Sociology Chapter 1

Theories help answer the _____ questions.

"why?"

Marx highlighted which of the following core concepts of sociology?

Power

Another term used by sociologists for "sociological perspective" is

sociological imagination

Sociology is fundamentally concerned with understanding

the social world and our place in it

Marx identified two social classes: ______ (those who owned the means of production) and ______ (those who worked for a wage)

Capitalists; laborers

________ theories highlight the competition for scarce resources

Conflict

True or false: Sociology first emerged as a formal discipline in the United States

False - Europe

Jane Addams did which of the following?

Founded the Hull House in Chicago Advocated for the poor Combined theory and research to promote social change

Verstehen

German word for understanding

Which of the following characterize the economic system called capitalism?

Goods and services are exchanged in markets The means of production are privately owned

Who is widely considered to be the first female sociologist?

Harriet Martineau

The major developments that transformed rural agricultural societies into urban industrial societies are referred to as the _______ Revolution

Industrial

We can observe culture operating in

School dress code Conversations with co workers Religious ceremonies The nightly news

Which of the following would best describe a manifest function of education?

providing knowledge to students

Parsons's functionalist theory rests upon the idea that

social components work together to maintain society

The group of research-based disciplines that gather and evaluate evidence in order to study human society are called

social sciences

Social ___ refers to the recurring patterns of behavior in social life

structure

Which of the following theoretical approaches emphasizes the process by which individuals create culture?

symbolic interactionist

A way of life that depends on the purchase of commercial goods and services is called

Consumerism

Which of the following statements regarding culture is NOT true?

Culture is natural or biologically based

The discipline of sociology developed during a period characterized by which of the following conditions?

Economic crises Introduction of new technology Political unrest

Comparing everyday life to a play, the dramaturgical approach to sociology was made popular by

Erving Goffman

True or false: A political scientist would explore why crime rates vary over time and are often linked to social trends, such as changes in the age of the population.

False - political scientists are better suited to study how politicians use the issue of crime in their campaigns

Which of the following would be promoted under Enlightenment thinking?

Freedom equality tolerance

Which of the following early thinkers believed in the phrase "survival of the fittest"?

Herbert Spencer

Which of the following statements about sociology are correct?

It focuses on describing the relationship between individuals and society. It is a systematic study

Which of the following sociologists suggested that people's actions were more likely to be influenced by rationality?

Max Weber

The focus on human society distinguishes social sciences from the ________ sciences, which focus on the physical aspects of nature.

Natural

Which of the following was required for the social sciences to take root?

Open and free inquiry Systematic collection of evidence

Which of the following statements about the Industrial Revolution are correct?

Society became less agricultural and more industrial The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.

True or false: According to Comte, positivism enabled a deeper understanding of human life and was the key to solving persistent social problems

True

True or false: Durkheim held the first academic position in sociology

True

True or false: Marx argued that industrial capitalism could never be productive and was not capable of doing away with hunger and poverty

True

True or false: Your identity and the social environment in which you live influence who you are and who you can be

True

The first sociological study of a black community was published by

W.E.B. Du Bois

Which of the following tries to explain an observation?

a theory

The state of mind that exhibits social normalessness without moral guidance or standards is known as

anomie

Marx viewed the relationship between factory owners and workers as one in which

capitalists exploited workers

Jane Addams cared for immigrants entering the United States, specifically those migrating to

cities

The ______ dimension of social theory focuses on tensions and disputes in society.

conflict

A politician accepting a bribe that undermines his or her ability to fairly or effectively govern is an example of social

dysfunction

Which of the following are significant changes that are affecting U.S. postmodern society?

expansion of the media globalization of the economy

The sociological theories that focus on consensus and cooperative interaction in social life are

functionalist theories

The three theoretical perspectives most widely used by sociologists are

functionalist, conflict, interactionist

The feminist perspective in sociology focuses on the study of ______ inequity

gender

Spencer argued that social change should be allowed to happen on its own without interference from

government

Sociologists emphasize interrelationships between individuals, larger social forces, and interactions between social institutions. As a result, sociologists would expect that an increase in crime would be a social force that might be followed by which of the following?

greater coverage by news media Support for stiffer criminal penalties

Economics

how crime affects society finanacially

Sociology

how crime in interrelated between individuals and society at large

Anthropology

how crime is defined in different societies

Psychology

how personality traits are related to crime

Political science

how politicians make use of the issue of crime

Conflict theories in sociology focus on

inequality and tension between groups

Studying society through the lens of politics would be an example of which of the following?

macro-level sociology

Marx's view of society describes social institutions as a means of

maintaining the privileges of some groups

Which of the following is a latent function of the automobile in American society?

manufacturing and road construction jobs

All of the following are categories of suicide that Durkheim identified EXCEPT

mechanistic

An interactionist would study social issues from which of the following perspectives?

micro-level dimensions

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European society entered a new historical era that was marked by revolutionary cultural, political, economic, and social change. This period was known as

modernity

Before 1800, more than 90% of Europeans lived in rural areas, but by the 1890s ______ lived in cities

more than 50%

Which of the following are examples of individual decisions that can have a major impact on a person's future?

moving to another city joining the military going to college

Marx and Weber emphasized different factors that affected people's lives. Marx emphasized the ______ factors, and Weber emphasized the ______ factors.

objective; subjective

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a feature of postmodern society?

political institutions are thriving

The belief that accurate knowledge must be based on the scientific method is called

positivism

______ is a historical period beginning in the mid-twentieth century characterized by the rise of information-based economies and the fragmentation of political beliefs and ways of knowing

postmodernity

People who have more resources have a better chance to achieve their goals, even against resistance. That means that those people have more

power

Common sense may lead us to believe that "life is what you make of it" and that "the apple does not fall far from the tree." These contradictory claims

provide no insight at all

Which of the following theories highlights the fluidity and complexity of identity in contemporary society?

queer theory

Durkheim was interested in the question of

social solidarity

Understanding connections, such as the connection between your identity and social environment, is at the heart of a

sociological perspective

The systematic study of the relationship between individuals and society is referred to as

sociology

Which of the following are true about Auguste Comte's vision of sociology?

that sociology would be a science of society modeled on natural sciences that sociology would identify the laws that govern human behavior

The eighteenth-century intellectual movement that combined a belief in individual freedom and respect for individual rights with the logic of natural sciences is referred to as

the Enlightenment

When some football teams focus on offense and others on defense, this illustrates which of the following?

the key dimensions on which teams vary

Weber tried to understand action by viewing it from a perspective of understanding. It was referred to as

verstehen