Server Lesson 1 Quiz
What metacharacter indicates background command execution?
&
A(n) ____ is software that helps other programs control the computer hardware and interact with users.
**got wrong
Older systems often use _________________ hard disks that physically connect to the computer in one of four different configurations.
**got wrong
You can include information on the command line after most Linux commands. Some pieces of information define what the command will operate on, such as a file name or directory name. These are called ____.
**got wrong
Which two filesystems below do not perform journaling?
**got wrong
Describe a real-world situation in which project forking occurs.
**got wrong When a user input initiates a script that was designed to run if certain conditions are met.
Which subdirectory holds executable programs, typically including system utilities?
/bin
Under the root directory in Linux, which directory contains system commands and utilities?
/usr
What directory under / contains the log files and spools for a Linux system?
/var
1. file manager on your GNOME desktop F. Nautilus 2. no one has the copyright to the software I. software license 3. version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a high-end server product that is available for seven types of hardware, including IBM mainframes G. operating system 4. "productized"version of Linux that includes the operating system kernel D. public domain 5. window also known by other names: a command-line interface (CLI) or an xterm window B. terminal 6. starts with a forward slash and includes every subdirectory starting from the root directory H. absolute path 7. one of the first efforts to document how Linux works and continues to provide Linux documentation today C. Linux documentation project 8. legal definition of who can use a piece of software and how it can be used A. distribution 9. core functionality that many programs can use to control a computer E. application server
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9 **wrong answers
What installation media source is the most common source for Linux packages?
DVD
Describe what a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is, and how it is used, then detail how IP addresses are related to FQDNs.
FQDN is the full name of the computer including the name of the domain that it resides. The FQDN is used for the DNS server to reference an IP address with the name of the machine along with its domain that it belongs to.
What service provides a method for the efficient transfer of files over the Internet?
FTP
A minor version number changes very frequently for development versions of Linux, perhaps once per day or once per week.
False
By default, Fedora 20 allows the root user to log into the GNOME desktop.
False
File and directory names in Linux are limited to 52 characters and may only contain letters, digits, and dashes (-).
False
In the past, SATA hard disks were referred to as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE).
False
On closed-source operating systems, hot fixes for software bugs are deployed very quickly.
False
The less and more commands can only be used to view binary files.
False
The term hacker refers to someone who illegally uses computers for personal benefit or to cause damage.
False
When a user interacts with his computer, he interacts directly with the kernel of the computer's operating system.
False
Which version of Linux from Red Hat Software is free?
Fedora
What software type is software that is distributed free of charge, but the source code is not available?
Freeware
What stipulates that the source code of any software published under its license must be freely available.
GNU Public License
Which of the following is the greatest expense for companies using Linux?
Hiring people to maintain the Linux system
The two main competing GUI environments available in Linux are:
K Desktop Environment (KDE) GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME)
What is the most popular alternative to the GNOME desktop?
KDE
The QT toolkit is utilized by which GUI environment?
KDE
The _________________________ is the core component of the Linux operating system.
Linux Kernel
What two Linux distributions below utilize the Debian package manager by default?
Linux Mint Ubuntu Linux
The Linux kernel was developed and released in 1991 by:
Linux Torvalds
Who founded Linux?
Linux Torvalds
CompTIA offers a ____ certification program
Linux+
Describe the differences between Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs), Mail Delivery Agents (MDAs), and Mail User Agents (MUAs). Provide examples of each.
MTA is similar to a Microsoft Exchange server, MDAs pull the mail from the MTA and the MDA is the mail client that is used on the user's mcahine to send and receive email.
What two options below are examples of common UNIX flavors?
Macintosh OS X HP-UX
The mutt software is an example of what type of mail service software on Linux?
Mail User Agent
Explain what a metacharacter is, and detail the significance of the $ metacharacter.
Metacharacters are keyboard characters that have special meaning in the system which signal the OS that it has or needs to be referenced in a different manner than other text characters.
