sensation and perception schoology

The coiled, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the a. semicircular canal. b. cochlea. c. auditory canal. d. eustachian tube. e. vestibular apparatus.

b. cochlea.

Which of the following types of cells are located in the brain's occipital lobe? a. bipolar cells b. feature detectors c. cochlea cells d. rods and cones e. hair cells

b. feature detectors

Which theory suggests that large-fiber activity in the spinal cord can prevent pain signals from reaching the brain? a. signal detection theory b. gate-control theory c. parallel processing d. opponent-process theory e. frequency theory

b. gate-control theory

If the just-noticeable difference for a 10-ounce weight is 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ________ ounce(s). a. 2 b. 4 c. 8 d. 1 e. 10

c. 8

Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts? a. psychoanalysts b. evolutionary psychologists c. parapsychologists d. Gestalt psychologists e. behaviorists

d. Gestalt psychologists

Taste and smell are both what kind of senses? a. kinesthetic b. chemical c. energy d. vestibular e. perceptual

b. chemical

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ________ theory. a. Young-Helmholtz b. signal detection c. opponent-process d. gate-control e. frequency

a. Young-Helmholtz

Mr. Logwood's eyewitness perceptions of a car accident were influenced by his inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences, his learned schemas, and by other eyewitnesses' reactions to the car accident. An integrated understanding of Mr. Logwood's perceptions of the accident is most clearly provided by a. a biopsychosocial approach. b. the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory. c. perceptual constancy. d. gate-control theory. e. parapsychology.

a. a biopsychosocial approach.

Jamal claims that his special psychic powers enable him to perceive exactly where the body of a recent murder victim is secretly buried. Jamal is claiming to possess the power of a. clairvoyance. b. psychokinesis. c. telepathy. d. transduction. e. precognition.

a. clairvoyance.

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light? a. cones b. feature detectors c. bipolar cells d. optic nerves e. rods

a. cones

Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye? a. cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina b. pupil, cornea, retina, lens, optic nerve c. pupil, optic nerve, retina, lens, rods d. lens, cornea, pupil, retina, iris e. retina, lens, cornea, rods, cones

a. cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________. a. detection; interpretation b. interpretation; organization c. threshold; transduction d. organization; accommodation e. encoding; detection

a. detection; interpretation

Some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee. This best illustrates the importance of a. difference thresholds. b. the vestibular sense. c. parallel processing. d. sensory adaptation. e. subliminal stimulation.

a. difference thresholds.

To those throwing a very heavy rather than a light object at a target, the target is likely to be perceived as a. farther away. b. softer. c. slower moving. d. more difficult. e. larger.

a. farther away.

The convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as a. linear perspective. b. closure. c. relative height. d. interposition. e. continuity.

a. linear perspective.

A perceptual set is a. mental predisposition that influences what we perceive. b. conditioned response to a perceived event. c. readiness to perceive an object in an unfairly negative fashion. d. tendency to fill in gaps to perceive a complete, whole object. e. tendency to view objects higher in our field of vision as closer.

a. mental predisposition that influences what we perceive.

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the a. middle ear. b. vestibular sacs. c. cochlea. d. inner ear. e. semicircular canals.

a. middle ear.

Rods are a. more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones. b. more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones. c. less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones. d. less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones. e. more frequency sensitive and less amplitude sensitive.

a. more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.

The sense of smell is known as a. olfaction. b. the gustatory sense. c. transduction. d. the vestibular sense. e. subliminal stimulation.

a. olfaction.

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of a. perceptual adaptation. b. retinal disparity. c. shape constancy. d. perceptual set. e. binocular cues.

a. perceptual adaptation.

The volley principle is most directly relevant to our perception of a. pitch. b. temperature. c. pain. d. color. e. brightness.

a. pitch.

membrane supports the ________ theory. a. place b. gate-control c. frequency d. opponent-process e. Young-Helmholtz

a. place

Alex tickles his brother by stroking adjacent ________ spots on his skin. a. pressure b. warmth c. kinesthesis d. pain e. cold

a. pressure

Accommodation refers to the a. process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina. b. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. c. process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages. d. system for sensing the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints. e. quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.

a. process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.

