change of 700 votes in NY would have changed the outcome

Mugwumps

- Definition: Reformers who had liberal social view but when conservative views when it came to economic issues - Significance: Came from Republicans not wanting to support James G Blaine which lead to Republicans supporting Glover Cleveland who was the Democratic presidential candidate

The Grange

- Definition: organized agrarian group (Patrons of Husbandry) - It was a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area to work for their political and economic advantages - Historical Significance: As a result of the economic depression in the 1870s farmers were pressured by groups like the grange

The American Federation of Labor, 1886

- Elitist association made up of self governing national unions. Essentially a union of unions with a unifying strategy employed by all - However, although a more effective union, it was not as inclusive, barring blacks and women, and only taking skilled laborers. Unions became more widely accepted although still protested by business owners and corporations.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890

- Forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without any distinction between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts - prohibited activities that restrict interstate commerce and competition in the marketplace - Significant because it was extremely ineffective as it contained numerous legal loopholes through which smart corporation lawyers could squeeze through.

"Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt

- Former Steamboat Millionaire, he was the man founder of Vanderbilt University - He is significant because he would come up with the idea to expand the older Eastern Railroads, such as the New York Central, further connecting the East and generating millions.

The 14th Amendment of the Constitution used to protect corporations as a legal "person"

- Giant trusts had sought refuge behind the 14th amendment and courts interpreted it as the corporations could not be deprived of its property by a state without "due process of law" - Significant because many big corporations decided to take advantage of this and incorporate their businesses in "easy states". EX: Southern Pacific Railroad was mostly tracked in California, btu incorporated in Kentucky as Kentucky was an "easy state"

The Closed Shop

- Gompers proposed that agreements contain clauses stipulating that employers hire only union members and that any employee should be required to pay union dues. - Af of L thus fell short of being able to be representative of all workers, sometimes leaving women and blacks to fend for themselves

Presidential Election of 1868

- Grant was the Republican candidate who obliterated the Democratic candidate, Horatio Seymour (214 to 80 electoral votes) - Because Grant barely won the popular vote though, Republicans felt the need that in order to stay in power, they would have to continue to control the South and they wouldn't take future victories "for Granted"

Leland Stanford

- HE was a chief financial backer of the Union Pacific RailRoad and one of the so called "Big Four" - He was significant because he became insanely wealthy but surprisingly stayed out of bribing congressmen

Garfield's was assassinated and succeeded by Arthur

- HE was shot by a mentally deranged office seeker. The murdered stated that he's not guilty and used "insanity defense"; however, he was found guilty of murder and hanged. - HE (who took over) was known for his nepotism towards his friends and fondness for wines and elegant clothing. But he surprised his critics by prosecuting several fraud cases.

Thomas Nast

- He was a gifted cartoonist who exposed Tweed even after he was bribed not to do so. - This ultimately led to Samuel J. Tilden putting Tweed behind bars, where he would spend the rest of his life and eventually die.

James Buchanan Duke

- He was the founder of the American Tobacco Company and is the name behind Duke University - Significant because he was behind trying to coax the agricultural South out of the fields and into factories, but it really didn't work. This became a large industry because now factories were able to produce machine made cigarettes.

Social Darwinism

- Idea created by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner. Theorists argued that individuals won their stations in life by competing on the basis of natural talents. - Believed that the rich had simply demonstrated better abilities than the poor - Significant because they believed that millionaires were a part of "survival of the fittest" and they were the fittest among the rest of the population.

The Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Northern Pacific Railroads

- In order to create a Railroad between California and the rest of the Union during the civil war, the Union Pacific RailRoad was commissioned with the Union Pacific company working on the parts of Nebraska mostly employing Irish workers and areas near California being built by the Central Pacific Railroad mostly employing Chinese immigrants. The Northern Pacific Railroad was a Northern Rail road stretching from Lake superior to Puget sound. - This is significant because it would lead to creation of a Northern Transcontinental Railroad that had been cut off due to the South's secession as well as tie the wealth of golden California to the union.