When viewing the version number for a Linux kernel, what number indicates the stability of the kernel?
Minor number
When using command-line terminal, specific letters that start with a dash ("-") and appear after command names are considered to be:
Options
Which filesystems below perform journaling?
REISER ext4
What Linux distribution is the most commonly used distribution within organizations today?
Red Hat
Who founded the Free Software Foundation?
Richard Stallman
What two disk systems allow for the use of more than four hard drives or SSDs in a single system?
SCSI SATA
Which Linux distribution was recently acquired by the networking software company Novell?
SUSE Linux
Describe what a terminal is, and detail why it is necessary.
The terminal is the application where you can type in a series of commands to interface with the kernel.
At minimum, Linux typically requires only two partitions to be created: a partition that is mounted to the root directory, and a partition for virtual memory.
True
Each computer on a network requires a unique way to identify itself and to refer to other computers. This is accomplished by using IP addresses.
True
Many programming function libraries and UNIX-like commands appeared in the 1980s as a result of the work on the GNU project.
True
Open Source Software (OSS) is freely developed and continuously improved by a large community of software developers
True
The fact that the programs in a Linux distribution are free has, for the most part, kept prices for Linux quite low—generally between $2 and $100.
True
Linux is effectively driving ____ out of the market.
UNIX
What term describes the physical hardware and the underlying operating system upon which a virtual machine runs?
Virtual Host
Describe virtual memory, and explain how it is used.
Virtual memory is a feature of an operating system (OS) that allows a computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by temporarily transferring pages of data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.
In Linux, the core component of the GUI is known as:
X Windows
The two different implementations of X Windows are called:
X.org XFree86
A(n) _________________________ specifies the parameters that tailor a command to the particular needs of the user.
argument
The process of ______________ requires that each user must log in with a valid user name and password before gaining access to a user interface.
authentication
A calendar for the current month can be shown on the command line by issuing which command?
cal
The simplest utility for viewing file content is the ____ command, which displays the contents of a file to the screen.
cat
To print the current date and time, type the command _________________________.
date
What piece of software tells the operating system how to use a specific hardware device?
device driver
The Linux kernel, system utilities, installation programs, and personal productivity applications all make up a(n) ____.
distribution
After a shell is no longer needed, what command can be given to exit the shell?
exit
The iptables software on Linux is an example of what kind of software?
firewall
What two commands below will halt a Linux system immediately?
halt shutdown -H now
You can access online manual pages for most Linux commands by using the ____ command.
man
The apropos list command produces the same results as which command below?
man -k list
Because Linux has the ability to manage thousands of tasks at the same time, including allowing multiple users to access the system simultaneously, it is referred to as an operating system that is:
multitasking multiuser
In Linux the operations of moving and renaming a file are combined in one command, the _________________________ command.
mv
When one directory contains another directory, that relationship is expressed by calling the first a ____ and the second a subdirectory.
parent directory
What is the first phase in a free software project?
person identifies a need and begins writing a program
A(n) _________________________ is a computer or special hardware device that provides interconnection between company networks, home networks, and institutional networks.
router
After logging into a terminal, a user will receive an interface known as which option below?
shell
The ____ command shows you the entire path and file name for anything containing the text string you indicate.
slocate
The ____ is the set of human-readable programming instructions used to create the program.
source code
An archive of files that usually contain scripts that install the software contents to the correct location on the system is referred to as a:
tarball
In Fedora 20, what terminal is used for graphical login?
tty1
What is the minimum number of user accounts that must be created at install time?
two
The /_________________________ directory contains files used by all regular users on the system, including data, programs, and documentation.
usr
The Linux kernel exists as a file named:
vmlinuz
In Linux, the command _________________________ displays currently logged-in users.
who
What computer system was the first to run the UNIX operating system?
DEC PDP-7
Discuss the difference between developmental kernels and production kernels, and explain how the minor number is used to distinguish between the two.