Distant trees were located closer to the top of the artist's canvas than were the nearby flowers. The artist was clearly using the distance cue known as a. relative height. b. interposition. c. linear perspective. d. light and shadow. e. relative size.

a. relative height.

The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called a. rods and cones. b. feature detectors. c. bipolar cells. d. opponent processors. e. ganglion cells.

a. rods and cones.

During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of a. sensory interaction. b. kinesthesis. c. serial processing. d. sensory adaptation. e. accommodation.

a. sensory interaction.

Although textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of a. shape constancy. b. size constancy. c. binocular cues. d. linear perspective. e. interposition.

a. shape constancy.

When you are expecting an incoming text message, you are much more likely to notice it the second it arrives. This best illustrates a. signal detection theory. b. absolute thresholds. c. Weber's law. d. difference thresholds. e. priming.

a. signal detection theory.

The quick succession of briefly flashed images in a motion picture produces a. stroboscopic movement. b. retinal disparity. c. linear perspective. d. frequency theory. e. the Ponzo illusion.

a. stroboscopic movement.

Parapsychology refers to the a. study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis. b. study of the phi phenomenon. c. direct transduction of energy into neural impulses. d. direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another. e. study of perceptual illusions.

a. study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis.

Supercell clusters are a. teams of cells that fire in response to complex patterns, such as the human face. b. located in the spinal cord and conduct most pain signals to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe. c. combined messages from the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs in the inner ear that monitor head position and movement. d. photoreceptor cells, located in the retina, that combine to send information to the visual cortex. e. connected to hair cells located along the basilar membrane in the inner ear.

a. teams of cells that fire in response to complex patterns, such as the human face.

If we see a speaker mouthing day while actually hearing someone else saying may, we may perceive a third syllable bay that blends both inputs. This phenomenon is known as a. the McGurk effect. b. sensory adaptation. c. accommodation. d. blindsight. e. prosopagnosia.

a. the McGurk effect.

The sequentially flashing Christmas tree lights appeared to generate pulsating waves of motion. This best illustrates a. the phi phenomenon. b. relative motion. c. retinal disparity. d. perceptual adaptation. e. frequency theory.

a. the phi phenomenon.

The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to a. the vestibular sense. b. hearing. c. kinesthesis. d. parallel processing. e. accommodation.

a. the vestibular sense.

Current research suggests that a. both the Young-Helmholtz and the opponent-process theories are b. both the trichromatic and opponent-process theories are valid in explaining color vision. c. the Young-Helmholtz theory best explains how we experience color. d. opponent-process theory is the most comprehensive theory for explaining color vision. e. frequency theory shows promise in explaining how we experience color vision.

b. both the trichromatic and opponent-process theories are valid in explaining color vision.

The amplitude of electromagnetic waves determines the ________ of light. a. hue b. brightness c. wavelength d. difference threshold e. absolute threshold

b. brightness

The greatest difficulty facing contemporary parapsychology is the a. challenges to the ethics of most ESP experiments using human subjects. b. lack of a reproducible ESP phenomenon. c. inability to subject claims of ESP to scientific testing. d. willingness of many experts to accept fraudulent evidence. e. difficulty of persuading many ordinary people that there really is such a thing as ESP.

b. lack of a reproducible ESP phenomenon.

If we see two of the same object but one of them appears to be dimmer, we will interpret the dimmer object as farther away. What is this monocular cue for depth called? a. continuity b. light and shadow c. proximity d. interposition e. color constancy

b. light and shadow

If you burn your finger, ________ transmit pain-triggering signals to your central nervous system. a. ganglion cells b. nociceptors c. vestibular sacs d. hair cells e. feature detectors

b. nociceptors

Lightness constancy refers to the fact that a. the frequency of light waves has a fixed relationship to the brightness of the light. b. objects are perceived to have consistent lightness even if the amount of light they reflect changes. c. one of the depth cues involves perceiving dimmer objects as being farther away. d. light waves reflected by an object remain constant despite changes in illumination levels. e. the perceived whiteness of an object has a constant relation to its lightness.

b. objects are perceived to have consistent lightness even if the amount of light they reflect changes.

