Sensation & Perception Exam 3 Study Guide

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are accurate statements about binocular disparity?

---Binocular disparity takes place because our two eyes are in different locations in our head. ---Binocular disparity happens because each of our eyes has a slightly different view of the world. ---Binocular disparity involves corresponding and noncorresponding points.

_______ describes an individual with no rods of any type?

A cone monochromat

_______ describes an individual with no cones of any type.

A rod monochromat

_______ is a common childhood disorder that can continue into adulthood and has symptoms such as difficulty focusing attention, as well as problems with controlling behavior.

ADHD

What is the difference between additive and subtractive color mixing?

Additive color mixing is what happens when we mix lights of different colors, whereas subtractive color mixing occurs when we mix paints or other colored materials.

What is the term for an inability to name objects or colors despite being able to see and recognize them?

Anomia

Why is perceived motion in the rotating snakes illusion considered an illusion?

Because the image is actually static; there is no motion

If a video game labels friendly characters as green and enemy characters as red, who might have a hard time seeing the difference between friendly and enemy characters?

Both deuteranopes and protonopes

What is the name of the neurological condition caused by damage to both the left and right posterior parietal lobes, which results in a limited ability to localize objects in space?

Bálint's syndrome

According to the principle of univariance, which genetic difference in color vision would cause someone to be truly color-blind?

Cone monochromat

The way the visual system knows if an object seen at time 1 is the same object at time 2 is known as the ______.

Correspondence problem

Loss of color vision caused by damage to the occipital lobe is known as ______.

Cortical achromatopsia

A(n) _______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones.

Deuteranope

Which color is "illegal" for our visual systems?

Greenish red

After an accident that caused neurological damage, Nahia could not attend to stimuli on the left side of her visual world. This is an example of ______.

Hemifield neglect

What is the term for the light that shines onto a surface?

Illuminant

_______ refers to the failure to notice—or at least to report—a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended.

Inattentional blindness

This image is known as a ______ and it serves to determine if a person is ______.

Ishihara plate; color deficient

Which of the following is an argument from the textbook about the usefulness of color vision?

It helps animals find food and mates.

Which of the following is not a basic color term?

Light blue

Drew, Võ, and Wolfe (2013) used expert radiologists as their test participants. The stimuli were CT scans taken to determine if patients had dangerous nodules on their lungs. What happened in the study? Group of answer choices

More than 80% of the radiologists failed to detect the image of a gorilla in the CT scan.

What is the name for the neural system, located primarily in the parietal lobe, that allows us to engage in visual search and direct our visual attention to different locations in visual space?

Orienting attention network.

The region of small disparity around the horopter where the two images can be united into a single perception is known as ______.

Panum's area of fusion

Neural circuits that enable the determination of direction and speed of motion by delaying input from one receptive field, to determine speed, to match the input of another receptive field, to determine direction, are known as ______.

Reichardt detectors

Which genetic difference in color vision would cause someone to see the most color metamers when doing a color-matching experiment?

Rod monochromatism

Which of the following is the least common of the cones that are found in the retinae?

S- cone

Suppose a new ethnic group is discovered and their language only has four color words. Which color is least likely to be one of the color terms in that language?

Tan

Which of the following is TRUE about rod monochromats?

They see the world only in black, white, and grays.

People with protanopia and deuteranopia are both considered red-green color-deficient.

True

Simultagnosia is ______.

a deficit in perceiving more than one object at a time

According to Treisman's feature integration theory,

a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively.

The cone of confusion is ______.

a region of positions in space in which sounds create the same interaural time and interaural level differences

_______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system.

achromatopsia

The area on the side of the head opposite from the source of a sound hears less loudness because of blocked sound waves. This area is called the ______.

acoustic shadow

When adding colors, blue and yellow create white through _______ color mixing and create green through _______ color mixing.

additive; subtractive

The principle of univariance refers to the fact that

an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor.

The blueish tinge in the upper portion of the photograph below is indicative of which depth cue?

atmospheric perspective

In the Posner cueing paradigm, participants attend to cues that indicate to which side a light will occur. However, the participant must maintain fixation at the central point. The goal of this study is to determine if ______.

attention can be covert, or directed to a location other than where the person is looking

The _______ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a rapid stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented.

attentional blink

As Jules stares at the group of baseball players, his attention is drawn toward the one player not wearing a uniform. This is an example of ______.

attentional capture

The _______ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (e.g., color, orientation, motion), which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (e.g., blue, horizontal, moving to the left).

binding

Which of the following correctly lists the color-opponent pairs coded by the visual system?

blue vs. yellow; red vs. green; black vs. white

Which of the following is a related color?

brown

Peter is shown a photograph of a man standing in a garden holding an orange. He is then shown an identical photograph, except that the man is holding an apple, not an orange. Peter does not detect a difference. This type of experiment demonstrates which phenomenon?

change blindness

The difficulty we experience in detecting differences between two visual stimuli that are identical except for one or more changes to the image is known as ______.

change blindness

The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as

color constancy

The distribution of wavelengths in sunlight changes across the day. Evening light has more long-wavelength light than light earlier in the day. This means ______.

color constancy must correct for the change in the distribution of light

A _______ search is a search for a target that is defined by the combination of two or more attributes (e.g., a big and yellow target among big blue and small yellow distractors).

conjunction

In a probe detection experiment, an invalid cue is a

cue that signals the wrong location of the target.