Developmental kernels are not fully tested and imply instability; they are tested for vulnerabilities by people who develop Linux software. Production kernels are developmental kernels that have been thoroughly tested by several Linux developers and are declared to be stable. The minor number of a kernel version indicates the stability of the kernel. An odd minor number indicates a developmental kernel, whereas an even minor number indicates a production kernel.
The GNU General Public License (GPL) was developed by which organization?
Free Software Foundation (FSF)
Prior to performing an installation of Linux, the hardware components of the target system should be checked against what known compatible list below?
Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)
Proxy servers keep track of the information passed to each client by maintaining what type of table?
Network Address Translation (NAT)
The overall cost of using a particular operating system is known as?
Total cost of ownership (TCO)
Some Linux distributions have the ability to boot an image from install media and run entirely from RAM. What is the name for this kind of image?
live media image
Select the utility below that when run will start and perform a thorough check of RAM for hardware errors:
memtest86
Dennis Ritchie invented what programming language, which was then used to rewrite the UNIX operating system?
C
1. A term that refers to the specific type of UNIX operating system. 2. A complete set of operating system software, including the Linux Kernel, supporting function libraries, and a variety of OSS packages that can be downloaded from the Internet free of charge. 3. The central, core program of the operating system. 4. A program loaded into memory and running on the processor performing a specific task. 5. A person who explores computer science to gain knowledge. 6. The software whose source code is not freely available from the original author; Windows 98 is an example. 7. An Internet protocol service accessed via an application program called a newsreader. 8. A software license, ensuring that the source code for any OSS will remain freely available to anyone who wants to examine, build on, or improve upon it. 9. A popular and widespread method of clustering computers together to perform useful tasks using Linux. 10. A person who uses computer software maliciously for personal profit.
1. Flavor 2. distribution 3. kernel 4. process 5. hacker 6. Closed source software 7. newsgroup 8. GNU General Public License (GPL) 9. Beowulf clustering 10. cracker
1. An improved version of the ext3 filesystem, with an extended feature set and better performance 2. Also known as the Bourne Again Shell, this is the default command-line interface in Linux 3. The area of a large hard disk ( > 2TB) outside a partition that stores partition information and boot loaders 4. The channel that allows a certain user to log in and communicate with the kernel via a user interface 5. The area of a typical hard disk (< 2TB) outside a partition that stores partition information and boot loaders 6. The way in which a hard disk or SSD partition is formatted to allow data to reside on the physical media. 7. A filesystem function that keeps track of the information that needs to be written to the hard disk or SSD in a journal. 8. An area on a hard disk or SSD (swap partition) that can be used to store information that normally resides in physical memory (RAM), if the physical memory is being used excessively. 9. A user interface that accepts input from the user and passes the input to the kernel for processing. 10. A file that contains the content of a DVD.
1. ext4 2. BASH shell 3. GUID Partition Table 4. terminal 5. Master Boot Record (MBR) 6. filesystem 7. journaling 8. virtual memory 9. shell 10. ISO image
What is the recommended size for the /home directory?
200MB
A hard drive or SSD can be divided into partitions. What is the maximum number of primary partitions that can be used on these devices?
4
What metacharacter can be used to issue two commands to be run in consecutive order, without piping or redirecting output?
;
Explain what a journaling file system is, and detail the benefits of using such a filesystem.
A journaling file system is a fault-resilient file system in which data integrity is ensured because updates to directories and bitmaps are constantly written to a serial log on disk before the original disk log is updated. The benefits are as a stress management and self-exploration tool, is not the same as simply recording the happenings in one's life, like keeping a log.
Which of the following is a motivation for a developer of free software?
All of the above
In order to switch between terminals in Linux, a user can press what two keys in combination with the F1-F6 keys?
Alt Ctrl
List and describe the different types of programs that are executed on a computer.
Application - designed for specific use of programs that the users will need to complete tasks (word processors). Operating systems - programs used to control the hardware and software of the system
Which type of open source license ensures that the source code of a program is freely available while also allowing the original author of the source code some control over the changes made to it?
Artistic