As Maria and her little brother looked up at the clouds, he exclaimed, "That one looks like a giant dinosaur!" Maria thought it looked more like a giant duck. Which of the following concepts best explains their different interpretations of the same ambiguous stimuli? a. context effects b. perceptual set c. shape constancy d. selective attention e. difference thresholds

b. perceptual set

Margo insists that her dreams frequently enable her to perceive and predict future events. Margo is claiming to possess the power of a. clairvoyance. b. precognition. c. psychokinesis. d. transduction. e. telepathy.

b. precognition.

In experiments, an image is quickly flashed and then replaced by a masking stimulus that inhibits conscious perception of the original image. In these experiments, the researchers are studying the effects of a. accommodation. b. priming. c. prosopagnosia. d. tinnitus. e. blindsight.

b. priming.

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye is the a. iris. b. pupil. c. cornea. d. blind spot. e. fovea.

b. pupil.

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is the a. fovea. b. retina. c. optic nerve. d. iris. e. cornea.

b. retina.

We compute motion based on the assumption that shrinking objects are a. transduced. b. retreating. c. fixation points. d. binocular cues. e. schemas.

b. retreating.

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates a. choice blindness. b. selective attention. c. opponent-process theory. d. gate-control theory. e. gestalt.

b. selective attention.

Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride? a. eardrum b. semicircular canals c. basilar membranes d. olfactory receptors e. feature detectors

b. semicircular canals

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system is called a. perception. b. sensation. c. priming. d. accommodation. e. synaesthesia.

b. sensation.

We tend to perceive more pain when others around us also report feeling pain. This research finding indicates that pain perception is affected by both biological and what other influences? a. neural b. social-cultural c. hormonal d. humanistic e. genetic

b. social-cultural

Shauna claims that she knows at any given moment exactly what important political figures are thinking. Shauna is claiming to possess the power of a. clairvoyance. b. telepathy. c. precognition. d. transduction. e. psychokinesis.

b. telepathy.

The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called a. gestalt. b. the cocktail party effect. c. sensory interaction. d. frequency. e. change blindness.

b. the cocktail party effect.

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as a. the color blue and the shortest visible waves as yellow. b. the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet. c. the color black and the shortest visible waves as white. d. the color blue-violet and the shortest visible waves as red. e. the color red and the shortest visible waves as green.

b. the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet.

The pitch of a sound is determined by what? a. the decibel level of the sound wave b. the frequency of the sound wave c. the loudness of the sound wave d. the vestibular level of the sound wave e. the amplitude of the sound wave

b. the frequency of the sound wave

Which basic taste attracts us to protein-rich foods? a. sour b. umami c. sweet d. bitter e. salty

b. umami

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel respond to specific aspects of ________ stimulation. a. olfactory b. visual c. vestibular d. kinesthetic e. auditory

b. visual

People who demonstrate blindsight have most likely suffered damage to their a. fovea. b. visual cortex. c. cornea. d. lens. e. optic nerve.

b. visual cortex.

Which of the following is true of psychics who have worked with police departments in an effort to solve difficult crimes? a. They have provided useful predictions using all their powers in 90 percent of the cases. b. They have used precognition to forewarn the police of criminal acts. c. They have reported visions that are no more accurate than guesses. d. They have demonstrated the value of clairvoyance. e. They have used telepathy to read the mind of the criminal.

c. They have reported visions that are no more accurate than guesses.

Hair cells line the surface of the a. fovea. b. auditory nerve. c. basilar membrane. d. feature detectors. e. eardrum.

c. basilar membrane.

Our sense of taste originally was thought to involve only the following four sensations a. salty, fatty, bitter, and sweet. b. sweet, salty, starch, and bitter. c. bitter, sweet, sour, and salty. d. fruity, fatty, silky, and coarse. e. sour, bitter, sweet, and starchy.

c. bitter, sweet, sour, and salty.

While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, "Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday dear David, Happy birthday to...." Your tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects which of the following Gestalt principles of organization? a. connectedness b. proximity c. closure d. continuity e. figure and ground

c. closure

Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of a. parallel processing. b. sensory interaction. c. difference thresholds. d. absolute thresholds. e. sensory adaptation.

c. difference thresholds.