As we watch an object move relative to another object, we judge the object that disappears, known as ______, and reappears, known as ______.

deletion; accretion

In visual search studies, a _______ is any stimulus other than the target.

distractor

At a library circulation desk, Daniela checks out materials while answering the telephone. This example shows ______.

divided attention

The process of attending to multiple sources of information is known as ______.

divided attention

In directing attention, an _______ cue is located in or near the current location of attention.

endogenous

A metamer is a psychophysical color contrast between two patches of light that have identical sets of wavelengths but are perceived as different colors due to their surroundings.

false

Heinrich knows that a vase is much smaller than a statue. However, because the vase appears larger, Heinrich knows it must be closer. Heinrich is using ______.

familiar size

In a _______ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation.

feature search

White light, consisting of many wavelengths, is known as ______, whereas light consisting of one wavelength is known as ______.

heterochromatic; monochromatic

In this color circle, what dimension of color is represented by the perimeter of the circle?

hue

Hurvich and Jameson (1957) developed an experiment in which observers cancel out the perception of a particular color by adding light of the opponent color. This procedure is known as ______.

hue cancellation

Where are disparity-tuned cells found in the visual cortex?

in both the ventral and dorsal pathways

One of the hypotheses to explain why blindsight occurs is ______.

intact pathways to the superior colliculus allow patients to respond to visual stimuli

The time interval between when a sound enters one ear and when it enters the other ear is known as the ______.

interaural time difference

Which of these depth cues is prominent in the photograph below?

linear perspective

Which of the following is not a unique hue?

magenta

_______ are different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical.

metamers

Francois is a passenger in a car moving at 65 miles per hour down the highway. When Francois looks out the windows, nearby objects will appear to rush by him in the opposite direction, but objects farther way appear to move more slowly relative to the car. Which depth cue is this associated with?

motion parallax

Simons and Chabris (1999) asked participants to watch a video that shows three people wearing white T-shirts, passing a basketball, and three people wearing black T-shirts, passing another basketball. They found that ______.

nearly half of the participants failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit walking through the scene

(full house & half drawn house (left side blank but right side drawn) This figure depicts what can happen when a patient with _______ tries to copy a drawing.

neglect

MT, also known as V5, is an area in the ______.

occipital lobe in the dorsal pathway, specific to motion detection and perception

What theory proposes that all colors on the color circle can be represented by the following pairs of opposing mechanisms: blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white?

opponent-process theory of color vision

As Sonya moves forward in a field, the cow in front of her appears larger. Sonya is using a motion depth cue called ______.

optic flow

In the Posner cueing paradigm, the participant maintains fixation at the central point. Cues indicate whether the target will appear on the left or the right. In most trials, the cue is valid; that is, the target appears on the indicated side. But in some trials, the cue is invalid; that is, the target appears on the opposite side of the cue. The experimenters measure the reaction time to indicate that the target is present. The results show that ______.

participants are relatively faster when the cue is valid

In akinetopsia, ______.

patients' perception resembles a series of still photographs moving one to the next

We have lower motion thresholds in the ______ than in the ______.

periphery; fovea

_______ stage processing of a stimulus occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus.

preattentive

Two conditions lead to a red-green deficiency. One is ______, or a lack of L-cones, while the other is ______, or a lack of M-cones.

protanopia; deuteranopia

_______ refers to the vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbors.

salience

On a train, Federico focuses on reading a novel while other people are talking and the conductor collects fares. This example shows ______.

selective attention

The processes of attention that allow us to focus on one source when many are present are known as ______.

selective attention

A _______ search proceeds from item to item, ending when the target is found.

serial self-terminating

There is evidence to suggest that video game players ______.

show reduced attentional blink

Blue objects absorb most wavelengths but reflect light at about 450 nm. This phenomenon relates to ______.

spectral reflectance

SOA refers to

stimulus onset asynchrony

When a particularly odd image or striking sound captures our attention, that image or sound is said to have ______.

stimulus salience

Mixing paints to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing, while shining lights to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing.

subtractive; additive

A phenomenon whereby an intensely lit black object appears to be gray or white in a homogeneously dark space is known as ______.

the Gelb effect

The azimuth refers to ______.

the left-right or side-to-side aspect of sound localization

In the furrow illusion, when the image is set in motion, the yellow circles move from left to right or right to left across the large gray and white circle. But when a person focuses on the top yellow circle ______.

the lower yellow circle appears to zigzag back and forth as it heads across the screen

What are the two thresholds in perceiving motion at any given point along the retina?

the thresholds for the slowest motion detectable and the fastest motion detectable

What primarily differentiates the three types of cone photoreceptors in the retina?

the wavelength of light they are sensitive to

How many lights (of the correct type) are required to match any color that humans can see?

three

A(n) _______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S-cones.

tritanope

Additive color mixing is the creation of a new color by a process that adds one set of wavelengths to another set of wavelengths.

true

Cone-opponent cells are found in the lateral-geniculate nucleus, but color-opponent cells are found in V1 of the cerebral cortex.

true

MT or V5 is an area of the occipital lobe in the dorsal pathway, specific to motion detection and perception.

true

Spectral reflectance is the ratio of light reflected by an object at each wavelength.

true

When a person walks behind a boundary, we call it deletion, and when the person emerges again, we call it accretion.

true

When a person is visually fixated on a particular object, items beyond that object will have ______.

uncrossed disparity

Akil moves a chair from 20 m away to 10 m away, thereby increasing its ______.

visual angle