The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, 1883

- It made mandatory contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the Civil Service - Commission to make appointments to federal jobs. It bred unintended problems. "Bosses" emerged. - It divorced politics from funding but helped drive politicians into "marriages of convenience" with business leaders

Presidential Election of 1884

- James G Blaine - republican. Many republicans gagged on his candidacy. They publicized "Mulligan letters'', written by Blaine to a businessman about a corrupt deal. Ending with "burn this letter". - Grover Cleveland - democrat. People were shocked to find out he was involved in an affair with a widow, and providing financial aid for her son. - Blaine stayed silent and Cleveland won the presidency.

Presidential Election of 1880

- James Garfield - dark horse candidate for republican party. His vice pres - Chester A. Arthur VS. democratic candidate and civil war hero, Winfield Scott Hancock. - James Garfield won. He was energetic and able. But he was shot during a political conflict in the back. Arthur succeeded him.

Near extinction of the American bison population

- Large increases in paired with a large demand for land in settling the west lead to a dramatic decrease in the Bison Population in the 19 Century - This is significant because it shows the Ecological Imperialism taking place as well as the high demand for development even at the cost of extinction.

Presidential Election of 1872

- Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley as their candidate (he had notoriously unsound political judgements) and he went up against Grant and lost due to rampant mudslinging. - This is significant because it ended in the removal of political disabilities from all but 500 Confederate leaders.

Haymarket Square Riot, 1886

- May Day strikes in 1866 led to the Haymarket Square episode, in which a bomb was thrown into an already frenzied crowd that was riled up by alleged brutality from the authorities - The Knights were falsely accused of association with those anarchists and subsequently deteriorated

Credit Mobilier Scandal

- One of several scandals occurring during Grant's presidency, a construction company hired themselves at inflated prices to earn higher dividends. - This is significant because among many other scandals, fraudulent behavior in the government and businesses was becoming more common.

Patronage

- Patronage was the distributing of jobs "by the bucketload" in exchange for votes, payment, and party service.The government would give jobs to those who helped win the presidential election, even if the newly employed were not qualified for the job; see spoils system - This is significant because many people given jobs were not qualified to perform the tasks required and used their position for personal gain.

Waving the bloody shirt, Vote as you shot

- Prominent slogans for Grant's presidential campaign - "Waving the bloody shirt" revived glory memories from the Civil War and "Vote as you shot" was directed at Union army veterans

Presidential Election of 1876

- Republican Candidate Rutherford B Hayes and Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden that resulted in voter fraud and Hayes winning the presidency. - This is significant because voter fraud was rampant and according to the votes of the electoral college and the people, Tilden would have become president.

Stalwarts and Half-Breeds

- S________ were a faction of the Republican party that embraced patronage. H_______ were another faction of the Republican Party that didn't support patronage. These are significant because they somewhat promoted infighting amidst the Republican party in the 1870s and 80s.

Mother Jones

- She was an organizer for the Knights in Illinois coalfields - Significant because she was a leading example of the inclusivity of this union

Jim Crow Laws

- State-level legalized segregation - The law sought to prevent racial mixing in public (restaurants, theatres, transportation) by violence and intimidation (literacy requirements, voter registration, poll taxes) towards blacks.

Plessy vs Ferguson, 1896, and its "separate but equal" doctrine

- The Supreme court validated the south segregationist. Said that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause of the 14th amendment - In reality, the quality of blacks life was grotesque. Assaulted daily, reminded of second class status.

Boss Tweed of New York City

- The Tweed Ring, in which Boss Tweed used bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to steal close to $200 million dollars from NYC. Finally, the New York Times found hard evidence of his dealings and posted it, and he was publicly scorned. - Displayed the lack of ethics typical of the age

Samuel Gompers

- The creator of the American Federation of Labor - He wanted better wages, hours, conditions, etc. so he closed shop on all union labor and pooled money for more effective protests and strikes

Roscoe Conkling and James G. Blaine

- These were the leaders of the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds factions of the Republican party. Conkling greatly supported patronage and Blaine notoriously did not. - They are significant because although they strongly disagreed with the others view they only succeeded in stalemating each other and ended up deadlocking their party.