Frequency theory best explains _______, while place theory best explains ________. a. how phantom limb sensations occur; how stimulation of the larger fibers in the spinal cord stop pain b. how we are able to sense our body position without looking; how the vestibular sense functions c. how we perceive low-pitched sounds; how we perceive high-pitched sounds d. how we process red, green, and blue light; why we experience color afterimages e. how touch sensations involve more than tactile stimulation; why stroking a pressure spot leads to the sensation of a tickle

c. how we perceive low-pitched sounds; how we perceive high-pitched sounds

Receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the a. olfactory epithelium. b. auditory cortex. c. joints, tendons, bones, and ear. d. inner ear. e. fovea.

c. joints, tendons, bones, and ear.

A time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately a. judging amplitude. b. recognizing rhythms. c. locating sounds. d. detecting pitch. e. determining frequency.

c. locating sounds.

The constant quivering movements of our eyes enable us to a. focus the light on our retina. b. see in low levels of light. c. minimize sensory adaptation. d. perceive speed more accurately. e. adjust the size of the pupil.

c. minimize sensory adaptation.

Sensory adaptation helps us to focus our attention on what kind of stimuli? a. intense b. subliminal c. novel d. familiar e. transduced

c. novel

The process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called a. parallel processing. b. sensation. c. perception. d. accommodation. e. sensory adaptation.

c. perception.

The perceptual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other is called a. disparity. b. perceptual set. c. proximity. d. interposition. e. closure.

c. proximity.

Renny knew the red tulip was closer to her than the yellow tulip because the red one cast a larger retinal image than the yellow one. This illustrates the importance of the distance cue known as a. interposition. b. continuity. c. relative size. d. proximity. e. relative height.

c. relative size.

Bipolar cells are located in the a. blind spot. b. optic nerve. c. retina. d. cochlea. e. lens.

c. retina.

A cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer a. loss of movement. b. loss of position. c. sensorineural hearing loss. d. loss of balance. e. conduction hearing loss.

c. sensorineural hearing loss.

As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that the horse will appear to grow larger. This best illustrates the phenomenon of a. closure. b. binocular cues. c. size constancy. d. convergence. e. linear perspective.

c. size constancy.

The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the a. fovea. b. basilar membrane. c. spinal cord. d. olfactory bulb. e. semicircular canals.

c. spinal cord.

Kinesthesis refers to the a. quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation. b. process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural signals. c. system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. d. process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. e. diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

c. system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.

The axons of ganglion cells converge to form a. bipolar cells. b. the basilar membrane. c. the optic nerve. d. the auditory nerve. e. the olfactory epithelium.

c. the optic nerve.

The effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of a. accommodation. b. sensory thresholds. c. top-down processing. d. transduction. e. sensation.

c. top-down processing.

Damage to the fovea would have the greatest effect on a. peripheral vision. b. kinesthesis. c. visual acuity. d. sensory adaptation. e. night vision.

c. visual acuity.

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to ________ light are inhibited by exposure to ________ light. a. red; blue b. blue; green c. yellow; blue d. blue; red e. yellow; green

c. yellow; blue

A football player was tackled hard during a very physical game, but he did not feel any pain until the post-game celebration party. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? a. Phantom pain sensations occur when the brain misinterprets spontaneous central nervous system activity. b. The process of accommodation delayed pain sensations from reaching the brain. c. Small nerve fibers in the spinal cord were activated, stopping the pain signals. d. Psychological factors, such as distraction, can diminish pain sensations. e. Sensors in the kinesthetic system released pain-killing endorphins.

d. Psychological factors, such as distraction, can diminish pain sensations.

What is the purpose of the eardrum? a. Movement of the eardrum directly causes the stirrup to vibrate. b. Axons on the eardrum converge to form the auditory nerve, which sends auditory messages to the brain. c. Vibration of the eardrum directly causes ripples in the basilar membrane. d. To transmit sound from the air to the bones of the middle ear. e. Transduction of sound waves into neural messages occurs in the eardrum.

d. To transmit sound from the air to the bones of the middle ear.

An integrated understanding of pain control in terms of mental distraction, the release of endorphins, and the presence of empathic caregivers is most clearly provided by a. the phi phenomenon. b. opponent-process theory. c. the visual cliff. d. a biopsychosocial approach. e. perceptual constancy.

d. a biopsychosocial approach.

Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have. a. adaptation level b. tolerance level c. olfactory saturation level d. absolute threshold e. accommodation level

d. absolute threshold

A subliminal message is one that is presented a. repetitiously. b. in a manner that is unconsciously persuasive. c. while an individual is under hypnosis. d. below one's absolute threshold for awareness. e. with very soft background music.

d. below one's absolute threshold for awareness.

The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the a. lens. b. cornea. c. visual cortex. d. blind spot. e. pupil.

d. blind spot.

The retina is to the eye as the ________ is to the ear. a. eardrum b. auditory canal c. auditory nerve d. cochlea e. eustachian tube

d. cochlea

Damage to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is most likely to cause a. sensorineural hearing loss. b. synaesthesia. c. phantom limb sensations. d. conduction hearing loss. e. prosopagnosia.

d. conduction hearing loss.

Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry teacher several times a week, she didn't recognize the teacher when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of a. monocular cues. b. proximity. c. linear perspective. d. context effects. e. perceptual adaptation.

d. context effects.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve? a. hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum, cochlea b. inner ear, middle ear, cochlea, eardrum c. hammer, eardrum, basilar membrane, cochlea d. eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea e. cochlea, hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum

d. eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea

In an experiment, participants who wore a doctor's white lab coat made fewer errors on a test of perception that participants who wore regular clothes. This finding concurs with the belief that our bodies can alter our cognitive preferences and judgements, which is known as a. synesthesia. b. perceptual set. c. parallel processing. d. embodied cognition. e. kinesthesia.

d. embodied cognition.

When given a placebo that is said to relieve pain, we are likely to be soothed by the brain's release of a. nociceptors. b. synapses. c. umami. d. endorphins. e. feature detectors.

d. endorphins.

While playing tennis you need to know where your limbs are located so you can move them into the right positions to run or swing your racket. Which of the following senses provides this information? a. olfaction b. gustation c. vestibular d. kinesthesis e. audition

d. kinesthesis

Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the a. optic nerve. b. bipolar cells. c. cornea. d. lens. e. rods and cones.

d. lens.

Interposition is a cue for depth perception in which closer objects a. create larger retinal images than do distant objects. b. reflect more light to our eyes than do distant objects. c. reflect light to one eye more quickly than the other. d. obstruct our view of distant objects. e. appear lower in the horizontal plane than do distant objects.

d. obstruct our view of distant objects.

The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates a. blindsight. b. kinesthesis. c. sensory interaction. d. parallel processing. e. subliminal perception.

d. parallel processing.

Andre claims that he can make a broken watch begin to run again simply by entering a state of intense mental concentration. Andre is claiming to possess the power of a. precognition. b. clairvoyance. c. transduction. d. psychokinesis. e. telepathy.

d. psychokinesis.

A 3-D movie enhances our sense of depth perception by simulating the effects of a. linear perspective. b. perceptual constancy. c. gestalt cues. d. retinal disparity. e. interposition.

d. retinal disparity.

Experiments with the visual cliff suggest that a. binocular cues are more important than monocular cues. b. unlike other animals, humans do not perceive depth until about 8 months of age. c. our brains don't learn how to combine signals from both eyes until months after birth. d. the ability to perceive depth is at least partly innate. e. humans must learn to recognize depth.

d. the ability to perceive depth is at least partly innate.

Humans born blind or kittens raised under restricted conditions do not have the cortical regions needed to interpret visual stimuli. Sensory restriction does not appear to do damage if it occurs later in life. This suggests that a. detecting a stimulus depends on the signal's strength and our psychological state. b. much of our information processing occurs automatically. c. perceptual adaptation to changed visual input can be dramatic. d. a given stimulus may trigger widely different perceptions. e. a critical period exists for normal perceptual development.

e. a critical period exists for normal perceptual development.

Tinnitus is a phantom ________ sensation. a. visual b. taste c. kinesthetic d. touch e. auditory

e. auditory

Trying to see a hidden representational image in a piece of abstract art by looking carefully at each element in the picture and trying to form an image employs which kind of perceptual process? a. selective attention b. retinal disparity c. interposition d. perceptual adaptation e. bottom-up processing

e. bottom-up processing

Researchers found that 40 percent of people focused on repeating a list of challenging words failed to notice a change in the person speaking. This best illustrates a. priming. b. feature detectors. c. the difference threshold. d. the blind spot. e. change blindness.

e. change blindness.