Fisk and Gould's attempt to corner the market on gold, 1869

- They madly bid the price of gold, hoping to profit off its heightened value, but when Grant released treasury gold, the value severely decreased - When the prices of gold plunged, the scores of the honest businessmen were negatively affected

Resumption Act of 1875 and "Hard Money"

- This act pledged the government to further withdraw greenbacks (US dollars printed to finance the Civil War) from circulation and the redemption of all paper currency in gold at face value. Hard Money opponents wanted paper money redeemed and wanted to resume with a specific currency. - This is significant because it reversed inflationary government policies that had been promoted after the war.

J.P. Morgan; interlocking directorates

- This term is coined by THIS MAN and states that rival enterprises would come together in harmony by placing officers of his own banking system on their various boards of directors. - He had the largest reputation in Wall Street banking as he had financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks

Lynchings

- To kill, usually by hanging, without a legal trial. - Done to Blacks for the "crime" of asserting themselves as equals.

The Knights of Labor, 1869

- was an American labor federation that began as a secret society in 1869 - They wanted to include all workers in one big union and they stated "an injury to one is a concern to all". The only people they didn't want in their union was the Chinese and they played leading roles in many anti-Chinese riots

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

A group led by Frances E. Willard, who protested for the banning of alcohol. It was significant as they believed it would increase safety for women and children.

Mail-Order businesses

A retail business is done by mail They displaced the rural "general store" in the end of the nineteenth century

Dumbbell Tenements

A tenement building that was typically seven or eight stories high with shallow, sunless and ill smelling air shafts proving minimal ventilation. Significance: After the creation of Dumbbell tenements, cities seems to grow more crowded, more filthy and more rat- infested

Created the telephone

Alexander Graham Bell

The Importance of skyscrapers

Allowed more people and workplaces to be on one piece of land Louis Sullivan contribute to the development of skyscrapers through the idea of form follows function

known as the steel guy

Andrew Carnegie

Over 1700 Carnegie Libraries

Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish man who donated 60 million dollars to help build 1700 libraries all over America. These libraries helped the poor people who could not afford college to get an education.

Thomas Alva Edison

Definition: boy who had been considered so dull whited that he was taken out of school, deverly deaf was not a scientist but a gifted tinkerer and tireless workers Historical Significance: invented the phonograph, the mimeograph, the dictaphone, and the moving picture, in 1879 invented the electric lightbulb

"Free passes" on railroads used to coerce people to support various railroad companies

Definition: coerced people to support various companies Historical Significance: increased stocks in the companies that were giving out free passes, helped beat out competitors

The Wabash Supreme Court Decision, 1886, and its ruling about interstate commerce

Definition: decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce Historical Significance: led to the passing of the Interstate Commerce Act

Short haul vs. the long haul and charging farmers higher rates to ship their goods

Definition: low rates for made for long hauls of farm products Historical Significance: gave cheap food to eastern industrial centers and gave the railroads long hauls back on manufactured products

The Interstate Commerce Act, 1887, and the formation of the Interstate Commerce Commission

Definition: prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates openly and forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line Historical Significance: set up the interstate commerce commission to administer and enforce new legislation

The refrigerated railroad car

Definition: refrigerated travel mechanism Historical Significance: sped up urbanization, allowed for widespread shipment of perishable food products

Minnesota's Mesabi Range

Definition: shipping system through the great lakes carried rich iron ore to cleveland for refining Historical Significance: innovations in transportation fueled growth by bringing the nations abundant natural resources like coal, oil, and iron to the factories

The invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876

Definition: telephone invented in 1876 by Alexander Bell suddenly turned the US into a nation of "telephonics" as gigantic communications network was built of his invention Historical Significance: lured "number please" women away from the stove to the switchboard and telephone boys were at first employed as operators but their profanity shocked matrons

"Pooling" of railroad companies to appear to be offering different prices

Definition: the agreement between railroads to divide competitive business sometimes by dividing traffic usually bu diving income Historical Significance: Chicago-Omaha pool divided business among 3 carriers

John D. Rockefeller, Horizontal Integration, and Standard Oil Company

Definition: the oil baron Historical Significance: horizontal integration was the largest oil refinery in the world

Andrew Carnegie, Steel, and Vertical Integration

Definition: the steel king Historical Significance: bought railroad companies and iron mines, if he owned the rails and mines he could reduce his costs and produce cheaper steel making steel a multi-milliondollar corporation

The Morrill Act of 1862 and land grant colleges

This granted public land to states in order for more colleges to be founded. These colleges allowed blacks to be able to get a college education.