As your teacher dims the lights to show a movie clip, you still perceive your friend's shirt as red. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? a. perceptual adaptation b. perceptual set c. context effects d. lightness constancy e. color constancy

e. color constancy

The organization of two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions is called a. sensory interaction. b. retinal disparity. c. perceptual constancy. d. monocular cues. e. depth perception.

e. depth perception.

Sensory adaptation refers to a. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. b. increasing perception of a constant, annoying stimuli. c. the process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses. d. changes in the shape of the lens as it focuses on objects. e. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

e. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

The cocktail party effect is your ability to selectively attend to one voice among many. This ability also illustrates the Gestalt principle of a. proximity. b. closure. c. similarity. d. connectedness. e. figure and ground.

e. figure and ground.

A floating sea vessel is to the ocean water as ________ is to ________. a. closure; continuity b. light and shadow; relative height c. lightness constancy; relative height d. proximity; similarity e. figure; ground

e. figure; ground

The simultaneous stimulation of adjacent cold and warmth spots on the skin produces the sensation of a. wetness. b. pressure. c. pain. d. cold. e. hot.

e. hot.

Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. As a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. Jerry most clearly suffered a. blind spot. b. feature detectors. c. place theory. d. sensory interaction. e. inattentional blindness.

e. inattentional blindness.

Dilation and constriction of the pupil are controlled by the a. optic nerve. b. retina. c. lens. d. cornea. e. iris.

e. iris.

Brightness is to light as ________ is to sound. a. frequency b. amplitude c. pitch d. wavelength e. loudness

e. loudness

Depth perception that uses information transmitted to only one eye depends on a. stroboscopic movement. b. lightness constancy. c. perceptual adaptation. d. relative luminance. e. monocular cues.

e. monocular cues.

The human ability to speedily recognize familiar objects best illustrates the value of a. sensory interaction. b. subliminal stimulation. c. accommodation. d. kinesthesis. e. parallel processing.

e. parallel processing.

ESP refers to a. how we perceive patterns through neural images. b. a readiness to perceive an object in a distorted fashion. c. the ability of our brain to use feature detectors. d. the ability to move objects without touching them. e. perception that occurs apart from sensory input.

e. perception that occurs apart from sensory input.

After learning that her new school friend had experienced several episodes of depression during junior high, Erin incorrectly perceived her friend's laughter as artificial and phony. This best illustrates the impact of a. opponent-process theory. b. the phi phenomenon. c. interposition. d. clairvoyance. e. perceptual set.

e. perceptual set.

After watching a scary television movie, Julie perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence of a. bottom-up processing. b. binocular cues. c. stroboscopic movement. d. perceptual adaptation. e. perceptual set.

e. perceptual set.

When researchers added a few drops of vinegar to a brand-name beer, the beer tasters disliked it only if they had been told they were drinking vinegar-laced beer. This best illustrates the impact of a. the McGurk effect. b. kinesthesis. c. interposition. d. feature detectors. e. perceptual set.

e. perceptual set.

Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of a. figure-ground. b. parallel processing. c. conscious awareness. d. top-down processing. e. sensory input.

e. sensory input.

Which theory can best explain why people respond differently to the same stimuli? a. the Young-Helmholtz theory b. frequency theory c. bottom-up theory d. opponent-process theory e. signal detection theory

e. signal detection theory

Opponent-process cells have been located in the a. semicircular canals. b. cochlea. c. visual cortex. d. spinal cord. e. thalamus.

e. thalamus.

According to frequency theory a. most sound waves are a complex mixture of many frequencies. b. high-frequency sounds trigger a wave of activity that peaks near the beginning of the basilar membrane. c. we hear different pitches because different sound waves cause different parts of the nerve cells in the cochlea to fire. d. frequent or prolonged stimulation of a sensory receptor causes that receptor to become less sensitive. e. the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard.

e. the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard.

The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on a. sensory adaptation. b. subliminal stimulation. c. olfactory receptors. d. accommodation. e. the vestibular sense.

e. the vestibular sense.

The principles of continuity and closure best illustrate the importance of a. binocular cues. b. perceptual constancy. c. perceptual adaptation. d. Weber's law. e. top-down processing.

e. top-down processing.

The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This connection may explain why smells are often involved in which of the following? a. subliminal perception b. pain sensations c. retinal disparity d. altered states of consciousness e. vivid memories

e. vivid memories