"Old Immigrants"

European immigrants, (from mainly Ireland, Germany, and England) and Chinese were adjusted to the American life and adapting to either the farm communities or urban communities Significance: They were largely accepted as "American" by natives borns even though they were still lived, work and worshiped among their own

Statue of Liberty, 1886

This is a statue in New York harbor, that was given to America by France. This statue greeted immigrants as they came to America through New York. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore."

William James and Pragmatism

He was an American philosopher and psychologist who was famous for his work on Pragmatism. Pragmatism said that an idea needed to be tested with it's practical consequences in mind. This means that new things should have their practical effects on things tested, which means that things that won't harm people practically will be made.

Charles Darwin and his On the Origin of Species- 1859

He was an English naturalist who wrote this book about evolution by the process of Natural Selection. This is significant because it goes against the telling of the church.

George Washington Carver

He was an agricultural chemist and someone who was born a slave, who taught at Booker's Tuskegee Institute. He found many new uses for peanuts which made him famous. His discoveries helped to boost the south's economy and make them more money.

Booker T. Washington and his Tuskegee Institute, Useful Trades

He was an ex-slave who headed the black school called the Tuskegee Institute. He taught many black people, who did not have much chance for schooling, how to do Useful Trades that would help them in their life.

"Birds of Passage"

Immigrants who came without the intention of becoming American or permanently living in America. Came with the intention of making money and then returning home with the money made. 25% of the 20 million people who immigrated to America from 1820 to 1900 were Immigrants who came to make money and then return home

"New Immigrants"

Immigrated from 1880-1924. Contrasting from the western Europeans who were immigrating before. Significance: They congregated in Ethinic area because they worried about the Native born American who had anti immigrant campaigns. There were native borns who introduced urban reforms to help immigrants assimilate

Urban sanitation problems

Impure water issues, droppings from animals, horse manure and urine being put on the streets in these cities and criminals flourishing Significance: Most sanitary facilities could not keep up with the rapid development of cities

known as the oil guy

John D Rockefeller

American Protective Association- 1887

This was an Association built on the ideas of Nativism. This Association tried to get people to vote against Roman Catholics for offices, and to try to keep America Anglo-Saxon. This Association helped to make anti-immigration laws be passed.

Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister

Pasteur was a French scientist, and Lister was an English Physician, who worked to make new medical discoveries. Their discoveries helped to improve the American's public health.

Political Machines

Politician organization that helped to get immigrants votes by promising municipal jobs, housing, and rudimentary social services. Significance: Criticized for being breeding corruption, their supporters though they were rendering valuable social services

Jane Addams and Hull House

She was an American woman who founded the settlement house at Hull Mansion called Hull House. Jane Addams was anti-war and looked like a saint in the eyes of many. The Hull House Addams founded helped many immigrants learn to cope with life in America.

Ida B. Wells and her fight against lynching

She wrote a pamphlet in 1892 that influenced Blacks to stand up against whites. She famously said that "a Winchester rifle should have a place of honor in every black home," which meant that all black homes should proudly keep a gun to protect themselves. This movement by Wells was the beginning of Civil Rights post reconstruction.

The 18th Amendment prohibiting alcohol was passed in 1919

The 18th amendment banned the sales and consumption of alcohol in the United States. This is significant because most of the country continued to sell alcohol through bootlegging or other secret methods, and this came as a result, in part, to the WCTU.

Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, and Yellow Journalism

These were two competing newspaper writers that were heavily influential. He, a future congressman, was given the name of Yellow journalism as it was used to describe the coloring of his comic characters, such as the yellow boy.

Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Ward

They were two of the large Mail Order Business during the time

tobacco guy

james buchanan duke (definition)

W. E. B. Du Bois

the first black man to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard, helped to found the NAACP, "talented tenth": He wanted equality for black people which led him to found the NAACP. He was one of the first people to take action to try to get equal rights for black people in America.